summations are from u = 1 to M and v = 1 to N.The actual center of the trans- form will then be at v = (M/2) + Land v = (N/2) + 1. ‘The value of the transform at (u, 2) = (0,0) is, from Eq, (4.2-16), yo Mat Net F(0,0)= 7D Vly) (42-22) MN &% which we see is the average of f(x, y).In other words, if f(x, y) is an image, the value of the Fourier transform at the origin is equal to the average gray level of the image. Because both frequencies are zero at the origin, F((), 0) sometimes is called the de component of the spectrum. This terminology is from electrical engineering, where “dc” signifies direct current (i.e., current of zero frequency). If f(x, y) is real, its Fourier transform is conjugate symmetric; that is, F(u,v) = F*(-u,-v) (42-23) where “*” indicates the standard conjugate operation on a complex number. From this, it follows that |F(u, v)| = |F(-u,-»)|, (4.2-24)