The Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Low Pressure John J. Carroll, John D. Slupsky, and Alan E. Mather Deport of Chemie Engen, Unversity of Alera, Mimonton, Alber, Canade TOU 20 Received March 8.1991: eid manuscript received Jue 13,191 ‘The system carbon dioxide-water is of great scientific and technological importance. Thus, it has been studied often. The lerature for the solubility of carbon dioxie in water is vast and interdsciplinary. An exhaustive survey was con- ducted and approximately 100 experimental investigations were found that reported equilibrium date at pressures below T MPs, "A model based on Henry's law was used to correlate the low pressure data (those up to 1 MPa) The following correlation of the Heny’s constants (expressed on 3 ‘mole fraction basis) was developed ‘In(HH ,/MPa) 68346 + 1.2817 1OYT 3.7668 x:10'7T? + 2.997 1047? ‘The correlation is valid for 273 < T < 433 K (0 < ¢ < 160°C) where Tis in K. Any ‘experimental data that deviated significantly from this model were duly noted. Key words carbon donde; COs; Henry's Law; HO; slut, water. Contents Nomenclature ses 1201 3, The soltbiliy of carbon dioxide in water at 1. Introduction “1202 carbon daxde paral pressure of 101328 KPa. 1206 2: Literature Review. 1202 4, "The solubility of carbon dioxide in water from 3. The Solubility Model 5 202 Nees 1207 31. Grading the Data 12045. 32. Enthalpy of Solution 1205" 100 to 160°C nee 4. Calelated Sotabilies. mn 1206 6. Water content ofthe vapor in ea 2. Vapor Pave Comps 107°” carbon die Solutions 5. Conclusions. 1208 6. References . 1208 Nomenclature List of Tables A coefficients in Hemry’s constant coretation oli) _ heat capacity of species 1 1 f° fasacty ofa component in a mixure catbon dioxide in water 1203 Ha Heney's constant for solute 2 in solvent 1 2. The grading stem .. 1205 NP —_number of points 3, Calculated solubiles of carbon diode in P——_total pressure sraor ef voriovetotl prevores 1200 Pe vapor pesnine 4. Caleaated solubilities of esrbon dionde Q quality ater at varus crbon dowd par R—gasconstant, pressures . 1.1208 7 absolute temperature 1 Celsius temperature List of Figures mole fraction in iid mole fraction in vapor 1 Hany’ somstnt for soron donde in water... 1301 “A¢p_ change in het copecty 21. The solbiity of earbon dioxide in water at ‘aH? enthalpy of sation total pressure of 101.325 KPa 1206 § fugacity coeticient for component in mixture (©1991 by the US. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United Subscripts ‘States This copyright asigned to the American Instat of Physic the Ameszan Chemical Soi. 0047-2689/01/051201-8/85.00 1201 1 component 1, sohent, water 4. Phys. Chem, Ret. Data, Vol 20, No.6, 19814202 4. Introduction ‘The system carbon dioxide-water is important 10 virtually al branches of science, both physical and biolog- ical, As such, the solubility of carbon dioxide in water is fone of the most often studied phenomena in all of phys- ical chemistry. A cursory review of the list of references reflects this wide interest in the solubility of CO; in water. Papers listed are from journals that deal with pure chem- isuy, geochemistry, chemical engineering, pliysics and ‘many branches of biological sciences. Initially, it was the purpose of this investigation to assemble all the experimental solubility data for this sys- tem, An exhaustive literature search was undertaken to find all the experimental investigations of carbon dioxide- \water. This proved to be a very large task indeed and the plobles of reducing dhese Gata 10 a digestible form was formidable. Also, there remains some disagreement between the data for this system at high pressure [for ex- aniple see Tédhefde and Franck (1963) and Takenouchi and Kennedy (1964)). For these reasons, it was decided ‘to limit this investigation to the low pressure region (pres- sures less than 1 MPa). Even with this limitation, over Siehly papers sepusting experiniental daca were wuit= piled. This set of data was reduced to Henrys constants, ‘whieh were then compared and correlated. A recom: ‘mended equation for Henry's constant as a function of lemperature was obtained. 2, Literature Review Solubility measurements for carbon dioxide in water date back at least as far as the work of Henry (1803) in which he postulated his now-famous law of solubility However, the first accurate solubility data begin to ap: pear about half way through the nineteenth century with the pioneering work of Bunsen (1855a,0,c). This review Degins with his work and ends st about 1990, Table 1 lists chronologically the investigations exam- ined in this study. Included in this table are the pressure and temperature ranges for each study. Because of the model used to correlate the solubility, pressures were lim- ited to 1 MPa, Many studies listed extend to more severe conditions than those given; only the region of interest to Uh study is Usted, ase lsteu in Table 1 are she number ‘of experimental points for each study (NP) and a grade assigned to that work (Q). The grade will be discussed in more detail ina subsequent section. Itis sufficient at this point to note that a grade of 1 is superior and a grade of Sis poor. ‘In many cases there was great difficulty determining ‘whether the data were reported at a given toral pressure ‘or COs partial pressure. [fit could not be determined which pressure was used, then it was assumed that it was the total pressure. The significance of the difference between total ‘and partial pressure will be discussed in more detail later in the paper. In the past, it was common to take several measure: ments at near atmospheric pressure and then correct 4. Phys. Chom. Bef. Date, Vol 20, Ne. 6, 1981 CARROLL, SLUPSKY, AND MATHER ‘them to I atm by assuming the strict Henry's law applied (that is, it was assumed that the solubility was directly proportional to the paitial pressure of the gis). Othe: studies involved many measurements, but only the aver age value was reported. No works were rejected for these reasons. The age ofthe data was not a factor in determi ing its quality either. Also, there are about as many differ cent methods for measuring the solubility as there are investigations. The technique employed was not a factor in considering the quality of the data. This is not we imply that all methods are equal, just that it was not factored into our grading system. In compiling the literature review, the review papers of Markham and Kobe (1941a), Battino and Clever (1966) and Wilhelm etal. (1977) and the compilations of Linke (1958), Stephen and Stephen (1963) and Staples eral (1980)' were very useful. However, Inls SUNG) 1S moe complete than those mentioned. ‘There is also a vast literature of experimental studies at higher temperature and higher pressure. One reason why this study was restricted to pressures less than 1 MPa was bbecause this was believed f0 be a significant portion of the rather large database, 3. The Solubility Model Recently Carroll and Mather (1989) employed a simple extension of Henry's law to model accurately the solubil- ty of hydrogen sulfide in water. Since the solubility of carbon dioxide in water is about the same magnitude as Ut of hydrogen sulfide, this model will be employed hhere as well. The model begins with the equality of fugac- ities and involves a few simplifying assumptions. It is as sumed (1) that the activity coefficients for both the solvent and the solute are unity and (2) the Poynting cor rection is negligible:The solvent is modeled as nPt= bP o and the solute wally = yi bP @ wheres i the mole fraction of component iin the liquid, JIS Me mole fraction oF component In Me vapor, FS the vapor pressure of the pure solvent, His the Henry's constant, 6} is the fugacity coefficient for component i where component 1 is water and 2 is carbon dioxide and P is the total pressure. The produet yxP is the partial ‘pressure of COs , which will be used inthe discussion that follows, ‘The total pressure is limited to about 1 MPa because this model neglects liquid phase non-idealities, which at pressures greater than 1 MPa begin to become important At higher pressures, the solubility of carbon dioxide in- ‘reases to the point where the activity coefficients can no longer be neglected. Also, above 1 MPa, the Poynting correction (the effect of pressure on the reference fugac- ity) becomes important, The error arising from neglect‘THE SOLUILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT LOW PRESSURE 4908 “Tamu 1 Experimental ave salut of exrbon die in water Bourse "Temp 66) Prom (s) NP Bourn Tome CG) Pew GPs) NPG ansen (16%) 02010 62 || Enters eet. 195630) 15-20 101 an Khai and Lopuinine (1867) 15 SBI 104 |) Lopres (1957) a > G6 ashanan 1829), 11 ssaes 1st Shahenntonmral. (1957) 2O.78 MOSS Wecbews (1882183) O12 wt 63 || Elie (959) nei 080 4S Maller (189) er) 42] Banal and Wabieky (196) 1538101 6 Bote and Bock (1891) 37-100 100-187 «$8 || Novikeral 1961) no Bek 28 ‘Schon (1%) ei 1] Coe and Head (1069) mo wes 62 Pye and Holst (1895) 0 ior 12 | sijss ase) ee ie Bahr (199), oot toi 1842 |) Austin ert. (965) m3 101 54 Homzsch and Vagt (1901) 0-90 10078853, | Yehand Peienon (1968) 2848101 o2 Jat (1901) so 1 | Davies eat. 1967 m25 101 Aa effeken (1908) 15.25 Io} 2 1] Robbed Zimmer (968) 027 24 (Christ (505) S96 11 | Baxtes and Emig (196) 3 io 26 Findlay and Creighton (1910) 298-18) 12— |] Matous ra. (1969) soso satis 3a Uber 9 » wo 1 2 | Sloma ta ops ee et lee Fndy and Shen (1912) a 1 | Tobanags ra (1908) iow 10 a Finaloy and Shen (1912) 5 rnin 121 | Onda etal. 197) sia 1 Findy and Willams (193) 36-102 102 | Stenarcand Munp (1979) 4101013. Bi Findy and Howell 1915) 2536132182 || Bann and Hu (1971) O40 oe 32 Hommes) a 3 | Gemoe aa punen ny aE ie Pane (1918) soe 15 | Hoydukana Maix is) 28 toe na sine (1920) oss iolios 5 | tiand Tai com) os 101 BE Kanes (192) 1835 tor 3 1 | Mary and Riley 971) ras li gD ota (1938 =e 1 £ | teroeandeanaan(o7) 038 bet 3 ‘Boe (1525) is 2 10, § |} Sadserat as79) 3° 1 12 ater (1926) 5.25101 51 | Wess a7 2 i ne Wot ad Krause (1927) io 1 § |) Tokunaga (975) O40 101 ae Van Site eal (1928) 31M 13 |) Tree 976) int tot Morgan ad Pye (1930) 3 iM 14 |) Yunis 1835 101 ae Morgen and Mans (1951) 0-25. 13,193. |) and Yoshida (975) Kobe and Willams (1935) 28101 11 |) Wasmund and om mmm S43 Showalter and Ferguson (1936) 1S 10) 12 |) Botmann (199098) Kis etal (1937) 0.25 torte 3-2 |} capi and Macphee (9810) 443108 was reat sod Seevers (1957) 28M) 11 |) Wonerat.cissty 3 108 14 Zetverai (1937) 0 ats-a03 33 |) awiea G98 and Soi 1500 8 Cory and Hazen (1838) 200 14 |) Zawins and Malesia (1581) Yan se (199) oe © 1 | witespe and witon (sez) stat as 54s Markham and Kobe (98) “0-40 101 42 |] Takahara 1982) = io ie aed and Davis (1988) 00 10 174 |) win ra. (98s) ioe 14 Kobe and Mason (1946) 3 iM 12 |) Kruus and Hayes (1985) eee mem lt ery end Gane (953) 010 12 |) Peat and Rae 1987) 135 ior le Morison and wilew (1982) 13-75 102-419 22 |) Mller era. (1988) W016 325-80 8 T plesk 1953) 3 io 11 |) Versteeg and we WB a Bantolomé and Fiz 1986) 10-3) 103-106. «31 |) Van Sal (988) WP Nomber of dats poins, (0 ~ Grade sisigoed to dat, se Table 2 and text. the Poynting term at 1 MPa is estimated to be about 496, This exior eomlnues wo inerease with increasing pressure. Thus at pressures greater than 1 MPé neglecting the liquid phase non-idealities results in a significant error. To implement the model, the vapor pressure of wa- ter is taken from Haar et al. (1984). The fugacity coef- ficients for @ component in a gaseous mixture are calculated using the Redlich-Kwong (1949) equation of state. Thus for an experimental point consisting of the pressure, temperature and solubility, an iterative procedure is used to calculate the Henry's ennstant and the vapor composition. There are almost as many solubility units as there are investigators, Thus, all sol- ubility data were converted to mole fraction in order 10 use Eqs. (1) and (2). Henry’s constants calculated from the experimental data were correlated using @ polynomial in reciprocal temperature. ny = 3 a, anoary ® Initially a least squares regression was applied to all the calculated Henrys constants. Four terms (N= 3) were Sufficient ro fit accurately the Henry's constants. Any val: ues that deviated significantly from the regression were rejected and another regression was performed. Typically allthe values from given author were rejected ifthe sv erage error was greater than 5%. An exception to this was the data of Novak eval. (1961. In general, ther values are in good agreement with the exception of four points (Usually the lowest sonbulty for 8 given temperature), 4 Phys. Chem. Re Data, Vol. 20, No. 6, 19811208 which were in serious error and thus rejected. After the second regression, Eq. (3) becomes In (Ha/MPa) = ~ 68346 + 1.2817 1097 = 3.1668 10? + 2,997 x 1097? “ where 1 mn K. Henry's constants are plotted in ig. 1 On this figure a distinction is made between those values deemed to be acceptable and those that are not, Since there are so many points no attempt was made to indicate the source of all of the data. However, a few of the poorest data have been identified. Typical of the solubil- ity ofa gas in water, the Henry's constant goes through a ‘maximum, From Eq, (4) the maximum is at 148°C. ‘Some data points on Fig. 1 have been denoted as “re- jected data” in spite of appearing to be in relatively good agreement with the majarity of the data, Thic war dane because they belong to a set of data that were deemed to be inferior on the whole. ‘When carbon dioxide dissolves in water it forms a weak ‘eid. The tonzation ts quite small and has been negiected in this study. 00 seeaton 6 & SMilsen 3 so at $ Stet g ° é vers Zoo ° CARROLL, SLUPSKY, AND MATHER 3.1. Grading the Data Ry comparing the calculated Henry's constant with those from the correlation, the experimental data were assigned a grade. Table 2 summarizes the grading system. ‘The system was somewhat arbitrarily separated into alow temperature (¢ <3U/-C) region and a high temperature (¢>50°C) region. This division was made partially in recognition of the fact that solubility measurements are more difficult 1o make at higher temperatures, Most of the data are at temperatures less than 50°C. Works that span both regions were assigned two grades, the frst for the low temperature region and the second for the high. Loprest (1997) and Woxkes and Emig (1969) report only graphical results for their solubility measurements and thus were given a grade of G. In the low temperature re- pion (¢“$0°C) most of the works received a grade ofl or 2 and therefore are of high quality. It is Somewhat sur- prising that some of the older data received good grades. ‘The data of Bunsen (1855a,b,), often stated to be of his- toric value only, are in good agreement with the model and hence with the more modern data receiving a grade oe ire comnts ° Oot & eet onus o fuse oon correlation * selected data © rejected data joo 120 140160 ‘Temperature (°C)‘THE SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT LOW PRESSURE “Tams 2. The grading stem T 2 eis ees 2 1ssee so ace < 60 3 doce s 30 so =e < 100 oso 6 Sano oe < 180 if ees im) o> sa G" “Only graphical das gen of 2, Also, the data of Bohr (1899) both the model and modem dats. trade off ta tho low temperature region The valves ia {Lange's Handbook (Dean, 1985), an often quoted source for chemical data, are from Bohr (1899) although they ‘are not referenced as such. The table of smoothed values irom Bohr (1895) is reproduced in Lange's Handbook. “These values also appear in older editions of the CRC Handbook (Hodgman, 1960), another important source of chemical data} but they have boon doleted from more recent editions (Weast, 1983). The soure ofthe few val ues that appear inthe later editions of the CRC Hand- book is unclear. However, ifthe total pressure for these datais 101.395 kPa, then they ae in good agreement with this model, On the other hand, the data of Bohr and Bock (1891), Hantach and Vagt (1901), Piazza (1018), Metscl (4928), Buch (1925) and Wott and Krause (1927) re- ceived a grade of 5 and are judged to be in error by + Significant amount, The data of Khanikof and Louguinine (1867, Hahnel (1820), Cury and Hazelton (1938), Sijs0 (4962), Robb and Zimmer (1968), Wasmund and Bult ‘mann (1980a,b) and Wilson and Gillespie (1982) recsived 2 prade of and thos are of low quality ‘Of the data in the range of temperature 50 ays are Ks 18 100) ee 0 acdc aia TO ouot ome os wool DD oz ose ons w]e amass “Taw 4, Calculated sobs for carbon dade in water at (COs paral pressres ‘Tempertore Solubliy of CO in water at various pail premres eo (Golub in mot fraction % 1000, pressure in ¥Ps) ‘so Wiss an S00 “oO Oem 138 26 6 » 0383 0713 14a 348 B ous 02 1203 31 » on si Lo 265 2 Orme 0389 a7 18 o 0150030) 0556 L480 » 01st 064 05201288 » one ome Gus aa 0 0105 02 aan Loe 10 0095 01990381 asm 0 0s oss 0370 OSI7 10 oes 7 O3KS Ss 10 oss 01720339 ate 150 OOS 0720338 OBL as 030 osKe 6 ks Miller tal. (1988). The Wiebe and Gaddy (1941) vapor ‘compositions are only at 101.325 kPa. although they have ‘other data outside the range ofthis investigation. The val- ‘ues of Zawisza and Malesinska (1981) and Miller eral. (1988) with the prediction from this model are shown on Fig. 6. This represents a “true” prediction since the ex: perimental vapor compositions were not used in the de- velopment of the model. The agreement between the ‘model and the experimental data is good and hence, in some small measure, verifies the applicability of the ‘model. Note, the curves intersect the x; = 1 axis at the ‘vapor pressure of water. 4. Phys. Chem. Ret. Dat, Vol. 20, No.6, 1961 CARROLL, SLUPSKY, AND MATHER, 1oore 120% 140"e 150% r0OKe 7 VS a, — this moaet © MOLLER et al. Fic. 6, Water contet ofthe vapor in equilibrium with carbon dose solitons 5. Conclusions A large data base consisting of all the low pressure (P<1 MPa) solubility data for carbon dioxide in water ‘was assembled. 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