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7

resmeparypasre BOmeiiCTBHJI H nexoropsre KpaTKOBpeMeHHhIe B03AeiicmHJI, He oroaopeaa B03MO)KHOCTb COqeTaHUJI pa3JlH'lHblX resmeparypastx B03,lJ;eiicTBHit npHUJlT ])33m.rii nonxon WIJI onpeAeJIellHJl pacsemsrx 3HMHUX TeMDepatyp B rnasax CHuO D-6· 7 4, cfbln U-21·75 H HHCTpYKIOIH [13J. n03TOM)' B0311HKJ1a HeooxOAHMOCTb KJlaccH4lHKaU,HH TeMneparypIlbIx Bo:meifcmHii na )Kene30-

6eToHHhIe coopYJKeHHH. .

Tesrneparypasre B03,1leHCrBHH, rexaonorasecxae - H KnHMaTH· qeCKHe, HBnHIOTcH BpeMeHHhlMH (AJIHTen sasre, KpaTKOBpeMeHHhIe H OC06bJe). K AJIHTenbH&IM B03~eiicTBHHM OTHOCHTCH: a) TeMne·

...

Pyp;OBaHHH, ra30B, )I(H,1lKOCreH H CblnYlIHX Ten; 6) resmeparypnsre KnHMarnlJeCKHe B03,1leHCTBHJI, npHHHMaeMble B coorsercraaa C nn. 8.2-8.6 rnaasr CHHn D·6·74.

llnHTenbHhIH aarpes (resmeparypasre TeXHOnOrHlIeCKHe B03,1leA ..

CTBHH) nonpasnenserca Ha 1J,H.K1lHqeCKHH H nOCTOJlHHbIH. Ibu(JIH'leCKHH narpen - TeMI1epaZYPHhIH pe)KlfM, npa KOTOPOM s npouecce 3KcunyaTaIlHH KOHCTP)'KUHJI nepHOnaqeCKH nonaepraercs nOBT~

•

'leTHOH. BeJDIqJfHbI, BhIp3)KeHHOH B OC, npa 1I8CTOTe IJ,HKJIOS OT 3 1I no 15 p;HeH. nOCTOJlHHblH aarpen - resmeparypasni pe>KHM, npa KOTOPOM B npouecce axcnnyarauaa KOHCTPYKltHJI noasepraer-

. w

nHtrnHhI [73].

K KpaTKoBpeMeHHbIM B03,1leHCTBHHM OTHOCHTCH: a) nepBblH paaorpes coopyaceaaa - KparKoBpeMeHHhIH narpea; 6) resmeparypasre KnHMaTHlIeCKHe B03,1leiicTBHH npa p;eHCTBIDI pacsennrx resmeparyp; B) conaesaaa p8.,1lHaIJ;HH; r) resmeparypasre reXHOnorasecxae B03p;eiicTBHJI or HeCTaJ..U{OHapHO pa60TaIOIUero o6opy. AOBaHHH. K OC06bIM B03AeHCTBHJlM OTHOCHTCH resmeparypasre

,

'leCKOro npouecca, nospe>KJl.efOfeM 060pY1WB3.HHJI HJIH cJlytepoBKH KOHCTP)'KIlJDl: MeCTIIhIH neperpes npH paspymeaaa 4lyrepoBKH, asapHHHhlii nOl{beM TeXHOnOrH'fe~KOii TeMnepa1}'phI.

Ilpa onpenenemor YCHnHH OT HeCKonbKHX resmeparypasrx ~03· p;eiiCTBHH cnenyer ytIHTblBaTb K03cJlcPHIJ;HeHTbI COqeTaHHH B ceorserCTBHH C YKa3aHHHMH rrraau CHHn n-6-74. BenHtrnHbI reXHOnOrH .. qeCKHX reMnepaTYP H rexmeparypasra pe)f(HM axcnnyaraima coopY)KeHHH 3aBHCHT or na pasrerpos rexnonornsccxoro o60pY,1l0Ba. HHJI, sana H restrreparypsr xpaaassoro nponyxra H pana npyrax cPaKTopOB. Ilpa pac4eTe coopyxeaaa no I1p04HocrH, p;ecPopMalUfJlM H rpeunnrocroiucocra resmeparypnsre napasrerpsr cpensr ,1l0J)I(HhI

bITb aapaaee sanaasr.

PaClJeTHaH rejaneparypa aapysororo aoanyxa B xononaoe BpeMJI rona npHIDfMaeTCJI PaBHOH resmeparype HaH60nee xonoAHoA nJlTH.IlHeBKH, B rennoe BpeMJI rona - resmeparype HaH60nee rennux cyrox no naHHhIM maasi CHHn "Crpoarensaaa KJIHMaTOnOrHR H re~H3HKa" .

8

D,1nt KOHCTPYKu;HH, HaXO,o;HlUHXCH aa OTKPhlTOM sosnyxe, HaJI- 6oJ1&IIIHe TeMnepaTyphI 6eTOH3 " apMazyphl Onpe,o;enHHlTCH np"

paClJeTHOH resmeparype TenJIOrO BpeMeHH rona. BhltmCJIeHl;!hle TeMnepaTyphl He ,nOJI)KHhI npeasnnars npenensao ,o;onYCTHMOH rexmeparyPhl npHMeHeHHH 6et:0Ha H apstarypsr [73].

MeTO,UHKa paC'IeTa COOp}?KeHHH C Y'IeTOM TeMlleparyphl, H3JIa-

raestaa B HaCTOHmeH pafiore, npeiUIonaraeT onpeneneaae HarpY30K no HopMaTHBHhIM ,o;OKYMeHTaM l31, 72, 76, 77] .

A_H3JIH3 noxaasrsaer, lJTO ,[(JIHTeJIhHhle ressneparypasre B03AeHctBHJI MJI paccsrarpaaaesrsrx rpynn HH)J(eHepHhIX coopysceaaa npaKTH'IeCKH scerna 1IBJIHIOrCH oceCHMMeTpHlIHhlMH. nOCTOHHHhle H MHTeJIhHO ,o;eHCTB}'IOlUHe aarpysxa TaK)J(e npaKTH'IeCKH MH acex coop}')KeHHH HOCHT ocecHMMeTpHlflIblH xapaxrep. 3TO n03BonHeT cymeCTBeHHO ynPOCTHTh peureaae sanas no onpenenemno aanpaacenHo-,neci>opMHpoBaHHoro COCTOHHHH OT MHTeJIhHOrO ,neHCTBHH TeMneparypsr H HarpY3KH )l)1H i59JIhl1lHHCTBaC90PY'KeHHH. PaC'IeT coopy)l(eHHH aa, ,o;eiiCTBHe rexmeparypsr H KpaTKOBpeMeHHOH B03paCTaIOmeH HarpY3KH cnenyer BeCTH aa ,o;eHCTBHe nOCTOHHHhlX H B pesseaHhIX HarpY30K B HaH60nee He6JIarOnpHHTHOM CO'leTaHHH.

Ilna onperteneaaa aanpasceaao-nerpopserpoaaaaoro COCTOHHHH coopyxesaa C yqeToM resmeparypnsrx B03,o;eHCTBHH H OneHKH HX npO'lHOCTH H TpemHHOCTOHKOCTH He06XOAHMO HMeTh HHcpopMau;HIO 0 nonax pacrtpeneneaaa resmeparypsr B coopyzceaaa. B HeKOTOPhlX CJIY'laHX He,06xoA!fMa TaK)J(e HH<popMau;HH 0 nonax pacnpeneneaaa Bna)I(HOCTH B 6eTOHe coopyxeaaa. Pacnpeneneaae rexmeparypsr onpenenaerca nyresr peureaaa ypaBHeHHH rennonpoaonHOCTH npa 3aAaHHbIX Ha1I3JIhHhIX H rpaaavasrx ycnosaax. B TOHKOCTeHHhIX coopyxeaasx B nepaon sxcnnyararura MO)J(HO ClIHTaTh, 1ff0 BHYTpeHHHH HCTOlffiHK renna OTcyTcTByeT. B )TOM cnysae ypaaaeaae rennonposomrocra HBnHeTCH OAHOpOAHhIM ypaaaeaaesr <l>yphe [13]:

at 2.t

aT = a V' ,

(1)

rne a - rennonposozraocrs fe roaa. lI,nH HaH60nee pecnpocrpaaea-

aoro CTau,HOHapHOro pe)J(HMa axcnnyaranaa CoopY)KeHHH ypaBHeHHe renJIOnpOBOp;HOCIH ynpomaerca H nepexornrr B ypaBHeHHe Jlannaca:

06hI'IHO Ha'laJIhHhIM YCJIOBHeM HBnHeTCH aanaaaaa, nOCTOHHHaH no

06'beMY H na KOHTYpe coopyxeaaa resrneparypa .

t= t(x1lj,zJT=O). (3)

Fpaaasasre ycnosaa 3aBHCHT OT resmeparypusrx ycnonaii sxcnnyaTaUHH H KOHCTPYKUHH coopyxesaa [I31n poueccsr renrro- H Macconepeaoca B '6eToHe npa p;eHcTBHH noasnneaasrx H orpauarerrsasrx TeMnepaTYP BeCbMa CnO)f(HhI H HBnHIOTCH Ofi'heKTOM cneUHanhHhlX

HccneAoBaHHif [I, 28, 50, 611. Pa60T~H B.r. Ilerpoaa-Ilenacona H 9

.(4)

ij.S. 3ace.[laTeneBa [28] ycraaoanea pJlJl. Ba>KHhIX OCO&HHoCTeR renno- H MacconepeHoca B 6eToHe coopY>KeHHii B cra.tl.HH HX 3KcnnyaTauHH. Ilpoueccsr snaronepeaoca B 3arBep,Il;eBWeM 6eroHe HMeIOT C~eCTBeHHhle pa3nH1DIJI B ABYX resmeparypssrx ,lUIana· aoaax - npH resmeparypax aarpeaa ,Il;O 1000C H npa resmeparypax aarpeaa Bhlwe 1000C. B nepBOM TeMneparypHoM .[Ufana30He OCHOBHOH npH'lHHOA snaronepeaoca JlBnfterCft rpanaear noreaUHBna MacconepeHoca. Ilpa :nOM CtlHTleTCJI B03MO>KHhIM npouecChI renno- H MacconepeHoca paccsrarpaaars paanensao, rax KaK pacnpeneneaxe resrneparyp B 6eroHe cra6HnH3HpyeTc1I HaMHoro

CTBeHHO ynpocrars pacser noneR resmeparypsr H Bna>KHOCTH. Bo BropoM reMneparypHoM ,lUIana30He nepeaoc ooycnoBneH B OCHOB· HOM rp~eHTOM HepenaKCHpyeMoro ~BneHHJI napa B 6eToHe. Ilpouecc BnaronepeHoca ocymecranaerca, no MHeHHIO asropoa : paCoThl [28J. yrny6neHHeM cl»poHTa HcnapeHHJI BH)'rph &TOHa. B 3TOM cnyqae TaK)I(e" B03HHK.aeT B03MO)l(HOCTh cYllleCTBeHHO ynpocTHTh aHBnHTHlieClCoe onHcaHHe renno- H Macco06Meaa. paCCMaTpH.

- .

HHuel pa3~ena - ~POHTOM HcnapelDlJl. 8 nepBoM TeMne~rypHoM ,IlHana30He Hcnonh3yeTcJI YpaBHeHHe rennonpoBO,ElHOCTH (1), a MJI paC'leTa cTllUfoHapHltlx TeMneparypHhlx nonel - ypaBHeHHe (2).

IJ,HeHT TeMnepaTyponpoBO.[lHoCTH H B03MO>KHoCrh 4>a30Bhlx nepeXO.[lOB BO,l:l&1 B &TOHe B nen npH ressneparypax HH)I(e OoC.

Pacser resmeparypasrx noneA BhIDOnHJleTCft 'lHcneHHhlMH MeTO~MH - MeTO~OM KoHe'lHhIX pa3HocTeA HJ1H MeTO,ll;OM KOHe'lHhlX 3neMeHTOB HiIH C Hcnonb30BaHHeM aH8JlOrOBhIX BhltlHcnHrenhHhIX MaWHH. nOMHMO 3THX oonee rosasrx MeTOAOB pacsera resmepary HhIX nonea, B npoexraos npaxrxxe aasacryro Hcnonh3Y1OrCft

ynpoweHHhle Meroz:u,l, OCHOBaHHwe aa ypUHeHHftX H

n pH6JtH)I(eHHbIe HH>KeHepHhle MeToz:u,1 pacsera resmeparypasrx noneR JJ.l1J1 ornensxsrx coopY>KeHHA npaaeneasr B HOpMaTHBHOR nxreparype [15, 31 , 73].

3. Hexoropsre 38J18qH TepMoynpyroCTH. ITpHBeAeM OCHOBHhle ypuHeHHJI repsroynpyrocra H paccMorpHM aexoropsre H3 3a~a'l: xoropsre npe,ll;crunJllOr aarepec MJI pac'Iera xpyrnsrx B nnaae coopyx<eHHH.

C ylieroM reMlIeparypHhIx B03,1l;eRCTBHR 3UHCHMocrh Me)l(Jzy ,Il;ecl»0pMaIJ,HJlMH H aanpJl>KeHHJlMH ycraaasnaaaerca oOO6meHHhlM 38KOHOM Fyxa [13]:

it. - J

t.v - (f/E.)[o" - V( OM -I' 6.)J + oc t ; e~ - (f/E)[Oz - v(O,,'" d,,)}.,. oc t ;

lNv· t'Mv/G-; 'ha· t"~¢G ; hx ~ Tu/G.

10

B nocneJlIDIX rpex ypaaaeaxsx ressneparypasre necpopMaUHH He CPHrypHp)'IOr, raK Je8Je cBo60,tUIoe teMnepatYpHoe paCWHpeHMe He

8b1~hIBaeT HCICuce~H yrnos. .

'CBJl3& Me)l(JJ;y necpopMaUHHMH H nepeMeIUeHHHMH YCTaHaBJ1HB8erCH cpo pMynaMH KOllIH:

.
e -~. 011 Bu .
hv· ~+-,
• ax 1 U)( Qy ,
01./ • q.,; 011/ (5)
e~ - 8" ) 1y" - 8i + '6tj ;
e • 011/. hz _ ou. + 0111
• OZ I 8z U)(
. ~ . Ypa»HeHHJI paBHoBecHH npa OTCYTCTBHH 05'&eMHblx CHn: 8011. .,. 8t'.IIIt.,. BrAi • 0 • 8)( 8V UZ '

8t"~ .,. 8dr + 8r,,_. 0 . "8X 8V 8z )

8t"aA.,. Gt"wr.,. 80. _ O.

U)( 'Y ~z

(6)

BBeneM 0&3H8QeHHH: 11 - ~Jt + 6~ • 6. - o&&eMHoe

paCWHpelDle H 9· 0. ~ dv + 6. - cyMMa HOPM8J1bHbIX HanpH)I(e. IIHit 06'beMHoe pacunrpeaxe onpenernea, npocyseaapoaaa nepasre

TpH ypaBHelDlH Hl (4): .

1/ - [(f-2v)/£]9 .,. Jat .

(7)

PeW8H COBMeCTHO YICa3a}fHbIe ypaBHeHHH,' nonYllHM BbIpa)l(elDlH,

YCTaHaBnHBaJOIUHe CBH3& Me>Kny HanpH>KeHHHMH H necpopMauHHMH: 6 ... .,.\1./ + 2G~JI - EOit/(t-2v) ;

(8 )

6. - AV +2(;e. - Eat/( f-2y);

Ole A =- 1/ [(1 2 Y) (1+ V )] -- nOCTOJlHHaJi nJiMe.

II

12

•

TIonCT8BlIJUI BhIp8)JCeHHJl (8) B YpaBHeHHR paaaoaecaa (6) , nOnyqHM TpH ypaBHeHHRt nepaoe H3 KOTOphIX aanacsmaerca cne.nytOutHM 06pa30M:

IA + r;) OV + GV2U - CJ.E 8t = o. (9)

(I ax 1 -2v ox

fpaHH'lmIe YClIOBHJI npa orcyrcrsaa o5beMHblx CHJI 3aIlHChIBa.IOtCR cneJlYIOIQHM 06pa30M;

6Jt. t .,. tJt!ln1 + rlt, n - 0;

It,

o.rn + t'u t + '('taln -= o. nO,llCTaBHB paaeacraa (8) H HCllOllh3YR ycnOBHR Koma (5), 3aIlllllleM rpaIDIllHbIe YCJIOBHR (10) B BHAe

«e» - . aUll au OU y

. t=).1If+G~t+-m+-n +

(-2v 8x ay lJz

(II)

neparypxsre nepessemeaa» COOTBeTcTB}'lOT nepeMemeHHRM, BhI3BaH. HbIM .pHKTHBHbIMH 06'beMHbIMH H nOBepXHOCTHbIMH CHJIaMH. IlpatreM nepssre H3 HHX nponopUHOHaJILHbI rpanaeary ressneparyp, aropsre -TeMnepaTypaM, T.e.

a£ at «e at OlE at I
x= ----. 1J~-f-2 -; z=- (12)
f-2 ax' - ,
x .. t aE t · - cx£ - OlE (13)
y=m t : z- n t .
1-2.,; , f-2v ' (-2v Tesmeparypasre HanpR>KeHHR, onpenenaesrue H3 (8), BKlIlO'IalOT HanpIDkeHHJI OT neHClBHR 38.MeHBlOmRX OUbeMIILIX H nosepxaocrHbJX CHJ1 H ranpocrarasecxoro ,QaBneHHJI ClEt I (1-2 v ).

ClIenOBaTeJIhHO, resrneparypaas 3aA8'1a CBO,[lHTCR K 3aA8'1e 0 HanpJDKeHHO-ne4>0pMHpoBaHHOM COCTORHHH rena non neHCTBHeM ranpocrarasecxoro naBJIeHHJI, o5beMHbIx H nOBepXHOCTmIX CHJI.K T~KOMY )ICe BhlBony MO)I(HO npHiiTH, HCI1onb3YJl pacn~P!l-'

IIpe.o;n011 O>KHM, litO Te1l0, nonaepraromeeca aarpeay, paaaeneao aa 6ecKoHet{uo MaJIhIe :meMeHThI. llnR roro t{To6hl nOllHOCTLIO ycrpaHHlD cBo60,nHble TeMnepaTypHble ne.popMaIJ;HH ElI ==- Ey == e. = - 01. t H o6ecne1lHlD Tpe60BaJDIJI HeD pepsmnocra I(OHTHuyyM8, .. Ka~oMY JlIeMeHTY Heo6xo,llHMO npHJtO>JGlTb paBHOMep~oe T.lIBlIe-

,.

HIIe oEt / (1-2 v). Ilocnenaee MO)J(HO 3aMe1DlT& ,aeHCTBHeM He .. J(OTOpidX ooo,eMHblX H nOBepXHOCTHbIX CM, xoropne ,llOJDlCHl,I

y.tlOBJ1eTBOpJlTb YpaBHelDlJlM paBHOBeCHJI H rpalDl'lHblM ycnOBHJlM TeopHH ynpyrocra. nonCTaBJ1J1J1 B ytea3aHHJ,le ypUHeHHJI HopManbHIde H8l1pIDKeHIUJ dJt c:: d~ ~ 06 =-Ol.E.t I (1-2 v ) H npHIDIMaJI ~ • .v :: t" .. " =:I Tv. - 0, onpe,aenJleM, 1JT0 MJI coXpaHeHHJI TenOM HaqaJ'IbHOH CPOPMhl K HeMy Heo6xoW'lMO npHJ10)KJITb o6'lieMHble

CHllbI

c:xE at . x = -1-2; iJx J

()( E at

11--- -'

~ - 1-2v fllJ )

z .. - ocE at 1-2»1 fJz

(14)

H HOpM8JIhHble yCHJDIJI aa noaepxaocrx, paaaste oc £ tn I (1-2 v).

ECJIH 3aTeM npennonosorrs, tfTO 3J1eMeHTbI CoeAHHeHbI OAHH C ApyrHM H yCTpaHHTL. om,eMHhle H nOBepXHOCTHhle CHJlbl, TO, ose- 8H,tUIO, resmeparypasre HaIlpH)I(eHHJI B TeJ1e MorYT 6LIT& nozryueasr DyTeM H8JJO)J(eHHJI aa paBHOMepaoe ,QaBJ1eHHe aanpJl)l(eHHH, BbJ3BaHBJ,IX 06'heMHbIMH CHJlaMH H HOpMaJtbHLIMH YCHJlIDIMH aa nosepxaocrx, r.e, npHXOAHM K CHCTeMe YpaBHeHHii (8).

. PaccMoTpHM aexoropsie 3a,r:ulllH repsioynpyrocra, He06xOnHMble AJIJI nocrpoeaaa MeTonmcH pacsera H 060CHOBaHHJI MeTOAHKH 3KCnepHMeHTaJtLHhIX HCCJ1e,aoBaHHif HH)I(eHepHblx coop}I)KeHHii. ,llnH 'R?HKoro "pJlMoyrOJ1bHOrO 6pyca nOCTOJlHHOH TOJ1lJ.l1(HbI co CBO- 6o.IUfL1Mfi KOHUaMH (pac, 1) rexmeparypa npHHHMaeTCJI qeTHOH

+YHKUHeii OT y, T.e. cHMMeTpH1DI0H OTHOCHTe.JIbHO OCM x; noaepx~CTH no ,[UlHHHbIM cropoaass CeqeHHJI JlBJ1J1IOTCH a.rlHa6iTHQeCKHMH. ' Ha nOCTaTO'IHOM YA3JIeHHH or caosonssrx 'KOHUOB HanpJl>KeIDlJl paBHbI [79J:

"

6,w = f J cxt£dy - «es .

o

(15)

EcJIH pacnpenenenae resmeparypsr HecHMMeTpH1DI0 OTHOCHTeJ1LHO OCH x, TO HanpJl)l(eHHH paaasr:

PRe. 1. TeMnepaTYpHl»Je HanpBlKeJllIJI B 6pyce npJJMO" yrom.Horo ceqeHHB npH HepaBHoMepHoM HarpeBe

\

13

It

o.f OC

ElI- I. - it td.V - h'F; - ocr.,.;

,

. It

f 1 oc} 0' H

P. -= p; • h' tvdy - h3 Sf =rt. D(': V) .

II

(20)

It "

6.--~Et+/; jOC£tdY+ ~,'I/QEtlJdlj. (16)

,llJJ. nnaCTHIIbI C KoopW'ulaTHoii 1Ul0ClCOCT.IO, co8n8AUOweii co

CpeAJ{HHOH nnOCKOCDIO x Z H pa3MepaMH 8 :nOB MOCKOCTH, 8-

ReCKOJIftKO p&3 npeBblW8IOUlRMH TOJIUUlHY h, TeMnepatypllble HanpJDKelDlR 6. H dz onpenenHM 4>OPMYnOH

It "

6 • 6 .. e- aEt + f IT fatEdlj" ~II ~f()(tEyd.!I' (17)

Jl 1- v h(f-v -j'" h 1·tJ .

II II

penH B TalCoii nnaCTHHe YCT8HaBmtBaeTCR CTIltHOHaplmIH renno-. 80B nOTOIC C p83HOcn~ TeMllepatyp Me*AY rpaHJIMH t H DJIaCTHHa JDlWeHa B03MO)J(lfOCTH H3I'J16a H3 nnOCICOCTH OT aepaa HOMepHoro Harpe8a, TO M&lCCHManbHhle HaI1p11)J(eHHJI

.tL .tL aEt ...... ,

"'. M" ----. -Va 1ft.. (I- v)2 . lll:§ )

Bbl~elBfe (17) B omneM 8lme MO~O 38.11Hcan cne,ttyIOutHM 06pa30M [13]:

It

S't- ftyd!/

D.

nTuru,,,,u,,,.nl.vn nt"'u ,--- .~ ~~'2 ",.V'l't't. 'l'cr~,.t"''I''U •

6 - (j .. S!£(-t+.5.+~)

II. % t+v n hi ,

Fe - / tdy - nnODl8Ah T8MtlepazypHoii amopsr:

,

(19)

r~e

, or _. - r .... r r»

1;/ n = t ... - cpenRJIJl resmeparypa no romusae nnaCTHHbJ;' (12 S. ) I h' - grad t cp - cpe,tUDrii rp8JlHeHT resmeparypsr no Ton .. ' nvme nnaCTHIIbI.

cI>opMynw MR ne4>oPMaumf CpeAHHHOH nOBepXHOCTH H KpHBH3- 1IbI:

(21)

OnpeAeJIHM TeMDepaT)'pllble IWIpJDICtHHJI~ 803HHK&IOUlRe B AlUlnHOM u;H11HHJJ;pe C KOHueHTpHqeCKHM ICpyrnwM oraepcTHeM. ecna paCIJp8,QenelDle TeMllepaTYpld oceCHMMeTpH'lHoe H He 38BHCHT OT KOOp.tUIHaTbl Z (pac. 2).

B IUfJlHHApHqeCICHX KOOpnHHaTaX HanpJl)J(eIDlR onpenenJllOTCJI

no ~OpMynaM [79]:

14

PIc. 2. TeMOepaTyprwe HaJlpKDHU • 3&MJ<IIY" - M nonOM UHJlBHApe ,lJ,llJl crSUHoHaproro TeI1TlO"

lOra 1I0TOKa

(22)

PaCCMOTpHM lf8C'J'JibIH cnYlfaH, xorna a >- b - a = const 4 b, T .e. a ~ b, Torna

d _ 6 II: ()1.E ( f

• Z f - II tJ-a

b -

ftdr - t)'

(23)

Q II

Eeua V'leCD. 'ITO ItCh a) J'tdr - cpe~ TeMDeparypa no

•

TOJlIIlKHe Cl'~HJ(H, TO 4»0pMyna (23) COBDaAaeT c q,oPMYnoH (17)

J:UlJI nnaCTHHhI, nHweHHoH B03MO)I(HOCTH H3m6a 83 nnOCICOCTH OT RepuHOMe aoro Bar _ aa, ,Un. 1I8CTHOrO en CTaIglOHa noro

rennosero nOTOICa pacnpeneneaae resmeparyp

t - [t,/tn(b/a)j tn (b!r) ,

(24)

rne t i - resmeparypa Ha BHYTpeHHeH nOBepXHOCTH UHJI~pa.

C yqeTOM CICa3aHHOrO resmeparypasre RaIlPJI)J(eHHJI (22!.. onpeneJIHM no c:bopMynaM:

15

s

i

"I r:

",(25) -

<\ - 2(f~::~(tVa) f-tn * b2~ {t+~} In(tYa>J; .

4 2{f:;~(IJ/ai-2t" % - b/.:: 1/" wuJ]. ,

xoropsre MWKHO ynPOCTHTh, ecna romnaaa CTeHKH Mana., Cp8BHeHHIO C paAHYCOM. B 3rOM cn)"lae MO>KHO npHWlTb b / a - 1 + m ;

(26)

Jl.mI cnyqu OttellL rOHl(OH creHKH ~pa no cpaaHelOliO c ero paAHYCOM MO)l(HO npeHe6petDt qneHOM m/3 B cKo6Kax, ror~ BbIpa- _ )l(elDlR W1R resmeparypasrx HanpJDKelDlH 3aJlHWYTCJI B BH,ne

d9;,. .. a- Oz, ,..cz- - ex Etl/2(f- w: 68~".1J- 6.1".,,- rAEfi/2(I-V).

..

(27)

3ra cpopMyna COBn3,Aaer c q,OPMYnOH MaKCHMaJIbHhIX resmeparypHhIX HanpH)I(eHHH B lDJaCrHHe (18).

npHBeAeHHble Bblwe cIlopMYJlbl noaaonasor onpeAenJiTh HanpR-

~.

I JI JS ~_l.J'IC nil """,,""141 U "UlV .I U 1 ""' ~ U I\.._J1'iI""' a •

3cu:ta'll 0 pacnpe,ttenelDDl reMDepaTYpHblX IlUIpJDICeHJtll B6mi3H KpaB IODDIIIlJ,;pa CO CBo6o.r:r;HbJMH KOHQ3MH p8CCMOrpeHa C.n .. THMOWeHKO, R. rYA'bepoM (79] . .l(mI onpeneneaaa TeMllepatypHbIX HanpJI)I(emm B 3TOM cnyqae, no1Ilt3YJlC1t MeTo,ttOM YCTpaHeHIDI lle~ q,opManuii, Heo6xoAIIMO HI IWlpJl>KeHHR, onpe)l;enReMbIe no q,opMyne (27), HaJIO)f(HTh no xpaio UHJIHH.rtpa HaIJpH)I(eHHJI, paaasre HM . no BeJIHlIHHe H nporaaononoaersre no 3HaKY. 3TO 3J(BHBaneHTHO npH1IO>KelDllO K ~pa!O IUJJ1HH.D;pa paanoxsepao pacnpeaeneaaoro MOMeHTa HHTeHCHBHOCTblO

OI.Etc· h2

M. ~/f. II) -,; •

(28)

_

B cnysae OceBOH CHMMerpHH H&rPY30K H B03AeHCTBHH 3a,tta1ll CBO- ;; WlTCJI K paccMOTpeHHIO npononltHoH nonOCKH e,lJJlJlH1lHoH: UDlpHHbI, BMpe3aJllloH H3 ~PHqeCKOH 060JIO'IKII, KOrOpYIO cnenyer pacCMaYpHBa'n K8IC 6amcy Ita ynpyroM OCHOBaHJDI. MakCHManltHbJH .. npom6 nonOCKH (RpM Z - 0) onpenenaercs no ~opMyJIe

-, '"',

16

(29)

rae'c - ~C Cpe~OH nOBepXHOCTH 06oo01ll(H;

(30)

JlecPopMaUHH B TaHI'eHllHanLHOM aanpaaneaaa OT neHCTBHJI MOMeHTa paansr:

U ex t, Yf- vi

e--------

• - C - zif(t-v} ,

(31)

a COOTBeTcTB}'IOIUHe HM HanpJI)l(eHHR aa BHeI1IHeH nOBepXHOCTH UK~pa COCTaBIDIJOT

""- E A «s ti -ft-v2' VOl. E t,

v:=:c-v~= ---~

'8' 2YJ" (1- v) 2(I-v)'

(32)

HaKJI;mbIBU aa HanpR>KeHHJI, onpenenenaue no cpopMyne HaIIpJDKeHHJI, onpenerreaasie no cpopMyne (27), nonylDlM

d' CI. £ tl (YI- ,,2 ' f )

I", •• = 2(f-v) ff -V + /.

(32) ,

(33)

3Ta BenHlJHHa cymeCTBeHHO npeBOCXO,nHT HanpJI>KeIDlJl, onpeneJHleMbIe no cpopMyne (27). TaK, npHHHMaJl V -= 0,2, nOJlYlDlM

(34)

Hanpszceaaa B6nH3H cB060,tUIoro KpaB ~pa Ha· paCCTOJlHlm, He npeBhlWaJOWeM h , OKa38J1HCh HI 32% 6onLwe, qeM WIJI yna· JIellllblX 3OH, 0,llHaK0, OHH 6b1CTPO }'MeHhwaIOTCJI no Mepe YA81leHHJI OT KpaJl U,HJlHH.IJ;pa.

C Hcoonh30BaHHeM aHaJIOrH"IHoro nonxona 6hInH nonyseasr

CPOpMYJIltI TeMneparypHhIx HanpR>KeHHH B WfnHHllpe npa H3MeHeHHH resmeparypsr Bnonh ero OCH [80J. Ilpx 3TOM npezmonaranocs, litO TeMlleparypHbIH nepenaa B panHanLHOM Hanp8.BneHHH OTCYTCTByeT H CTeHKH IIHJIHH,IJ,pa TOHKHe. Ha nOCTaT01.lHOM ynaneHHH OT xpaen HanpJl>KeIHUI onpene1JJlIOTCJI no cPopMyne

rne a - AJIHRa ysacnca UHJIHHllpa, HI J(OTOPOM resmeparypa H3MelIJIeTCJI OT tf no t, no JlHHeHHOMY 38K0H)' .

(36)

2-389

17

•

4. 0 MeTo,r:tHKe 3KcnepHMeHTlJ1bHldX Hccne,r:toBaHHit coopvseeHIlA., 3KCnepHMeHranhHOe HCCne,r:tOBaHHe paoorhl CO opY'Kemdi C yqeroM ressneparypsi npencrasnser BeChMa cnO)f(1fYlO 3anaqy., HcnonJ.30BaHHe KpynH9MaCllITaf5HhIx MO,r:teneH A1IJI H3yqeHHJI npoQeCCOB paapymeaaa, ,r:tecpopMHpoBalDfJl H TpeUXHH006pa.30Ba •. HRJI C yqeroM CPH3H'leCKOH HenHHeHHOCTH H HepBBHOBeCHocrH AJIHrenlJHbIX nponeccoa B 6eroHe H a pMaTYpe CBR3aHO C f50nhIllHMK rpynaOCTRMH B oCYJ,UeCTBneHHH ycnOBHH. non06HJI cpH3HqeCKHX npoQeCCOB. B 3rOM cnyqae npaKTIflleCKH YTpatIHBaeTCR ~cpeKr se-

onHOpoJJ;HOCTH 6eToHa no r0nnu:!He CTeHKH, a accnenoaaane aa

.

HeB03MO>KHO. IlOJTOMY 1J.,lIH H3YQeHHH pa60rhl paCCMarpHBaeMhIX coopyxceHHii HaMH npHHJlT KOMnneKCHbm Mero,r:t JKCnepHMeHT3JIh .. HldX HCCJle,aOBaHHii, KOTOpMi BKJIlOlGleT Hccne,QOB3.HHe ~H3HKOMexmmQeCKHX Ii peonOrHQeCKHX CBOHCTB 6eroHa H apMaTypLI npa nOBhIweHHhIX, orpauarensasrx H aaaxonepeaeaastx resmeparypax, xccnenoaamre 0606111eHHhIX q,parMeHTOB coopyx<emdi H. HatypHlde Ha6nJOJJ;eHHR. B KaQeCTBe OCHOBHhIX ofi"beICroB HccnenO-

..

H paCKpbITHR rpeuraa, a TaK>Ke resmeparypasrx YCHnH" B coopy>KeHHHX npHKJlTbI cJlenYJOlllHe 0606~eHHble cpparMeHnI: )f(eJle30· 6eToHHaR nrracrnaa, nHweHHaR B03MO)f(HOCTH H3m6a H3 nnocxocrsr

w

, ,

1IHWeHHbIH B03MO)f(HOCTH H3m6a OT nepaaaossepnoro pacnpeneneHHR resmeparypsr no asrcore CeQeHHR; >Kene306eroHHoe Konhllo C HepaBHOMepHbIM pacnpeneneHHeM resmeparypu no romnaae creaxa; >Kene306eTOIf1lbJH ~H,llp C nepenanora resmeparypsi

• no TOJIII.tHHe cremea, Pa3MepM ce'leHHJI q,parMeHTOB, npouexr apMHpoBaHIDl, MapKa 6eToHa H xnacc apsrarypsr, a TaK>Ke HaQanL· ,Hble H rpaHH'lHbIe ycnoBHR H xarpyaxa npHHRTLI TaKHMH, lfI06hl

,ao6HJI cpH3HlIeCKHX npoQeCCOB cpparMeHrOB H HaTyphl. HH>Ke npa. Be,QeHbI xapaKTepHCTHKH 3THX cpparMeHTOB.

Pa3MephI nnaCTHHbI (120xl00xlS) 10-2 M, apMHpoBaltHe CI1M· MeTpHlIHoe orHOCHTenhHO Ka)l(JJ;OH npononsaoa OCH, )i.-It = 1,2%, JUIJ-'I = 0,7% (pHC. 3). Ilnacrasa nonsepraercs CHH3Y neHcrBHIO. nossnneaasrx resmeparyp no lS00c, a csepxy - ,r:teHCTBHIO TeM neparyp B AHana30He or +20 no -SQOC. lInR npenOTBpamelDfJt H3rH6a nnacrassr H3 IDJOCKOCTH OT HepaBHOMepHoro pacnpeaenes HHR TeMJJepaTypLI no romuaae no ee xoarypy npHJlO>KeHbI H3rH' 6aJOIUHe MOMeHTbI. B lIaCTH onLlTOB K WIaCTHHe no npoTHBOnOJIO>K HhIM rpaRJlM npHJIO)f(eHbI nocrosaasre C)I(){MaJOUVle cansr. H npe

AJ,IAYllleM naparpa e nOKa3aHO, lITO resmeparypxsre HanpH)KeHH B IJ,HnH~pe C TOHKHMH creaxasra aa nocrarosaov ynaneHHH 0 xpaes cosnanajor C reMJJeparypHhlMH HanpR)f(eHHRMH B nnacrase 3ro n03BOnReT B OnhITaX aa IDJaCTHHe MOnenHpoBaTh resmeparyp HhIe yCHJlHR B UHJ]HH,Qpe H HX H3MeHeHHe npa ,nmfTenLHOM ,r:teHCTBH~ resmeparypsr. H HarpY3KH. IlOCJTeIIVIOlllee KparKOBpeMeHHO

18

- I II' II " II II II I
~ ~ . ~ . ~
./ .~ .
~ ,--I
~
• • __.~ .
I ~
__.._
I I I-
i • a
-"""- •
ti. I • I-- __, Ir .i'
! I-- II
i----l ~
~ • ~
v • • ~
• I ,---, r-
-. -r .~ - r • ~
I II II II II II I II
I I I , f200

PIle. 3. >KeJJe306eroHHU nnacrHHa

HcnwralDle TaKHX nnaCTHH sa ,lJ.eHCTBHe resmeparypsr H aoapacraioIlleR oceaoa C)I(HMalOWeR HnH paCTJlrHBalOweR CHJthI n03BOnJleT . OlleHHn HX nposaocrs, TpeILtHHOCTOHKOCTb H necpopMaTHBHOcTb. Paassepsr 6pyca (120x25x12)10-2 M, apMHpoBalDle cHMMeTpHq·

Hoe OTHOCHTenbHO npoAOJ1hH~ OCM, p. = 1,5% (pac. 4). :Gpyc

I f n to.. ~.
.~ Ii1:I Hfl,lll
J ~Ii~ ~
• 'A1.AI
•
• ~
~
"' ...... nnn l-. 1-
£IJU eVIl - .l70 l
~ 2flA' -r 25 2-'~
'r f

PMe. 4. )l<ene300CTOHH&IR opye

f-f

-

INfO

I I I I

Pac.S. )l(ene3ot5eT0IIHOe K011r lJ,O

repsonap« XK

norrsepraerca CHH3Y AeHCTBHfO noasnnexsux resmeparyp AO 1 SOOC cnepxy - ,Il;eHCTBHfO resmeparyp B ,lUIana30He OT +20 no -soor llnn npenorapaureaxa H3m6a npo.n;OJlLHOH OCH 6pyca or aepaaac MepHoro pacnpenenemrs . resmeparypsr no BhICOTe CeqeHHR .J KOHu,aM npHJlO>KeHbI H3rH6afOIUHe MOMeHTbl (nyreM n HJlO)l(elDl.l

nonepesaoa CHJlbI K KOHconLHbIM csecasn , Tesmeparypasre sa npH>KeHHH B 6pyce COBnap;aWT C TeMnepaTypHLIMH HanpR)I(eHHHMH r_ TOHKocreHHOM UJUIHImpe (nJlaCTHHe) na nOCraTOlJHOM ynanem:

OT KOHQOB B O,rnfOM aanpaanemra (sanpassep, B raHreHIOIaJILHoM) eCJIH npeHe6peqf, resmeparypnsrsra Hanpn>KeHHJlMH no BTOPOM .. aanpaarreamo (no OCH z).

"_

20

Puc. 6. )f(ene3o 5eTOHHhIA lJ,HJIHH,IJ,_

_. B OnbITaX aa 6pyce 3KCnepHMeHTaJIbHO peWaJIHCb re )ICe '38J(atnl, _ 1f[0 H aa nJIaCTHHax. B TO )Ke BpeMJI He60JIbllIHe pa3MepbI 6pyca

: A8JlH B03MO)KHOCTb npOBeCTH 60JIee llIHPOKHH 3KcnepHMeHT H HCcnep;OBaTb 60JIbmee lIHCJIO napasserpoa, qeM aa nJIaCTHHax. BblCOTa

· ceqeHHJI 6pyca H nnaCTHHbI (0,25 H 0,15 M) conocrasmaa C TOJII.UHBOH CTeH )KeJIe306eToHHDIx coop)')KeHJrii (OT 0,1 ,0;0 1 M), lfrO

n03BOJIJleT npaaars Ae4>opMaItHOHHble 3aBHCHMOCTH WIJI 4> parMeRTOB H coop)')KeHHii Hne~1IJIDIMH. Ilpn onpeneneaan resmepa.rypasrx YCHJIHH HeoOxoAHMO ytJHThIBaTb BJIIDI"!le pasxsepoa ceseHHJI aa pacnpenerremre resmeparypsr, norrsysecrs H ycazncy 6eTOHa • .!lHaMeTp KOJIbI~a 1,2 M, pa3MepbI CeqeHHJI O,15xO,2 M H

O,15xO,1 M apsrapoaaaxe CeqeHHJI cHMMeTpHlIHoe, J.l =-= 1,05%

.. (PHC. 5). kOJIbUO nonsepraerca H3HYTPH neHCTBHIO nOB sr me HHbI X .resmeparyp no 1500c, caapyaor "_ p;eiiCTBHIO TeMTIepaTYP B naana_ '·30He ,OT +20 AO -500C. JlnJl HCCJIep;OBaHHJI resmeparypasrx YCH- 1 miH KOJIbUO paapesaao no BepTHK3JIbHOMY CeIJeHHIO, B MeCTe ceueHHJI npHJIO)KeHLI MOMeHTbI, yztepsoraaromae pa3pe3aHHbIe qaCTH ,J(OJIbua OT B3aHMHOrO nosopora. Tesmeparypasie YCHJIHJI B KOJIb~e . COBna,u,aIOT C TeMIIepaTypHbIMH YCHJIHJlMH B IJ,HJIHHApe B raareanH31IbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH na ,o;OCTaTOllHOM ynaneaaa OT KOHUOB, eCJIH npenefipess BJIHJlHHeM resmeparypasrx YCHJlHii no OCH Z. Ilocjye~yrolUee ncnerrarrae KOJI~a aa ,o;eHCTBHe aayrpemrero UaBJIeHHJI nOlBOJIJleT HCCJIep;CmaTb necpopManHOHHble 3aBHCHMOCTH. llOMHMO sroro, OIlhITaMH aa xonsne Moryr 6bITh 3KcnepHMeHTaJIhHO penreasr HeKOTophle 3aAatJH, CneIJ,Hq,HIJeCKHe AJIJI CHJlOCHbIX KopnYCOB, - 3aAaqa TaiiMepa, pafiora cpenaea 6aHl<H CHJIOCHOrO xopnyca H T .n, • IbmHH.D;PhI AHaMeTpaMH 0,4 HIM, TOJIIJ..n{Ha CTeHKH 0,06 M, AnHHa 4 M, apMHpOBaHHe o,llHOCJIOiiHOe, p. = 1,17% (pHC; 6).

"I.lHJIHHAPhI nozrseprarorca H3HYTPH aarpeny no IS00C, caapysor -

_ AeiiCTBHIO resmeparyp B }:UIana30He OT +20 ,0;0 -500C. UHJIHHnpbI nO,1UepralOTCJI ,IJ,JIHTeJIbHOMY ,o;eHCTBHIO ressneparypnorc nepenana no Ton:I1UIHe CTeHKH H npononsaoa oceaoii C"91MalOILleii CHJIbI, a 3aTeM xparxoapesreaaosry HcnbITaHHIO no paapynreaaa nyresr CTyneHtlaT~ H3MeHeHHH 3KcueHTpHcHTeTa npHJIO)KeHHJI nponons-

I Hoii cjf(Jf~eii carrsr. Ha IJ;HJIHHApax HCCJIe,o;OBaHbI npoueccu · TpefJlHHOo6pa'30'BaHHJI, necpopMJIpoBamtJl H pa3pymeH1111 'BHe-

· Iie.H'rpeHHo C)Ka"ThIX 3JIeMeHT6B KOJIbUeBorQ CeIJeHHJI. OHH Moryr pac~ .~aTpHBaThCJI KaK q,parMeHTbI coopyxemrii, pacseraoii cxeMoii ~ KOTOPhIX JlBJIJleTCJI KOHCOJIhHbIH crepxeae KOJIbUeBOro ceIJeHHJI. ~ 3I<cnepHMeHTaJIbHble ,n;aHHLle» nOJIYlleHHble no pe3YJllaTaTaM HC-

I IIblTaHHJI cflparMeHToB COOpf)KeHHH H H3YQeHHJI CBOHCTB MaTepH3JI0B

• C yqeToM resmeparypsr, npnaenenasre B nOCJIenymILlHX rJIaBaX, -103BOJIHJIH paapafiorars MeTOAHKY pacsera coopf)KeHHii no npe~JI.HbIM COCTOJlHHJlM - no npotIHOCTH, 06pa30BalDllO H pacKpbITHIO

~'peIUHH B HOpM3JIbHhIX ceseanax C ytleTOM CJIO)KHbIX resmeparyp_lhIX YCJIOBHH axcnnyaranaa.

Ha OCHOBaHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB aarypasrx Ha6JIIOp;eHHH nOnOJIHHTeJIbHO Ollemmanach npanHTIhHoCTb paC~eTJIbIX peKoMeH.D;aIlHH, B lJaCT-

21

HOCTH peKOMea.naIJ;Hfi no onpe,lJ;enemllO umpHHbI P8CKPhlTHJI TpeQlH ~ H .Ae~opMaQHii COOP}')KeImJl npa ~Ten~HOM ,lJ;eHCTBHH 9Kcnnyan •. ~ ~OHHldX Harpy30K H ce30HHldX Kone6aIDfJlX TeMDeparypl»l, 8 TIK· , )ICe B nepHO,lJ; nepaoro aarpeaa. Harypnsre HCC1Ie,lJ;OB8.HHJI npoBQIlH· .. JlHel» Ha AbIMOBOH: TPy& N° 2 3KH6aCry3CKOH rp3C-l BI»ICOTOH: 330 M. H8 pa3JIH1IHb1X OrMeTK8X 61»mo opr81Df90BaHO 6 c~ H86nIO,lJ;eHHJI, 1fTO noseonano H3MepJlTl» npononsasre H nonepesasre _ ,lJ;e~OpM8U,HH Tpy6bI, onpenensrs pacnpenenemre resmeparypsr H Bna>KHOCTH B rene 6eroH8, mar H umpHHY paCKPbITHJI TpeIl.UIH. no .. MHMO sroro, 6bm npoaenea KOMIlJIeKC reonesasecxax HCC1Ie,o;OB8-

HHH, BKnlOlfalOlWfH onpen JI HH H py 0

HelUUl BepXHeH T01lKH Tpy6hI npa neHCTBHH serpoaoa H8rp)'3KH H :

COJIlle1lH0H pa.rnt:8UHH. Pe3YJIbTaThI HaTYpHDIX HCCJIenOB8HHi Tpy6bI .. npHBe,lJ;eHhl B nocne,lJ;ylOmHx rnasax. ;

t

nPH IIOBbIWEHHbIX H OTPHQATEJIbHbIX TEMnEPA TYP AX

1. Teemeparypso-yeanosnsre )];e«)loPM3lI;HH 6eTOH8. Bosneacmae TeMnepaTYphl Ha HeHarp}')KeHHbIii 6eTOH npHBO,nHT I( B03HHKHOBe- • HHIO B HeM resmeparypnsrx ne4>opM8UHii H nonOmDIreJIbHOMY r3- .. , BHTHIO )];etl>opMaI.Qfii YCaAKH. no MHeHHIO A.<I>. MWIoB8HoBa [50 H· K.,Il. HeKp8COB8 [61J, ne4>opMal(HH YCa)lKH 6eTOH8 npa noasmrea- . HbIX resmeparypax 38BHCJlT B OCHOBHOM OT KOJ1HQeCTB8 BJIarH, y,lJ;3J1eHHOH H3 6eTOHa H OT resmeparypsr HcnbIT8HHJI. TeMllep8TYP-

HOCTH 6eToHa K MOMeHTY aarpeaa H OT resmeparypsr aarpesa .. f

MO:>KHO asmemrrs cnenyroume OCHOBHbIe OCo6eHHOCTH pa9BH- " THJI resmeparypao-ycanotnrsrx )];e4>opMaI.QfH craporo 6eroHa npH • noasmremnrx resmeparypax (pHC. 7): resmeparypnsre ne4>opMa- i :u;HH 6eToHa, ssrcymeaaoro )];0 rHrpoMeTpHQeCKOrO p8BHoBecHJI co cpenoa npn resrneparype HcnbIT8HHJI, MeHbme Ae4>opMaUHi 6eToHa npH nepnosr aarpeae, a npn npoxrescyrosasrx llHKJI8X OCTblB8HHJI H . aarpena ne4>0pMawm 6eToHa yMeHbm8IOTCJI C }'BeJIHlfeHHeM AJIHTeJIbHOCTH BbI~ep)((HBaHHJI 6eToHa npa nossnneaaof resmeparype; ~ ne4>opMaUHH yC8AI<H 6eToHa npn 60JIee BbICOI(OH resmeparype pa3- BHBaJIHCb C 60JIbmeH CKOpoCTbIO H 6b~cTpee 3aTYXaJIH; npH resrne- .

pary x . H B TOHe OTCytCTBOBaJIH ne OpM8:u;HH nOCJIe narpena AO resmeparypsr HcnbIT8HHJI B reseaae 30-40 If, YCTaHOBJIeHO aa~'IHe B 6eToHe ocrarosasrx ne4>opM8llHH paCllIHpeHHJI [36, 1 37] nOCJIe nepaoro narpena no rexsneparyp 60-1200C H nocrreayioutero OCThIBaHHJI, XOTJI H3 6eToHa sa :nOT nepnon 6bmo ynaneao 9H8tD1TeJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO BJIarH.

22

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30

40

50

60

70 't,c¢1

PIle. 7. Tesarreparypao-ycanosasre ueCPOpMau.HH t5eToHa "PH pa3flHq· HOa TeMnepaType aarpeaa H H3MeHeHHe OTHOCHTeflbHoR Bfla>KHOCl'H fieToHa (KpHBble BHH3y)

0- J - nep8blU uaepee; 1- 2 - I4UKJZ OCTb~6QHUJI do HOPMa.tzbHOil reuneparype: U n08TOpHoZO saepeea; 2-3 - U30TepMU'leCI{QR 8bl· iJepJf(7(Q npu reuneparype HQZpe8Q; 3-4 - OCTbI8tlHUe; • - onblTbl B·Il. Ilepeoepes U Q8TOpa; --- - no r;P0PMYJUlM (47) -(49); --- - no r;POpMYJU1M (53) - (55)

23

hc. 8. Tesmeparypao-yca,D;ottHhle ,D;ecj)oPM~HH 6eTOHa npH TeMnepaType aarpesa 600C (o603HaQeHHH nOCJIe,D;OBaTenLHOCTH HarpeBa.H30Te~ MHqeCKolt BbI,Q,ep>KKH H OCTIdBaKU eM. B nO,D;nHCH K pHc.7)

Q - deWOPMQUUU euapouso.nUP08QHH020 6eTOIfII; 6 - oe!pOp.14flUuu 6eT01U1 nocne yoa.neHUJI ZUdPOU30.IlJl14UU

J

2lJ. 10
,j
I,
0 I

-20
0 fO 20 JO 40 50 80 10 80
1, C(/m Ilna npaBHnbHoH TPaKTOBKH Ha6JJIO;o;aeMbIx JlBneHHH aeofixo,lJ;HMO lKcnepHMeHTanbHO pasnemrn, ;o;e4>opMalUDI nepnoro aarpeaa aa resrneparypasre H ycanosasre, T8K K8K B lTOT nepaon OHH pas-

o e T- b b n

IIIHXCH npH resmeparypax 60 H 90oC, nepen HCnbIT8IiHeM 6MJIa ranpoasonaposaaa ABYMH cnOHMH «ponbrH H ABYMJI cnORMH anoxCHAMoro KJIeH (36, 37J. Ilocne HCIlbITaHWI npn noasmreaastx TeMIIe-

. -

rHApoH30nJlUHH 6bma ynaneaa H oaa BHOBb nonaepranacs WIHTenbHbIM HCIlbITamlHM npa resrneparypax 60 H 90oC. OnbITbI aa ranpoH30JIHPOB8HHOM 6eToHe, B K'OTOPOM yCa,I:tK8 npH noasuueaasrx resrneparypax He npoHCXO)])UIa, n03BOJIHJlH YCTaHOBHTb (pac, 8), lITO resrneparypuaa ;o;ecf1opMaWlH npa nepaosr xparxoapesreaaosr H8- rpese 'CO;o;ep>KHT ;O;Be COCTaBJIHlOutHe - 06p8THM}'IO TeMIlep8TYPHylO

24

I

I

Puc. 9. KOMnoHeHTbI restne- i parypao-ycanosasrx ue4lopMa-: ualt 6eToHa npa nOBhlWeHHbIX ~ TeMnepaTYpax - 1 - 06paTUMble TeMnepaTYP- 0 Hble dertJopMQ14uu; 2 - 0606- ~ U4eHHQJI IePU8QJf reMnepaTYPHo-1 YCQ(}ollHblX de 0PMlZ14UU; 3 - ~

YMeHbweHue 06paTUMbIX TeM- ~

nepaTYPHbIX de!p0pM014UU. ~

8bl38QHHoe YMeHbweHueM '!

8JUIJICHOCTU 6eT01U1; 4 - He- ii:

OfipaTUMbIe reMneparypHble 0 deWopMQ14uU," 5 - defjJopMQ- j 14UU yCIltl xu J

ii !

,uecf1opMa1nno, KOTOpaR acsesaer nocne OCrblBaHHH 6eroHa, H HeOflpaTHMyro reMnep8TypHyro ~e<l>opMaIUllO, KOrOpaH nOCJIe OCrbIBa-

HHJI 6eToHa COXpaWleTCH. Heo6paTHMaJI resmeparypaaa ,o;ecpOpMaWl1l COCTaBHJI8 c}'1UeCTBeHH)'lO tiaCTb resmeparypaoa AecpOpMaIlHH nmPOH301lHpoB8HHoro 6eTOHa - 16% npn nepaosr aarpese ,0;0 600C H 21 % npH nepBoM narpeae AO 90OC. EdJIbl1I81l tGlCTb He-

06paTHMbIX resmeparypasrx necf10pMaUHii npn rexmeparypax 60 H 900C pa3BHB8eTcH' B nepaon nepaoro aarpesa, cooraercrseaao 65 H 76%, a OCr8JIbH8H sacrs - B resenxe nocnenyionnrx 30-40 II npn nOBblweHHoH resrneparype. Paccwarpaaaesrsre onsrrsr CBHnerenscrnyior T8K)I(e 0 HaJIH'IHH YCa,IU<H 6eroHa B nepaon nepaoro aarpesa. nOHBJIeHHe OCT8rOllHbIX necf10pMaUHH paCI.IDlpeIDIH 6erOHa nOCJIe IJ,HKJIa nepsoro aarpesa no resrneparyp 60-1200C H ocrsrBaHHH MO)l(HO 06'bHCHHrb pa3BHrHeM B 3rOT nepHon necrpyxraaasrx nponeccos B 6eToHe. YMeHbweIDIe ~ecf1opMaWfH 6eroHa na npoMe)l(yrOq}{bIX IJ,HI<JI8X OCTbIBaIDIH H nonropnoro aarpeaa caanererrscrsyer 0 rOM, tlTO 06paTHMbie resmeparypasre necf10pM8IJ,HH HBJIHIOTCH nepeMeHHOH BeJIHtmHC?:H H 3aBHCHT or H3MeHeHHH BJIa)KHocrH

6eTOHa. ./

OC06eHHOCTH pa3BHmH reMnepaTYpHo·YC3.IlOlJHbIX AecpopManuH craporo 6eroHa HOpMaJIbHOrO TBepneHHH npH noasnneaasrx resme-

,· . ..p3.rYpax MO)l(HO oxapaxrepaaosars cxesroa, npenctaaneaacir aa pac, 9. 0611laH BeJIHtDfHa necf1opMaII,Hii aenarpysceaaoro 6eroHa npa neHcrBHH nOBbIweHHbIX resmeparyp axmosaer rpa BHna necf1opMaIJ,HH - necf10pM~H YC8}J;KH, 06parHMbIe H He06parHMbIe resmeparypasre necf10pM8UHH. COrJIaCHO cxesre resmeparypao-ycanoxasre necf1opMa~ 6eroHa Moryr 6bIrb onpeneneasr no cfl0pMYJIe

(37)

rAe e:(t) H e; It) - COOTBerCmeHHO He06pamMbie H 06pamMbie resmeparypasre Aecf1opM8IJ,HH "PH aarpese QerOHa no rexmeparypsr t; Ey(t) - ,n;ecpopMarum yC~H 6eroHa npa nOBblweHHOH resmeparype t.

KaK H3BeCTHO (1], MeTO,!J;HKa onpeAeneHl{H ,n;e4'opMaUHH YCa,n;KH

6eroHa npa HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparype ycraaaarnmaer 38BHCHMocrh Me~ny Aecf10pMaUHeH YCa,n,KH H BnaronoTepHMH 6eroHa nyresr BBe.,[le~H K03cf1cf1HUHeHr8 JIHHeHHOH ycanxa J3 :

Ey - fl {UII~P Uo}, (38)

me Uo'tt.tJ H Uo - COOTBerCrneHHO K prrrasecxaa H neiicTBHreJIbHaH - BJIa)l(HOCrb 6e rona.

ECJIH H81J3JJbH8H BJI8)J(HOCrb 6eroHa B paccMaTpHB8eMoM ADanitlOHe BJIIDKHOCTH Mew,me KpHTHtleCKOH, ro B cpopMYJIe (38) BMeCTO ~~_CJIe,o;yer nOnCraBJIHTb UHG'4 • 3ra MerO,[UiKa OKa3bmaeTCH cnpaaeAmIBOH H WIH CJIytl8H ~eHCTBHH nonsnneaasrx reMnepaTyp .... 3a·HyJIe.

25

BYIO HaMH npHHJlT8 Bna>KHOCTh 6eTOH8, asrcyureanoro 11.0 nOCrOJlH· HOR M8CChI npH TeMDep8TYpe 2000C. HccnenyeM8H 9aBHCHMOCTb OK838Jl8Ch npaxrasecxn nHHeiiHOii B ,QIIan890He H3MeHeHHJI Bn8)KHO· ern 6eroHa no 1%, sro COOTBeTCTByeT resrneparype 6eroH8 ISOoC. KoJePcPHItHeUT fl B paccM8TpHB8eMoM 11.H8n830He Bn8)KHOCTH 6eToH8 9aBHCHT B OCHOBHOM romxo OT resmeparypsr HcnblT8HHH H C pOCTOM resmeparypsr YMeHbmaeTCH. B JlHan830He H9MeHeHHJI Bna)KHOCTH MeHee 1% nOMHMO resmeparypsr 3Ra'IHTenbHOe BJ1HHHHe aa ero 3HalfeHHe OKa3bIB8eT YMeHbmeHHe BJI8)KHOCTH fieTORa, Bbl3bIBaJi pOCT Ko~4>Hll,HeHT8 j3 . H8 acesr )l;Han830He

UHeHTOM JIHHeHHOR YCagKH, resmeparypoa H BJI8)KHOCThlO 6eToH8 MO)KeT 6bIlD YAOBJIeTBOpHTenbHo annpoxcascrpoaana 4>0pMynoH

ft(t~U} == jJ(20' - t37(t-20jI04+ ~6'10-2 exP/f~S:10V)/ft-20tl(39)

. rne f:J (200) - KOJ4>4>Hll,HeHT nHHeHHOH yCa.z:tJ(H npH HOPMaJIbHOH

resrne T KOTO blH WIH TH)KenOrO fe rona n HHHMaeTCR 3,10-2.

U - BJIIDKHOCTb 6eToHa npH nOBblIUeHHoH resmeparype t. <l>opMYJIa (38) MH nOBbImeHHbIX resrneparyp 3anHmeTCH B J;1Hne

rne U (200) -- BJI8)KHOCTb feroaa nepen HatJaJ10M narpeaa; /JUH3MeHeHHe Bna)KHOCTH aa HHTepBaJ1e BpeMeHH neiicmHH resmeparypsr t.

,D,ecPopMa~ YCa,IU<H npn OOJIee cnO)KHbIX resmeparypasrx pe)I(HMaX, B tJaCTHOCTH npH cryneasaro B03pacTaIOUleM pe)KJ{Me,

.

pe)I(HMe AJIH acex resmeparyp HcnbITaHHH necsrorpa aa TO, tJTO Bn8-

ronorepa fieTOH8 npH6JIH3HTenbHO O,llHHaKOBbI AJIH OWlOH H TOH )l{e resmeparypsr, 3TO om,HCHJleTCH YMeHbIUeHHeM KOl4>4>HUHeHTa JIHHeiiHOH ycanxa C POCTOM resmeparypsr, a TaK)Ke TeM, tJTO npn CyYT1eWlaTO B03paCT8IOmeM pe·)l(HMe OOJIbmaH tJ8CTb anara H3 6eTOHa YAanHeTCH npa 60JIee HH3KHX resmeparypax, tJeM' npa H30TepMHtJeCKOM pe)I(HMe, T.e. eH COOTBeTcTByeT 60JIbIUaH BenH'lHH8 ne4>opMaUHii YC8,lU(H. AHaJIOrHtJHoe aaneaae OTMetJaeTCH H aa cryrrenn norrseMa resmeparypsr OT HOPMaJIbHOH no nOBhlmeHHOH: tJeM B fionee paHtleM B03paCTe 6eTOHa npOH3BO,D;HTCH narpes, TeM MeHbIUe CyMMapHoe 3HatJeHHe Aeq,opMaUHii ycazuca.

Il,HH ycamor ~PH CTYMlItJaTO aoapacraiomesr resmeparypnosr pe)KHMe, BKnIOlIaH cryneas nozrsesra resmeparypsr OT HOPMaJIbHOH K nossnuemroti. 3nI 3aBHCHMocrn OKa3arIHCh cnpaaennaasnsa WIH onpenenenaa Ae4>opMaJ.Urii ycanxa asrcsrxaiomero 6eToHa npH pasJIHtJHLIX ycnOBHHX asrcstxanaa - 3HalleHHH MOnYJIH nOBepXHOCTH JneMeHTOB H3MeHHJIHCb OT 26,6 no 13 M·l (npH3Mbl, cB060,n;HO 26

BblCblxalOLQHe no qeTLlpeM npOAOlIbHblM rpaH1lM H rnnpOH301IHPOBaHHliIe no nBYM npo~JI&IJI)JM nponmonOlIO)J(JU)JM rpaHJ1M). EcnH

npH HcnOlIh30BaHHH <l>opMynhI (40) rpe6yeTcJI onpenenars U.~ npH nOBbIweHHbIX resmeparypax, cnenyer BOcnOlIb30BarhCJI pexosreap;aIUUIMH, npHBeAeHHbIMH B pafore c.n. C1>OMHHa H A.A. AXMenaBa [82]. B paccMaTpHBaeMhlx HaMH 3anaqaX He06XO}:UfMOCTH B

3rOM Her, rax K3K AJ1H craporo ~TOHa yClIOBHe otn« Urcp(tj < U(t) BbInOlIHJleTCJI.

He06paTHMbIe resmeparypasre Ae4>opMaIUm yn06Ho Xaps.KTepH. 30BaTb KoJ4>4>HUHeHTOM nHHeHHhlx He06paTHMblX rexmeparypasrx ,o;e4> 0pMarndi

(41)

rne to - aaaseaae HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparypsr- B 06l1leM cnysae ero 3HatteHHe 33.BHCHT OT resmeparypsr, CKOpoCTH narpeaa H BJI8)I(HOCTH 6eToHa K aasany aarpeaa. OAHaKO nIHI craporo 6eToHa, HMelOlIlero npn HOPM3nbHOH resmeparype BJIa)KHOCTb, 6.nH3Kym K paBHOBeCHOH, Ko34>4>HIJ,HeHT ex; (t) WIH cnysaa xparxoapesrenHoro HarpeBa MO)KeT 6bITb annpoxcasrapoaaa 33.BHCHMOCTblO

(42)

. B pacserax npHHHMaeTCH, nro ueotipanoasre resmeparypasre , ' ;a;e4>opMaUHH nOJIHOCThIO pa3BHBalOrCH B npouecce nepaoro KpaTKOapesreaaoro aarpeaa, 33 HCKlIlOtteHHeM resmeparyp aarpesa no 900C. ilJyH sroro AHana30H3 YCJIOBHO npHMeM, qTO B nponecce nepsoro aarpeaa pa3BHBaeTcH 50% He06paTHM~IX ne4>opMal{Hii, OCTaJIbHble - B reseaae nocrrenyronurx 40 tt H30TepMHtteCKHx HcnblTaHHH.

06paTHMble resmeparypnsre ,1J;e4>0pManmt 33.BHCHT OT TeMnepaZYpbI HcnbITaHHH H OT B1I8)I(HOCTH 6eTOHa. Ilpn nepBoM xparxoBpeMeHHoM narpese OHH ,o;OCTHraIOT MaKCHManhHbIX 3HatteHHH, MHHHMaJIbHLle 3HatteHHH OTMelJ3JIHCb B MOMeHT ;a;OCTH)I(eHHH 6eToHoM pasnoaecnoii BJIaJKHOCTH npn noasmremrsrx resmeparypax, Otipa-

THMble TeMnepaTypHhIe necpopMaIUDf 6eTOHa cnenyeT onpenenJlTb no

q,opMYlIe

e ~ (t) = O(:-r t, U (t) J ( t - to),

(43)

r,o;e cx.; [t, U{t) J - K034>4>Hl(HeHT JIHHeHHoH 06paTHMOH resme-

. patyPHOH Ae4>opM3:QHH 6eToHa; onpe;a;elIHeTCH K3K cfJYHKUIUI TeMnepaTyphI HarpeBa H BlIa)KHOCm 6eroHa

rx:[t, U(tJj == 0<: [t, Up (t)]+ !z(t)[U(t}- Up (tJ), (44)

rne ua): BJl8)l(HOCTL 6erOHa npn reMnep3rype t K MOMeHTY apeMeHH, WIH xoroporo onpenenmorcn 06paTHMble TeMnepaTyPHble

neq,0pMaUHH.

..

27

4
0 ~
~ ~
s ~
- 0
) 8 ()
-
tJO 80 100 11'0 ,itO 160 WI a s

tJ

tI

'OOt.C

Pac, 10. Kb3¢l<PHlJ,HeHT resmeparypnoro pacurapeHH1I tleTOHa B YC1ldsWIX rHrpoMeTpHQeCKOrO paaaoaecaa co cpenoa

o - OnbJ1bI B.,4. Ilepeoepex U Q8TOpa; - - no fjJopMY.IIe (45)

D;HH 6eToHa, HMeIOUlero BnaJKHOCTb, paBHoBecHYIO co cpenoa npH resmeparype t , aospacraer C ynennqeHHeM rexmeparypsr aarpeaa (pRC. 10), He3HatIHTenLHO 3aBHCRT OT MO,n;YJIH nOBepXHocTH H an-

a:[t,Up(t)j- 6·10-6+ 1,46.10-6 exp[0,007S( t - SOOC)]. (45)

K03CPcpHllHeHT, xapaKTepH3YIOIUHH H3MeHeHHe 06paTHMOH resmeparypaoii ne4lopManHH 6eT.OHa npa neiicTBIDI noasnneaaoa resmeparypsr Iz (t), onpenenaerca no 4>0pMyne

06UlYIO BeJIHtfifHY ne4>0pMauHH aeaarpysceaaoro 6eToHa npa noasnneaaoa resmeparype MO>KHO onpenenars H3 BblpaJKeHHH (37):

Cr.[t}U(tJ}= (O(:(t)+cx:[t, Up(tJj+!z(tJ[U(t)-Up(t)]} (t=is}: e, [t, Vet)] .

(47)

CxeMa pa3BHTHH resereparypao-ycanoxasrx ne4>opMau;HH n03BOnaer raxsce on p;enRTb ne 0 MaUHH aeaar Y>KeHHOrO 6eTOHa n H

HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparype nocrre aarpeaa AO resrneparypsr t H ,n;eq,opMaIJ;HH 6eToHa sa nepnon OCThIBaHIDI HJIH noaropaoro narpeaa:

e:CT[t, U(tJ] = (a.:(t) + !z(tJ[U(to)-U(tJl}(t-tci)-ey[t, U(t)};(48)

28

ConOCT8BJIeHHe OIIbITHbIX 3H8tfeHHii TeMIlep8zypHO-YCa,£tO'lHbIX ,Ae«p0pMcmIDi C paCtfeTHbIMHJ onpeAeJIeHHLIMH no 4>0PMYJI8M (47), (48), (49), CBH,D;eTeJllacTaveT 06 HX xopomeii CXOAHMOCTn (eM.

pHC. 7, 11) .

113JIo)l(eHHaJl MeTO}J;HKa n03BOJIJleT nocrarosao nocrosepao onpenerrars resmeparypasre H ycanosasre ne4>0pMaIUIH 6eToHa rrpH ,n;eHcTBHH rrOBbImeHHbIX resmeparyp WIJI H30TepMHtleCKOrO H 60JIee CJIO)l(HbIX pe)l(HMOB resmeparypasrx B03,n;eHcmHit Ona8KO ee npaMeHeHHe rpefiyer BeCbM8 TOlfifOH HCXO,n;HOH HH4>opM8UHH 0 nOJIJlX pacnpenenesas BJI8)1(HOCTH B OeToHe paCC1lHThIB8eMOH KOHCTpY.KUHH npn HOPMaJIbHOH H rrOBbImeHHbIX resmeparypax. Ecna 3Ta HH4>opMaUHJI orcyrcrayer, cnenyer nOJIb30BaTbCJI ynponreaaoji MeTOAHKOH pacseraoro onpenenenaa resereparypno-ycanosasrx Ae«poPM3IlHH MJI KOHCTPYKUHH cpenaen MaCCHBHOCTH - C MOJzylI~M nosepxaocra OT 40 AO 10 M-l. YnpomeHHe COCTOHT· B TOMr~~' paccsrarpaaaesesrx asrnre «popMynax napasserpsr, JlBJIJlIOIlUfeCH «PYHKUHJlMH H3MeHelUUl BJIa)KHOCm 6eTOHa, 3aMeIDIIOTCJI HOBbIMH napaMeTpaMH, HBJIJlIOUlHMHCJI 4>YHKUHJlMH BpeMeHH ,n;eHCmHJI

~ ~2dc ~ ~J
fOO c
c "c 120'~
) ~
80 /
~ fD~ ~~ k
60 K (
~ 6!1~ u 1 ) ~ ~'
"0 v.' u ,
""t I'--.. .J
v
20

0 ~
n..-
Il- ~ 0
-20 ) o ~ ~ M M. ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ m .T~ cym

Pac, 11. TeMnepaTypHo-yca~o'IHLIe ~eclK>PMaI.tRH OeTOHa npa crynen'laTO B03paCTaJOWeM TeMnepaTypHoM pe)l(KMe (o603Ha'ieHIDI nocneJl,OBaTeJlhHOCTK aarpesa, R30TepMRlJeCKoA: Bbl,Q,ep)l(}(H H OCTbIBaHHlI CM. B nOnnHCK K pRC. 1)

o 3l(cneptLMeHr, no (JOfJM)'.llflM (47) (49)

29

.reMnepaTYpbI. He06paTHMbIe TeMneparypH&Ie AecPOPMawnt no .. npexHeMY xapaKTepH3ymTcs l(oJCl>~HUHeHTOM 0(; (t), onpeAenseMhlM no cPopMyne (42). 06paTHMWe TeMDepaTYP~le AecPopM~ ,xapaKTepH3ytOTCJI c}'MMoi KoltPcPHQlfeHTOB a. (t) H ~O(. (t. T). npHlIeM KoltPcPHItHeHT ex: (t) xapaKTepH3yeT JlHHeiHfIO o6pam .. MytO TeMJlepazypH}'IO ~cPOPM8JlH1O 6eTOHa. HMelODlero paaaoaecHYIO Bnualocn. npa nOBbIweHHoii TeMJlepaTYpe, H onpenenserca no cPopMyJIe (45). Ko3$cPHUHeHT 41CX: (t~ T) xapaxrepasyer npapatJ.le~e JIHHeHHOH 06paTHMOH resmeparypaoa .u;ecpopM8llKH 6e TO H8 , BJI8)I(HOCTb xoroporo npessnnaer paBHOBeCH)'IO npH no-

BblweHHOH resmeparype oz;;

.40(:(t"T)~S)3-o,02t) 10.6 exp [-0,16( t- 2(0) .10-2• T]}, (50)

rne T - BpeMH .o;eHCTBHH nOBblmeHHoH resmeparypsr t J BKJII01I8S yqaCToK aarpesa.

OmOCHren&H}'IO AecPopM3llH1O yC8,QkH 6eTOH8 npH nOBMwellHLIX Te1\lllile rnlTVnaY sa ntvUr~BQ~llh,ii HHTenRaD ~_ ... _."'w_. T C YUemu

.- " .- - ~- ....- .

MOA)'nH nOBepXHOCpl :meMema cnenyer onpenensn, no cPopM)'JIe

e'l(tJT)- ty(t, ~-oo)[f- exp(-cJ]{t- exp[-(o,J-2S.,.e;,,2·Xt-~oj'f)~(51)

rne CIS 0,2 111- ~ ·10-3 ( t - 500); m - MOAYJIb nOBepXHOCTH 3JIeMeHT8, M-I; CV (t, Too) - nonaaa OTHOCHTeJIhH8H necPopM8- lUfS ycanxa 6eroH8 npa resmeparype t , onpenenaesraa no q»op .. Myne

Ey (t , T-oo) = [55 - 0,05 ( t - 500) + 0,0025 (t-500) 2] i 0-5. (52)

YnpomeHHaH MerO,lUlKa n03BOMer onpenensrs resmeparypaoYC8AollHLle AecPoPMaIUm 6eTOHa npn AeHCTBIIH nOBblweHHoi reMneparypsr npoH3BOnhHOH npononsorremaccra H B OCTbIBweM COCTOJIHHH, 8 T8K)J(e p;e$opManHH 38 BpeMS OCThIB8HHH H nOBTOpnoro H8rpeB8. llecpopMau,HH aesarpyseeaaoro 6eTOHa npa noasnneaHOD resmeparype onpenenmorca no cP0pMYJIe

5, (-t, r.):::[oc.;(t)+ oc: {t}+LJot: (~ T,}](t- to)- elt, T), (53)

rne To - B peMH nepnoro aarpesa 6erOHa npa resmeparype t. IleCPOPM8IJ;HH 6eTOH8 B ocrsrsurexr COCrOJlHHH

llecP0pMau,HH 6eTOHa 38 nepnon OCTbl~8HHJI HJIH noaropnoro H8M rpeaa

30

ConOCTaBneHHe OnhlTHbIX 3HatJeHHii TeMIJepaTypHO·YCaAOtffihIX : Jle~OpMauHH C paC'IeTHbIMH. onpe~eneHHMMH no ~OpM}'JlaM (53)(5.5), cBHAeTenhCTByeT 06 HX ynoaneraoparerrsaoa CXOJn{MOCTH

(eM. pac, 7). .'

llJiR pacsera )l(ene306eToHHbIX coop)?ICeHHH, nOABeprllOlIlHXCR , AeiicTBHIO noasnnenasrx TeXHOnorHtJeCKHX TeMIJepaTYp C aayrpeaHeM CTOPOHbI if orpauarensasrx resmeparyp C Hap}"KHoM, neofixoARMa TclK)I(e HH~OPM8.I.lHR 0 resmeparypasrx ~e~opMaUHRx 6eToHa

,npH ,neHCTBHH orpxuarensasrx resmeparyp, DpHtJeM resrneparyp.JIl,le ~e~OpMaJlHH cnenyer onpenenars WIR 6eT08a, nOABep~aBweroCR narpeay, HJIH 6e3 aarpeaa, HO B npouecce sxcnnyaranax He non- . sepraameroca HHTeHCHBHOMY BO~OHaChlmeHHIO. OIlhITclMH .I' .M. fopsaxoaa, B.M. MOCKBHHa H psna npyrax aBTOPOB [23, 56, 57J YCTa· HOBneHO, 'ITO MR c:Ao60AHo·. asrcsrxaiouterc "crapo r ou 6eToHa, He nonaeprasmeroca YBna)l(HeHHIO ~ npe.D.BapHTeJIhHOMY aarpeay, JlHHeMHble resmeparypasre ~e~OpMatUIH 6eron npa 3aMOp8)f(HBa .. HHH ~O .-60OC MOHOTOHHO B03pacTalOT C nOHH~HHeM resmepa .. rypsr, B 3TOM cnysae KO~HUHeHT JIHHeUHbIX resmeparypasrx Ae<pOPM8.I.lHH 6eToHa npH 38.MOpa>KHBaHHH ~onYCKaeTCR npHHRTh no peKoMeH,Q8lOfRM HOPM [74] paBHbIM 10'10-6 °C .. l, B HaUDIX onsrrax &'lnH nonytJeHbI 6nH3KHe 3HatJeHHR - (8,4 - 10,6) 10.6°C-l.

3HallHTenhHo x}')KC HCCJIe~OB'aHbI resmeparypasre ~e<popMaUHH npa 3aMopIDKHBaHHH 6eToHa, npenaaparensao asrcyureaaoro npa noasrureaasrx resmeparypax. B HaIIJHX onsrrax, npoaerteaastx COBMeCTHO C B.B. KapAaKoBhIM, YCTaHoBneHo, lITO npa 3aMopa)Kl{. BaHHH no ':"':"45OC npenaapxrensao aarperoro 6eToHa K03Cl>~H" JJ;HeHT JIHHeMHbIX resmeparypasrx ne<popManHH YM.eHbwaeTCJI aa 16,6-33,3% no CpaBHeHHIO C ero 3HatJeHHeM npa narpeae. BenHlIH .. Ha CHIDKeHHR 3aBHCHr OT ressneparypsr npenaaparensaoro aarpesa. 3TO RBneHHe ooo,JlCHJleTCJI, no HaweMY MHeHHIO, ABYMR OCHOBHbIMH npHlJHHaMH - HHTeHCHBHbIM nornomeazess BJIarH H3 B03Ayxa npenaaparensao BhlcyweHHhlM 6eTOHOM npa 3aMopajlCHBaHHH H

.3Ha'IHreJIhHbIM POCTOM casroypasaoaenreaasrx CTPyKZYPHbIX nanpa)KeD" "pH nOHH)I(eHHH TeMItepaTypbJ OOToHa or nOBbIweHHhIX ;l«)

orpauarensasrx ressneparyp, Tesmeparypasra K03<P<PHUHeHT JIH .. HeRHoro paCUDlpeHHJI npenaaparerrsao aucymeanoro 6eToHa npa AeHCTBHH orpauarerrsasrx reMneparyp npHHHMaeTCR 38BHC$IIl.lHM nHUIb aT TeMneparypbl npeABapHTenhllata lIarpeBa. Era 3HatrelBfe

pexosrennyerca onpenenars no <p0pMyne

(XBX (t) - 0(: (t) - It! (,85'10-8, (56)

rAe t - TeMuepaIypa npe)l;BapHTellbHOrO HarpeBa 6eTOHa.

llnJl OCHOBHbIX pacserasrx cnysaes - 'icparxoapesreaaoro H MHrensaoro aarpeaa - 3HatleHHJI Ko3$<pHUHeHToB, onpenenmonmx resmeparypno-ycanouasre Ae<popM~H TJI)I(enOro 6eToHa, npaBeneHbI B Ta6n. I.

31

Ta6nHl(a 1

------------ --------------- ~----------------.---

o (5o'HaQeHHe PacqetHLIA Q1yqaA TeMnepaTypa HarpeDa, °C

H pa3MepHOCTh ---- r----r----r----r----

DapaMeTpa SO 10 100 150 200

- .-------------------------I----r--------~---I_---

,. 11~5 11.3 11 11 ll.s
KpaTKoBpeMeHHLtR
,
. cx:{t) '10-6 oC-1 aarpes 7.5 7,7 8,1 9,1 10,S
J1n:HTenwn.dt HarpeB
3aMopa)l(l{BaHHe no Ole 5,5 6A 6.3 6.3 6,8
,[J)1HTen&HOI'O aarpesa
a:(t)'10-60C-1 KpaTKOB peMeHHLrl1: 6 3J5 1,6 0,4 0,1
I H AJIHTenLH&lA aarpee
i
~:(t)'10-6 oC-l f KpaTKoBpeMeHHLIA 4,1 3.6 2,9 1.9 1
I aarpes
I
E,,(t)·lO-S KpaTKOBpeMeHHb:dt 4,7 7.7 1205 124,2 43,3
HarpeD
.II.rmTeJ1.wn..rA naroes 5S SS S9 { 7S 104 2. Ilonaysecrs 6eTOHa npa nOBMWeHmIX TeMnepaTYP3X. DCHOBHhle aonpocsr, 06C)"KnaeMbIe npa H3yq:eHHH nonsysecra OOToHa, -

BJIHIIHHe B03paCTa oeroaa K MOMeH1)' HarPY'KeIDIJI H AJ]HTenbHOCTH ·neIICTBHII Harp)'3KH aa neq,OpMaUHH nonayxecra, 06paTHMOCTb H HemmeHHOCTb neq,opMaI.J;HH nonsysecrx, npHMeHHMOCTb npaanana aanO)l(eHHII npHpameHHH neq,OpMaIUfH nonaysecra, BnIDIHHe aa neq,OPMaUHH nOJI3ytleCTH resmeparypsr HBna)I(JIOCTH cpensr, MaCWTa6- aoro q,aKTOpa, cnocofia TBepneHHII 6eTOHa H psna npyrax q,aKIOpOB. DnHH H3 HaJlMeHee H3yqeHHbIx aC~KTOB npo6neMbi nonsysec- . TH OOToHa - p83BHTHe neq,opMaIUtH nOH3yqeCTH npH nossnuenasrx

resmeparypax. npHlleM COBceM He60nbwoe lJHcno paOOT nOCBJlw;eHO accnenoaaamo neq,opMa.u;Hii nonaysecra npH nOBblW;eHHhIX TeMnep'arypax asrcstxaiontero (HemnpOH30JIHpOBaHHoro) 6eToHa [50,51,52].

B ,ll;aHHOM naparparpe paccMaTpHBaIOTCII OCHOBHble OC06eHHOCTH pa3BHTHII ne<i>opMaUHH nonaysecra npa noasnneaasrx resmeparypax no 200QC BbJCbIXaIOIIJ;ero craporo 6eToHa. B aamax onsrrax HC~ cnenyeMbIH 6eTOH no caoessy COCTaBY xopowo COOTBeTCTBOB3Jl 6e~ TOHY HH)I(eHepHbIx CoopY'KeHHH.

Iloasnneaasre resmeparypsr OKa3blBaIOT aaasarensaoe BnIDIHHe . aa npenensayro Beim'IMH)' ne4>0pMaUHii nonaysecra [38J . lIIIII 06pa3UOB, 3arpY)I(eHHbIX HenoCpenCTBeHHO nepen aarpeaanaess H HCnblTbIBaBlJIHXCII nOH i10CTOJlHHOH nOBblmeHHOH rewnenarvoe

• & U .. F &

npenenssa» aenanaaa neq,OpMaUHH non3YQeCTH no peaynsrarasa

OIlbITOB B.H. Bepereaaaxoaa, B.n. Ilepenepea H asropa aospacraer C nOBbJWeHHeM resmeparypsr aensrraaaa (pHC. 12) H npa TeM~ neparypax 120-2000C npeasnnaer neq,0pMau,HH non3Y1JeCTH craporo 6eTGHa npa HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparype B 3,2-3,76 pasa. Ilpenensaaa BeJDI'IMHa neq,opManIDi non3YQeCTH 6erOHa npa noasnneaaux TeM-

32

5 -f

C· IOINflo)

./ ,._.- """ r-. -_ -
-)(.~ J w, ~W-' -
r ,_
'" \ . n«J't
1,- I'-.-~ ~ .,......-. -- ~ ..,..., 'l ip
v> ... ~ I- ~.Tt- --- ~q,,~ ~p
~- .. ~ .. , ..
12 . . '~ "
V- ~ I- ~w --' _.:.. .. " ... _,. ~
~ .. - -
I"- '. ~ 1t~ ~a~ ~!1P o.IIIt
, " )(~ ~p
fO • ~~~ ~O,2R
~-- ~ _ _.;.I ~'- Mur
~--' I- ~ ""-- ~-
- I-·~
8 ~ /
1/" 10-"' _. ~ I- ~-- ~-- ~-. ~- ~-= .~'L
~ '"" 1--- ~- 1---- --
~- - ---'
6V/ IJ,2N".2_

4, .~ ~-- -lJ,.5J np
_. f--421c
• ~p
2 fJ,2N,.,p
- I ,t..' V~- ~2R"p
t /'" _'-
1 I
0 20 ~~ 1'(r7 120 NO 160 180 T CVn; PRe. 12. Bnasaae nOBbIweHHLIX resmeparyp H YpOBHH HarpY)f(eHHJI aa YAeJILHble At$0pMaUHH nOJI3ytteCTH 6eTOHa (onLITLI B.l1. BepeTeHHHKOBa H anropa)

--- 600C; -11- 1200C;-·- 20()oC

neparypax C}'meCTBeHHO 3aBHCHr OT BpeMeHH neiiCTBHJI resmepaTYp&1 aa 06pa3eu AO Harp}')KeHHJI (pHC. 13). Ilpenaaparerrsasra aa. rpeB no Harp}')KeHHJI B TeqeHHe flHlIIh 3 CYT nJ»lBo,rnn J( CHH)I(eHHIO

npenensnsrx ne<i>OpMaI.QfH nonaysecrn npa rexmeparypax 120- 2000C B 2,7-,2,9 paaa, 3TO CBOHCTBO non3YQeCTH 6eToHa cnenyer paccwarpaaars KaK "resmeparypaoe crapeaae" no aaanoraa c TeM )l(e CBOHCTBOM non3YQeCm npH HopManhHoH reMnepaType. I1HreH-

CHBHOCTb resmeparypaoro crapenaa aospacraer C YBenHQeHHeM TeMneparypbI HCn&IraHHR.

Iloasnueansre reMneparyphl oxassraaror TaK)I(e 60nbwoe BmlJIIDle aa CJ(OPOCTb pa3BHTHj{ ne$opMauHH non3YQeCTH 6eToHa. C YBe-

JlHttelDfeM resmeparypsr acnsrraaaa npoacxonnr 60nee HHreHCHBHoe pa3BHTHe ,ue<i>opMalJ,Hii nonaysecra asrcsrxaiourero 6eroHa H 60nee 6bIcrpoe HX 3arYXaHHe (CM. pHC. 12). Ilonaoe aaryxaaae ne~OPM3.I(Hii nonaysecra 6blno 3a<i>HKcHpoBaHo npa resmeparype

60OC, Qepe3 105-125 cyr, npn 9QOC - qepe3 75-85 cyr, npH

33

0:

&'LfIO"C •

-_ L6O_!_

--

5(}70

JO

20

fO

o

Puc. 13. BnHJlHHe AJlHTenWlOCTH aarpesa 6eTOH8<nepe.n Harpy" )l(eHHeM aa npenensasre A~PMauHH DOmY'IeCTH npa DOBbI-

• - 6fPC; • - 12()oC; .. - 20()oC;-- - - no (JopMyne

(60)

1200e - xepea 55-65 cyr H npa 2000e - Qepe3 30-40 CYT. Ilpz HopManhHoH resmeparype aaryxanae nOJ13YQeCTH npOHCXO,nHT 3HatfHTenhHO nonsure. TIpH noasnueaxsrx resmeparypax HenHHeHHaR 3aBHCHMOCn Me*AY HanpH)I(eHHHMH B 6eroHe H ,l1,e4lopMaIUlRMH nonsysecra (pHC. 14) cymeCTBeHHO npoaanaercs npa AeHCTBHH HanpR)keHHii 6 jI:. 0,4 R"fI' Henaneiiaocrs 3aBHCHT OT resrneparypsr It BpeMeIDf ee ,l1,eHCTBHH .

.... 4.'~".~ ... "lI T Th

,o;e4>opMaUHH nOJI3yqeCTH. lle4>0pMal.\HH o6parHoH nonsysecra saMIIoro MeHhwe npe~weCTBYI01IUIX ,o;e4>opManHH npRMoH nonaysecra (eM, pac. 12), lfTO om,HCIDIeTCH HHTeHCHBHblM crapeaaesr 6eToHa npH noasmreaasrx resmeparypax. Mepa o6pamoH n01I3yqeCTH ysenHlIHBaerCR C POCTOM resmeparypsr acnsrraaas H npaKTHlIeCKH He 38.BHCHT OT YPOBIDI uanpH)I(eHHH, ,o;eHCTBOBaBllIHX ,l1,0 pa3rpY3KH 06pa3UOB•

BeJIHqJ.fHa MOAYlIH n01~epXHOCTH 06pa3ua raxxce oxaasmaer onpenenemroe BJIHHHHe aa ,l1,e4>opMaUHH nOJI3YQeCrH 6eroHa npn noasmreaasrx TeMIIeparypax. YMeHhweHHe MO,o;YJIH nOBepXHOCTH C 26,6 no 13,3 M-l npaseno K ysenasemno npenensnsrx 3HalleHHH

¥

aa '10-15%, K 60Jlee HHTeHCHBHOMY pa3BHTHIO 6h1CrpOHaTeKalOllteH. 1J8cm ,u;e4>0pMaUHH H K aexoroposry YMeHhweHHIO CKOPOCTH pa3BH~ TH" ne4>0pMaIUrii nOJl3ytJeCTH.

Haafonee nepCneKTHBHbIM npHeMoM yserasnasaaa noasnneaHhlX ~MDeparyp aa CKOPOCTh pa3BHTHR Ae«j)opM~ nonaysecra 6eroHa H aa ero crapeaae J!BJlReTCH acnonsaoaanne npaaenemroro

PHc. 14. BnHJlHHe nOBbIweHHLIX resmeparyp xa HeJIHHeftHOCT& ,o;e$opMaU;Hft non3YQeCTH 6eToHa. aarpysceaaoro nepen xarpeaosr (onsrrsr B.H. BepeTeHHH-

KOBa H aaropa) ..'

C - T=- 160 cyr; • - T=4 cyr, t = 6()OC; 0 - T:::.100 cyr, t:& 12(JOC;b -T == =60CYT. t=12fPC; • -T=4cyr. t=12fJOC; .-T=4cyr,t=20()oC;

'20 rjio{JMyne (66): 2()oC; -- - 6(JOC;-"- 1200C;-.- 20()oC

BpMeHH. "ne.R: 3aKJUOlIaeTC.R: B TOMt sro BpeM1i OTCllHTblBaeTC.R: He B 06bllIHOH, a B npHB~~eHHOH, YCJIOBHOH nncane, .R:BnJllOmeHCH <!>YHKllHeH . resmeparypsr H 3aBHCHIIJ;eH OT ocoteanocrea pa3BHTHJI ne<!>0pMaUHii nonaysecra npa ):UlHHOH ressneparype. Ilpaaeneaaoe BpeMJI neHCTBH.R: nOBbllUeHHhIX resmeparyp, OTClIHTbIBaeMoe C aaqaJIa narpeaa, onpenenaerca no <popMYJIe

T

Tn~ = I F(t)dT,····

(57)

rne Fl t ) - <!>YHKI.QfJl, nOKa3bIBalOID;aJI H3MeHelDle Macitrra6a

BpeMeHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT resmeparypasrx YCJIOBHH.

B03MO)l(HO HeCKonbKO aarepnperauaa paccsrarpaaaeraoro

npHeMa. A.P. P)I(aHHUhIH [67J B paMKax TeopHH HaCnenCTBeHHOCTH

BblABHraeT OCHOBHoe Tpe60BaHHe _. cofimonenae YCJIOBH.R: HHBapHaHTHOCTH ypaBHeHH.R: nOJI3ylIecTH B MacllITa6e npaaeneaaoro BpeMelDl. n.H. Bacansea [12] acnonsayer npnaeneaaoe BpeM.R: WI.R: ysera BJDI.R:IDI.R: TeMneparyp61 na <PyHKllHlO cTapeHHJI 6eToHa B

21)1ana30He TeMIIepaTYP 9-500~. B aaurax paforax C B.H. BepereaHHKOBbIM H B.ll. Ilepenepeesr npaaeneaaoe BpeM.R: acnorrssoaano AJIH ysera BJIH.R:HH.R: resmeparypsr na crapeane H aa CKOPOCTb npoTeKaHH.R: ,a;e<p0pMaI.tHH norrsysecra. Kpaasre, nocrpoeaasre B Mac-

llITa6e npaaenemroro BpeMeHH, ,a;OJI)I(HbI 6&ITb aq>HHHonon06HbIMH. OTClOna pexovennyesroe asrpaxeaae WI.R: F (t):

35

F'(t) = 0,7 + 0,015 t + t210-5.

(58)

full aHaJIHTHqeCKOrO ormCaHHJI YAenbl-IhIX ,ll.eq,opMaU,HH JIHHeHHOH nOJI3yqeCTH npn noasrureansrx resmeparypax HCnOllb30BaHO cnenyioutee BblpIDKeHHe [64]:

C", (T, r) = 8(7:) {f- ft eXP[-l(T- rf}}, (59)

rAe B ('t) - . q,YHKUHJI $lBHCHMOCTH npeAenbHblx ,ll.eq,opMauHH nonaynecra or soapacra sarpyxeans 6eroHa; J3 H i - 3MrlH-

pHlIeCKHe K03 HU,HeHThI.

<l>YHKUHII resrneparypaoro crapemrs 6eroHa B nHHeHHoH o6nacrH npa H30repMHllecKoM pe)K}{Me acnsrraaaa no pe3YJIbTaTaM OlIbITOB B.H. Bepereaaaxoaa, B.D.. Ilepenepea H aaropa (CM. pHC. 13) [38], a rarose OIlbITOB A.Cl>. MHJIOBaHOBa H H.M. Tynosa [51] MO)l(eT 6blTb annpoxcassaposaaa Bhlpa)l(eHHeM

'TYPhl aa 6eroH K MOMeHry ero 3arpY)I(eHHJI, onpenenaessoe no q,opMyrraM (57) H (58) H OTC\fHThmaeMOe C MOMeHra aauana aarpeaa;

B(t, t'np=O)= (12,7-9,3 expfa01(t-2ojJ}10-S_ (61)

K03q,q,HU,HeHr fl B q,0pMYlIe (59), xapaxrepaayromaa 6b1CTPO-

.. . u

resmeparypsr HCnbITaHHJI H MO)l(er 6bITb anrrpoxcasrapoaaa asipa)l(eHHeM

fl{t) .... 0,85 [1-0,0027 ( t - 200)J .

(62)

B pesynsrare aaanarasecxoe BbIpIDKeHHe AJUI OnHCaHHJI YAenbHhIX Aeq,opMaUHii nHHeHHOH nonaysecra craporo nsrcsrxaromero 6eToHa npa H30TepMHlIeCKOM pe)lQ{Me aanaurerca CJIeAYJOlUHM 06pa30M:

(63)

YneJIbHhIe p;eq,opManHH nonsysecra 6eroHa c yqerOM MOAynJl nOBepXHOCTH 3JIeMeHra (or 40 AO 10 M--:-I) cnenyer TaK)I(e onpeAeIDlTb no q,0pMyne (63). OAHaKO B 3rOM cnysae

B(~l"..,-t:!m)J~2.7+ -~.~ __ ( t - 200)1-

V m2.+ 50 J

36

-9,3 exp [-0,01 ( t - 2()o~} 10-5.

(64)

BaH npamran aq,HHHoro nOA06HJI KpHBblX YAeJIbHbIX neq,opMaUHH nonaynecra npa paanauasrx ypoanax HanpR>KeHHH, npasreaeane KOTOPOI:'O n03BOnReT cymeCTBeHHO ynpocrars pe we aae 33A3.Q reopHH non3yqeCTH. YneJI),}{bIe Aeq,OpM31JfH11 HeJIHHeHHOH non3Y-

qeCTH fe roaa npa noasnneaasrx resmeparypax (H30TepMHqeCKHH Pe>KHM) onpe~eJIRlOrCR no cpopMyJIe

C(q t, 7;;~" ""p) B! f(d/Rn~, t) CA (t~ 7;,P' Tnp). (65)

Creness HeJIHHeHHOCTH Aeq,opMaUHH nOJI3yqeCTH sospacraer .

C YBeJIHtteHHeM resrneparypsr HCnblTaHHH (eM. pHC. 14), q,YHKl\HH HenHHeHHOCTH MO>Ker cbIrh YAoBneTBOpHreJIbHO onacaaa ssrpasceHHeM

f( giRo., t) ~ 1+ R~ +1,3(t-20"} fO 1 (t.) /!+(t-20;10j. (66)

rae p = 5-0,07 Rnp . (67)

Hcxonaoe Bblpa>KeIDfe nIHI (66) npn HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparype npHHHTo no pafiore B.M. BOHA3.peHI<o [9]. Hapyiueane npaamma aqlHHHoro nOA06HR WIR nOBbllIIeHHbIX resmeparyp Ha6JIIOAaerCR JIHWD B resemre nepasrx 3-4 cyr AeHCTBHR HarpY3KH, norpeumocrs cymecraeaao YMeHbwaeTCJI C YBenHqeHHeM BpeMeHH aeiiCTBHJI noasnneaasrx resmeparyp Hi 6eroH no 3arpy>KeHIDI.

06paTHMOCTb yneJIbHbIX aeq,opManHH- nonsysecra npaKTHqeCKH He 38.BHCHT or YPOBHR npemuecraysotnero HarpY'KeHHR H cyme .. crBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT resmeparypsr HCnbITaHHR H BpeMeHH ee AeiicTBHR (CM. pHC. 12). Annpoxcassanaa YAenbHblx ne$opMal\HH ynpyroro nocneneacraaa C nossorusro q,0pMynbl (63) naer npHeMneMble pesynsrarsr.

TeMDeparypHbIH pe)lQfM HCIIbITaIDfR OKa3bIBaeT 3Hi\fHTen_bHoe - BJIHRIDfe aa xapaxrep pa3BHTHR H Be]JH'lHHy Aeq,opManHH nOJI3Y" 'leeTH. ilpH cTynelftlaTO B03pacTalOuteM TeMnepaTypHoM pe)KHMe,

BKnlO1{8lOmeM H cryneas nepexona or HopManbHoH ressneparypsr K nOBbllIIeHHoH, cnenyer orsrerars xapaxrepasre oco6eHHOCTH pasBHTHR .Aeq,0pMauHH nOJI3yqeCTH (pHC. 15). n papauieaae resmepaZYpbI ua Ka)J(]\OH cryneHU TIpHBOJI,HT K HHTeHcHBHoMY nonOJIHH·

TenbHOMY pocry .o.eq,opManHH nOJI3yqeCTH, ecna A3.>Ke Ha npensra~eH TeMDeparypHOH crynenn OIDf nOJIHOCTblO 3aTYXJIH. <l>opMa KPHBOH nOJI3yt1eCTH aa Ka)KAOH crynesn HMeeT 06a xapaxrepasrx yqaCTKa - 6bIcrpo aareicaroiuae H MeWIeHHO 3aryxaIOWRe Ueq,op-

MaUHH He3aBHCHMO OT npemnecrayjonrax resmeparypnsrx B03AeHCTBHH. TaKoH xapaxrep pa3BHrHR .o.eq,opMaI..J;Jrif nonsysecra 6bIJI snepssie 06HapY'KeH B onsrrax Il.H. BaCHJIbeBa H B.A. faBpHJJHHa

ItHl

.A ;.:::.:=. .

, -:r

PRe, IS. ne<lK>pM8UHH non3YQeCTH 6eTOHa npa CTyneHlJaTO B03paCTa.I01UeM resmeparypnosr pe>KHMe

._LW_ D -n rT .• _ ,.;. .~

---

[12] npa resmeparypax 9-500c H nonysan Ha3BaHHe resmeparypaoro nocneneircraaa. BeJIH'lMHa ).1.e<i>opManIDi nonayuecra npn cryneasaro aoapacraiomeja resmeparypaoss pe)KJ{Me npeasnnaer ne<i>opMawm nonsysecra npa H30TepMHQeCKOM pe)KJ{Me H sa Ka)l(· nOH resmeparypaoa crynean 3aBHCHT OT npenmecrayiomax resr-

__ • __ •••• _ •• , .. _... .~ u u _.....

.l.l'V~~" r .I'.l IDIA D ................ ~'.,dDnfi. nnWJ.filn .. 'V\.<l\.V'V DDl~ ..

WUI onpeneneaxa ynensasrx OTHOCHTenbHhIX- ne<i>0pManIDt: nOJl3Y· 'JeCTH C yqeTOM 3THX OC06eHHOCTeH HMeeT cnenytomyto <i>OPMY:

Cp(t,T,.,., r;.~)!CI C,./t, '"", tnp)+41C(J;,p, t~20d)+ Z41C (Vc;1J, ,"PI Tnp), (68)

rne f1 C(Tnp, t , 200) - npapameaae ynenbHbIX ne<i>GpMaUHH

nonsysecra npn nOBbllIIeI:lHbI.x resmeparypax sa cser npennrecr- . BYlOmHX ).1.e<i>opMaUHH, pa3BHBillHXCR npa HOPM8.JIbHOH resmeparype; m C( Vt,;!, , Tnp, t"np_) - npapameane y).1.enbHDIX ).1.e<i>opMallHH nonaysecm, BbI3BaHHoe cryneaxaro B03pacTalOIUHM TeMneparypasrss pe)l(}lMOM ~PH noasnnemrsrx TeMneparypax.

J:SJIHJlHHe npeAweCTB)'lOI.UHx neq>opMaInlH nonsyuecra, pa3BHBlIlliXCJI npa HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparype, aa 1I0Jl:3YQeCTb 6eTOHa npa noasnrreansrx resmeparypax H3YQanOCb B onsrrax H.A. HeBreHJI H aaropa (pHC. 16). YCTaHoBneHo, 'ITO C POCTOM resmeparypsr BJlHJIHHe npeAllIeCTBYIOI.lUfX ).1.e4>opMaIlHH non3YQeCTH npa HOPM8.JIbHOM resmeparype YMeHblIIaeTCJI. TaK, npa I200C ).1.e4>opMallHH nonsyuecra 06pa3l(OB, aarpyaennsrx Henocpe).1.CTBeHHO nepen

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PB:c. 16. BmulHHe npe,ruueCTBYJOlWIx AecpopMaUHR n01I3YlIeCTH npa HOpMaJIh'HoR resmeparype aa BeJJHlIHHy Ae<PopMaUHA: n01I3YIJeCTH npa noasnneaasrx resmeparypax

_ -sonsm« H.A. Hes2eHJI. U Q8TOpa;- - - no rpopMYAe (69)

aarpeacss, H 06pa3~oB t HMeBUIHX 3HallHTenbHhIe neq,opMaUHH npa HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparype, OKa38JlHCb npaKTHQeCKH O,llHHaKOBbIMH. AHaJlHTHqeCKOe Bblpa)l(eHHe AJUI onpeneneana 6. C(200. t, T np) sanacsraaerca B cnen}'lOllleM BH,1l;e :

IJC(20: t.7;.p} C C(20:r, 'l') (exp£- tfJ'fOtt-20")j)[t- (69)

-ft(t) e)(p(-~OS ,"p}J

rne C(200, T, r) - 3HaQeHHe YAenbHblx neij)opMauHii nonsyQeCTH npa HOPMaJlbHOH resmeparype, pa3BHBIImXCH K aasany aa-

o rpesa. Ilna HX onpeneneaaa uenecoofipaaao aocnonsaoaarsca H3BecrHoH 4>0pMynoH C.B. Anexcaanpoacxoro [lJ.

npHparue~He yp;eJl6H6IX neq,opMan;HH n01l3YQeCTH, B613BaHHoe

cryneasaro B03paCralO1IlHM resrneparypasns ~)KJ{MOM, HCCne)1.oaanocs B onsrrax B.,U.:... Ilepenepes H aaropa [39]. BenH'lHHY npapamelDlJl pexosseanyerca onpenenars no 4>0pMyne

IJC(~:~ i; Tnrt)~F(~;~ T"pXt-20'(f-jJ(tJexpfo,os(T",,- Tn,,)]}, (70) 39

v;. "C/cym Puc, 17. 3aBHCHMOCTh MepM npHpaIlleHHR: y,c;enLHhlX ,c;e4K>PMaUHA nons 'IeCTH (5eToHa OT C e eA CKO CTH nOBbllUeHHH resme •

rne t - resmeparypa nocnenaea resmeparypaoa crynean; FeVe": , !"np) - Mepa npapameaaa Y,IlenbH&IX ,neq,opMar.urn non- 3Y1leCTH 6eTOHa npa B03paCTaI«UUHX resmeparypmrx pe)K}{MaX, npaseneaaaa K 1 0C. 3ra BenHlIHHa 3aBHCHT OT cP,e,nHeH sa ace n eCTB e TeMDe Hble C eHH CKO CTH noasnneaaa

resmeparypsr (pac, 17).. MSlrKHH '1'eMneparypHhIH pe>KHM - He. 60nhIIIHe no BeJIH\fHHe resmeparypasre crynena (10-300C) H J1.1IHTen&HaH BhI,nep)J(J(a aa Ka>K,nOH crynexa npHBOWlT K pocry ,u;eq,OpM3.UHH nonsysecra no CpaBHe1Df1O C H30TepMHlIeCKHM pe. )l(HMOM H K pocry F (Vc';!, !""p); )i(ecrKHe rexmeparypasre pe)K}{M&1 npnaonar K 3HatBfreJI&HOMY YMeH&welDflO lrOR BeJIHlIHHbl. Pa3Ho06pa3Hhle B03paCTalOIUHe resrneparypirsre pe)K}{MbI MO>KHO oxapaKTepH30Ban 06mHM napasrerposi - cpenaeii CKOPOCT&IO B03paCraHHJI resmeparypsr

rne l'1 t, H l'1 Ti. np - COOTBeTCTBeHHO resmeparypaaa crynens

H npaaeneaaoe BpeMJI ee AeHCTBHR.

o

• - (80 C

... - 1.500e • -120oe o - 90"e

1'YPhl (onsrrsr B.,Il. Ilepenepes H aaropa) - - no rpoPMYlle (70)

40

3HaqeHHe ,f:j. TlIJb He06xoAHMO OrpaHHlIHBaTb npe,n;enbHbIM

BpeMeHeM saryxanas ,n;ecpOpMalum nOn3}'1JeCTH aa Ka>K,n;OH cryneaa, KOTOpoe MO>KeT 6bITb onpeneneao no cpopMYJIe

(72)

Ilpenensnaa BenHtlHHa MepbI npapameaaa y,n;enbHbIX ,n;ecpopManrMH nOIT3yyeCTH 33.BHCHT B OCHOBHOM OJ napaMeTp8 "np H npax-

F(~~, f'np)::of (D/K;'){(q07+t'fO-'+(tl93-t-fO-, eX'pf(a08+

+ t·6·fO-·; 'Lnpl} , (73)

rne 11 = 1,25'10-9 ( t - 200) (MIIa,cYT)-l. (74)

<l>OpMyJIbI (70) H (73) n03BonHIOT C YAOBJIeIBOpHTenbHoH TOllHOCTblO armpoxcasorposars y,n;eJIhHhle lJ;ecpopMawm: non3YQeCTH npn pa3Ho06palHbIX cryneasaro B03paCTalOmHX resmeparypasrx pe)I(HMaX (CM. pllc. 15, 16).

O)J.HHM H3 UeHTpaJ1hHbIX aonpocoa nocrpoenna cpeHoMeHonorHqeCKOM reopna. non3YlJeCTH 6eToHa HBn.HeTCJi npHMeHHMocTb npaaIJ,Hna HaJ10)KeHHJi npHparueIIHii lJ;ecpopMaIJ,HM nOJI3YQeCTH, T.e. onpeneneaae lJ;ecpopMauHH nOJI3YQeCIH 6eTOHa npn HanpH>KeHHJiX, nepeMeHHblX BO B peMeHH, nYTeM HcnOnb30BaHHH ,n;ecpopMarudi npocroii nonsysecra. Bee OCHOBHble reopaa non3YlJeCTH 6eToHa nocryJIHPYJOT npHMeHHMocTb sroro npaanana, lITO n03BOJIJieT C}'llleCTBeHHO ynPOCTHTh pacqeTHbdi annapar, 0,[UI3K0 npHBOnHT K norpeuraocraea npH aexoropsrx pe)J(HMaX HcnbITaHHH . .HMeeTcH pH.D; npe.rcrO>KeHHH [12, 17, 64], n03BonHIOmHX 60nee T01JHO OueHHBaTb He06paTHMble lJ;ecpopMall,HH 6eloHa npn cnO)KHbIX pe)KHMax. D.n:H nOBblIIIeHHblX

resmeparyp orpaHHlIHMcH HaH60nee npocTbIM cnyllReM - Harpy~HHe 06pa3~ nOCTOJiHHOM HarpY3KoM B ycnoBHO-JIHHeHHOH 06nacTH H nocnenyiouraa norman paarpysxa npH nOCTOJiHHOM noBbIIlJeHHOM resmeparype (CM. pHC. 12). BocnoJIb30B3.BIImCb xnacCHcpHKaInleii COCTaBnXIOlllHX necpopManHH nOJI3ytrecm; H srero-

AHKOM HX onpeneneans, conepscaumxcx B pafiorax Il.H, Bacansesa [11J H A.A. rB03lJ;eBa, K.3. I'anycrosa H A.B. RIImHa [17],onpelJ;eJIHM 3HaqeHHe y,n;eJIbHOH HeofipaTHMOH lJ;ecpopMauHH l-ro pona; up" 600C 0,4'10-5 (Mna)-I, AJ.!H 1200C 0,46'10-5 (Mila) -I

H npH 2000e - 0,8'10-5 (MIIa)-I. 3TO COCTaBJIHeT 3HallHTenbll}'lO sacrs ynensnsrx ,n;ecpopMaI(HH nOJI3yqeCTH 6eloHa, 3arpY'KeHHbIX

41

nocne A.TIHTeJIbHOrO p;eHCTBH.fI noasnneamax resmeparyp, - OT 22 JJ;O 40%. OAHaKO' 3TH JJ;e<POPMaIUIH COCraBJIRlOr BeCbMa He3HallHJeJ1bH}'lO lIaCTb YJJ;emmlx JJ;e4>opM3llHH nOn3)"1eCTH CeTORa, sarpyxceHHhIX HenOCpeJJ;CTBeHHO nepen narpesora, - JIHnn.. 7-8%. TaKHM 06pa30M, HaH60JIblllHe OTKJIOHeHHJI OJ npHHJVUla uanO)J(eHHR npa~eHldi ,D;eq,opMarurH nOII3Y1leCTH Ha61I1O~IOTC.fI 1IHWb ,[W.fI CeroHa, nonseprasmeroca wmTeJIbHOMY p;eiiCTBHIO nOBblUJeHHbIX resmepaTYP 11.0 aarpY>KeHH.fI. Ho B 3TOM cnysae BenHlIHHa Aeq,opMarurH non- 3YlIeCTH He3HallHTenbHa, lITO Ofi'b.flCH.fIeTC.fI HHTeHCHBmIM TeMnepaTYpHbIM crapenaesr, l103TOMY )J)1.f1 ycnoBHH nOBbIIlleHmIX resme-

paryp DpRMeHeIDfe sroro npaanana snonae ,a;onYCTHMo.

3. OpOQOCTb H ~eq,opMaIUlH 6eT0H8 npH oceBOM C>KaTHH H pacTJ1*eHHH B ycnosasx nossnceassrx H oTpHU8TenbHblx .TeMneparyp. Ilposaocrs rR>KenorO 6eTOHa aa ocesoe C>KaTHe npa noasnneansrx ressneparypax B YCJIOBH.fIX CBo60AHoro BblCblXaHHR (HerH.IJ;poH30- 1IHpoBaHHhlH 6eroH) 3aBHCHr or reMDepallphl aarpesa, nnarensHOeTH -ee~iicTBHJI. H pe>KHMa HCnblTaHH.fI l49, 50, 61]. HaJf60JIb-

IDee ~I'IH III. ~ ... on ~J[ DnA nenRnM Kna~' •.••• -

£ .. .. £ ..

HOM aarpeae (pac. 18, a). B 3rOM cnysae nposaocrs Cerona HOp-

M8JIbHOrO TBepneHHH HMeer MHHHMYM npa resmeparypax 90- 120OC, BeJIHlIHHa xoroporo cocrasnser 73-75% npolJHOCTH 6eroHa

nnn ... · ""1a.n~HOR TeM:lll::Ui'l line (nne 1 R ti) Jlrm-rerr .. 1I0e H-~-

~ ac.. .. . ""v ".. • , . c

lIeCKOe neacrsne nOBbIIIIeHHOH resmeparypsr no CpaBHeIDfIO c xpar-

KOB peMeHHLIM aarpeaore npaaozmr K pocry nposaocra 6eroHa, npHlIeM B OTp;eJIhHbIX cnysasx (resmeparypa 1~0-2000C) npox-

PHc.18. 3aBHcHMoCTL npH3MeHHoA npO\fHOCTH 6eToHa npa nOBblWeHHbIX TeMDepaTypax (onbITld D.H. BepeTCHHHKOBa H aaropa)

II :: OT 8peMeHU deuCT8Wl reuneparypu, npeinuecreysoUleu UCnbITllHUIO; 6 - OT reseneparypu UCflbJ17lHWl U ypoeus: IUlzpYJICeHuJI 6erolUl 8 npouecce d/JUTellbHOU 8bldepJlC__"U npu H08bJWeHHblX reseneparypax, npedUlecT6YKJU/eu UCnblTQHUIO

42

HOClb MO>KeT npeBOCXO.z:tHTb nposaocrs aeaarpesaatueroca 6eToHa (pHC, 18, a) .. OCThIBaHHe no HopManhHoH TeMneparypbI nocne

xparxeapesretraoro aarpesa H WIHTenbHoH H30TepMHlIeCKOH asrnep>KKH npaxTHlreCKH He BbI3bIB'aeI ,naJIhHeihuero H3MeHeHHJi npoxaccra 6eToHa. Ilpa MHoroKpaIHoM UHKnHqeCKOM narpese (50- 75 UHKnoB) HeKOTO !bIH CT npOtIHOCTH no cpaBHeHHIO C nepBblM

aarpeaoss Ha6nIOA!eTCJi nHnm 'npH- resmeparypax no 850C 61, npH YBeJlHlIemm MaKCHMBnbHOH resmeparypsr uaxna nposaocrs 6eIORa nOHIDKaeTCJi no cpaBHeHHIO C nepBbIM aarpesosr, OnHaKO paaaaua npH reMIIepalypax ,D;O 2500C He npeasnnaer 10-15%.

Onpeneneaaoe BJIHJiHHe aa nposaocrs 6eToHa npa C>KaIHH OKaasrsaer ypoaeas HanpJi>Kemm B 6eToHe npH aarpese (pHC. 18, 6) . YpoBeHb 06>KamJi 0,2-0,3 RntJ noasnnaer npH3MeHH)'1O nponaocrs Ha 14-20% npH rrepsosr KpaTKOBpeMeHHoM aarpese H aa 8-22% npa .rcrHTeITbHOM H30IepMHlIeCKOM lJ;eHCTBHH resmeparypsr no cpaBHeHHIO C npo'IHOCTblO Heo6>KaTOrO 6eIOHa. Ilossnneaae ypoaas 06>KaTHJi )],0 0~4-0,5 Rnp npasonar K CHIDKeHHIO nposaocra 6eloHa npH aarpese no cpaBHeHHIO C lIeBblCOKHMH ypoBHHMH o6>KaTHJi, a npu resmeparype 2000C rrpovaocrs npH TaKHX yposaax 06iK3THJi HH>Ke, lIeM Y HeOp>KaTOrO 6eToHa. Ilansaeamee noasmresne ypoaaa 06>KaTHJi npHBo,r(HI K pe3KOMY CHIDKeHHIO rrpOllHOCTH 6eToHa. Ha npoxaocrs 6eTOHa aexoropoe BnHJiHHe OKa3bIBaeI IaJ(>Ke cxopocrs aarpesa [50, 61J . OAHaKo JTO BnHJiHHe CTaHOBHTCJi cymeCTBeHHLIM rnnm, npH BblCOKHX CKOPOCTJiX aarpesa, xoropsre npa p;eiiCTBHH nossrureaasix rexaonorasecxax resmeparyp He peanH3YIOIC~.

Monyns ynpyrocm TJi>KenOro 6eToHa 3aBHCHI B OCHOBHOM OT resmepa ZYpbI aarpesa, a IaK>Ke OT AJIHlenbHOCIH ee p;eHCTBHJi H pe)J(HMa HCnblIaHHJI. Ilpa nepBOM KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM sarpeae OTMeqaeTCJi pesxoe YMeHbweHHe MOP;YJUI ynpyrocra, xoropoe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT resmeparypsr COCTaBnJieT 20-42% (puc. 19). Ilnarens .. Hoe H30TepMHlIeCKoe p;eHCTBHe resmeparypsr He Bbl3blBaeT p;aJIbHeHwero H3MeHeHHJi MonynJi ynpyrocra (pHC. 19, a}, a B HeKOTopbIX onsrrax OTMeqaeTCJi ero POCT MlI 6eTOHOB aa Kap60HaIHbIX 3aIl0nHHrensx [61]. Ilo CpaBHeHHIO C nepBbIM.Kp3TKOSpeMeHHLIM aarpeaosr MHorOKpaTHbIH IUfKnHlIeCKHH narpes npHBO,r(HT K CHIDJ(eHHIO MO-

nynJi ynpyrocrn [SO, 83J, onnaxo npH MaKCHMBnbHOH resmeparype IUfKna )],0 2000C CHIDKeHHe MOlJ;ynJi' ynpyrocra COCTaBnJieT He 60nee 50% H He3HallHTenbHO ornasaerca OT 3HaqeHHJi MOP;ynJi ynpyrocra 6eToHa npH nepaoss aarpese.

YpoBeHJ) ofDKamH 0,2 R"~ npHBen K YBeJlHlIem[IO MUIJ,ynH

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43

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44

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"n ........ ~ nnU n, nA,

-r r

a - cliVI HeHlupYJlCeHHOZO 6 npouecce uaepeea 6eTOHQ: - - 600C; - - 900C; ... _ 1500C (onbiTfil B.A. KOCTOPHUfleHKO U aeropa}; - - no rP0pMYAe (109); 6 - MJI 6eTOHIl. HIlzp_YJICeHHOZO c)jJure.tl&HOU cJlCUMIlIOU4eu HIlZPY3- KOU UHTeHCU6HOCTblO 0,3 R np (onblTbI B.A. Be6zeHJI U aeropa}; - 6eTON HtlZpY:JICeN U uaeper B 603paCTe 180 cyt; - - - 6erOH HQZpYJlCeH 6 803- pacre 105 cyr, uaeper 6 eospacre 180 cyr:-.- - 6eTOH HaZPY:JICeH 8 603- pacre 7 CYT, HQZpeT B eospacre 180 CyT

CTPYKTypHhle xapaKTepHCTHI<H 6eToHa· R; H R: npa aarpeBe 3aBHCJlT B OCHOBHOM OT resmeparypsr H ypOBHJI 06)f(aTHJI 6eTOaa, a raiose B onpeneneaaoa Mepe OT ,lJ)lHTenbHOCTH H ressnepeTYoHOrO oeXGIMa HcnblTaHHJI (OHC. 23). nOH ne_n_BOM K_n_aTKO-

BpeMeHHOM aarpese 3HatleHHH CTPYKTypHbIX xapaxrepacrmc yMeHb~ WalOTCJI C POCTOM resmeparypsr: npH aarpeae 6eToHa no 2000C 003 HarpY3KH aaasenae R: YMeHbUlHnOCb Ha 15,2%, a R:aa 73%. Hessrcoxae ypoBHH 06XCaTHR 6eToHa (0,2-0,3 Rnp) npnBO,[UIT K pocry 31f3:tleHHH CTPYKTYpHbIX xapaxrepacnnc npa aarpese,

46

Puc. 23. CrPYKTYPHLIe X8paKTepHCTHKH 6~Ha Ii: H R; nplf nOBhI. weHHIdX TeMnepaTypax (onbITld B.H. BepeTeHHHKoBa H aaropa)

- - - R: npu Kpa.TK08peMeHHOM IUJZpe8e; - R; npu dJlUTe.tIbHOM IUJZpe8e; _._ R: npu KptlTKOepe.MeHHO.M HaZpeee;-x- R" npu

dnuTe.llbHOM uaepeee T

npn YBe1lHtIeHHH ,ypoBIDI 06>KaTHR 3TH 3HatIeHHR CHH>KaIOTCR Ii npn yposaax ssrure 0,5 Rnp CTaHOBHTCR HH:>Ke, lIeM lUIR 6eroHa, aarpeaaesroro 6e3 narpysxa, Ilmrrensaoe H30repMHlIecKoe AeHcTBHe resmeparyp no cpaBHeHHIO C nepBbIM KpaTKoB peMeHHbIM aarpeaose

npaaonar K pocry CTpyxry~HbIX xapaKTepHCTHK. O,rtHaKO npa BhICOKHX ypoBHRX 06>KaTHR (0,4 Rnp H BbIIIIe) H BhICOKHX reMneparypax sarpeaa (asnne ISOOC) sra aaxoaosrepaocrs aapy .. maerca H crpyxrypnsre xapaxrepacrnxa 6erOHa YMeH.,waIOrcJI. B03)l;eaCTBHe nOBblweHHhIX TeMIleparyp Ha 6eroH npHBonHT K

pa3BHTHIO B HeM AeCTpyxTHBHhIX npoueccos H npcueccos CTpyK· rypootipaaoaaana. !lecTPYKTHBHble npoueccsr pa3BHBalOTCR B OCHOBHOM npH nepBOM KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM aarpese H 06'bRCHRIOT· Cft B03lDli(HOBeIDfeM caMOYp8BHOBeweUHbIX. CTpyKTYpHhIX Ha·

nplVlCeHHH, CHIDKeHHeM BR3KocrH BO,lUJI, a;:J;cop61U10HHbIM nOHH>KeHHeM npOtIHOCTH H PMOM ApyrHX <paKTOPOB. OHM npanonar K

47

B03HHKHOBeHHIO 11 pa3BHTHIO MHKpoTpeJUHH H, KaK Cne]J;CTBHe, K H3MeHeHHIO CBOHCTB 6eTOHa - CHH>KeHHIO npo1UlOCTH H MO,n;ynR ynpyrocra,: YXYAWeHHIO crpyxrypmrx xapaxrepacrxx H r .A. n pa JI)JHrenhHOM H30repMH'IeCKOM neHCTBHH resrneparypsr npoHCXOn;HT penaxcanas CaMOYpaBHOBeWeHHhIX crpyxrypasrx HanpJl>KeHHii, Y,D,aJIeHHe snara H lJ,OnpnHHreJIhHaJi KpHCraJ111H3aIJ;HJI reJIeBOH COCTaBnJlIOll{en l(eMeHTIlOrO KaMHH, nepexon qaCTH KOHTaKrOB KoarYJIJlUHOHllOrO nma B KpHCr8n1lH33.UHOHHhIe H PJIA npyrax npol(eCCOB, koropsie nOBhIUJalOT nposaocrs 6eroHa H 3HaqeHHe crpyx-

rypHhIX xa paKTepHCTHK. .

sarraoro COCTOJIHIDI )l(ene3oOOroHHhIX cOOPY>KeHHH C ytlerOM ressneparypasrx B03]J;eHCTBHH Heo6xoAHMO pacnonarars aHaJIHTHqeCKHMH 3aBHCHMOCrJlMH, ODHChlBalOlUHMH nOJIH}'IO AHarpaMMY lJ,eq,0pMHpoBaHHJI 6eroHa IIpH nOBhlWeHHbIX resmeparypax. .LInH aH8nHTHlJeCKOrO OIIHCaHHH AJ{arpaMMhI lJ,eq,0pMHpoBaHHJI OOroHa npH HOPM3Jl&HOH resmeparype npaaara 3aBHCHMOCTh

k E 1-k

,

)

(76)

R - npo-mocrs 6eTOHa, npHHHMaeMaJi npn OCeBOM C>KarHH paBHOH RntJ, npH OCeBOM paCrJl>KeHHH Rp . K03CJ?q,HIJ;HeHr *, YlDIThIBaer BH,n; HanpJl>KeHHOrO COCrOJlHHH 6eroHa H npHHHMaeTCJI npn OceBOM C>KaTHH Irs = 1, npH oceaosr pacraxeaaa I<s = 0,5 . .LIocrOHHCTBaMH

q,OPMYllhl (75) enJleTCJI xOPOWaJI annpoKcHMaIJ;HH OnhlTHLIX AaHHLIX JI)JH TJI>KenOro 6eroHa MapoK M 300-M 500 H B03MO)l(liOCrh onacanas HHCXO eA BeTBa aar MMbI. JI en lfclJl oceaoro

C)l(aTHJI q,0pMyna (75) rpaHcq,0pMHpyercJI B 3aBHCHMocrh

mna KBa.npaTHOH napafonsr

6.,. eE[f- e/ee; ], rne eo = 2Rn'P IE.

(77) (78)

BnHJlHHe nepsoro xparxoaperaeaaoro aarpesa JI)JH cnysaa ocesoro C>KaTHH ytJHTbIBaerCH ,lJ.ByMR q,ym<:IJ;HJlMH; CHH)KeHHe npaaMeHHOH npolJHOCTH OOroHa YllHThIBaeTCJI BBe,lJ,eHHeM ycnosasrx Haqan~HhIX HanpJl>KeHHH 6,{t) H coorBercrByro~Hx HM ,n;eq,op-

K (t ) = e~ (t)/ eo . (79)

cJ)opMyna (77) A1JH nepsoro aarpeaa 003 ysera q,yHKUHH e,(t) npnofiperaer BHA (pHC. 24, KpHBaR 2)

48

6

6(t,T)

-,

PRe. 24, CxeMaIIocrpoeHHJIpaCtIeTHoR.lUIarpaMMhl ,Qeq,opMHpoBaHU 6eroHa npa C*3THH B YCJlOBKgX noasnneaasrx TeMnepaTyp 1 - HOPMt1JlbHaJl reuneparypa; 2 - n08bZWeHHaJl reuneparypa, KpaTK08pe.MeHHbzu uaepee; J - TO see, iJ.JlUTe.tlbHblU HIlZpeS

(80)

H3 ypasHeHHit: (77) H (80), npHHHM3JI nessre lIaCTH paBHbIMH Rnp, nOllytlHM COOIHOIlJeHHC

£ ,'tJ I... £/K(t) .

(81)

(82)

/( L 7 Co J

BnHJlHHe q,YHKUHH c,,' t ) H 6~ [t ) aa lJ;eq,opMaIUfH H aanpa>l(eHHH ytlHTbIBaeTCJI 04CBHlJ;HbIMH COOTHOIlJeHHJlMH (eM. pHC. 24)

4-389

49

6(t) = o'(t) - 6, (t ) ; e(t) = e'(t) - e.(t).

(84) (85)

Oxonxarensaoe Bhlpa>KeHHe .lJ)'U1 ,l:UfarpaMMhI p;e$opMHpOBaHHH 6eToHa npa nepBOM KpaTKoBpeMeHHoM aarpese nony.IJHM H3 ypaBHeHHH (82) H (83), YIJHThIBaH (84) H (85):

6(t) = _Le(t) /f- e(t)+2t,(t)} (86)

K(t) L I ,2 K (t)«; .

}tb (84) - (86) HeCnO>KHO norrysars $opMynbl WIH onpeneneaas MonynH' ynpyrocra, npH3MeHHoH nposaocra, npenensaof C)I(H· MaeMOCTH H KoJ<l?4>HUHeHTa ynpyrocrn npH KpaTKoB peMeHHoM aarpese:

£ _[ e,(t) j

E (t) - K{t) Zf- K(t)eo ;

(87)

(88)

v(t). ~5f+' 4- 6(t) '}. (90)

V f Rntl(t)

I1op;po6~iH BbIBOP; $opMyn (87) - (90) npasenea B pafiore [43].

BnHHHHe nmrrerrsaoro H30TepMHQeCKOrO p;eHCTBHH resrneparypsr aa Jl}farpaMMY p;e$opMHpoBaHHH 6eTOH3: MO)I(HO onacars C noMOlUblO $opMynhl (86), esens nonorntarerrsno HOBYIO $YHKUHIO ~R .. ItJt ri. KOTopaH YlIHThlBaeT pOCT npH3MeHHOH npOtUfOCTH no

CpaBHeHHIO C KpaTKOBpeMeHHblM aarpeaora (CM. pHC. 24) . <l>YHKUKH LJ RMtJ (t; T) COOTBeTcTByeT p;e$opMaIJ;HH

(91)

nOlTOMY

3aBHCHMOCTh Me)l(Jl;y 63 (t , T) H e (t) YCTaHaBnH-

BaeTCH $opMynoH (83) C YQeTOM (91) H (92): '

6.(t, r)- K([ T) e.(t)f- 2K(t, T1;:.t;L1E.) J. (93)

Bsrpaxenae )J)1H ,l:UfarpaMMbI p;e$opMHpoBaHHH 6eTOHa npn C>KaTHH C yqeToM nnarensaoro aarpesa nonYIJHM H3 (86), nOp;CTaBnHH B

Hero Bblpa>KeHHH (92) H (93):' .

~o

d(t,T}c E e (t,r)f- e(t,T)+2e.(t) j. (94)

K(t, T) • 2K(t, T)(eo +~eo)

Bhlpa:>KeHHJI WIJI MOAynJl ynpyrocra, npH3MeHHoH npOlIHOCTH,

(95)

Rnp(t,T) == Rnp- 6,(t,. T)+ ARnp (t, T); email. (t, T)= (eo"" /JED) K(t, T) - e,(t) ; V(t T' ~ as ~+, If- ort, r} J

,I 7 L' V' ~p~,n ·

(96)

(97) (98)

AHaJIH3 3KcnepHMeHTaJIhHhiX A8HHbIX (pHC. 25) n03BOnJleT peKOMeH,D;OBaTh cnenyiourae Bhlpa:>KeHHJI WIJl4>YHKUHH ~(t)} K (t}T),

/JRnp(t,T): _ _

~.(t)·(0,76 t - 0,0026 t~ 14) 10-5 ~ 0; (99)

K(t} T)- t02+417tn(t/20)-402exp{-aosTF(t)jf{t-201"

x f01}; (100)

~Rnp{t, T)- ao«; tn(t!2oJ{t-expfO,OD'l2T 1ft) J} ) (101)

rne j{t)= 1 +0,06 (t - 200), (102)

F(t) - CM. 4>0pMyny (58). _

TIpH onpeaeneaaa 3HaIJeHHii_ 3T~X 4>YHK~ BpeMJI nepsoro xparxoapesremroro narpeaa nonycxaercs npHHHMaTh p8BHbIM O,llHHM CYTKaM, ecrra OHO CneUHaJIhHO He oroBapHBaeTcJI.113 4>opMyn (87), (88), (95) H (96) nonyseasr Bhlpa:>KeHHJI WI" K034>4>HUHeHToB mat H .Ps, acnonsayesesre npH HOpMHpoBaHHH BnHJlHHJI noasrweHHblX TCMDepaTYP Ha npotUfocTL H MOAynh ynpyrOCTH 6eroHa

[8~ : .

KpaTKoB peMeHHbIH narpea

(103)

; (104)

,II)IHTenhHbIH aarpes

Sl

0) NJ 6(t)/8.

6)

o 60 f20

fjlJ f20 eo 2'10 Eft)

Pac. 25. llHarpaMMLI Aeq,opMHpoBaHHJI 6eTcHa n H C>KaTHB B cnOBBJlX

nOBLIWeHH&l'X TeMnepaTYP r opMynLI ( 6) H ( 4) a - {}/lUTMbHbIU HIl2pe8: 6 - 1<pa71Co8peM.eHHlJ&a uaepee

(105)

(106)

JlnJ[ oceaoro paCTIDKeIflljl 6eTOIDl npa HOPM3JIhHOH resmeparype "'opM}'JIa (75) npHMeT BHA

(108)

B1JHRHHe DOBhIweHHbIX TeMDepaTYP Ha ,t:tHarpaMMY Ae$opMHpoBaHHJ[ 6eroHa npH pacTJ[)I(eHHH OKa3aJIOCh B03MO:>KHhIM ysecrs rpeser <PYHKUIHIMH - x; (t, T), c.p(t) 1.4 t!Rp(t, T), aHaJIOrHtUlhlMH cPYHKWlJ[M WIJ[ cnysaa ocesoro C)I(aTHJ[.

Bsmonaas npe06pa30BaHHJ[ J aHaJIOmqHhle H3JIO)l(eHl{MM, nony'IHM cneAYJOmyro 3aBHCHMOCTh 6(t, T) - eft, T) WIJ[ paCTJ[)I(eHHJ[

6(t T)= E e(t T) If- f!(t~T)+2c.(t) -

, Kp(tJT) 'L'- -'I(cop+lJeO'p)Kp(~T)

_ e2.(t, T) + 3e(tJ T)I!~tJ (t)+je~(t)J

6(eop + ~eop)2 Kpd(tl T) ,

(109)

52

(110)

CaP(t)~ [op9t- 3,36'10-4 t2 - l,65JI0-5;

(Ill)

<l>yHKIUfIO Kp(t~ T) cnenyer onpenensrs no <p0pMyne (100); aa-

npIDKeHHJI, cooraercmyroume <PYHKl.(HH eap (t), - no 4>0pMyne

($ (t T)= E' e (tJ!f_ l!9P{tJ -

_ ~ J Kp(~T) ap Z' it(cop+.4Eo~)Kp(tJT)

e~p(t) ]

- 6 (cop +~Eop)2 K:(t) T) '.

113 4>opMynhI (109), HCDOflh3YJI COOTHOweHHJI (84) H (85), nonytlHM CJIenYIOmHe BhIpa)KeHHJI MJI MO,lJ;ynJI ynpyrocra, nposHOCTH aa pacTIDKeHHe Ii npenensnoa paCTJI)l(HMOCTH 6eToHa npa aarpeae:

£(t T)= £ ft- e,,~(t) -

) s, (t, T) L' 2{ eop +Il£op) Kp(t> T)

C-:p(tJ }.

2 (cop+.4eop)2 K#(t) T) ,

(113)

(114)

, .

(115)

Rp(t, T) = Rp - d.p (t, T) + 11 Rp (t, T) ; eop(t; T)=f2[Rp +ARp (t, TJ)/7E} Kp (t, T) - e 3p (t),

(116)

3HaqeHHJI MO,lJ;YJIJI ynpyrocra E (t) n . onpeneneaasre no <popMynaM (95) H (114), HeCKOJIhKO OTJIHqaIOTCJI, T3K K3K B 06meM cJIY1JCle Kp(tJ T) "" K (r, T) , KaK 3TO npHRJlTO B Hawew MeTOnHKe. Q,lJ;HaKO norpeuraocrs TaKOrO nonynrenaa He npeasnnaer 3%. 113nO)KeHHaH MeTO,IUlKa n03BOJIHJ1a nonYtnlTh CJIegYX)1UYJO mOpMYJIY

WIJI Ko3CJ><PHUJ{eHTa YCJIOBHH pa60ThI 6eToHa npH paCTJI)KeHHH:

(117)

ConOCTaBneHHe pacserasrx H nonysenasrx H3 ODhITa ,IUlarpaMM ne<popMHpoBaHHH 6eToHa npa C)KaTHH H pacIH)J(eHHH csanerenscrayer 06 HX xopourea CXOAHMOCTH, BKnIOqaJl HHCXonJImYJO BeTBh

.tUfarpaMMhI AecpopMHpoBaHHH 6eTOHa npH C>KaTIfH (pRc. 25 H 26).

3HaqJ{TenhHhIH anrepec WIJI pacsera )KeJIe306eTOHHhIX coopyxeHHH, 3KcnnyaTHpYIOmHXCJI npH nOBhIweHHbIX resmeparypax, npen ..

53

PIle. 26. llHarpaMMa .a.8CPOPMHPOBaHHJI (5eToua rrpa paCfJl)f(eHHH B ycnOBHJlX nOBWlDeHHIaIX TeMnepazyp (onldl'M B.A. KocrOpHyqeHKO H aBTOpa)

~ - 2()oC; a - IS()oC. 1 CYT; • - IS()oC, 3 cyT; • - 15()oC. 15 CyT;

o -9()oC. 1 cyT U 3 CyT; ., - 9()oC. IS cyr; no ,poPMYAe (109): -x-

2()OC,' --- 9()oC,' - 15()OC

CTaBDJleT OUeHKa MHTenhHOH npOf.JHO~H 6eTOHa B 3THX resmeparypHWX ycnOBHJlX H CBJl3aHHhlH C HelO, ,IlOnyCTHMhIH

)l(elDle npo'lllOCTH C5eTOHa HI C)I(aTHe H paCTJI_lDIe 3UHCHT OT ypoBHJI, MHTeDhHOCTH H pe)IQIMa CHnOBhlX B03,1leAcTBHH H COCTU· nJleT npH nOCTOJlHHO .D;eHCTBYJOI.1XHX HlnpJI)l(eHHJlX MJI oceaoro C)I(aTHJI 15-20%, MJI' oceacro paCTJlDHHJI - AO 20%. )lIUI oueHKH MHTenhHoH neof.JHocTH Hcnonh3ymTCJI nH60 ~eHoMeHOnOrHqeCKHe TeOpHH [7. 89J, nu60 3HepreTHqeCKHe KpHTepHH [9], nu60 MerOJ].h1

54

MexaHHI(H pa3pYI1IeHHR 6eToHa [4]. n pH COBMeCTHOM p;enCTBHH resmeparypsr H narpysxa oneaxa ,lUIHTenhHOn nposxocra 6eToHa 3Ha'IHTenhHO ycnO>KHReTCR. B pafiore [56J noxasaao, If[0 COB~ MeCTHOe AeHCTBHe OTpHuaTeJIhHOH TeMttepaTyphl H Harpy3KH MO)l(eT

npHBeCTH I( CHH>KeHHIO MOP030CTOHI(OCTH 6eToHa H I( nOJIBneHHIO H pa3BHTHIO npononsasrx TpeIUHH B >Kene306eToHHhIX 3neMeHTaX. CCPOpMYJIHpoBaHO npennoscenxe orpaaasxaars ypoaens MHTenhHO neHCTBYJ01..UHX HanpR>KeHHH ,lJJIR TaKHX ycnOBHH 31(cnnyaTallHH

BeJIH'lHHOH R: C yqeTo¥ B1JHJlHHR resmeparypsr aa 3l.}' CTPYK~ TyPH}'lO xapaxrepacraxy, ,UnR nOBhIWeHHhIX TeMJlepaTYP aaanorasHhIe npennO>KeHHR OTCyrCTByIOT, XOTR BhII1Ie 6hInO noxasaao cymeCTBeHHOe BnHRHHe 3TH X resmeparyp aa CTPYKTypHhIe xapaxrepacTHI(H H nposaocrs 6eToHa (CM. pHC. 18, 23). Ilposnocrs 6eToHa npa nOBhIweHHbIX resmeparypax OKa3hlBaeTCR MHHHMaJIhHOH npa KpaTKoBpeMeHHoM aarpese, AIIHTenhHhIH aarpes npHBOAHT I( ee poCTY, B TOM 'lHcne H npa AJIHTenhHOM neHCTBHH HarpY3KH. Tal(HM 06pa30M, aapyinaerca OCHOBHaR 3aKOHOMepHOCTh, HMeIOmaR MeCTO npa HOPMaJIhHhIX H orpmrarensnsrx resmeparypax, TaK f<aK npa ,lUIHTeJIhHOM aarpese npeo6.na~IOIUHMH, aa HeKOTophIM HCl(nIO· lIeHHeM, 0l(a3hlBalOTCR npoueccsr CTPYKTypo06pa30BaHHR. Ha- 6nIOp;aeTcR YBenHlIeIDIe Pa3HOCTH Me)l(,l1,y 3HalleHHRMH R~ H R: npa nOBhIweHHhIX resmeparypax, 1(0TOpaR ,D;OCTHraeT 0,55 R~p npa 2000C, liTO CBHp;eTenhCTByeT 0 COKpameIDIH 06nacTH OTHOCHTenhHO ynpyroH pafiOThl 6eToHa npa KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM Harpf)l(eHHH HnH 06JIaCTH nHHeHHOH nonsysecra H YBenHlIeHHH 06nacTH aenaHeHHOH nOJI3ytleCTH. Orpaaaseaae ypOBHR ,lUIHTenhHO p;eHCTBYJO. IUHX HanpR>Kemm B 6eTOHe 3HalleHHeM R; npnaeno fihI I( 3Ha'IH· TenhHOMY nepepacxony 6eToHa B 1(0HCTPyKllHRX H I( CYlUeCTBeH· HOMY orpaHHlIeHHIO npHMeHeHHR >Kene306eToHa npH nOBhII1IeHHbIX resmeparypax, rax xax ,D;OnYCTHMhIH ypoaens HanpR>KeHHH COCTaBHn 6hI nHI1Ih 0,15-0,2 Rnp. 3KcnepHMeHThi >Ke CBH,D;eTenhCTB}'IOT, lITO npa 3Ha'IHTenhHO 60nee BhlCOKHX ypoBHRX Harp}')KeHHR npa nOBhII1IeHHhIX resmeparypax Ha6nIO,o;aeTcK saryxaaae ,o;ecpopMaUHH nOTI3yqecTH, POCT npossocra 6e-TOHa BO BpeMeHH~ OTCYTCTBHe npo,D;OnhHhIX TpeIUHH HJIH KaKHx-nH60 HHhIX npH3HaKOB pa3pYI1IeHHR )l(ene306eToHHhIX KOHCTPYKUHH. OnhIThI H.A. HeBreHR H aaropa n03BonHnH YCTaHOBHTh, liTO ,lUIK HaH60nee onaCHoro cnyqaR - Ha-

rpea npenaaparensao narpyxeaasrx npa HOPMaJIhHOH resmeparype 06pa3UOB - pa3pYI1IeHHe 6eToHa B nponecce aarpeaa npoHCXOAHnO npH cnenyiourax ypOBHRX HanpR>KeHHH: 600C - 0,737 R"p , 900C - 0,717 R"~ , IS00C - 0,664R"~. YCTaHoBneHo raxsce, liTO 06pa3UhI

C HanpR>KeHHeM 0,71 Rn~ npa reMnepaType 600c He paapynranHCIa non HarpY3KOH, npOIIHOCTh 6eToHa nocne 18 II narpesa COCTa· BHJIa 0,785 R"tI H B ,OaJIhHeHWeM B03paCTaJIa. Ilpa aarpese no 1200C B resesae 12 1I pa3p}'lIJeHHR He npOHCXO,llHlIO npH HanpR>Ke. HHH B 6eTOHe 0,7 Rnp , npOIJROCr& 6eroHa nocne pa3rp}'lKH, co·

CTaBHna 0,818 R"~ . Ha OCHOBaHHH peaynsraros onhITOB no accne .. ,o;OBaHHIO npH3MeHHoH npO'IHOCTH, nonsysecra H CTPYKTYpHblX

55

XapaKTepHCTHK 6eToHa npH nOBhlWeHHbIX resmeparypax MO~O peKOMeH,!J;OBaTb Cne.o;YIOI..UHe nonycneasre ypOBHH MHTenhHO neaCTB}'lOIUHx HanpH>KeHHH B 6eToHe:

Tesmeparypa 6eToHa, or . . . . .50* C)l(HMaIOIWIe HaIIpJDKeHHJI B

6eToHe B nonax OT MapKH GeTOHa

6.. / R, He 60nee .••••..•••• 0,6

70 120

200

0,55 0,45

0,4

* Ilpa 011iO('JITeJ1)..HOA BJI8.)fCHOCTH B03AYXa BIII1IIe 70%. a raxxce B cnysae

aa 0.1 R.

Ha OCHOBaHHH 4>0pMyn (103) -(106) H (117) COCTaBneHa Ta6· nana 3HatfeHHH 1(03Cf>4>HUHeHToB mst, mptl ft. WIJI ABYX OCHOBHhIX pacsermrx cnysaes - KpaTKoBpeMeHH&di aarpes H nmrrensaoe p;eHCTBHe noasmresasrx resmeparyp. Ilaaasre ra6n. 2 Moryr 6hIT& HCrrOJI&30BaHhI nnH ysera BnHHHHJI nOB&IIlIeHHbIX resmeparyp aa

T a 6 n H ua 2*
0OO3HatleHHe Pacuer aa Tesirreparypa 6eToHa. oc
K03cPQ)HlI,KeHTa aarpea ----
~50 70 100 150 200
---------- -------------- -_-_ -----
mit KpaTKOBpeMeHH&lA 0,84 0,77 0.71 0,69 0.75
JlnHTeJILHblA 0,94 0,91 0,89 0,99 1
m~ KpaTKoB peMeHH&ltt 0,81 0,74 0.68 0,67
fl. KpaTKoB peMeHHbltt 0.79 0,72 0.66 0.62 0.62
H ATIHTeJILHLltt
----------- * Jln~ KOHCTpYKlI,HR, xoropsre BO BpeMI[ sxcnnyararnm nOABepraJOTCJI UHKJlHQeCKoMY HarpeBy C MaKCHMaJIJ.HOR TeMnepaTypoA ltHKJla BLlme 1000C, K03cP4lHlI,HeHTLI '"&t H flr. cnenyer CHH3HTL aa 15%. a K03cPcPHlI,HeHT mpt - aa 20%.

Ilns pacsera HIDKeHepHhlx COOp}')KeHHH He06xoWlMhl naunsre 0 BnHJlHHH orpauarensnsrx H aaaxonepeseeaasrx resmeparyp aa eranOA]3epraroI..UHHCH JnH30.o;HlfecKoMY ysna~HeHHIO npa HopManhHOH

craporo asrcsrxaioutero 6eToHa Ge3 ysna>KHeIDIH B ycnosasx OTpH· uarensasrx resmeparyp 3aBHCJlr OT resmeparypsr acrtsrranna [54, 56, 63, 71J. TIPH 3aMOpa)KHBaHHH AO -45 ,', -650C, no ,ll,aHHhIM [56] , a Ta~)I(e B.B. Kapnaxoaa H aaropa, nposaocrs 6eToHa sospacraer aa 17-22%, npenensnaa C)J(HMaeMOCTb - aa 22,5-25,6%,

$Ii

PRe. 27. llHarpaMMa Ae4»opMHpoBaHHH DerOHa npn C>KaTHlI B ycnOBHHX orpanarensasrx H aaaxonepesreaHLIX TeMIIepaTYP (OIILITLI BIB. KapJ],aKOBa H aaropa)

/!/~/ ~.

46~-+/~~~/~~~-+--+-~

k'.,

o 60 120 1&'1 240 JOO 3M

c: '/05

HaqanhHhIU MO,o;YlIb ynpyrocra - na 3,6-6,1 % (pHC. 27). lIHHeuHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)l(,llY HanplI)KeHHHMH H ,o;e~opMaJ..tHHMH npn orpauarensnsrx resmeparypax HapYI1IaeTCH Y)J(e npa HH3KHX yposHHX HanpH)J(eHHii. Ilocne OTT3.HBaHHH np01fHOCTh H MO,uYlIh ynpyrOCTH 6eTOHa npaKTHqeCKH He H3MeHHIO-r:CH no cpaBHeHHIO C ananorHlfiIhIMH nOKa3aTenHMH feroira, He nonaeprasureroca aasropa. )J(HBaHHIO. O,[UlaKO npenensrras C)J(HMaeMOCTh 6eToHa nOCJIe 3aMOpasoraanna H OTTaHBaHIDI 6e3 YBlIa)J(HeIDIH CYllleCTBeHHO YMeHbmaercs. no ,o;aHHLIM f.B. QepBoH;06a6hI, nocne 30 J..tHKJIOB 3aMopa-

JKJfH~HW:H ,0;0 -4,) .. , -. ,)uuC H OTTaHBaHHH 6e3 YBna)J(HeHHH npe,o;enbHaH C)J(HMaeMOCTb CHH3J.JnaCb aa 18,5%. AHanH3 AHarpaMM J1J{HeUHhIX H 06'LeMHhIX ,o;e~opMaJ..tHU 6eToHa n.eH C)J(aTHH cBH,o;e~lIhcTBxeT 06 "oxpymasaaan" CTPYKTyphI feroaa B peaynsrare lUIKlIOB 3aMopa)J(HBaHHH H OTTaHBaIDIH 6e3 VBna)J(HeHHH YBn::DKHeUUP

ferona npa HopManhHou rexmeparype H aTMoc~epHoM AaBJIeHHH, no ,o;aHHhIM B.M. MocKBHHa [56J, npHBoAJIT K cYllleCTBeHHoMY poCTY npH3MeHHou np01fHOCTH H MO,!1YJIH ynpyrocra npa ,o;euCTBHH orpauarensnsrx resrneparyp AO -650C: npOqHOCTh B03- pacraer Ha 58-61%, MO,o;ynb ynpyrocra - aa 17,6-18,1%. Ilocne OTTaHBaHHH CBOUCTBa ferona H3MeHHIOTCH He3HatIHTenhHO no cpasHeHHIO C 3TanOHHbIM 6eTOHOM, eCJIH crenens Bo,o;OHaChIlueHHH 00" TOHa He ,o;OCTHrJIa HeKOTOpoU KpHTHqeCKOU BeJIHtlHHhI, npH KOTOpoa OTMeqalOTCH nporpeccapyiounre ,QeCTpYKTHBHbIe npoueccsr,

CHH)J(eHHe npoqHOCTH, MOP030CTOUKOCTH H aasansnoro Mo,o;ynJl ynPyrOCTH.

57

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.. ~
ffO /
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flJO ,._; ~ -
. /.
!II ~~ ~/
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I M
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70 "W'/I
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20
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10
,
s
0 -2 4 6 i. ~J (2 PI f6 4·/0
PIle. 28. .QHaTpaMMB ,lJ,ecj)0PMHPOBaHHJI 6eTOHa npH pacrjf)keHHH B ycnOBHjfX
oTpHU,annWud.x H 3HaKonepeMeHHLIX TeMnepaTYP
- -2()oC no rpopMy/Ze (107).' -- - +6fJOC __.,.. -450C no rfi~y/Ze
(109);--- -2SoC.-.- -450Cnorr.PMYM 1,124): onblftlB.A. oero&,
HUfleHKO U tlBTOptl: 0 - 2fJOC; - - 2j C; • - 45 C; • - +600C --- -45 C
B )lCene3oOOToHHbIX COOp}?KeHHHx 6eToH npaKTHqeCKH He ,o;OCTH-
raer KpHTHqeCKOH CTeneHH Bo,n;OHaChIll1eHHH, TaK I(al( ronsxo .
3nH30,lUflleCKH nonsepraerca YBna)f(HeHHIO B nepaon asmaneaaa
ocanxos , Xapaxrep B1lHHHHH OTpHIUlTeJIhHbIX resmeparyp aa CBOR-
cma craporo BblcblxalOUlero 6eroHa npa paCTJI>KeHHH aHaJIOI1l'leH
BJIHJlHHIO npa OceBOM C>KaTHH, Il posnocrs aa paCTH)lCeHHe npa aa-
MoplUKHBaHHH 003 npeasaparensaoro YBna)ICHeHHH B onsrrax
B.A. KOCTOpHHqeHKO ~ aaropa soapocna Ha 7,1% npa -2SoC H aa
21,4% npa - 4S0C, HaqalIhHhIH: Mo,n;ynh ynpyrocra OOTOHa npa rex-
)ICe ressneparypax HcnhlTaHHJI YBenHlIH1ICJI Ha 3-6% (pHC. 28) J sro
... lVfI!T t!_ ............ n~nrn ~TU. TtnP- ..
... . ~J -J • or
J];em.HlJI paCTJOKHMOCTJ. OeToHa npa oTpHIUlTenhHJ.IX teMneparypax
3Ha'IHTenhHO YBenHtlHBaeTCH: npa -4S0C HI 33,8%. MHorOKpaT-
Hoe ~KnnqeCI(Oe 3aMop3)I(HBaHHe TJ.O -S()OC H OTTaHBIHHe 6eToHa
ee3 YBnUCHeHHH npaKTHtJeCI(H He H3MeH.ReT npOqHOCTh npH oceaosr
paCTJI)l(eHHH •
58
J
,
., 3HatDfTeJIhHbIA HHTepeC npencraanser BJIHJlHHe oTpHuaTeJIhHhIX H aaaaxonepessemtsrx resmeparyp Ha npouaocrs H )];e_4)0pMaTHBHhle

xa tepHCTHlCH HarpyxceHHOrO CeTOHa. OllltlTaMH [5, 22, 23, 56,

57 CT8HOBneHO 'ITO C)J(HMaIOlQHe H8II JI>KeHHJI seasrcoxoro B-

HJI - )];0 0,4 R nfl C npoTHBOMoP03HhlMH P;06asKaMH - )];0 0,6 np't-

. He npHBolUlT K c)'IllecmeHHoMY YMem,weHHIO nposaocra H ~o)];ynJl ynpyrocra OOTOHI npa nonepeMeHHoM 38Mopa>KHBaHHH H OTTaHBaHHH C ysna>KHelDleM. n pa p;eHCTBHH 60nee BhlCOICHX C>KHMaIOIQHX

HalIpJDKeHHH, a TalC)I(e paCTJlrHBaIOlllHX HlnpJl)lCelDlH, npeasnnaro- 1UHX 0,25 Rf' , Ha6nIOJJ;aeTcJI 3~tDfTenhHOe pa3BHTHe )];eCTpYKTHBHhIX nponeccoa H CHH>KeHHe nposaocra, MOP030CTOHKOCTH H Mop;ynJl ynpyroCTH CeToHa. Ilonepesseaaoe 38MOpa>KHBaHHe )];0 -4.5 •.. -SooC H OTTaHBaHHe 003 ysna>KHeHHJI OOToHa, aarpyseenaoro no 0,6 Rn", no' p;aHHhIM r.B. qepBoH06~6hl, np8KTHqeCKH He CKa3aJIOCh sa npH3MeHHOH npOtUlOCTH (pOCT Ha 6%) H cymeCTBeHHO nOHH3HJlO npenensnyio C)KHMaeMOCn _. aa 23% nocne nepaoro UHKJIa H sa 25,5% nocne 30 ItHKnOB •

.lInJl CO 0p}')Kemfii, 3KcnnyaTHpYIOIllHxClI npa noasnneaasrx H orpanarensasrx resmeparypax, ,IlHana30H 3HaKOnepeMeHHhlx resmeparypasrx pe>KHMOB 3HallHTeJIhHO pacunrpsercs. BeToH coop}')KeHHii B neTHHH nepaon MO>KeT nonseprarsca p;eHCTBHIO noasnneaasrx TeXHOnOrHqeCKHX resmeparyp )];0 2000C, a B 3HMHHH nepaon B cnysae OCTaHOBKH TeXHOnOrHqeCKOrO npouecca - 3aMOpa>KHBaHHIO no -50 .t. -600C. OnhlTaMH B.B. KapA3.KOBa H aaropa (CM. pHC. 27) YCTaHOBneHo, qTO CBOHCTBa OOTOHa Ha C>KaTHe npH Mopo3e nocne ero npenaaparensaoro aarpesa 3aBHCJlT OT resmeparypsr H AJIHTenhHOCTH p;eACTBHJI noasmresasrx resrneparyp, a TaK>Ke OT ypOBHJI ,llJIHTenhHO p;eACTBYJOlIlHX aarpysox B 3IoT nepaon acnsrTaHHH. TIo cpaBHeHHIO co CBOHCTBaMH OOToHa 3TaJIOHHhlX 06pa3. UOB, HCnhlTbIBIBWHXCJI npa Toa >Ke OTpHl18TenhHOu resmeparype ( -45OC), CBOUCTBa 6eToHa, npenaaparensao aarpenaessoro B TetJeHHe MHTeJIhHOrO BpeMeHlf npa resmeparypax 60-2oooC, 3HallHrenhHO H3MeRJlnHCh - npH3MeHHaJI nposaocrs YMeHhUIHnaCh Ha 13,1-17,5%, MO)];ynh ynpyrocra nOHH3HJlCJI Ha 39-58%, npenensHaJl C>KHMaeMOCTh aospocna Ha 15,4-48,7%. no CpaBHeHHIO C aHanorHlfHhlMH nOKa3aTenJlMH OOToHa B aarperosr COCTOJlHHH CBOHCTBa OOToHi H3MeHJInHCh B MeHhweH CTeneHH. 3aMOpa>KHBaHHe no 4SoC npHBeno IE H9MeHeHHIO npH9MeHHOH _npo1fHocTH or 3,9

P;O +10%, npHQeM CIDI)I(eHHe nposaocra OTMetreHO .tUIJI 06pa3uoB, HarpeBaBllDIXCJI )];0 2000C, MOP;YJIh ynpyrocra OeToHa nOlDl3HJlCJI aa 4- 14%, a npe)];elIhHaJl C)l(JfMaeMOCTh - no 10%.

BnURHHe npe~apHtenhHOro uarpeBa Hi CBoicTBa DeraHa npu

paCTJI)I(eHHH B 3aMopo)l(eHHOM COCTOJlHHH HccneAOBalIOCh AllJl TeM· neparyp aarpeaa 60 H 1500C (CM. pHC. 28). 3aMOpl)lCHBa~e nocne aarpeaa He3H1Q11TenhHO H3MeHHJIO MO)];ynh ynpyrOCTH oeToHa, OllHaI<O oxasano BJlHJlHHe HI npo1DfOCTh H npellenhHYJO paCTJI-

)l(HMOCTh, xoropsre B03POCJIH COOTBeTCmeHHO HI 20,8-21,8% H Ha 7,7-11,7%. TaICHM 06pa30M, 3aMopaxamalDle He npHBOJlHT IC

S9

3HatDfrenhHhlM H3MeHeHHJlM CBOHCTB feroaa no CpaBHeHHIO C HX nOKa38TenJlMH B aarpeross COCTOJlHHH, aa HCKnlOqeHHeM npouHOCTH aa paCTlVKeHHe. BJlHJlHHe nnarensaoro Harp}')KeHHJI nopanxa 0,3 Rrtp B nepaon npenaaparensaoro aarpena OKa38JlO BnHJlHHe Ha CBOHcma 6eTOHa B 3aMopo)l(eHHOM COCTOJlHHH, aHaJIOrHtUfOe BnHJIJUliO sroro )l(e ypOBRJI Harp)')KeHHJI aa CBOHCTBa 6eTOHa B Harpe TOM COCTOJlHHH, HO 6hmo MeHee HHTeHCHBHhIM. TaK, npH3MeHHaH npoxaocrs B pesynsrare nnarensaoro 06JKaTHJI soapocna npH OTpHn3- rensasrx resmeparypax Ha 6,3-17,5% (npa noasnneaasrx resmeparypax Ha 8-22%), MO,ll;ynh ynpyrocra YBenHtfHnCJI Ha 6-13%

npa noasnnemrsrx resmeparypax aa z z, 0 ,npeAenhHaJl C)I(H-

MaeMOCTh nOHH3IDIaCh aa 8-15,4% (npn noasnnemrsrx resmeparypax aa 15-17%). TaKoH xapaxrep H3MeHeHHJI CBOHCTB 6eTOHa B 3aMopo~eHHoM COCTOJlHHH nocne ,D;nHTenhHOro npeABapHTeJlhHOrO

- HarpeBa o6'bJlCHJleTCJI, B OCHOBHOM, AB}'MJI q,aKTopaMH - y,ll;aJIeHHeM 3HatDfTenhHOro KOJ1HlleCTBa anara H3 6eToHa npa ,ll;eHCTBHH nOBhIweHHbIX resmeparyp H B03HHKHOBeHHeM cyniecraeaasrx casro HOBemeHHhIX CT HhIX H3.II JI)I(eHHii n H :nIaQHTenh-

a,OM H3MeHemm resmeparypsr 6eToHa OT noasnrreaaoa no OTpHuarensaoa.

JInx aHaJIHTIlQeCKOrO onHCaHHJI nnarpaMM ,ll;eq,0pMHpOBaHHJI

6eTOHa n H C)I(aTIlH H TIDKelDfH B CnOBHJlX OT H TeJlhHhIX

resmeparyp B xasecrae HCXO,t:UIOH npaaara 3aBHCHMOCTh (75). ,llnJl 6eToHa, He nonaepraromeroca YBna:>KHeHHIO, BJIHJlHHe OTPHU8- rerrsasrx resmeparyp aa CBOHCTBa 6eToHa npa C:>KaTHH ytmTblBaeTCJI ABYMJI q,YHKnHJlMH: q,YHKUHeH, ytmThIBalOmeH npHf'1t.ueHHe npaaMeHHOH nposxocra 6eToHa npa 3aMOpIDKHBaHHH

.". ~ A'np.x == 3,6 ·10-5 (t - 200) 2 Rnp ,

(118)

H <i>YHKuueH, ytmThlBalOll1eii H3MeHeHHe cexyurero MOAynJl, COOTBeTCTB}'IOll1ero npH3MeHHOH npotUfOCTII 6eToHa npH 3aMopIDKHBaHHH

/(x (t)= 1 - 0,5 (t - 200) '10-3 .

(119)

AHanHTHIJeCKOe BhIpa)l(eHHe,LU1J1 OnHCaHHJI AHarpaMMhI Aeq,opMHpoBaHHJI feroaa npa C)I(aTHH B ycnOBHJlX orpmtarensasrx TeMneparyp C yqeToM :JTHX q,YHKu;HH 3allHWeTCJI cne,ll;YlOlUHM 06pa30M:

d (t )» Eel!(tlf- eJ((t)} (120)

)( K1C (t ) 2 ED" )

OTCIOAa BhlpR)KeHHJI ,LU1J1 HaQaJIhHoro MOAynJl ynpyrocra H npasMeHHoH npOQHOCTH 6eToHa npa OTpHI(aTenhHoH resrneparype sanatnyrcs cneAYJOIUHM 06pa30M

(123)

nnJl cnysaa 3aMOpa>KKBaHHlI 6eTOHa nocne AJIHrenbHOrO narpeaa ,rut:arpaMMa ~ecpOpMHpoBalDfJl npH C)Kanm, a raiose npH3MeHHaJl nposaocrs, Monynb ynpyrocra H npyrae xapaxrepacrmcn Moryr 6bIrb onpeneneHhI no cpopMYJIaM (95) - (98) , r.e. KaK npH

~HCTBHH nOBbIweHHoH resmeparypsr. 3THMH xce q,opMynaMH MOXC· HO BOCDOJIb30BaTItClI H WIJI onpeneneaaa CBOHCTB 6eroHa "PH HOpMaJIbHOH resmeparype nOCJIe npenaaparerrsaoro aarpesa .

Ilns cnysaa ocesoro paCrJl)KeHHJI 6erOHa aHaJlHTHlJeCKOe asrpa-

xceHHe, OtlHCbIBalOIUee ,rut:arpaMMy neq,opMHpOBaHHJI npa OrpHIt8- rensnsrx resmeparypax, 3aIlHWerCJI B q,opMe (CM. pHC. 28)

d.p(t)= Et..p(t)f- ex,(t)_ t!.P~(t)j (124)

KIC (t) "e! 6~:/C)2 J

r~e

(125)

cn)'HKUHJI, yqHTbIBalOu:(ax npapaurenae nposxocra 6eroHa Ha pacrJl)l(eHHe npx OrpHIt8TeJIbHhIX resmeparypax, on~~enJlercJI no q,opMyne

(126)

cn)'HKUHJI X" (t) npa OceBOM C)Kanm H npa OceBOM pacraxenaa OCTaeTCJI nOCTOHHHOH. MOnyJIb ynpyrocra 6eroHa npa paCTJI)KeHHH, KaK H npa C)KaTHH, onpenenaercs no cIl0pMYJIe (122), a nposaocrs sa pacraseenae npa orpanarensasrx resmeparypax - no q,opMyne

(127)

.IlJIH crrysaa 3aMop~HBaHHH H OTTaHBaHHH 6eroHa nocne ripenBapHTenbHOI'O narpeaa JJ,HarpaMMy ~eq,opMHpOBaHHJI 6eroHa npa pacrasceaaa H npyrae xapaxrepacraxa 6eToHa nonycxaercs onpe.o;eJIHTb KaK npa ~eHCTBHH nOBbIweHHoH _ resmepa rypsr, r.e. no q,0pMynaM (114)-(116). (J>oPMYJlbI (122), (123) H (127) n03- BOJIHIOT nony'lHTb BbIpa2KeHHH LIDJI KOJ<P<PHUHeHroB m:;' ,m,~ H

/3:, )"IHTbIBalOll.lHX BnHHHHe oTpHuaTeJIbHbIX resmeparyp aa npaaMeHH}'IO nposnocrs, npomrocrs na paCTH)KeHHe H Mo~ynb ynpyrocra 6eToHa:

m~ == 1 + 3,6'10-5 ( t - 200) 2; mp~ = 1 + 4,5.10-5 (t - 200) 2;

(128) (129)

j3: - 1/[ 1 - 0,5 ( t : - 200) 10-3].

(130)

61

4. Dpo'lllocn. H ne+0pM8llHH apMaT)'pw npH nOBblwemo.lX H OTPUUTeJlldlJdX resntepsrypax. nOBldweHHNe H orpanarensHble TeMDepa:rypbl OKa3bIBalOT onpe.tteneHHoe BJDIJIHHe Ha 4»H3HKOMexaHHqeCKHe CBoucma apMarypM_ .IlruI PaQa apMarypHWx cTaneii no 8JJHJUOIe 'HaCTOJIId(O 3118.1IHTeJJbHO, 'ITO HopMhl [73, 74J orpaHH- 1IHBaJOT TeMJIeparypHhli ,t:Ot:ana30H HX npHMeHeHHJI. B03.[J;eicmHe nOBblweHHbIX resmeparyp npHBo,tU{T B 6om.UDlHCTBe crryqaeB K He- 3Ha1lHTeJIbHOMy yxynweHHIO «}lH3HKO-MexaHH1IeCKHX CBOHCTB apMarypnsrx cranea, Monynb ynpyrocrx Jl1IJI scex apMatypHhlx cranea 3aKOHOMepHo CHIDKaerCJI c pocross resmeparypsr L50, 55, 58J. o~o 3TO clfIDl(elUfe B ,t:Ot:ana30He OT 100 AO 2000C He npessunaer

4% 73. B03AeHCTBHe TeMlleparypw 1J.O He CIOOICaeT apeMeHHoro. conporasneaaa pa3pbIBY ropssexaraastx apsrarypnstx cr.aneii aeex BHP;OB, a B apssarype KnaCCOB A-I H A-n 3ID\'IeHHe sroro nOKa3aTeJIJI ,QallCe aospacraer 0 B TO lICe B peMJl aarpes npHBO,t:Ot:T K COKpaxueHHIO' nnomanx« reKyqeCTH H CHJ{)I(eHHIO npenena reKY1leCTH. Y BblCOKonpollKOH xonO.tlHOTJlHyTOH nposonoxa -npa Harpeae, 0c06eHHO Bblwe 2000C, TepJIeTCJI HaKJIen, B CBJI3H C 1IeM

T B Me oe eHHe 3 55 n 3TOM

nnacnrsecxae cBoHcma apMaryPbl ynyqwaIOTCJI. hClIenloe conpoTHBnelUfe apsearypsr pa3JIH1IHbIX KnaCCOB npa resmeparype no 2000c cnenyer onpenensrs no HOpMa:M C yqeTOM Ko3Cf»4»HUJleBTa

B pa60rax A.cz,. MHJlOBaHOBa, KoB. MHxaHnoBa, H.M. MyJIHHa [50, 55, 58], C~TenbCrBYIOr 0 rOM, lITO H3MeHeHHe nnaCTHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB apMaryPbI npa aarpese aaxoAHT~JI B AonYCTHMWX npe-

nenax H He BN3blBaer xpynxoro paspyureaas )f(ene306eroHHhIx

KOHcrpYKllHA 0 •

3Ha'IHTen.uoe BJlHJlHHe oxassrsaer nOBwweHHaR resmeparypa Ha nomysecrs H 'penaxcamno HanpR)f(eHHH aperarypnsrx cranea,

-

BJIHJllUfe RaH60nee cYIIleCTBeHHO Ha apMaryPHble CT3JIH, npHMeRJleMide B Ka1leCTBe mmpJJraeMoH apMatypbl (CTeJ»KlleBU KJIaCC8 A-ty H ssnne, BblCOKOnpo~aJI npoaorroxa H KaHaTbI). no ~HHbIM KoB. MHxaHnoBa lSS] , npa aarpese no l000c penaxcaIJ,HR HalIpmICemm BblcoKonpotJIIOH npoaonoxn xrracca B .11 B03- pacraer nO'lTH B 2 pasa, a npa aarpese AO 1700C - 60nre 'IeM B 3 peaa, B CBR3H C JrHM Ha3BaHHble apMarypHhle CraJIH He cnenyer npHMeHRTb B KOHcrpYKItHRX, 3KcnnyarHpYIOIQHXCR npa resmeparypax BNwe 15QOC.

Ilonornrarensasre norepa OT penaKcallHH HanpR)f(eHHif B apsrarype KnaCCOB 8·11, 8 -11 H K-7 npn nOBbIlIIeHHhIX resmeparypax

(131)

rAe

-4 npHpamelUfe TeMDeparypbl a pMarypLI npH aarpese.

62

B Crep>KHeBOH apMar.lpe xnacca A-I Y npH aarpese no 20ooC, no ~HHbIM H.M. MyJIHHa L5~" penaxcauaa HanpJI)KeHHii soapacraer B 4-6 pa3. TepMHtfecKH ynpotfHeHHaJl apsrarypa HMeeT HeCKOJIbKO 6OnbuI)'Hl penaKcallUollH}OO C'IOHKOCTh. nono1(HlfTenhHble "orepH

or penaxcanza HanpJl>KeHHH B apsearype KnaCCOB A~IY, A-Y, Ar-IY - AT-!! npa nOBbIweHHLIX resmeparypax cnenyer onpe~nJlrb no [74, ra6n. 5].

TeMneparypHLIe .nemOpMaI..(Hli apMaTypbI Mano 3aBHCJlr or BHJl8.

apsrarypasrx cranea. B naanasoae resmeparyp or SO ,[\0 2000c 3HatfeHHe resmeparypaoro KOJCPCPHIUfeHTa JIHHeHHOro paCWH~HHJI WIJI acex apMarypHLIx CraJIeH H3MeHJIerCR or 11,5· 10-6 no 13010-6 oC-l H MO>Ker 6bIrb npaasro no PeKOMeH.JU.UHJlM [73J.

Orpauarensasre resmeparypsr no -6QOC OK3.3bIBaIOT onpeneJIeHHOe BJIHJlHHe na cpH3HKO-MeXaHHtfeCKHe cBoHCTBa apssarypHLIX cranes [58, 59]. Ilpenen TeKyqeCTH H apeseeaaoe conporaaneaae scex BHnOB apssarypasrx Cr8J1eH npa 3aMOp3JKHBaHHH yseJIH'lHBaJOrcJl. ilpHqeM pocr apessemroro conpOTHBJ1eHHR npH 3aMOpuamaHHH no -60OC HeBeJIHK - ,[\0 10%, POCT npenerra rexytreCTH 3aBHCHT OT Knacca apsrarypsr H nrra cranea xnacca A-D nOCTHraeT 19%. Monym, ynpyrocra apsrarypasrx cranea npa -60OC nOBbIwaeTCR aa 5-7%. PaBHoMepHLIe YAllHHeHHR apssarypsr npa paapsme npa orpnuarensasrx resmeparypax HeCKOJlbKO B03- pacraior WIJI apssarypsr KnaCCOB A-O H A-m, a MJI apMaryPbl xnacca A-J::f npaxrasecxa He H3MeHSlIOTCR. Ba>KHbIM napareerposr nrtJl apssarypsr, .axcnrryarapyiourea npa 'orpanarerrsnsrx resmeparypax, HBnJlerCJI CKnOHHOCTb K XJI8,lI,HOnOMKOCTH npa yJl8.PHOM H3rH6e, xoropas xapaxrepasyerca ynapHoH BJl3KOcrblO. HaHOOnbWYJO CKnOHHOCTb K XpynKOMY paapymemno HMeJOr KHDJIIlUIe crana, caMYJO HH3Kyro - crans 10rT xrracca A-D. JIocraTOtJIIO HH3KYlO CKJ10HHOCrb K XJla.,rJ;HonOMKOCTH HMelOT TepMHtleCKH ynposnenasre CTaJlH. .llnJl >KeJ1e306eToHHbIX COOp)')KeHHH, axcnnyarapyioIUHXCJI npn neHCTBHH orpanarensasrx resmeparyp HlDKe -400c, He cnenyer npHMeHJITL B xasecrae HeHanpRraeMoii apsrarypsr CTanH MapOK BCT3Kn2, BCT3Kn3, BCr3nc3 H BCT5nc2, a npa resmeparype HIDKe -SSOC - raxxe CTanb'MapKH 35rC. B xasecrae nanpJlraeMOH apssarypsr He crrenyer npHMeHJIrb B 3THX ycnOBHJlX cram MapKH 8OC, a npa resmeparypax HH>Ke -550C - r&K>Ke rep-

MHtreCKH ynpoxneaasre C~8J1H.

JIHarpaMMbI "HanpJl>KeHHR-,ll;ecpopMaIUlH" nrtR apsrarypasrx cranea npH onpenenesna aanpJl>KeHHO-ne4>opMHpOBaHHOrO COCTOJl· HUll H paClleTe npolIHOCTH COOp}OlCeHHH MOryr 6b1Tb npHHJ!TLI Ha

e; - (3,5 + a ~ OtA ) / (17,5 - b ~ del ),

\ (132) 63

so. r} = (t/E('t)j+ ctt; 7:);

(135)

rne a H b - JMiIHpHtleCKHe Ko3$cpHlI,HeHTbI, npHHHMaeMbIe paaHbIMH nna apM3zypbl xnacca A-ty cooraercraenao 0,52 H 0,6, WUI apsrarypsr KnaCCOB B.I[, BJ:fIl H K-7 - 0,58 H 0,64. BnHHHHe orpaIJ,aTenbHbIX resmeparyp ua !UlarpaMMY ne4>opMHpoBamul apssarypHbIX Cr3JleH, npHMeHSleMbIx B xasecrae aenanparaeesoii apMarypbl, B pacserax nonycxaercs He )"IHTbIBarb, BnHHHHe nOBbIweHHbIX resmeparyp - Y'IHTblBarb C nOMOll.'(bIO Ko3$cpHUHeHTIl ma t •

rJlABA Ill. OnPE,llEJIEHHE HAnp1DKEHHO,llE«I»OPMMPOBAHHOrO COCTORHMR COOPYlKEHMA nPH ,llJIMTEJIbHOM )lEACTBMM TEMllEPATYPhI ·M HArpY3KM

1. OCHoBHbIe ranoreasr H 3aBHCHMocm reopaa nOJI3yqeCTH

OeroHa R nonsnnesrasrx TeMne a • COB MeHHble MeTO r nac-

qera >KeJIe3oOOroHHbIx KOHCrp}'KIJ,Jrii C yqeroM AllHreJIbHbIX npouecCOB B 6eroHe 6a3HpyrorCH na rOH HJlH HHOH reopaa nOJI3yqeCTH 6erOHa . Ilocrarosao 06meH HBnReTcH HaCne,lJ;CTBeHHaH reopaa era-

H HenHHeHHyro MO)J;H<pHKaUHH.

nHHeHHaH reopns 003 ysera BnHHHHH rexmeparyp OCHOBaHa aa cnenyionmx npennocsnncax: 1) paccesarpasaerca CnJIOlUHoe, onaoponaoe H asorponnoe reno; 2) npHHHMaercH nHHeHHaH aaBHCHMOCTb Me)l(ny RanpH)I(elDfHMH H nOJIHbIMH necpopMatlHHMH 6eroHa (ynpyroeernoaeansnm H Ae<popMaUHHMH nonsyuecra) H no~rynHpyeTcH ~npaDe,Il;J1HBOCrb npammna w H3JlO)l(eHIDI npapaute-

,

ne<popMaUHH 6eroHa He 3aBHCHT or 3HaKa HanpH)I(eJ.rHH; 4) KoJ<l>cpHnneRr nonepeunsrx ne4lopMaUHH 6eroHa RBJIHerCH nocrOHHHbIM.

3aBHcHMoCTb Me)f(AY HanpH)f(eHHHMH H )J;e<popMaUHHMH 3anHCbIsaerca B OAHOH H3 CJICnYIOll.'(HX CPOpM:

. T

efr) = 6('f} Ort~'C,) +/ d6(T) O{T; r) at: ; (133)

d't'

"r

o·(T) f 6 *(7:') )

~rT)- Err) - t. E(r) L(T,1: ar , (134)

~

rne neJIbHbre nonasre

L(T, r) =- £ (r,)oo(7;1:)/ar - xnpo mrrerpansnoro ypaBHeHHH (134), <PYHKlT)HI BnHHHHH npeAweCTBYIOWHX ynpyrnx )J.c<p0pMaII,lfH aa nonnvto )J;e¢opMaUHIO.

64

JlnR HHTerpaJIbHOrO ypaaHelDlR (134) peureaae aanncstaaerca B <popMe

. J T,

rne R (T, 'l" ) - paapeuraxnuaa <PYHKUHJI (pe30JIbBeHTa), xoropaa 3aDHCHr ronsxo or BH,Qa RApa ypaaHeHHR L tt: '1:) • Peureaae

T

O*(T)/E(T) - e *(r:) - (~*(r) R&. f:)d.-r,

(136)

Mo~r TaK>Ke OThICKHBarbCR B BH.ne

(137)

rne B(T,~) - KoJ$<pHUHeHr saryxaaaa HanpR>KeHHii scnencrane nonaysecra (penaKcaUHoHHaR c1JYHKUHR). J]JIR CJIytlaJI CTa .. [lHOHapHoH BbIHY>KJl,eHHOH necpopMalUfH npH nocrORHHOM 3Ha1JeHHH MOnYJIR ynpyrocm

'T

«tr, '/:) .. f - [ etr; ddT. . (138)

1

CrpYKTYpa <pOpMynbI (137) caxnerenscrayer 0 rOM, l{1'O nOJI-

m,Ie HanpR>KeHHJI B 6eroHe MoryT 6bITb HaHnem,1 C acnonsaoaaaaesa pemeaaa ynpyroii 3a,D;allH H Ko3<l>4>HUHeHra 33ryXaHHR HanpR)KeHHii BCJIenCTBHe_ nonaysecra,

Ilpa peureana aarerpansnsrx ypaaHeHHii' rana (133) -(138) HC· nonsayror lIHCJleHHbIe MeTOAbI. B 60JIbUDlHCme cnyqaeB npasse-

. HRerCR Meron Kpsmoaa-Boromotioaa [13, 40, 86J, KoropbIH rpe-. fiyeT, O,nHaKO, 3HallHrerrbHbIX aarpar MawHHHoro BpeMelDf. 8 nocnennae rOAbI paapaforaa pRA npnooH>KeHHbIX 3lf><peKTHBHbIX MerOnOB, xoropsre uenecoofipaaao HCflOJIb30Ban npa peweHHH paccMarpHBaeMbIx ypaBHemm: "mrrerpamnoro MOU;YJIJlH, pasBHmH B paeorax B.M. Bounapeaxo [9, 10], rpaHc~OpMHpyeMoro BpeMemt f"T' npe.lll10>KeHHLIH H.H. Kapnemco [34], peweHHH ypasHeHJrii B MarpH'UlOH <popMe, pa3BHThIH B pa60rax H.E. Ilpoxonoaava [64], MonynR nOJIHLIX ne<p0pMaUUH, HCnOJIb3yeMbdi B pa60rax n.H. Bacarrsesa [14], "senymax" BOJIOKOH, npennoxeam,IH A.A. rBo3neBbIM [18], H np.

Paccseorpasr npHMeHHMocrb OCHOBHbIX npennOCbIJIOK JIHHeHHOH HaenencmeHHoH TeopHH crapeHHJI 6eroHa ,!J;JUI 1l0BbImeHHhlX

resmeparyp. Ilna JrHX YCJIOBHH HaH60rree cYllleCTBeHHO napymaeTCJI nepaaa npermocsrnxa. Bonsunse nepenansr resmeparyp no TOJII.UHHe H ssrcore cren coop)')KemtH o6ycnoBJIHBalOT cYJ..UecTBeHH}'IO HeOJloHopo.u;HOCTb 6eroHa, TaJ( KaK MOnYl1b ynpyrOCTH H

ne<l>0pMau,HH nonaysecra 6eroHa JlBJIJllOrCR <PyHKIUUIMH resmepa rypsr H B peMeHH ee neHCmHJI.

Bropas npennocsmxa nOCraTOtiHO 3KcnepHMeHTanbHo o60cHo- • "aHa nJIa nOBbIweHHbIx TeMDeparyp ycnOBHax ot5nacn; JIHHeHHOH

laBHCHMOCTH Me>K,tzy HanpJl>KeHHRMH H ne<p0pMIWUIMH nonaysecrn )rpaHHtleHa ypoBHeM HanpJl~HHH (0,3-0,4) R"p (CM. rJI.D) ,

6S

COTOPbIii H JlBJlJleTCH rpaaanea npHMeHHMOCTH JlHHeiiHOii TeOpHH 10JI3yqeCTH C yqeToM nOBbIUIeHHIJIX resmeparyp. npHMeHeHHe lpHHIlHIIa IWIO>KeHIDI npHpautemm ,o;e¢'opMatUdi nOJl3YlleCTH B YCJlOBHJlX HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparypsr npHBoMT K CyrueCTBeHHbIM norpeumocrsv MJI p~ CJlOX<HbIX pe)f(HMOB Harpy>KeHKJI, O,I:Ui8KO OH BnOJIHe itpHMeHHM ll1UI cnysaea MOHOTOHHOrO Me,ll1leHHOrO Harpy>KeHlUl H npyrax aH8J10rH~IX pe>KHMOB [9, 12, 17] . .!leACTBHe nOCTORHHhIX H AJIHTeJIldIO ,QeiicTBYJOlI.Ufx HarpY30K aa coopy>KelDfll, paccseorpeaasrx B rn, 1, He OTHOCHTCJI K CJlO>KHhIM pe-

>KHMaM. " .

persa npe,[UIOCbIDKa npHIDfMaeTCJI aa OCHOBaHHH sxcnepaMeHTOB, rroxaasraaromax ee npHeMJleMOCTb roIlI ycnOBri HopManbHhlX resmeparyp [1, 9, 64J, a TaK>Ke na OCHOBaHHH pe3YJlbTaTOB xparrcoapeweaasrx HCnbITaHHH npa nOBbIUIeHHbIX resmeparypax na ocesoe pacTJI)I(eHHe H OceBO~ C>KaTHe (CM. rJI. n).

qeTBepraJi npennocsmxa He JlBJlJleTCJI 06J13aTeJIbHoH. O,nHaKO npn pacllere. 3JIeMeHTOB, HCnWThIBalOIUHX CJIO>KHOHanpJl>KeHHoe COCTOJllDfe ee n HMeHeHHe C eCTBeHHO aer eUIeHHe 3a-

AaqJ{· Paaee 6bmo nOKa3aHO, IJTO Ko3<i>q,Hll,HeHT nonepesasrx neq,opMaIUfH 6eToHa npaKTHlleCKK He 3aBHCHT OT ero ressneparypsr H BJII)KHO~ npa KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM neiiCTBHH HarpY3KH. B onsrrax, n Be eHHhIX n H HO ManbHoii TeMDe a

HO, sro K03cpq,HUHeHT nonepesasrx neq,0pMa1Uli 6eToHa 3aBHCHT OT BpeMelDf ,o;eiiCTBHJI HarPY3KH, OWiaKO C YBeJIHlleHHeM BpeMeHH Harpy>KelDfJl ero 3uallelDfe npotinIDKaeTCH K 3HallelDflO npH KpaTKO· BpeMeHHOM o;eHCTBHH HarpY3KH. Bee no CBH,QeTe,JJbCTByeT 0 npaeMJIeMOCTH npennOCbIJIKH 0 nOCTOJlHCTBe Ko3<i>¢,HUHeHTa none. petnlLIX Aeq,opMaUHif 6eToHa npa nOBbIUIeHlfh.IX resmeparypax,

3aBHCHMOCTh Me)K)zy HanpH>KeHHHMH H Aeq,opM8.l.tHHMH B aacne crse OU

resmeparyp aa Monynb ynpyrocra H nOJI3ytIeCTb 6eTOHa H C YlleTOM resmeparypao-ycartosasrx neq,0pMaUHii 6eTOHa HMeeT BHn:

rne e. (e.r) - TeMneparypHo-YCa,o;01lHl:!Ie neq,opMaUHH 6eToHa, onpe.I(eJIJleMbIe no q,0pMYJIe (53); E (t J T;,r» - HallaJIbHbIH MO)zyJIb ynpyrocra 6eToHa C 'yqeTOM BJIHHHHH nOBbIllIeHHOH TeM-

AeHCTBHJI, onpenenaesesrn no 4>0pMYJIe (95); L (t, Tn""rnp) - Jlnpo HH;TerpanbHoro ypaBHeHHH (139), ~YHKnHJI BJIHJlHHH npegweCTBYJOWHX ynpyrax neq,opMaIUfH aa non .. HYJO neq,0pMaUHIO:

L(t~ 7;.." 'rnp)::: £(t,1:np)(O/Of:",,){[I/£ (t, 1:"p)J~c(t, t'np, TrtpJ).( 140)

66

;UnJi arrrerparrsnoro ypaBHeHHJI (140) peureaxe 3anHmeTCJI B

BHne

B patorax C.B. AneKCaHJJ;poBC~OrO H n.a Bacanseaa [t. 13, 14] noxaaaao, no npH HaTIHlDfH peaorrsaearsr, BblpaJKeHHOi ~ BHne KBa,o;paTYPHOi q,0PMYJIbI HJlH B Ta6YJIHpoBaHHoM BH.u.~. MO)f(tiO npH

C06nRl.[{eHHH pJ1,U18 YCJIOBHH onpeneJtHTb Han,PJI)f(e~HJI B GeToHe, Bbl3BaHHhle TeMnepaTypHbIMH neq,opMau;HJlMH, acnonssya peurenae coorsercrayiomea 3a,o;alnt: repsroynpyrocra. )lnJl onpeneneaaa. aanpJI)f(eHHii Hcnonb3YJOTCJI yp3BHeHIDI nma (137) H (138) .. 3TOT MeTon OCHOBaH na npflMOH H-06pamoH reopesrax H.x. Apynoaana, cq,0pMynHpoBaHHbIX AJIJI OWIoponHbIx, H30TponHhIX· Ten .. Hcnons- 30BaHHe npanmma H.X. ApYTIOHSUta 3H3.lDfrenbHO ynpontaer penre_HHe 3a,o;atf, TaK KaK nonaysecrs H crapeaae 6eToHa npa c06JtIOJi,eHHH pana YCJIOBHH He BJtHJlIOT na .u.eq,OPM3.UHH· H nepeseeuieaaa, BbI- 3BaHHbIe neHCTBHeM resmeparypsr. nOCJIeAHHe onpenerraiorcs nyresr peureaas COOTBeTCTBYIDmHX 3a.ua~ TepMqYTIPyroCTH [13, 48, 79]. O,llHaKO 3THM MeTOnOM pemexae MO)l(eT 6hITb nonyseno JIHmb AJIfI QaCTHoro crrysaa pa60TbI )f(eJIe306eToHHoH KOHCTpYKURH 6e3 TpeIUHH B H30TepMHtfeCKHX ycnOBHJlX. B o6U{eM cnyuae, xorna B )f(ene306eToHe B03HHKalOT cyurecrnenaaa HeOnHO~.llHOCTb, BbI3BaHHafl neHCTBHeM rexmeparypasrx nepenanos no CeqeHH~ 3JIeMeHTa, H aHH30TpoIIHfI, 06yeJIOBJIeHHafl noaarrenaesr rpeuran, nonyxars pe30JIbBeHTY B BHAe xnanpa TypHhIX q,0PMYJI HnH Ta6- JIHU 0I<a3hIBaeTCfI npaKTHlJeCKH HeB03MO)f(HbIM. IloJToMY· npH- . XO.llHTCfI npaferars l' ynpouiemrsrw, 'HTepaUHoHHbIM MeTOnaM peme HHfI sana lJH •

nOCTaTOtfHO TOtfHO ysecrs OCHOBHhIe ocooeHHOCTH ne<l>opMHpoBaHHfI )I(eJIe 306e TOHa npa neHcTBHH rexmeparypsr n03BOnJleT maroBhlH MeTOn ynpyrnx pemeHHH [14]. Hpn penreHHH 3analJ·3TH.M

MeTo,u;OM aeonaoponaocrs )f(ene306eToHHoro anesseara (KOHCTP)'KIUfH), o6ycnoBneHHYIO resmeparypnsrsra B03,lleHCTBHJlMH, cnenyer

... .

Y'llHThIBaTh nYTeM 3aMeHhI ero CHCTeMOH xycosno-onaopomnrx

ManbIX 3neMeHTOs. KOHetfHhIX pa3MepoB. Herraneilaocrs : CBJl3H

Me)K,[J;y HanpJl)f(eHHJIMH H nonHbIMH .u.eq,0PMau,HJlMH 6eToHa cnenyer YlDfThIBaTb Mfl Ka)I(AOro xycosno-onaoponaoro JneMeHTa B OTneJIhHOCTH. Bpessa neHcTBHfI rexmeparypst pasnerraerca aa ornerrsnsre HHTepBaTIbI!_ AJIHTeJIbHOcTb.. KOTOpbIX uenecootipaaao aaaaasars nepeMeliHoH, H3MeHftIOI_ueHCft no JIorapaq,MH'IeCKoMY 3aKoHY.

Tesmeparypy H Hanpfl)f(eHWI B Ka)f(JlOM xycosao-omroponaow aneseeare cnenyer npHHHMaTb nOCTOflHHhIMH na Ka)f(,l1;OM aarepaane BpeMeHH H p3BHbIMH HX 3HalJeHHflM B uearpe TfI)f(eCTH JJIeMeHTa. CBoHcTBa 6eToHa H apssarypsr -' npoxaocrs aa 'C)f(aTHe H paCTfI)Ke-

HHe, MO,o;YJIb ynpyrocra, resmeparypao-ycanosasre neq,opMaUHH H ynensasre ,o;eq,opMaIUlH nOJI3YlJeCTH - cnertyer npHHHMaTb no-

67

croRHHbIMH no ssrcore Ka>K,.I:(Oro :JJIeMeHra na KIDKnOM anrepsarre

~v~~~~,~~JOn'~nL~a~n

MeHH neiiCTBHR resme parypsr H onpenenars no peKOMe~UHRM. npllBe,QellHblM B rJI. II. H3MeHellHe H3.lIPR>KeHHH: H resmeparypsr npoacxonar MFHOBelHlO B nasane KIDKAOrO anrepaana BpeMellH. H3MeHeHHe HanpJDKemm onpenenaercs B npe,[UlOJIO>KeHHH ynpyroa pa60ThI MaTepHana, 'npHHHMaerCR cnpaaenrraaoa ranoresa npRMhIX HopManeH.

B ~e nORBneHHR rpeuom B 6eToHe paCTRH}'TOH 30Hhl BBOARrCR nonomrarerrsasre npennocsmxa pacsera: aanpaaneaae rpeuraa cosnanaer c rpaexropaassa rJIaBHhIX pacrsrasaromax HanpR>KeHHH; HanpJDKeHHO-neq,opMHpoBaHHoe cocrosaae onpenenserca MR Hexoro IX cserasrx cetrellHH C rpemHHaMH, pafora pacraayroro

6eTOHa 3JIeMeHTOB aa Y'f8.CTKax Mexc,u,y rpeJUHII3.MH YlJHTbIBaerCR Ko3«f»4>HnueHToM "0., aepaarroseepaoe pacnpeneneaae neq,opMaQRH 6eroila CxcaTOH 30MbI no MHHe anesseara ylJHThlBaerCJI K03$- 4>HUHeHTOM ~6' YcnOBHe 3aKpbITHJI (3aJK3THJI) TpeJUHH H BKJIIQqeHIDI 6erollhbJ:x :meMeHTOB C TpemmmMH B pa60ry aa C>KaTHe cnenYJO~ee: :}JIeMeHr C TpeIQHHOH C1JHTaeTCJI BKIDO'lHBUDIMCR B pa60ry Ha C>KaTHe, ecrra HanpR)I(eHHJI B npHMhIKalOlQeM K HeMY :} eseeirre

0,5 Mlla. ,llnH 3neMeHrOB c rpeU,'(HHaMH Monynh ynpyrocra, resmeparypao-ycanosasre ne$opMaQJm, nOJI3}'l1eCrh 6eroHa, a 11lKXCe HanpJDKeHHR aa IDJIlU,'(a,nKax, nepneHAHKYJIRpHbIX TpeU,'(HHaM, npHHH-

onpenerrmorca C yqerOM resmeparypao-ycanosasrx neq,opManHH 6eroHa MeXCAY rpeIQHHaMH.

2. Onpenenenae HaHpJDKeHHo·neq,0pMHp0B3HHOrO COCTOSIJIHJI 3JIeMeHToiS coop}'iKeHHit. B rn, I nOKa3aHO, tfTO AlIJI TOHKOCTeHHoro ' IgiJIHHApa Ha nOCTarOtIHO 6onbwoM y,ll;anemm OT ero xpaea npn oceCHMMerpHtIHOM pacnpeneneaaa resrneparyp no rOJIU,'(HHe CTeHKH H WIR nnaCTHHId, JIJIweHHOH B()3MO)f(HOCTH H3rH6a H3 nnOCKOCTH or

nepaaaosaepaoro aarpesa, opMynbI resmeparypasrx nanpaseeIIHH cosnanaror. ll03rOMY paCCMoTpHM sanasy 0 aanpaseemroneq,OpMHpoBaHHOM COCTOJlHHH )l(ene306eroHHoH CHMMerpH'lHO apMHp<>BaHHOH rOHKoH nnacraasr, nOABepralOU,'(eHCR ,o;eHCTBHIO nponOJIbHOII C>KHMalOU,'(eH canst B CpeAHHHOH nnOCKOCTH H resmeparypnoro nepenana no OCH Z (CM. pHC. 3). HOPM3JIhMbIMH aanpJl>KellHRMH no OCH z npeaefiperaesr. Ilpa co6nIO,o;emrn aroro ycnoBHJI B nnaCTHHe no,ll; ,ll;eHCrBHeM TeMflepaTypHoro nepenana H HarpY3KH B03HHKaeT nnOCKOHanpJl>KeHHOe COCTOHlIHe.

nHHeHHaR CBR3h Me>KAY neq,opMaI.J;HRMH H HanpR)I(eHHJlMH B q,opMe ypaBHenHH (139) H (141) He BnOJIHe yn06H3 MJI 'lJ{CJIeHHbIX acxeroa TaK KaK BCJIe CTBHe a3HoR resme ar HOR aero HH

cnoes snesserrra npa OAHHaKOBO~ T np ,ll;eHCrBHTenbHoe BpeMJI neRctBHJI resmeparypsr pa311H'lHO, a ypaaaerraa paanoaecas H COBMecr· HOCTH nOn>KHhI C06JIIOnaTbCJI npH O,ll;HOM Ii TOM )l(e BpeMeHH ,o;eH-

68

crBHH resmeparypsr BO ncex rosxax 3JIeMeHTa. nOMHMO 3rOrO, CJIeJJ;yeT ysecrs, qTO H,lJ;po nOR3Y1JeCrH Hero peaonsaeirra HBreHCHBHO H3MeWIIOTCJI B nepasie MOMeHThI BpeMeHH nocne B03HHK~ HOBeHHR HanpJDKelfHii. Hx BM 6yneT 01JeHb CJIOXCHbIM, eCJIH YlIecrb

resmeparypaoe nocnenekcraae npa cryneasarov nOBbIweHHH resmeparypsr, n03rOMY HaMH npaasra 4>opMa 3aID1CH CBJl3H Me)l(.lJ;y JJ;eq,opMaIUlJlMH H HanpIDKeHHJlMH. 6JIH3KaH K ypaBHeHHIO (133).

CBH3b Me>K,D;y HanpJl>KeIDfHMH H nOnHbIMH .o;eq,opM~JlMH

6erOHa nns xycosao-onaopoaaoro 3J1eMeHTa C Y1JerOM resmeparypsr H HeJIHHeHHOCTH .o;eq,opMHpOBaHIDl, acnonsays ypaBHeHHJJ (133) H (134) , MOXCHO 3aIDIcaTb B q,opMe

*"t t: )= e. /t T}+ 6x*(t. T.Xt+V)~vS ~(t~ T.) +

Ext,,"p u'" I E(t, T.) ,

... r/6,.(t, ~ .. J~ fr/t,T.,.;r:,J+ 4(t;r;.;r: •• )]-Sft,rJ 8~1:.,r..;t:n1.tt;".Jl42)

7 t utnp. "P

G ..

rJJ;e

(143)

(144)

(145)

snecs f (t, dx.*(t, 'l:"rJ/R"tJ)) =napaeeerp HenHHeHHOCTH JJ;eq,opMaIUlH n0J13yqeCTH; r.,(t, T,.~)= 0 , TaK Kat< npa .o;eHCTBMH resmeparypao-yca.o;O'lHhIX Ae<t>OPMa.IlHM 6eToHa yrnoasrx cMerueHHH He B03HHKaer.

)l(ene306eroHHym nnaCTHHY pa3.o;eJIHM aa ornensasre JJ1eMeHThlnnaCTHIIbI MaJ10R, KOHet(HOR BhICOThI, BpeMH .o;eRcTBHJI resmeparyper - aa OT.o;eJ1bHLIe HHTepBaJ1hI. HCXO;::J.HbIe HaIlp"xcelDfJl H JJ;eq,opMaUll" s nnacmHe )OW Harpesa s 3asHCHMOCT" OT ycnoBHH 3~a1Dl

onpenernee JIH60 C yqeTOM JJ;eq,opMaUHH non3Y1JeCTH H ycanxa 6ero! aa npa HopManbHOH resmeparype [43], JIH60 6e3 HX ysera no ynpyroH cranaa. HanpJlxcelDfJl B nnacrane sa Ka>K,D;OM HHTepBaJ1e B peseeHI( onpe~nHM B cne,o;}'lOmeii nOCJ1eAOBaremHOCTH. Onpe~nHM MO-

,rzyJIH ynpyrpcpr 6eroHa H apsearypsr C yqeroM ressneparypsr no q,0pMynaM [87] H [95]; nJ10111a.r:tH npaseneauoro cexeaaa nnacransr no OCJlM x H y no <!>0pMyne.

(146)

69

rne Fi ""_ nnoutans i-to anesseara 6eroHa no nnoutanxe, HOPMaJIbHOH K OCR x ; fa*H F;,,'* - nnomaru aepxrreil H HH>KHeH apssarypsr no nnoLU3AKe HO ManhHOHKOCHX; n:l,s::.F.iJ/E.,nG/-E.j!EII n~j-E~I

IE, - OTHOlUeHHe COOTBerCTBeHHO MO,lJ.yneH ynp -

srre Me HTa , aepxaeil H HH)I(HeH apsrarypsr na j-M arane BpeMeHH K MonynlO ynpyroera 6eroHa npa HopManhHOH resmeparype,

3areM I;IaH,lJ.eM reesneparypao-ycanosasre ~e4lopMaIlHH no 4>opMynaM (51) _ (53) - H ,lJ.e4>opMaIUIH nonsysecra 6eroHa H resmeparypnsre .o.e4>opMauHH apssarypsr Ka)l(,lJ.OrO 3JIeMeHTa no OCBM x H y. Bhlpa)l(emHI )J.JIJI onpeneneaaa ~e4>opMaUHH non3YQeCTH MorYT 6blrb 3aIIHcaHbI B MaTpH'lHOH 4>0pMe:

l,dd .. , -=

I II'..J

61Cl~O

A1 OJCi/t .101tlJI I

(148)

. . - .. .

- - C(~~j_fJ f tJr,.p~j I t;,f'- O)f(ti.~i_fl 6ItlJO/RnJ; i

IJCJC i.Jf:& C(t,}J) f A1r;.p'~j) !nJ>iJ.,)!( till' 6.'~1/Rnp) - /-1

- C(t,~j"fl.f4r.:p,:j, !npi,l)f(t,)j-f, 61('~1IR"~);

J '

/:'CJ(i)2 = C(tiJ) f Ilr;.p'~j' 'Jnpi,2J!(tiJj, 611,~z/R"p)-

j-., -

- C(tiJj-1J f·A1T"Pi.,j J ~"Pil2.)f(tiJ-1J 6JCl~2/Rn~);

(ISO)

Ii • .. .. .fill • ,. • • .. .. .. • • • .. • .. •

~ CMiJ = C (tl,j , it. T". 1,/. ~"" t.j ) f (t'J' 6',j / R .~) ., j-I

- C(tl.~J'_I' f ~ Tnpid.l Irtpi.,j) !(t',i-t' 6"'l,i / Rnp);

(151)

H

COOTHOlUeHHe Me)f(.lJ.y y,a;enbHbIMH ,lJ.e OpMaIUlJlMH npOCTOH norraysecra H ~e~opMaIUlHMH nOJI3YlJeCrH 6eToHa R ycnOBHJlX

70

HOH resmeparype 45,64,66,92].

Ilpnpaureaae ynpyrax ]J;eq,opMallHH l -ro JneMeHTa aa j-M 3T~e sa c_:eT H3MeHeHH~ MO,lJ;ynH ynpyrocra onpenenax Ha K8.>KnOH H3 ocea no q,opMyne

Ofsuee npapaureaae ]J;e4>opMaIUrii 6eToHa i-ro anesteara nnac-

THHM aa i -M arane B peMeHH no OCH x 3,anHweTCH B BH]J;e

(153)

.lInH apsrarypsr ofanee npapaureaae ,lJ;e4>0pMaUHH aa i -M srane COBn8.,lJ;aeT C npapanreaaesr resmeparypxsix ,lJ;e4>opMaUHH.

HanpJDKeHHH B ce'leHHH nnaCTHHbI no OCHM x H y MO>KHO onpe,lJ;eJIHTb, nO,lJ;CTaBHB B YpaBHeHHH repssoynpyrocra (19) Bblpa>KeHHH H3 4>0 pMyn (146) o_ ( 153) :

E. II rF./ JI...JJI IA;' F!. J( I(

d6x ,_ 6i.../o Q"iA£"o..;+rQnlAeo.;+r-; "~.j de),i It )

FoIJ i-v F I( - A ei,j ;

nj

(or:-II ~II + r'f III ';'F..g II

.~v £11,. rQnjAf:;o.j rQ"i~eaj + +-. ni"Aeu )

Dv. = .~, 1111:1 • .., Ae 1/

6i.j f - v 0 F_ ~ - "" 'JI •

- "J

(154)

(155)

B 4>0pMynax (154) H (155) o603Ha'IHM:

(156)

(157)

rne AliI( H A~II - 0p,lJ;HHaTbI npapaureaaa ,lJ;e4>opM~H nnacra-

HbI aa i -M arane.

HeKoTopoe yrollHeHHe 3Ha'leHHH A l/ H Ai'/' MO>KeT 6'bITb

nonyxeao nyresr ysera ]J;ononHHTenbablX ,lJ;e4>opM3.UHH npH asrpaBmmaHHH Cpe,lJ;HHHOH nnOCKOCTH nnaCTHHbI:

71

y v ~ - tV).

~E.. - f- /J,~/' -Al," ,

'~A -)I J

(158)

.

nj ,

/Jej = f..;. (~t!. +lJE~A) + r;:; (~l~: + lte:;,.) +

n

+ l F,.,:. (AE.~. +IJEi~·A)J/F,.: .

JInH CJIyqaH OAHOOCHoro HanpH>KeHHorO CQCTOHHIDI c}>opMyn&I, aHaJIOrHlIHbIe no CTPYXTYpe (154) H (155), 6&IJIH nonyseasr B pa-

.. Ii ax aa, .<1>. 3uro aa

(160)

[70,46, 85, 87] .

Il pH paute FlHe HanpH>KeHHif: B 3neMeHTax )l(ene306eToHHOU nnac-

THHbI H COOTBeTCTBYJOIWIe HM ,rtec}>opMaUHH aa j -M srane onpe,rtenHIOTCH no c}>opMynaM:

(161)

, .

Ai Ix EGo; /'X IA)

lJuQ,j - H{~el -~£al ;

B nponecce pacsera npoaepaiorca YCJIOBHH TpeIWIHOo6pa30BaHHH, YCJIOBHH pasaoaecaa, a TaK>Ke onpenensmrca resmeparypxsre YCHn'!_lI H ,rtec}>opMaI(HH, cooraercraytourae pacnpenenemno nanpa>KeHHH B Cl.feTHbIX cesenasx. Y CJIOBHe HOBeCHH JJ Cl.feTHOM

CeqeHHH 3aIIHWeM cnenYJOIWIM 06pa30M:

72

(16J)

TeMDeparypHhlif MOMem no ~CH x

(164)

rae z: - paCCTOHHHe OT H8H60nee aarperoa rpaaa nnacrmrsr AO nearpa TJOKeCTH Cel.JeHHH (CM. pHC. 3); onpenenaercs no <l>0pMYJle

(165)

A It d IX A. JII ..

VQ, a.} _ H V5 ". onpe,lJ;eJlHIOTCH cYMMHpoBaHHeM n pMpameHHH

HanpH)fCeHHH [<I>opMyna (161)] .

Ilna onpeneneana MOMeHTa rpenmaooepaaosaaas B >Kene306eToHHOR llJIaCTHHe npH p;eiiCTBHH resmeparypaoro nepenana no Ce'leHHIO npHMeM YCJJOBHH:

6 ~ JC

siJ/ ~ Rp i~i ;

11 • It

rne d.~j H Be ~i - HanpH)KeHHH B HaH60nee paCTH!!},TOM BonOK-

He 6eToHa ,IVIH ceseaaa, nepnesztmcynspaoro OCM x, It COOTBeTCTSYIOIllHe HM ,lJ;e<I> OpMalUfM ; Rp~J H G~iJ C YlleTOM nJlOCKOHanpH)KeHHOrO COCTOHHHH cnenyer onpenenars COOTBeTCTBeHHO no <l>opMYn~M (280)-(281), (261) H (272), npHBeneHJ:IblM B rn. IY. YcnOBHlI (166) He HBnHIOTCH YHHBepCarJ&HbIMH H aepasr nHlII& WIH sacraoro cnysas >Kene306eTOHHOH rmaCTHHbI C opTorOH3n&HbIM a pMHpOBaHHeM H nponOJI&HOH CRJIOH, npHJIO)KeHHOH no O,lJ;HOH H3 rJlaBHbIX ocea. B o6meM cnysae nnaCTHHbI C rpexcnoamrsr apMHpoBaHHeM H 60nee cnO)KHbIM HarpyxceHHeM asmonneaae YCJlOBHH (166) Heo6xOAHMO npoaepars no rnaBHbIM HanpH)KeH}fHM

6~2 If; ~ !I) y'(dJr~ >d¥)2. ("Vl~J

Ii"" 2L l dsi•j + d15.r:.j 1: ~\ 6;~i - liJ +4 1:'4'/

(166)

(167)

(168)

n pH 3TOM He06xoAHMO TaK)Ke on penenars yron aaxnoaa K OCHM X H Y 06pa3YJOmHXCH rpentaa

(169)

73

Ilocne 0t5pa30BaHHH TpeWHH B p830pBaHHbIX nO]JOCKaX feroaa AecpOpMaIUIH, HanpJDkelDlJl H nnO~8AIt ce'lellHJl npHllHMaeM paBHWMH HYJIIO, a MOAynb ynpyrocra-epssarypsr, sepea KOTOPyro npouma rpe-

UVfHa, onpeneJIHM no <t>opMyne .

(170)

, (171) .

, p ,

BHH (166); s - 3MI1HpOlleCKHH Ko3<f>4>HUHeHT, npHHHMaeMbIH paBHbIM 1,1 AJIH xpancoapesreaaorc aarpesa H 0,8 nnannarensaoro

Har~Ba. .

Tessneparypasre ne<t>opMlUHo apsrarypsr aa ysacrxe C TpelllHHaMH B 6eToHe onpenenase C yqeToM resmeparypao-ycano-nrsrx ,o;ecpopMa~H; 6eToHa Me)l()J;y TpewHHaMH. DmI CKna,D;bIBaIOTCH 03 .n;ecpopMa~ UHH, 06ycnoBneHHbIX pa3HOCTblO resmeparypasrx K034><t>Hu;HeHTOB

JIHHeHHOro paCWHpeHHH TOHa H apstarypsr H resmeparypao-

ycanollHLlx JJ;e.popMmotH 6eTOHa na ypoaue pacnonoxeaaa apMaTypbl!

+A.

(172)

Cornacao npHHHTbIM npennocsrmcara B ceseaaa C TpelllHHOH paooneT ronsxo apssarypa, OltHaKO ee )Kecncocn.. ,nOIDKHa COOTBeTCT~ BOBaTb )KeCTKOC'lH BeeH 30HllI MeX<AY TpeUUlHaMH. n03TOMY

A. (cex ... - t!~~o.,j - C=t~a,{-y It - t ) IUJI (173)

Gi t . _ t: . ( I GJ o.;~1 TaJ I

AJ· cy-"

AHanOrH1{HaJI 3aBHCHMOCTb nonyseaa B patore C.<I>. KnOBaHH'13. [8]. lIIHpHay paCKpbITHH TpeWHH B nJIaCTHHe onpeJJ;enHM no 4>0pMyne

a~ = -aT~/ .,. i.(.3;$ -100jU)20f;J fl· (175)

no 4>opMyne, aH8JIOrHIIHOH cpopMyne CHHn II-21·75,

(176)

rne t;.,- ~03<t><t>HJlHeHT, npH~MaeMLIH paBHbIM 1 npa KpaTl(OBpeMeH~ HOM ,IleHCTBHH nOBbIIIIeHHOH resmeparypsr H Har-pY3KH H 1,5 npa

74

,I:VIHTen&HOM ]J;eHCTBHH n08&IWeHHOH resmeparypsr H HarpY3KH; € - K034>4>HUJleHT, npHInIMaeMbIH paBH&IM ~ CTep>KHeBO~ apssarypsr nepHO,nHqeCKOrO npo4>HJul 1, WIJI rnazncoa crepxaeaoa apssarypsr 1,3, ,lJ)'U1 rnanxoii npoBO]lOKH 1 ,4, ,lUUI npoBonoKH nepHO,lUllleCKOrO

npo4>HIDl H KaHaTOB 1,2; }J. - Ko3<j>cpHUHeHT apMHpoBaHHH ceseHHH; d - nHaMeTp CTep)KHeBOH apssarypsr, llepe3 KOTop&Ie npouma rpeunraa, MM.

C eTOM nononaeaail, yqHTbIBalOmHX npouecc TpemHHOo6pa30Ba-

HHH, HanpH>KeHHH a ne opMaUHH B TOHe H apsrarype nnaCTHHbI C TpemHHaMH MoryT 6bIT& onpeneneasr aH3JIOrHlIHO pacsery nnaCTHHbI fie3 TpeIUHH, npHBe.o;eHHOMY asnne.

OCThIBaHHe DJlaCTHHh1 no HOPM3J1bHOH resmeparypsr, nOHIDlCeHHe ' resmeparypsr DpH nepexoae OT nemero nepaona K 3HMHeMy H APYme 3H3JIOI1f'lHbIe H3MeHeIlHJl resmeperypsr paCCMaTpHBaIOTCJI KaK xpancoapesreansre B03,neHCTBHJI, T .e. npHHHMaeTCJI, 1fI'O ,ne4>opMa:u;H1l YCC1AKH 6eTOHa aa 3THX sranax He P33BHBaIOTCJI, a Heynpyme

. ,ne<}xlpMa~ yqHThIBaIOTCJI C nOMOIIlbJO J].Harp8MM})l.a;e4>opMHpOBaIDIJI 6eTOHa npa KpaTKOBpeMelUlOM Harp}')KeHHH. B CBH3H C 3THM B paccMoTpeHHldii anroparsr pacsera BBeAeM cne,oyIOlllHe H3MeHeHBJI:

HanpJDKellHJl B 6eToHe onpenenass no WlarpaMMe 6 - e 6etoHa ,lJ)IH ycnOBHH noasmremrsrx H orpanarensasrx TeMnepa-ryp - 4>opM)'ml (77), (86), (94), (95), (109), (120), (124), (240), (262), (273); YCJIOBWI tpeIUHHo06p330BaHlUI YlIHTbIBaIOT BnHJDIHe ressnepaTYPbI aa WlarpaMMY ,necpopMHpoBaHWI 6eTOHa npa paCTJDKeHHH H yBeJlHqelDle paCTJDKIIMOCIB 6eTOHa npH Heo,nHOpo)lilOM HaDpJDKeHHOM COCTOJIHHH H MOryT 6bJT.& 38l1HcaHbl CJIe~I.UHM 06P330M:

s .I'.'J .~ t-t6o.Pi_~i ; (177)
Hpj < Npj-f} (1"78)
r,n;e ;." (179)
Hpj - ~ 6.i.j Fi .,. o«j . Y CJIOBHe (171) nocrynapyer B03MO)I(IIOCTb YBeJlH1IeHBJI npe~mHoH paCTJDKHMOCTH 6eToHa no cpaBHeHHIO C oceBbIM paCTJI)KeoeM, yCJIOBHe (178) CBOWlTCB K CJIeJJY1OweMy: Tpennma B lI1IaCTH-

• He o6pa3yerCJI B TOM cnyqae, eCJIH PaBHO,lleicmymQUl"3IIIOpa paCTJIrHBaJOmHX HanpJDKeHHii Ha - j -M 3T3I1e "'pj OK3.)KeTCJI MeHlillIe P8BHOJl,eHCTBYIOmeii paCTJlmBaJOllUIX HanpH)KeHHii aa (j - 1)-M 3T8IIe. PaeqeTHhlii npouecc 6&JeTpO eXOJ);HTCJI H8 Ka>KAOM 9TaRe BpH

AOCTaTO'IHO 6oJThWOM KOnH'leCTBe HHTepBanOB BpeMeHH H anesrearapasrx lDlaCTHH, sa KOTOpbJe pa3~JlJIJOTCB paCCMa'IpHBaeMaR nnacTHIIa. BbI1lHCJIeHWI nOKa3b1BaJOT, 1IT0 1IHcno HHTepBanOB BpeMeHH 60Jlbwe 20 H lIHG1IO 3JIeMeHTapHWX nJIaCflm 60JI&we 10 OKa.3IJIBaeTCJI

AOCTaT01IIIbIM,1ITo6bJ nOCJ]e 3-4 HTeP~ HanpJDKeHHJI He OTJ1H1Ia]lHCb Donee qeM aa 3 % OT HanpJDKeHHii npe~eii HTepaIlBH.

75

ManoJ1l1lHl,m nonxon MOXCeT 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaH ,lJ)UI onpeneneHWI HaDpJDl(elDlo-necllopMHpo:aaHHoro COCTOJlHHJl >Kene306eToHHoH UHJIHHApH'leGKOii o6onollKH DpH oceCHMMe1pH"DIOM B03AeHCTBHH TeMneparypm H Harpy3lO1, B tlaCTIIOCTH WIll pemeaaa 38J];aq, pacCMOTpeHHIdX B -repMoynpyroii nOCTaHOBKe B rn. 1. B 3TOM cnyqae COXpaiUIIOTCJI ypaBHeHWI paBHOBecIDI, I'HDOTe3a npHMbIX HOpM8JIeii H rpaHlOOUde ycnOBWI, HCnOJIb3yeMlde B 3~qax repseoynpyrocra

~H1I~CKHX ooonoqex [13, 79, 80] . '

3aBHCHMOCTH MelKA)' KOMIIOHeHTaMH DpHpaIUeIlHll ~e4l0PMa.rum H HanpJDKemtii aa J -M 3Ta11e aa OCHOBaHHH [12] sanamyrca B

(180) (18I) (182)

me zsi' ZOo H' z~ - paccrosnae OT uearpa TJDKectH L -ro 3neMeura 6eroHa, HIDKHeH H sepxaef apsrarypsr AO nearpa nDKecTH acero npaaeneaaoro ceseaaa, nepneanaxynapaoro OCR X.

ITo OCH Y 3aBHCHMOCTH HMelOT aIWIOJ'HlUlylO €POPMY'. 1 eMneparypHyIO,KpHBH3HY DO OCB x CJIeJJ;yeT onpenenars no 4>opM}'JIe

(183)

me :1; - MOMeHT HHepIJ;HH npaaeneaaoro >Kene306eTOHHOro

(184)

3KCUePHMeHTamHruI npoaepxa Merop;HKH onpeneneaas aanpaxceHHo-ne4>opMHpoBaHHOrO COCTOJIHHJI COOp)')Kemrli npa Af.lHTeJIbHOM neiiCTBHH TeMDepazypbl, H HarpY3KH npoaeneaa B.B. KaPA8XQBbIM, B.A.. KOCTOPJlH1reHKO, B.li. BepeTeHHHKoBbIM aa 4>parMeHTax 'DIIIa 6pyca C HeH3I'H6aeMoH OCbIO, KOJIb~ H aa )Kene306eToHHblX .uumm.opax .. Xapaxrepacraxa 4>parMeHTOB H MeTOroiKa HCIlbITaHWl -- .-"- ... --.~,, R r-n T. 'u"""''U'lThTaTJ,I L~nnri, lUHc. 29) CBHne-

-~ 6 "'... ._

Ten&CTBYIOT 0 YAoBner80pHTeJThHOH CXOJJ;HMOCTH resmeparypasrx

MOMeHTOB, DonylIellH:&IX pacqeTOM H H3 OIIbITa. OTMellaeTCJI xopotnee COBIIaAeHHe CPOPMhl KpHBbIX H xopomaa CXOJJ;HMOCTh pe3YJThTaTOB B xapaicrepasrx TOwncax - DepBbIH aarpea, OCThIBaHHC H OAHOCTOPOHBee 33M0p8.)KHB8HHe nocne WIH'IeDbHoro aarpesa. HeCKOJThKO XYAIUruI CXOJJ;HMOCTh nonyseaa aa rpa4>mcax WHpHHbI paCKPblTHJI rpe-

'7&.

•
5J
to (
{j [
~~
/1 10 cJ 'f'
b ~ I~
,,~ ~~ "
18..'- JJJ. W
2 IA
L~ -- / 1 .... -- -- . A
._ Ie c lc _Q ~
0 4' ~~( 'oJ IfL'- 15 [at ~ It,- ~ ~-l fI(J , l"/J T.cvm
-.2 lY ~
,
-I; {\ -
" •
-5 FMc. 29. TeMnepaTYpHLle'MOMeHThI B 3JIeMeHTaX )f(ene306eTOHHLlX coopyx<€:" HHA:· npH .neA:crBHH ressneperypaoro nepenana no ce'feHHIO no pe3ynTaTaM pacsera na 3 BM

npu TeMnepazype uaepeea: 1 - 1650C; II-1050C, xe.ne306eTOHHb1U 6pyc c Heu3ZUOaeMOU OCb1O; "I - 15fPC; IY - 6fPC. xe.ne306eTOHHoe 1CO.flbIlO; OnblTbI B.B. KapOaK06Q, B.A. Kocropnuuenxo U aeropa npu reMneparype

uaepeea: 0 - 1650C. 6pyc; 0 - 1050C, 6pyc; D - 1500C, K01f6110;

A - 600C, 1COAbIlO;' .

pe3Ylfb1't1TbI pacuera no r.{J0PMYllllM (185). (187) J (188), (189): • - 165°C, 6pyc; • - 1050C, 6pyc; • - 1500C. 1COAbIlO; .. - 6fPC, xonsuo; o60~ HIJ'leHUe nocneaoearensuocru TeMneparypHblx 603(}euCT6uu CM. 6 noonucu K puc. 7

IUHH (pHC. 30). B uenosr pesynsrarsr OIThITOB MOryr cnY)lol1'b AOCTa" T01IHbIM 3KCIIepHMeHTaJIbHbIM 060CHOBaHlfeM H3JJO)KeHHOH MeToAH" KH pacsera.

COnOCTaBneHHe pesynsraroa pacsera HanpJDKeIUlO"p;e4>opMHpo" BaHHOrO COCTOJIHIDI craona ,nbIMOBOH Tpy6bI 3KH6aCT}'3CKOH rP3C-l B nepaon ee aarpeaa C pe3ynbTaTaMH aarypnsrx HCC1IeAOBaHHi T'Py6bI CBu,neTeJThCTByeT 0 xoponresr COBna.n;eHHH BeJlH1IHH npo,nOJThHhlX ~4>opMa.D;Hii H 1IIHpHHbl paCKpbITWI TpeIIUltl B nepaon nepsoro aarpesa. Paaaana Me)K,ny paCtleTHbIMH H OIThIDfbIMH saase-

HHJIMH He npessnnana 10%.

.. .

3. Y QlJIIUI " H8DPJlXCeKHSl B 3J1eMemax coopyxceB1lii ftpu neitCl'BHH TeMDepaTYpld " aarpyasa, l13Jlo)KeHlWI MeTO,Il,HKa onpenenenaa HanpJDKeHHO-ne4>opMHpOBaHHOrO COCTO.HHHJI coopy)KemDi: np"

,neHCTBHH resmeparypsr H HarpY3KH npoH3BOnhHOH )l}IHTeJIbHOcm OpHeHTHpoBaHa aa npHMeHeHHe 3BM. HapJIAY C TaKOH MeTOJlHKoH 6oJ1bwoe 3H8.'1eHHe)lJ1H npaKTHKH npoexraposaaaa HMeeT paapadorxa MeTO,Il,HKH onpeneneaaa YCHJUtH, HanpJDKeHHii. H P;e4PoPM8.JlHii OT

p;eiiCTBH1l TeMoepaTypbl H H8.rpY3KH B OT,tlemHbIX cesenaax coopy)KeHHii WIH pacseraoro B pesseaa p;eHCTBWI resmeparypsr, K010PU

77

PRe. 30. WHpHHa paCKPbITHJI TpelUHH B xonsueaux 3neMeHTaX npH nnHTenb~ HOM neA:CTBHH TeMnepaTypHOrO nepenana no CeqeHHIO

- - no rfiOPMYJl~ /176). (17~) U (173), • - Oa~Hb~e B.1. KOCTOP- ~

.1
. °r·to,H
(J,!.1 1
0.2 .
.V
~ . 4 •
o.lJ • 4 • •
( 2 "
IJ,f \ I
L'
Q,{)§

• 4
0 2 " (0 12 fit.. 10 Ig 7;t'V'l n ......... JKU u UfS~pu, V" J. ~lun vvpw~'" J.pc.~Ufl., L -,._ v: .... ~ _' ........ ,,-

OiJHOCroPOHHUU uaepee; 2-3 - OCTb16aHue; 3-4 - noeropuwu naepee; 4-5 - 3flM{)ptJJlCU6tlHUe nporueononaxnois ZpaHU 3.IIe.MeHTtl

MO)l(et 6bIn npHMeHeHa B HOPMaTHBHhIX J];OKYMeHT3X. OHa BKnlO- 1JaeT pekOMeH,lJ;anHH no OTbICKaHHlO paC1JeTHLIX celleHHii H rosex 3KCTpeM}'Ma BO BpeMeBH, KOrAa, 3JIeMeHTbI ~OpY'KeHHH OWUlAaIOT MHHHMaJIbHOH HeC~eH cnocofiaocrsso H 1'peIIUlHOCTOHKOCThIO HJIH B HHX B031D1KaIOT MaKCHMaJIbllble yCIIJJHB, a T3J()I(e pekOMelfA8lnDl DO onpenenenaio resmeparypasrx none", yCHJIHi, HaDpJDKeHHii H ,lle4>opM~ B OTJ];enbHLIX ceqeHHJIX coopY'KeHHii B rosxax siccrpe-

M}'Ma.

AH8JlH3 pesynsraroa axcnepassearansasrx HCCne,llOBaJDIH, a TaKiKe 'lHCJleHHLIx 3KcnepHMeHTOB AJlH :meMeHTOB COOp}"KeHHii C P33- JlIIlD{J)IMH reOMe1'pHlleCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, npOBeAeHllblX no B3JlO)l(eIDlOH BbUUe MeTOABKe AllJI p83JlH'DDdX reMIleparypHhIX peXCIIMOB HCOhI'I8HlUl, 003Bomm BlaijJ;enHTt. YpH pacqeTHbIe T01lIOl Ha OCH BpeMeBH AeHCTBHJI resmeparypsr, KOrAa, B celleHHH :meMeHTa MOI:VT B03HHKaTb MaKCHMan&HLIe resmeparypxsre YCHJIWI (rosxa 1, 3 ,H 4 aa puc. 29). Ilepsaa T01JKa COOTBeTcTByeT nepsosry xparKOBpeMeHHoMY O,D;HOCTOpoHHeMy aarpeay anesreara C O,D;HOBpeMeHHLIM 3aMopIDKHBaBHeM nporaaononoxoroa rpaaa, BTOpU T01JKa - ':lC-I"hIKXMMHJ nn HnnMR.Jflr.Hoi:i TeM'ne"'~'lVnl..l IIUl II~ 11_ IMTI'lJ ..... Hnrn

...- - ...- -<I'"

OJJ;HOCTopoHHero aarpesa, rpersa - ,wnrrenbHOM}' O,D;HOcropoHHeM}'

aarpesy C nocne,lzylOIUHM KpaTkoBpeMeHHLIM 3aMOp3.)I(HBaHHeM npoTHBonOnO>KHOH rpasa anesseara. 3Ha1JeHHH T8MnepaTYpHbIX MOMeHTOB 3aBHCHT B OCHOBHOM OT TeMnepaTYpH&IX Ae4>opManui 6eToHa H apssarypsr B nponecce aarpesa H 3aMopIDKHBaHHH, nerpop-

78

Mau.d nOJl3)"reCTH.H YC8AKH 6etoHa, P83BHBUDlXCJI npa ,n;eiiCTBBB

OOBJiIIIIeHHbIX TeMnepazyp II H8nHlBUI IpemaH B Ce'leHHH 3J1eMeHTa. 3a BpeMR, A1IHTenbHoro O,lJ;HOCTOpoHHerO narpeaa npH ,n;eHCTBHH nemeii resmeparypsr aa npoTHBOnonoXCHylO rpam eellelDlJl B 6eTO~ . He npaKTlAeCKH nonHOCThIO npOJlBJIJUOTCJI Ae4>opMaInIH nonsysecra II yca,QICH H nOGReJzy1OIQee 38MOpallEHB81IHe npoTHBOn01l0:>KHOH rpa-

HH 06YCJIOBnHBaer 3Ha'IHTenbHOe DpHPaIQeHHe resmeparypaoro . M9Mema. B~p:ICKa B TlKHX. yCJiOBBJIX He Bhl3w.aaeT AlJIltlleiweii penaKC8.UHH resmeparypaoro MOMeHTa, 1(0TOPbIH B tpeTheH pacserHOH T01lKe CICJJa.tJPIBaeTCJl H3 ~yx tUlCTeH - MOMeHTa OT )lJIHTenh'HOro OAHocmpolUlero aarpesa H AOOO1IHHTenltlloro MOMeHTa OT

nocnenyiourero 3aMOpa~aHHJI IIpOTHBonOnO>KHOH rpaaa sneMeHTa.

Bo B roPOH pac'lemoit TO'IKe B anesrearax B03HHKaIOT resmeparypasre MOMeHTbI o6paTHoro 3HaKa. Dplf1lHHa HX nossneaaa - Ae- 4>opMaUHH yCaJ:U(H H nO~13ylleCTH 6eTOHa npH ,llllHTenbHOM O,lJ;HOCTO-

.lX>HHeM aarpeae. Ilocne OCTbIBaHHJI 3JleMeHTa ,n;o nepBOHall3JIbHOH resmeparypsr o6paTHMble TeMnepaTYpBhle ne4>opwnnm HC1Ie38IOT, a ,n;e4>opManHH yC~H H nonsysecra H Heo6pamMbIe'TeMOeparypasre Ae4>opManHH, pa3BHBWHeCJI npa nOBbIIIIeHHbIX resmeparypax, COXpaHJllOTCJI H BbI3b1BaJOT nOJIBJIeHHe MOMeHTOB ofiparacro saaxa, TalCUM 06pa30M,. H BO sropoa paclIeTHoii T01lKe MOMem CICJJ8,[tW-

'BaeTCJI H3 .u;syx lIacTeii: - MOMeHTa OT A1IHTenbHoro onaccropoasero HarpeB~ H nononaarensaoro MOMeHTa, B03HHKaIOIllero B pesynsrare OCThIBaHHJI 3JleMeHTa AO HOPMaJlbHOit resmeparypsr.

B nepsoa pacneraoa rosxe pa3BHBaIOTCJI MOMeHThI, 06YCJIOBneansre ,rxecpopM8.IUiHMH 6eTOHa B nponecce nepaoro aarpeaa, MaKCHMaJl~HOrO 3HalleHHJI OHH ,n;OCTHraIOT, eCJIH OnHOCTopolUleMY aarpeay nonsepraerca 3JleMeHT, HaxonaJ..QH:iiCJI npa OTpIUlaTenbHOii resrneparype, H B ,n;anhHeHIlIeM HHTeHCHBHO penaxcapytor BO ape-

,MeHH. OnHcaHHbIH xapax rep H3MeHeHWI resmeparypasrx ycWlHii copaseAJIHB AJIJI 3JleMeHTOB COop}')Kemtii, pa60T3:.IOI1Uf~ 6e3 ~~u.nIH;'

~)lJIJI 3neMeHTOB C TpeI.QHHaMH. .' .

. TeM11epaTYPHble MOMeHTbI B 38BHCHMOCTH OT BbI3bIBalOIUHX HX

4>aKl'OpoB MOXCHO pa~enHTIt Ha COCT3BIDIlOlIUIe: Mi." Mea - co-

oraercrseaao DpH KpaTKOBpeMelUlOM H )JlIHTenhHOM onaocropoaHeM aarpese, eCJIH TeMneparypa nearpa TJDKeCTH celleHlUl 3JJeMeHTa B neTHHH nepaon He HlDKe 400C; H,., - npH 6"CTbIBaHHH ~O HOpM8nbHOH TeMnepaTYPbI OOCJIe WtHTeJ1bHOrO OZQfOCTopoHHero Harpe-

aa B neTIIHH nepnon; 11M - npa H3MeHeHHH resmeparypsr Hap}')Knoro aosnyxa OT paClle~OH neraea no paCll'emOH 3HMHeH resmeparypsr nocne AJIHreJThHOrO OAHOCTopoHHero aarpeaa B neTHHii nepaon; Hts - npH AeHCTBHH HOPMaJIbHbIX H OTpHJIaTeJThHbIX KJIHMa-

THlleCKHX resmepa ryp, BbI3bIBaIOIUHX nepaaaoseepaoe pacnpenene .. HHe resmeparypsr noceseamo 3JIeMeHTa.

4ltoPMynbI AIDI resmeparypaux MOMeHTOB B pac1lCTHbIX TO'IKax 3anHWyTCJI cne,gyIOlUHM 06p33 OM. MOMeHT B nepBOH TOtIKe B ner-

HHR nepaon, ~cnH resmeparypa B nearpe tJDKeCTH ceseaas anesreara

. 79

He HJDKe 4()dC H/ - H., (185); OpH resmeparype JIIDke 400C

HtE - Hfl (186)jBO sropoa paclIemoH rosxe Nt' -N.,,-HtJ (187);

B Tpenefi pacqemoH rosxe Hf - HH, + Ht .. '. (188),

B OO~M BIme 3aaHCHMOCTh TeMIlepaTypHItIX MOMeBTOB or nepe .. na,rul TeMDepa1)'pbI 00 CeqeHHlO :meMeHTa Dleer BRA [73]

Mt - (f/.P~) 8, (189)

rne l/p, - KpHBH3Ha OCII or Depena,t:Ul reMIIepaT)'pld no ce1l8HHlO

:meMeHTa; B -llCectKOCTlt celleHllJl3JIeMeHTa. .

COOTBerCTBHe pacqeTHhIX H 3KCnepHMeHranhHhIX reMDepazypHblX MOMeHfOB AOCTHI'aeTCJl t5n:aroAaPJl yqeT)' B 1J,8.HHOH 3UHCHMOCTH

,

oeparypHhIX AecpoPMaUHii. apMaTypLl, Beo,tJJIOPOnHOCTH 6eroHa, 06ycnOBJIeHHOH HepaBHoMepllblM pacnpeneneBHeM reMtlepayYp no ceqeHHlO :meMeHTa, H8JIH'IHJI tpeunm B paCTJIHyTOB 30He :meMeRT8 B npyrHX taKTOPOB. DPH oopeAenemm TeMDepaTYPHIdX MOMeHTOB Ht, H Htz nIDI 3JIeMeHTOB, pa60TaJOlIUIX 003 TpelQHH, H ,llTIJI 3JIe· MeHTOB C HeCKB03HMMH 1'pemHHaMH B CeqeHHH cnenyer TeMoeparypH}'IO KpHBH3HY OCR 3neMeHTa OnpeAeJIJ~·II. no 4>opMYJIaM, aaanoras-

.

. WIJI' :meMeHTOB 6e3 Tpenum

01t - [(Z"/iai Yt:iCal+Fn~ u»: IJt:+ J;.Y"Ol'".dt" + Z{tI/J~pJnl:;

,nJIJI 3neMeHTOB C HeCKB03HbIMH rpenumaMH 0? ==[~. (~ .. T)- e; (taJ T)n .. J/h",

(191)

rne ,e.(t" r) H ~61 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO TeMDepaTypHO-YC8Ao1lllble netoPMaQIIH OOToHa KpaHHHX H npoMexcyro'lHltIX BonOKOH Ce-teHHJI

onaocropoaaev aarpese H resmeparype B n;eH~ TJDKecm celleHIDI He HIDKe 4()OC, onpenensesrsre no 4>opMYne (53); h - paasrep ceqeHBJl 3neMeHTa coopyxeaaa B aanpasneaza nepenana resmeparyp; nt - K034>4>HUHeJl1' neperpesa, npHIIHMaeMhIii PaBlIbIM 1,1; T-

BpeMJI neiCTBHJI IlOBbIllIeIDlOH: resmeparypsr, BKJIIO'IlUl yqaCTOK aarpesa; ARJI XpaTKOBpeMeHHOrO Op;HoCTopoHHero MOiKet 6hITh npaHJlTO paBHbIM 1 CYT; e .. (to.l T) - resmeparypasre ,!le4>opMaIUIH apMaTyphI anesreara aa ysacrxe 6eToHa C Tpe1UHHaMH, onpenenaeMble no 4>0pMYJIe

e.(~T) .. ~f5i (t.. r)(f-IP.}+a..(t. -20'tJIa •

it. - pa60tfaB BMoora celleHHJI 3JIeMeHTa, r.e, paCCTOJlHHe OT Kpaii. Hero orcaroro BOltOKHa OOroHa,!l0 uearpa TJI)I(eCTH paCTJlHyToH apsraTYPhI; IIp.i -(eel - E61.+,,)/h, - KpHBM3Ha i "H lIaCTH 6eTORHOro CeqeHHJI; ti, tt~, - TeMnepaTYphI rpaHeH l"ii qaCTH cexeHIDI; At. ,tit: - npupam;eHHe resmeparypsr COOTBerCTBeHHO ,llTI.R MeHee H 60nee HarpeTOii apMa1)'phl.

80

)KecTKOCTb ce'lelDUl 31IeMeHTOB 6e3 rpemaa C yqeToM nepesacnex-

HhIX q,aKTOPOB pelCOMeHAyeTCJI o")eAeHJlTf) no q,OpM)Jle

B - (E :7"/c kN J (193)

me E - MOllYITb ynpyrocra 6eroHa npH ·HOPMam.HOH resmeparype; c - K03q,q,HIUleHT, yqHTblBaIOIl.I,lJii BIIWIHHe n01I3yq:eCTH 6eroHa npa AJIHTeRhHOM AeHCTBHH nOBMIlleHHOa TeMJIepaTYPbI H Harpy3KH;

kN - Ko~4>HltHeHT, yqHTbIBaIOlUHH BnHHHHe rronsysecra 6eToHa npa rrepaoss KpaTKoBpeMeHHoM aarpeae, pa3BHBWeiicJI nOA AeHCT~

BHeM npononsaoa C)l(HMalOlUeH CHJIbI; .7~ - MOMeHT lIHeplf,Hlf

npHBeJJ;eHHoro ce'leHIDJ 3neMeHTa. .

Ko~4>HIUleHT c peKOMeHJlYeTCJI llpHHHMaTb npa WIHTeJlbHOM OJ];HOCTopoHHeM aarpese paBHbIM 2, npa nepsosr KpaTKOBpeMeHHoM aarpese c -.1. K03cM)JUJ;H.eHT kN ytlHTbIBaeTCJI ,I:VDI Ce'leHHH 6e3 1'peUUDl DpH rrepaoss KpaTKoBpeMeHHoM aarpese H AeHcTBHH npoJJ;onbHoH C>KHMalOlUee CHJlhI. OH MO)KeT &lTb onpenenea no q,opMYne

k = {-o «-s» 'fO-2 3S~ ;J 0

/oJ 5 II 'j R ,#

. (194)

rAe 06 = N /F,.2fT' (Mila) , HO He 60nee 3Ha'leHHH, npHBeAeHHbIX B n.3 rn.Il; IV - npoP;OJIbH3JI C)KHM3lOUl3JI CHJIa OT nOCTOJlHllhIX H AJIHTenbHOJJ;eHCTBYlOuntX HarpY30K.

llnJl onpenenenaa F;,~O(l H J" CeqeHHe 3JleMeHTa cnenyer pasne-

o IIHTh aa nonocsr (pRC. 31), BbIlBlCJ1Jqb TeMIIepaTYPY ~ nearpe TJI)Ke-

CTH K~OH rronocsr, a 3aTeM onpeJJ;eJIH1D 3Ha'leHHJI Fn H:ln no

q,oPMYnaM [73] :

F,,=ZFn£ +F,;_Q+F";; (195) 0

(196)

B 3THX q,oPMYnax

(197)

~;Q -=(hEo./Jo.J/E; (198) J.ri II: o: 1l,~}/f2 ; (200)

(199)

(201)

fI..... IJ - a ; (202)

y~ -h-v-a',

(203)

Ko~q,HllHeHTbI fl&l, flo. ,ft~ cnenyer orrpenensrs no <l>opM'j1IaM (106) H (107) B SaBHCHMOCTH OT Te~epaTypt.1 H BpeMeHH

ee JJ;eHcTBHH; V, ,tJ.J'UI nepaoro xparxoapesseanoro aarpeaa - no 4>opMYne (90)· }J)IJI wnrteJIbHOrO Har~Ba - no <l>opMYJIe (98); B ~opMYnax (90) H (98) ~ ( t , II - HanpJl)KeHIDI B 6eToHe or nOCTOJlHHOH H }l)lHrenWlO AeHCT-BYIOweH HarpY3KH.

6-389

81

r,[l,e

z.« h(1 {f-{(r'2aYhQ+f2)/Z(7'I-}JJ}, 7' = [(h/V)F/}/bhQ•

(208)

" I
r ~\ t,,\
__, I<-
... \ ... 1 I
t::l tJ
, ----I r- V////A 1--' 10:- I
~t. .. ~ I
J
..... :::.. "",tl 'I::. J
,.- 11.. t» J
, ~
~ I
r ~ I
:::;: V..////uiJ f-->.,.. I
t::l \ <::3 \ I
10--, \
~ to
b
Nc. 31. Cxesea pasneneaas nonepesaoro ce'leHIDI >KeJle30 6eToHHoro
311 eM eara PaCCTO.RHHe or uearpa TJDKecm npaseneaaoro cesesas AO rpaaa ceqeHlUl C MHHHMaJlbHOH resereparypoa

("1\/1\

(205)

Paccroaaae or uearpa TjI>KeCTH npOH3BOllbHOH i -H nQlIOCbI ,[1,0 rpana ceqeHIIJI C MllHllM8JIIdIOH TeMDepayYpOH paDHO:

'Ii - h - Z hJ 0#- as h,. (206)

ll1ul 3neMeHTOB C HeCKB03HhIMH rpeuumaMH, nOABepralOUUlXcJI

~UJtbl\.U ,....,._ LDftlU J i}J'4f.1 f.,n.UJ U "r

orrpenertaerca no 4>opM)'lIe [73J

(207)

B :nOH 4>OPMYne WHpHHy Ce'leHHH b npHHHMaJOT PaBHOH e.r:tHHHq~ HOH IIlHpHHe - 1 M HJlH 1 eM, T .e. ycnOBHO BbI,IJ;eruuoT B creae HJllI npyroM snessenre coopyxeaaa n01l0CKY cooraercrayiomea WHPH~ UbI; 'lis = 0,9.

Be1!.HlIl!Ha z., AnJl npassoyromaoro CeqeHHH, cornacao Hop-

I· ... A I,..._ .J..

(209)

82

llTHI 3neMeHTOB, nonaepraiomaxca JJ;eHCTBHIO resarreparypaoro

nepenana H nponomaoii C>KHMarom;eH CHJIhI, >KeCTKOCTb ce'lellHJl C HeCKB03HOH Tpem;HHOH onpenenaercs no <popMYJIe

rne eQ. - paCCT01lHHe OT paBHOneiicTByIOJ.UeH JJ;0 uearpa TJI>KeCTH paCTml)'TOH apMaTyphI; eo~ - 3KCueHTpHCHTeT nplUlO>KeHHJI PaBHOAeHCTB}'lOWeH npoJJ;OJIbHOH canu N H yCHJIHJI npe,rutapHTeJIbHOro 06~THH ~ C yq.eToM resmeparypnoro MOMeHTa B Ce'leHHH :meMeHTa, onpeJJ;en1leMbIH no <popMYne

..

(211)

(212)

eo~ - 3Kcn;eHTpHCHTeT paBHoneHCTB}'lODleH OTHOCHTenbHO n;eHTpa TJDKecm npHBe1l;eHHOrO CeqeHHJI.

MOMeHT Mt onpeJJ;eJIHM no q,oPMYne (189) MeTOJJ;OM nOCJ1eJJ;oaarensasrx npH6nIDKeHHH, npHHHMa1l B nepaox npH6nIDKeHHH M t C '= 0,6 M,t, n:i,~ - M.,* - TeMnepaTY~HhlH MOMeHT B anesreare, - pa60'l'3lODleM 003 TpeUUIH. B <popM}'JI3.X (207), (208) H (210) AWl _ 3JIeMeHTOB npJlMoyroitbHoro Ce'leHHJI c yq;eToM nOBhIWeHHOH resmeparypsr f orrpenerreao no q,opMyne [74]:

1 - - 1,5+ 7'

t= -----------------~--:t ----------~1· (2-13) 1,8 + [1 + 5 (L + T )] /lO}ln 11,5 ( eQ.~/ he,) :r: 5 '

T .. 7'(1- a/Ito). (215)

B 4>opMYJIe (214) MS cneJzyeT npHHJlTb paBHhlM cyMMe MO-

MeHTa OT paBHO,QeHCTB}'lODleH Ne H resmeparypnoro MOMeHTaM., OtHOCHTellhHO nenrpa TJI)I(eCTH aPM~lTVphI nnoutansm Fa :

(216)

. K03<P<PHI\HeHT npHBeJJ;eHHH n = Eo. f3o./ Ef3s • (217) .

KOJ<P<PHlO'IeHrbI JJ, H fio. npHHHMaeM no cpopM"illaM (106) H

( 107) B 3aBHCHMOCTH Ot resmeparypsr B uearpe T1I>KeCTH c)I(3.Toii 30Mbl 6eTOHa H paCTHH}'TOH apsaarypsr. K03«P<PHI(HeHIbI V H V, xapaxrepaayioume yrrpyronnacnmecxoe COCTOJIHHe 6eToHa c)ltaToH 90Hbl, cne]lyeT npHlIHMRTh no .Ta6n. 12 H 13 CH 482-76 B 3aBHCH-

83

MOCTli OT resmeparypsr uerrrpa TJDlCeCTH 6etoHa C)I(aTOH: 30Hht H BpeMeHH ee AeiicTBHJI.

KOl<P4>HIJ;HeHT tfllt B (207) H (210) onpenenea no q,opMYne

fJIaBhI CHHII U-21~75:

f-ml.

fIIot = ~ 25- em -(.-·!)-r-_ -(_ s:""";;',;.o.)e-/-h- ~ 1.1

.;.I,,"'" 'J ~ (\.~ ~

(218)

(218')

e •. c/ho ~ 1,2/8; 3HaQeJOOl Ko~.wUteHTa s npHBe;n;eHht B noJlCUeHHH K cllopM)7Ie (171).

IIpH onpeneneaaa m MOMelflDI M I.T' M:, M# CJIeAYeT

onpenensr» no q,oPMYJIaM (303) - (309), npHBe~eHHbIM B rn.l Y . .II)'Ul BHen;eHTpeHHO paCTRH}'ThlX 3I1eMeHTOB C HeCKB03HOH rpema-

HOi{ )KeCTKOCTh anesseara orrpenenaerca no q,oPMYne

, o.c, 0 at

J4lcllHnHeHT ~CL.P' onpeAeIDIeMbIii no q,opM}'1Ie ~225). JlnJl BHe-

'ItempeHHO pac1llBYTbIX 3JleMeHTOB BMeCTO (r'« i bho cnenyer

npHHHMaTh bx , a .. z., onpenensn, no q,oPMYIle (3 1).

'fa P M

M8JIhHOH: TeMnepaTyphi nocne onaocroponaero aarpeaa H MOMeHT, B03HHKaIOunrii npH nOHIDICeHHH TeMDepatypbI MeHee narperoa rp8HH 3JIeMeHT3. noene ;wmreJIhHOfO OAHOCTopoHHero aarpeaa Mtlf ,np8K- 1H'IeCKH He 3aBHCJIT OT nonsysecra Mona. Hx 3HalleHWI onpenensIOTCH no q,oPMYne (189) K8K WUI CJI}"laJi xparxoapeeseaaoro H3MeHeHHJI resmeparypst. IIpH onpeneneaaa M 1.J WIJI 3I1eMeHTOB 6e3

- Ipeuum TeMJIepaTYplWI KpHBH3Ha OCH 3I1eMeHTa onpenenserca no

clloPMYJIe

fpt- ([ZF;ie~1J.;, ~Ii~r.x(\/J' ':I. +Fr...r:x.atO.':l4 + - (219) + Z(t~tlPnJAJ~)

a WlJI 3I1eMemOB C HeCKB03HhIMH rpel.l.lHHaMH

(220)

rn,e e;;8'r' (t. T) - - .u.e$OpMa1UlH 6eTOHa sa nepHOA OCTbmaHHJI HnH n~opHar~ aarpesa. onpe,lJ,enJleMbIe no q,opMyne (55);

• Q, - pMaU;IIH apM8typbl 3neMeHTa Ha

yqacTKe 6erosa c tpellUlHaMH aa nepaon OCTblB8lUUI HJ1H nOBTOp. -

aoro aarpeaa, onpeAeJVIeMbIe no q,opM)'JIe (192) C 33.MeHOii e /t

T) H8 en •• ,. (t T' al".l'.J

ai-Q ., I'

TeMDepaTYPH8JI KpHBH3Ha OCH 3neMeHTa npa onpeneneaaa M t. o6ycnoBIIeHa H3MeHeiDIeM rrepenana resmeparyp .no ceqeHHlO npn

IA ..

nepexone OT neraero nepaona K 3HMHeMY H onpenenaercs no cPoPMYne (219) WIJI snesreara 003 TpelUHH"H no clloPMYne (220) AJIJI 3neMeHTa C HeCKB03HhIMH TpelUHHaMH. IIpH onpenenenaa e :OST ( t, T) H· e :OST (t •. T) B :nOM cnysae yqu:DdBaeTCJI

H3MeHeHHe resmeparypsr 6eTOHa H3H60Jtee aarperoa H H3HMeHee aarperoa rpana ceseaas, a TaIOKe pacraayroa apssarypsr npa nepeX01l.e OT nernero nepaona K 3HMHeMY.

>KeCTKoCTb CeqeHHJI :meMeHTOB 6e3 rpeman B 3THX CJ1ytlaJIX

MO>KIIO onpeAeJUIn no cpoPMYJte (192) K8.K WIg xparxospesseaaoro AeHCTBWI TeMnepaTYpbI, npHHHM3JI Vi -= 1; )KeCTKOCTb CeqeHHJI 3JIeMelITOB C TpenumaMH - no cPopMYnaM (207) H (210) KaK WIJI cnysaa xparxospesreaaoro aarpesa,

. COnOCTaBJ1eHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB pacseroa no 4>opMYnaM (185) , (187) H (188) C pesynsrarasaa OIIbITOB H pacseros aa 3BM CBHAeTeJIbCTByeT 0 npHeMJ1eMOH TOtnlOC'!'H H3nO)KeHHOH MeTOAKKH orrpeneneaaa resmeparypnsrx MOMeHTOB (CM. pHc.29) •

B pane cnysaea Heo6xoAHMo OnpeAeJIHTh TeMlIeparypHbIH MOMeHT M't5 B anesseare coopY)KeHHii, xorna resmeparypa nenrpa ToceCTH ce'leHHH lIIDKe 4()OC B neTBHH nepaon, r.e, KOfAa resmepa TYPHhIH nepenan no cesemno npaKTHqeCKH 06ycJtoBneH AeHCTBHeM -neTHI:IX HJlH 3HM8HX KJIHMaTJllleCKHX rexsrreparyp. OIThITbI B.B. KapA8.KOBa, B.A. Kocropaaneaxo If aaropa n03BOJIHJ1H ycraHOBHTh, trrO H B :nOM cnyqae resmeparypusre MOMeHTbl MOryT onpenenarsca no 4»oPMYJte (189).

Ilna cnysas xparxoapesaeaaoro neHCTBHJI _ TeMnepaTYphI H aarp)'3KH TeMnepaTYPH}'lO KpHBH3Hy OCH anexseara nonycxaercs onpenenars no cP0PMYnaM:

AJIJI :meMeHTOB 6e3 TpeUUIH

(221)

WIR 3neMeHTOB C HeCKB03HhIMH YpeI1UlHaMH

O - 0(6' t.,-[r.x".p+(CJ.a -o.-F"OQ) tpQJ~

~~- h ~,

"

(222)

fAe ex Sf , (Xli'?' ex s. Q - COOTBeTCTBeHHO K03q)(PHlUlelIThI TeM· neparypasrx Ae<i>opMau;HH 6eToHa KpaHHHX BOJtOKOH CeqeHHH C MaKCHM3JlbHOH H MHHHM3JlhHOH reemeparypasra H aa yposae uearpa ToceCTH paCTJUIYTOH apMaTYPbI, onpep;eJIJleMbIe no cpopMYne (56)_;

'a - K034>cPHIlHeHT, }"IHt1Jmaronum pa60TY paCTHH}'TOH 301Th1 OOroaa aa ysacrxe C TpemHHaMH npa HOPMaJIbHOH resmeparype, onpenenJleMbrH no peKoMell,lUlUIHM HOPM l74J .

>KeCTKOCTb Ce'leHHJI 3neMeHTOB 6e3 rpemaa [74]

B= O,85EJr-./C•

(223)

85

Jlrrg 3J1eMeHTOB C HeCKB03HbIMH TpemHHaMH >KeCTKOCTb CeqeHHS npa KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM AeHCTBHH TeMIIepaTYphI H HarpY3KH onpenenaerCH no q,opMYnaM (207) H (210), B KOTOPhlX ace K034><PHUHeHTbl Jl,JUl ycnOBHH HOPM8JJhHOH: resuteparyper C1IeJzyeT npHHHMaTb no peKOMeHA~M HOPM [74].

B CTeH3,X CHJIOCOB, peaepayapoa H npyrnx 3neMeHToB coopysceHHH B03HHKaeT He06xo,a;uMOCTb onpenenars resmeparypnsre MOMeHTbI, ofiycnoaneaasre aepaaaossepasnr pacnperterreaaesr resmeparyphi, xorna B celfeHHH B03HHKJla CKB03Haa rpemaaa. Ilna aroro crrytI3s BhlpIDKeHHe AIDI onpeneneaas ressrreparypaorc MOMeHTa npn Han IDKeHHJIX B apMa e HH>Ke 6 H"MeeT crre ~ B :

(224)

me z" - paccroaaae Me)K,lzy ueHTpaMH TS>KeCTH apssarypsr C MaKe CHMaJIbHoH ( r: ) H MHHHMaJIhHOH ( Fa2 ) resrneparypaeaa; ~Qtt

H c!a't" - TeMne Hble Ae MaIJ;HH COOmeTCTB ea a -

MaTypbl C yq:eTOM Aeq,opMaUKH 6eToHa, onpenenaesme no 4>opMYrre (192) C 3aMeHoH f/Jat aa (ileap; f//ea"p H f//a2p - 1<03<p<pHIUleHThl, yqHThffiaJOlltHe pa60TY 6eToHa Me)l()zy TpeUUlHaMH B pac-

(225)

rne NT H N/ - YCHmIH, COOTBeTCTB}'lOlltHe 06pa30BaHlIIO TpeUUlHbI B 6eTOHe cooraercrseaao B 60Jlee HJIH MeHee paCTHHyTOH 30He ceqeHHH, orrpenenaiorca no <popMYJtaM (319 , 320 ; N - aCTJrrH-

aaioutee YCH1IHe; S = ,npH xparxospesseaaosa AeH~TBHH TeM~

neparypsi H aarpyaxa, 5 - 0,35 npa wmTeJlhHOM AeHCTBHH TeM-

neparypsr H HarpY3KH; k (t) - I<03q,4>HIUfeHT, )"IHThIBalOIIJ;HH

}'MeHhllleHHe pa3HoCTH resmeparyp Me)l()zy apsiarypoa ;:;'1 H ~2 noCJ1e 06Pa30BaHHH CKB03HOH rpemaasr, npHHHMaeTC.fl paBHbIM 0,5 .

.D.nJl crrynaea, xorna HanpS>KeHHS B apeaarype nOCTHraIOT npenena TeKyqeCTH, C1IeA)'eT npHIDIMaTb Meat' =' O.

113J1o>KeHHaJI MeTOp;HKa onpeneneaas TeMnepaTYPHbIX MOMeHTOB npHMeHHMa npa neHCTBHH resmeparypaoro nepenana no Ce1JeHHlO :meMeHTa H nOCTOJIHHblX H AJIHTeJlhHO neHCTB}'lOIUHX HarpY30K. OAe HaKO npa paesere no 06pa30B3HH1O H pacxpsmno rpemaa H npa

MeHTbI C Y'leTOM,TaK>Ke xparxoapesreamrx HarpY30K. I1x neifcTBHe BHOCHT aexoropsre OC06elllloCTH B MeTonHKY pacsera. llnH 3JIeMeHTOB 6e3 TpeLUHH, pa60T3.IOIUHX aa ocesoe C>K3.THe H neHCTBHe resmepaTYpHOrO nepenana no CeqeHHIO, xparxonpesreaaoe C>KHM3.IOmee YCH1IHe npHBOp;HT K HHTeHCHBHoMy YMeHhlIIeHHIO resmeparypasix

86

-'1-

J

~~OO~~qW~--j~W~--ao.~V~~~~W~~8~OO~~~~--~~wa~~~-!~f@ ~JKN

Pac, 32. BnWIHHe C)I(HM8IO~eA CHflLl H8 BenHQHHY resmeparypHLIX MOMeHTOB B )l(enelo6eToHHoM 6pyce C HeH3rH6aeMott OCLIO npa .ueACTBHH resmeparypaoro nepenana no CeqeHHIO, onsrn.r B.B. Kapnaxona H aaropa:' 1 - or 165 do-440C; 2 - or 60 do 47oC; 3 - OT 20 do"4()oC; 4-6 - no tjiopMYlle (226) on» rex xe TeMneparypHblx UHTeP6OJl08

MOMeHTOB. Onsrrsr B.B. KapA8.KOBa H aaropa (~HC. 32) rroxassrsalOT;' trIO nepen paspyureaaess resereparypasre MOMeHTbI B T8.KHX anexrerrrax rrp8.KTJIlIeCKH HClIe38lOT. C ytleTOM BJIHJIHIDI KpaTKOBpeMeHHOrO C:>KHMaIDDlerO yCHJIHJl saaseaae resmeparypaoro MOMeHTa MO>KeT 6bITL OIlHcaHO cnenyIOm;eii 3aBHCHMOCThIO:

(226)

rae MfA - resmeparypasra MOMeHT B 3JteMeHTe 6e3 rpemas or ,Q1IHTeJIbHOrO AeHCTBHJl reMnepaTYpHoro nepenana no BbICOTe ceseHHJI, llOCTOJIIIIUdX H AJllITeJlYlIdX RarpyaOK, onpeAen&eMWH no

4>oPMYnaM (189), (190) H (193); Nc - npoAOJIbHaH C)IOOV18lODl3JI CHJIa OT AeiiCTBHJI nOCTOJlllHbIX, nnaremastx H KpaTKOBpeMeHHblX HarpY30K; N "peA - npenenbHOe YCHJIHe C>KamJl, BOCnpmm .. Mae Moe 3lIeMemOM C yYeTOM }l;eHCTBHB TeMDeparypbl H onpene-

......... nJleMOe no 4>opMYJte

(227)

87

B oor8.JIJdIhIX cnyqaJIX cnenyer anre6pauqeCKH CYMMHpOBaTh yCHlDlJl OT -KparKOBpeMeHHLIX aarpysox C yCIIlIHJIMH OT nOCTOJDl· HhIX if ,a;7IHrenhHblX aarpysox. B pesymrare 3TOrO B 3neMeHTe B03- MO)l(JfO noaaneaae TpeI1UlH, nepexon IpeUUIH H3 HeClCB03HhIX B CKB03H1de H HX 33.KpblTHe. B TaKHX cnytJasx resmeparypaste MOMeHThl B 3JIeMeHTe npH .neHCTBHH nOCTOJIHHhIX H WIHteJThHbIX HarpY30K H npa COBMeCTHOM AeHCTBHH KpaTKOBpeMeHHhIX, nOCTOJDlHhlX H AJD('l'eJIIdlWX uarp}'30K cneAYeT onpenensr» no COOTBerCTBytolllHM 4M>PMYJIaM, npa:aeneHHWM ssaue B 3aBHCBMOCTH OT HaJIII'DIJI H BJIACl '1'peUUIH.

B CTeHaX H npynlX 3neMeHT8X COOPY)KeHHH B peaynsrare AJIH-

remaoro O,D;HOCT po e M M - MeHTOB B03lDlKaeT HHTeHcHBHoe nepepacnpeneneaae YCHJIHii Me)K}l;y 6eTOHOM H apMarypofi, ofiyCJ10BneHHOe ,necl>qpMaIJ;HJIMH yca.u;KH H nOJl3yqeCTH OO0ua. OC06eHHO HllTeHCHBHO nepepacnpeneneaae yCB1lBH npoHCXOlJ,HT B meMeHT3X, 3arp)')KeHHhIX npoAOJIbHOii ClKIIM3lOmeii CHJIoii, BbI3hIBU YMeHbweHHe HanpJDKeHHH B 6eroHe H pOCT C)fO{M8IOlL{HX Hanp1DKeHHii B apsrarype. B OnhITaX B.B. K~PAaKOBa H asropa HarrpH)KeHHg B apssarype )KeJIe306eTOHHhIX 6pYCheB B03POCIIH

33. cser WIHTeJlhmIX rrpoueccoa B roae ua , a B OIIbITaX B.H. BepeTeHHHKOBa H aaropa aa )l(ene306eroHHIdX lJJfJlHlI.t(pax - ua 260 MUa. C yqeTOM HalWl1dlldX ClKBMaIOlQHX HanpJDKeHHi OT neiCTBWI BHelliHeii CIIJILI HaDpJDKelllUl DpeBNlllaIOT npenen TeK)'-

lIeCIH AWl apssarypsr xnacca A- . TOTDt 3Ha'lllTen£Hble HaIIpBJKemm:

B apssarype OKa3hIBalOT cyniecraenaoe BnHHHHe aa rpeunerocroaxocrs 311eMeHTOB, H HX He06xo,rnfMO ytIlITbman B pacsere. Ha BeJ1HlJHHY HaIIpIDICeHHii B apsrarype OKa3bIBaeT TaK)Ke onpeneneasoe BJIHSHHe pasaocrs - ressneparypasrx Ko3<}lq,HIJ;HeHTOB nHHeHHoro paenrapeaaa apMaTYPhI H fieTOHa. DpJAeM WDI nepBoii pacqemOH ro1JKH BJIHJJHHe sroro q,8.Kropa HeBeJ1HKO, a nna aropoa H TpeneH TOqeK CT8lI0BHTCH 3HatUlTeJIhHhIM H MeHhwaeT C>KHMa!O Han ft-

)KeHHJI B apssarype. llrrft 3J1eMeHTOB C aeaanparaeeaon apMaTypoii HanplDKeHWI B HeH cnenyer onpenenars no cpopM}'ne

HanpJDKe1lHJl B apssarype npa HOPMaJIhHOH resmeparype 00. 2DO

HopMhI [74) peKoMeH)zylOT npHHHMaTL paBHDIM nOrepftM or YClIAKif 6eTOHa. HarrpIDICeHIDJ B HeHanpHraeMOH apsrarype npa rroasnneaHhIX resmeparypax 6.t B 3neMeHTaX coopyxeaaa, nonaepraroIlUIXCft O.ttHOCTopoHHeMY aarpeny, cneJzyer onpenensrs no cpopMYJle

rAe ~ - K03<PCPHl\HeHT apsoapoeanaa ceseaaa 3J1eMeHTa; est - AecpopMauHH yC3,AIOl H rronayxecra 6eroHa npoAOJlhHOH OCM 3neMeH· ra Ha yposae uearpa TJI)KeCTH ceqeHHJ1 npa nOBhIWeHlIOH resmepa-

88

type _ C ytleTOM pasnocra 3Ha'leHHH resereparypnorc K03«P<PHIUleHTa JIHHeHHoro pacurapesaa apMatypw H OOTOHa.

BeJtHtBIHY C'1t· CJ1eJzy'eT onpe1J;eIDITfj no q,OpMY1laM:

J1lUI xparxoapesreaaoro aarpesa

e~ -= f;xo.lJtU.f - Es (t, rg. 6&(a"+a02tJ(O-"~ (230)

,lJ,JIJI.ll1DlTemHoro narpeaa

e:t Id [O<.Q tl t.; f - C & {t, T= CXJJ} ~ds (~It + (J 033 tv,) fO ~~

(23i)

me . l. (t, T) H e 5 (t~ T= 00) - Aeq,OPMaIUIH 6eTOHa npH

nOBblWeHHDIX resmeparypax, onpenenaesme no cpopM}'1Ie (53)· AJIJI xparxoapesseaaoro aarpesa nonycxaerca npHHHMan. T=l CYT~ t ~ - resmeparypa OOTOHa B uearpe TIDKeCTH" 3neMeHTa npa OAHO-

CTopoHHeM aarpeae B 1Ienmii nepaon; 6. - HanpIDKeHWI'B 6eTOHe OT nocrO.JIHHOH H JJ;Jnire1lbHO neHCTByrom;eH ,Harpy3KH aa yposne nearpa TIDKeCTH ce1lelilUl 311eMeHTa, Mna; £1 t ~f - H3MeHeHHe resmeparypsr B _ uesrpe TIDKeCTH ce'lellHJl 311eMeHTa npa nepBOM uarpeae B 1IentHH nepaon,

)1.ns cnysaa H3MeHeHIDl resmeparypsr nearpa TJI)KeCTH Ce1leHIDl 3JI~MeHTa rrocne nnaremaoro onaoeroponaero narpeaa, r.e, WIJI

200II H J-H pacqembIX TO'leK, "

(232)

me 4 tv,& - H3MeHeHHe resmeparypu nenrpa TIDKecTH ceqeHWl

3JIeMeHTa BO BTOPOH H TpeneH paClIeIHbIX T01lKax •

.llnJl )Ken:e306eTOHllbIX coopY)KeHHi, 3Kcnnyamp}'lOllUIXCJI npa B03,D.eHCTBHH nOBhIWeHHbIX H OtpHU,aTeJThHhIX resmeparyp, He06- XO,nHMO HMen. HHq,opMaUHlO 0 HanpIDKemulX. B OOToHe, BI.I3BaH." asrx AeHCTBHeM HarpY30K H resmeparypsr, 3ro CBJl3aHO C aeofixoJ]J!MOCTblO orpaaanaaars ypoaeas 3KcnnyaTau;HoHllbIX .HanpJilJKeHHH B OOToHe cOOPYJKeHHH', pa60T3IOIIUIX B CJIOiKHbIX resmeparypasrx ycJlOBIDIX, PJUI o6ecnetIeHWl AJUlTeJIbHOH npoYHOCTH 6eTOHa, orpaHH·

'1ellHJl AeCtpYKTHBHhIX npO~CCOB H npenorspameaaa nO.HB1IeHIDl nponomasrx rpeunat B C)K3.TOM geTOHe, a T8K)Ke }1.JIJI OlleHKH BJlHJlHWI cnO)I(JIOHanpg)((eHHOro COCTORHIDl aa nposaocrs 6eTOHa. Be1IHYHHhI .non}'CTHMhlX 3KCWIyaTalUfOHHbIX HaIlpJlJKeHHH C)KaTWI B 00-

TORe npa rrossnueaastx resmeparypax npHBe,D.eHbI B § 3 rn. D, npa otpHU,aTeJThHhIX resmeparypax - B TaM. 6 rnaasr CHHll II-21-75; AID! 3H8.KOnepeMeHHhIX resmeparyp cnenyer npHHHMaTb HalIMew,WHe K3 3HalleHHH, npHBeAeHHbIX B YK83amthIX Ta6nKU3X .llIDI acero

resmeparypaoro )l,HaIIa30Ha axcnrryarauaa paccsrarpaaaessoa KOHCTPYKD;HH. B cnysae, eCJIH 30Ha OOTOHa, AJIJI xoropoit onpeAeIDIIOTcJI M8.KCHMaJIbHbIe C)l(HMalOm;He HanpIDKeHHJI, paforaer B ycnOBIDIX nnoCKOHanpJI)KeHHOrO COC1'OJIHHJI, yposeas nonycxaeemx sxcnny-

89

aTauHOHHhIX HanpIDKeHHii cnenyer YMeHbWan nYTeM YMHO)KeHHa 3HaqeHltii, npHBe,Il,eHHhIX. B § 3 rn.Il H B Ta6n. 6 CfhtII U-21-75, na K03CP<PHlOIeHThI kc,t- H I<c~ ,0npeAellaeMhle no <poPMYJIaM (279) H (280) HJIH no ra6n. 3.

Hanpa)KeHlla B OeroHe 3JIeMeHTOB coopy>KeHHii, pa6otaroU1HX 6e3 rpeunnr, MOryr 6hITh onpenenemr no YnPYI.:OH CT3AHJI, a C yqeToM resmeparypsr - no <popMYlIaM CH 482·76 [73].,1lrrg 3JIeMeHTOB C rpenumaMH HanpJDKeHWf B 6eTOHe AJIJI CT3,JlHH sxcnnyaranaa MO)KHO npH6mDKeHl:IO onpenenars, acnorrsaya ranoresy nllOCKHX ceseHHH, JIHHeiiHMii 3aKOH AecPOpMHpoB8HIUI 6eroua H apMaTypbl, yqHTbIBaH pafiory 6eTOHa B paCTJlHYToH 30He Me)K)zy rpeunraasta H npe-

_.. , ....

sepuraau. TaKaH MeTOp;HKa JlBlIJleTCa npep;n:01JTHTeJIbHOH no CPaBHeHHIO, HanpHMep, C pacqemoi cxeMo'H, OCHoBaHHoi aa npJIMoyrOJIbHOH arnope B 6eTOHe C)KaTOH 30HbI, TaK KaK B A3lIH0M cnysae nac aarepecysrr MaKCHMaJlhHbIe c)l(HMalOll.tHe H8DpaX<eHHJI B OOro-, He. BhIBOn q,OPMYlI 6e3 }"leTa TeMIIeparypHhIX B03,I1,eHcTBHH nOApo6HO H3J}O)KeH B pa60re [11] . npHBe,Il,eM q,opM)'TIbI AJUI onpeAeJIeHHJI Hanpa)KeHHH B 6eroHe C }"IeToM TeMnepaTYPIIbIX B03AeHCT-

..

HHJI npa AeHCTBHH TOJIbKO resnreparypaoro neperrana no cesemao

Ilpa 3TOM BhlCOTa C)I(aTOH 30HhI 311eMema orrpenenaercs H3 ypanHelBlJI

aSb .. x!·- n.F,.(h~-x)+(n~- f)F.,'(X-a') =0. (234)

n~ = e • .13. / E ; ,(236) bn~ - b~ •. u.) rne flo. ,ft~, fl ...... - K03q,q,HIJ;HeHTbI, yqHThIB3lOIUHe BJIWIHHe TeMneparyphI na MOAYJIb yrrpyrocra paCTJIHyTOH H C)K3TOH apssarypsr H BOlIOKHa 6eroHa, pacn01l0)KeHHOrO aa paCCTOJIHHH 0,5 X OT c)KaToii rp8.I:IH ceqeHHa. Ilns :meMeHTOB npaMoyrollhHoro CeqeHHa npa neACTBHH reemeparypsoro nepenana no ceqellHlO H OceBOH C)lQfMaromeii CHJJhI .

me

6.- Ne/[ (J5fJnlJ x( h,-.K/.3)j, e - (H,./N)+ aSJt-a.

(238)

(237)

T H 30HLI onpenenaerca H3 yp8.BHe~

x ~.3(e-hD))(2+6n(Fa/b}ex-6n(Fo./b)eh(J= O. (239)

n01l0~rellhHhIH BemeCTBeHHbIH xopeas Ky6Hl1ecKoro yp:mHeHIDI (239) onpenenar BhICOTY c)I(aToii 30HhI cesenas.

90

rJIABA lY. PACqET npOqHOCTH

" TPEInHHOCTOAKOCTH 3JIEMEIITOB

COOPYJKEHHR C yqETOM TEMnEPATYPHbIX B03.IlEACTBHR

1. Yqer CliH3H'leCKOA HeJlHueAHOOl'll H 3HH901'pOIDlH )Kene306eTOH3 npH pacsere coopY)lCemdi aa ,IJ;eACTBHe TeMlIep8TYp&I H KpaTKoBpeMeHHoA B03p8C1'31OmeA HBrpY3KH n03BOIDIeT nocrosepao oneHHTh HX HanpIDKeJUlO-,o;e4>0pMHpoBaHHOe COCTOJIHHe C Y'lerOM reMneparypmax B03,o;eiicTBHH B WHPOKOM nuana30He H3MeHeHIDI Harpy- 30K - or nOCTOJIHHhlX H AJIHreJlhHO ,o;eHCTBYJOI1UIX AO HarpY30K, MH3KHX K pa3pYIII3lOIUHM. 33.):¥lqa COCTOHT B paspaforxe MO,lJ.eneii 3neMeHTOB, ,o;OCraTO'lHO ,o;OCTOBepHO OTpIDK3lOI1UIX CBOHCTBa

. )J(ene306erOHa npx ,o;eHCTBHH reMIIepa1)'P&I H xparxoapesseanoa H3rPY3KH B CJIO)J(llOHanpIDKeHHOM COCTOJIHHH H peanaaanaa 3THX MOAeneH B pacserax na 3BM. B pa60re [35] nOK3.33HO, lITO rrpa pacsere )J(ene306eroHHbIX KOHcYpYKrnm H coopy)ICeHHii rana 060- nosex HJIH rmaC11fH1laThIX CHCTeM reosserpasecxae ypaBHeHHH,

. ypaBHeHHH paBHOBeCHJI, a raK)J(e rp3JlH1lHhle YCJIOBIDI 3anHChIBaIOTCH raKHM )ICe o6pa30M, KaK H B reopaa paesera ynpyrax IDIaCTHH H 060nOQeK. OC06eJUlOCTH nOBeAeHIDI )J(ene306eToHa oTpIDKaIOrcH B 4>H3H1leCKHX ypasaeaaax. HMelOrcJI pa3JIlI1IHble pacsemsre npenrroaceaaa, ytlHThIBalOIUHe pa60ry )J(ene306eTOHa B cnO)IQIOHanpIDKeHHoM COCTOBHHH, onaaxo H3.HOOnee pa3pa60TaHHhlMH RlUlJIIOrCH MOAellH H.H. Kapnemco [35] H r.A. I'eaaesa (21] .

Tesureparypnsre B03AeHCTBHJI na 3neMeHThI coopY)J(eIIHH H ofiycnoaneaasre HMB TpeUUDH>l, HaQ3J1hHhle resmeparypasre YCHJIHJl, Heo.u;u0pOAHOCTb H H3MeHeHHe Ae4>opMaTHBHhIX xapaKTepHCTHK fieroaa H apsaarypsr OK33hmalOT 3HatBITeJThHoe B1IIDlHHe na HanpIDKeHHO~Ae4>opl\1HpOBaJUlOe cocroaaae 3JIeMeHrOB coopyxceaaii sa ncex CT3.}1)UlX pa60ThI non HarpY3KoH. ECTecrBeHHo, ytleT AeHCTBHJI resmeparypsr Bhl3hlBaer He06xogHMOCTb xoppexraposxa MOAeJIH, nonO:>KeJUlOH B OCHOBY pacsera.

OrpaHH'IHMCH cnyqaeM snesseara, acnsrrsraaromero IDIocKoHa-

npR:>KeHHOe COCTOJlHlIe. HcxoJJ;Hoe HanpIDKeJUlO~ ,o;e4>0pl\1HpOBaHHOe cocrosaae 3HeMeHTa H rpemaasr, B031D1K3lOIIUle npa AJIlITeJlhHOM ,o;eHCTBHH resmeparypsr H WIHTeJThHOH aarpysxa, onpenenmorca H3

I peIIIeHHH 33.A8Q, paccM0-ryeHHhIX B rn.lll, Ilna nOCTpoeHIDI ,o;e4>0pMatnlOHHbIX 3aBHCHMocreH }{ yCJlOBHH npO'IHOCTH 6eTOHa raKHX 3J1e-

MeHrOB C yq:eroM resmeparypsr na srane AO 06pa30BaHWI rpemaa BOCnOJlh3yeMcH ,o;e4>oPMa~olUIoii reopaea rmaCTH1IHOCTH 6eTOHa H )lCene306eroHa, paapaeoraaaoa r .A. reHlfeBhlM Hero corpYAHHKaMH [21] , H yCJIOBHeM npO'llIOCTH AJlfI 6eTOHa B cnO)I(JiOIIanpIDKeIHIOM

COCTOJIHHH, npennO:>KeHHhIM E.C. Jleiirecosr [44]. Csoacraa :>Kene~ 306eToHa na arane nOCJ1e otipasoaaaas TpeIIUfH H3H60nee rronao OTpIDKaeT reoPHJI ,o;e4>oPMaUHH :>Kene306eroHa C rpeI..UHHaMH, paspatioTaHHas: H.H. KapneHKo [35]. B MOAerm r.A. reuu:eBa):tO o6pa30Ba-

91

IDUI TpeIQRII 6eroB pacCMaTpHBaeT9.JI KaK BemDleiiJu,Iii H3oTpOIIIIhIii M8TepHaJI H yqHTbIB8eTCJI BamI'lHe 8pMaT}'pId, BocnpHHHMaJOmeii BOpMaJIbHble BanpJDKeHHJI. Ocaoaasre cl>H3l1'1eCKHe 3aBHCHMOCTH TJ.etIl0PMaIJ;HOIDIOH TeOpHH IUlaCTHlIHOCTH 6eToHa nrIJI cnysaea IUlOCKOUanpIDKeIDlOrO COCTOJIHHJI 3anHCblBalOTCJI B cl>opMe

(240)

.Iln.JJ nOCTpoeHHJI OCHOBBOH: 33BBCHMOCTH TJ.eq,OPMau;HOIDIOH reope T = G [T] r (241),rTJ.e T - HHTeHCHBBOCTL KacaTeJThHbIX aanpIDKeHHii, r - lIIITeBCHBBOCTb TJ.eq,OPMa:u;HH CARHra, aocnonssyesaCJl 4>oPMYnOH (75), npHlUITOH H8.MH AJUI annpoxcassanaa sxcnepaMeBTaJThHbIX 3aBHCHMOCTeH ,lI.1IJI OAHOOCHOrO C:>KaTHJI H OJ];HOOCHOro

~ ...

""""'".,."TITI

can

(242)

83 YpaBHemm (241) H (242) MO>KllO onpenenars cl>YHK~ (} (1), JlBJIJIlOIIzyIOCJI cexyunea Mo.n;yneM CARHI'a p;uarpaMMbI T -T';

I G(r)= r;f- o.. r2(f-ks) 7 (243)

et; Br/]'

AHaJIOnf1UlO

(244)

B ~opMYne (242) 3aBHCHMOCTb MeJlQzy" npeAeJlbHblM 3aaqeHHeM lIIITeHCHBBOCTH xacaremasrx BanpIDKeHHii WIJI naaaoro BanpIDKeBuoro CO_CTOJIHHJI H npeTJ.eJlbHOH HHTeBCHBHOCTLIO Aecl>oPMa:u;HH CARHra 331IHIIIeTCJI no maJIOfHH C cl>oPMYnoH (76) ;

r;= 7;6· -= 7i

CIJ ('t-ks) G(IS)' (245)

KO HInIeHT 5 3aBHCHT OT CO-

OTBOWeHHJI rnaBHbIX BanpIDKeHHH C:'f H cSz:

ks - COS fPd • (246)

JlnJl ocesoro cxaraa . ks = 1, AIDI ocesoro paCTJDKeHHH COS7C" /3-. = k$ =0,5. Cxarae npHHHMaeTCJI co 3HaKOM "unIOC" (44]. 3TOT

92

Ko~q,HIUieuT n03BOIDIeT ypaHccl>opMHpOBan q,OPMY KPHBO:H TJ.eq,0PMau;HH 6eToua B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH.Qa HanpJDKelUlOrO COCTOJl~ HIIJI .. Y ron (Pcf U83blB3.eTCJI yrnoM BHn8 HanpJDKelUlOrO COCTOBHIIJI H MO>KeT 6bITb onpeTJ.eneH H3 BblpaJKeHHJI

(247)

rne ..73 cs: - TpemH HHBapHaHT AeBHaTopa HanpIDKeHHit:, orrpe-

(248)

B xoropoii

(249)

6L - HHTeHCHBHOCTb HOpM3.1ThHbIX uanpJDKeHHit:, onpenensesraa no cl>oPMYne

6, = (0'2) V(d1- d.!)2 + ~2 - d,)Z, +(OJ- O.,)Z I (250)

3aBHCHMOCTb Me)fQJ;Y HHTeHCHBHOCTblO HOPMaJIbULJX H xacarens~IX HanpJI>KeHHH 3aIIHCbmaeTCJI cneAYIDIIUlM 06Pa30M:

q =t V! T. . .(251)

3UaQeHIDI npenenssoa' HHTeHCHBHOCTH xacererrsnsix HanpJI)KeHHii MO>KllO onpenenars H3 ycnOBHJI npo1lH0CTH 6eToua, npenno-

>KelHloro E.C. JIeHTecoM [44]: .

(252)

,UnJl CPYHKUJ{H To ( 6 ) H k ( tpd ) llpHHHMaJOTCJI [511 cnenyio~e BWpa>KeHHJI: .

(253)

(254)

k1 s= (nRp)/fl;

kl. == (Rnp- nRp,l/l"J in[ k3+{tb'J});

(255) (256)

(257)

93

(259)

(258)

B $oPMYnax (255) -. (259) nee rrapasserpsr He 3aBHCJlT OT BH,na aanpaxermcro COCTOJlHlUl H JlBIDIIOTCH nHlIlb $yHKUIDlMH nposaocTIl 6eToHa npa oceaoss C)I(3.THH R "~ H ocesoss paCTJI)I(eHHH R,. Benasana Mo.n;ynH nwtaTaIJ;HH H3}"1eHa Hep;OCTaTOIJHO H A1lJI crryxaa cxarae-cearae MO:>KeT' 6hIT~ nne,llBapHrenhHO npanara, no peKOMeH-

T" It. T", ,-",;-r. - _ ~IV\ ._

..L • .n.. ... L""-.lJ' .: }/D - .;ovv, " Win ""'I),''''''D

paCTIDKeHHe-paCTIDKeHHe H paCTJI:>KeHHe-C:>KaTHe ·go = O. PaCnpOCTpaHHM npHBe,D;eHHhle 3aBHCHMOCTH na CJl}"laH ,o;eHCTBH~ nOBhIWeHHbIX H OTpHIJaTenl:'HhIX reesneparyp, acnonssya COOTBeTCTBYJOIllHe q,YHKUHH BnlUlllllH resmeparypsr 11JIJI cnysaen O,lJ;HOOCHOrO C:>KaTIDI H OAHOOCHOrO paCTH:>KeHHH 6eToHa.

Ilna cnysas O'IpHIJaTenhHhIX resmeparyp 3aBHCHMOCTh (242) C ytleTOM <popMYnhI (120) HMeeT B~

- T.. = r: Go ft- r: ~ks + r;, (1-l<s~~ (260)

" I( k.(-t) {' .I! 2 r:. .3r... 2 J

$X $X

rne k (- i) onpenenaerca no $OPMYJIe (119), fix onpenerra-

eTCJI C rreroM (245) no $opMyne

r:. - 7; 6 k(--t) = Tsl( •

Ix - G-o(J,-ks) G(r;,,) (261)

<J)yHKIJ;HH E (r;. ) 33I1HIIIeTCJI B BRAe

(2~2)

IIpe,[{enhHYJO HHTeHCHBHOCTb xacarensasrx H3IlpIDKeHHii npa OTpHuarensnsrx resmeparypax onpenernea H3 YCJIOBHH (252) C yqeTOM BJIHHHlUI oTpHuaTeJIbHOH resmeparypsr na nposaocrs 6eToHa rrpa C:>KaTHH H paCTJDKeHHH:

(263)

me.

7;,,{d)..: ~)(+lv.xtrtLk3K+{d,tJ;~~Jt kx(~) - r- (ax - b si.n ~ ~).si.n % <p, ;

~:x= (n, Rp .• )/Y.f;

(264) (265,)

(266)

94

(267)

(268)

- .

(269)

(270)

BenlflBlHDI Rn~.. H Rp .• onpenenaiorca COOTBeTCTBeHHO no <pop-

MYIIaM (123) H (127).

Ilrra cnyqaJI nOBbWleJUlbIX resmeparyp 3aBHCHMOCTb (242) C

yqeToM <popMYnbl (94) npasrer BH.D; .

me k (t , 1) orrpenenaerca no q,oPMYne (100); IS"T - onpe-

~e1lJJeTCH C yqeToM (245) H (97) no q,opM}'J1e

r;T = Go (:"6) k(t. T)- r; " (272)

o i 1<$

~KUIDI E(r;) HMeeT BRA

£/r) = E f- ~ -I- 21; r;2+,3r; r; of 3r.a Jj

t'T *(;t. T) 2(.t:.T .,. 1;) k~ - T • (f - k )

'" / ~ J( t;T + r;) 2 s·

Ilpenerreayso HHTeHCHBHOCTh KacaTeJIbHbIX HanpJI)KeHHH npa no-

ssnueaasrx resmeparypax onpenenasr H3 yCJIOBHJI (252) C Y'leToM BJIHBlmJl nOBbWleHlJl,IX resmeparyp H AJIHTeJ1bHOCTH HX ~eHCTBHJI Ha npcxaocrs 6eTOHa npa C)KaTHH H pacraxexaa

(273)

TOT ( 6 ), kT( lPd) H BXO)l)llUHe B HHX'<PYHKUHH orrpenenarorCJI no cpoPMYnaM (264)-(270) C 3aMeHOH Rp.. H Rn'p.. CO-, OTBeTCTBemro H3 Rp.T II ·R"~.T ,3HatreHHH KOTOPbIX eneAyeT

ortpenenars no q,opMynaM (93), (96), (101), (112), (113), (115).

BeJIH'lHHa r; onpe~eJIHTCJI H3 ypaBHeHHJI

(275)

(276)

~YHI(I.UUO T, cnenyer orrpenensrs H3 BbIpa)l(eHHJI

me cll)'HKlUIJI T s*-r Rnp.T H Rp.,. aa

(277) (278)

COnOCTaB1IeHHe pacserastx Ae~OPMaIUlH 6eroHa C peaynsrarasra 3KcDepuMeHTOB A.B. HWHHa [101] ,npoBe,D;eHHblMH npa HOPMaJIbHOH resrneparype, H C peaynsrarasra OnblTOB B.H. Kopcyna, npose,D;eHHhIMH npa nOBbIWeHHhlX resmeparypax, cBHAeTeJlhCTBytOT 06 YJlOBJleTBoplOeJlWloii CXOlnlMOCTII· pesynsraroa pacsera H ODJ.ITOB (puc. 33). BnHJIHHe nnocxoaanpascerraoro COCTOllHIDil Ha nposnocrs

2

JleHBOe DO 4roPMyJIaM (263)-(270), (274)-(278 , npeAC13BJIeHo

HI pHc.34. K3J( cnenyer H3 rpacpm(OB, IDIocKoHanpIDKeHHoe COCTOJlHHe OKa3hlBae~ cymecraeaaoe BIIWIHHe na nposaocrs 6eTOHa B 3THX

, .

. Ero MODO OneHHTh crreAYJOIIUiMH, K03cpq,HIUleHT3.MH: A1lJl CJIylJaJI C)l(8.TIfe-C>KaTHe

. k(t = d.,./Rf1p, WiJl CJlytI8JI C)I(aTHe-paCTJI)I(eHHe

kpt = 63/Rp1 kG: = «»;

.

(279)

(280)

O~-----W~----f~~-~~_m~

PHC. 33. ,UHarpaMMa .o.e<!lopMHpoBaHHJI seTOHa B II1IOCKOHanpJl)l(eHHOM COCTOJlHHH 1 - no rpopMyJle (242) npu 6 .. 1 ~ ~ 12

CJlCaTue·paCTJlJlCeHUe , =: ... -

onsiru A.B. RwuHa u JI.3. Bycaepa: 2- no ifjoPMY/le (242) npu 61 163 == 3 (CJtalTU~TUel. 1:: 2fPC; -D - OnblTlJl lJ.H. Kopcyna u aeropa; 3 - no ifjopMYlle (271) npu <1., 1(5~=.3 {cxarue-cxatue},

-t =. 9()oC; A - onblTlJl B.n KOPCYHil U

aeropa

-02

)

o

-.50 c

PHC. 34. BnHHHHe noasnueanux H oTpHuaTeJIbHblx.TeMnepaTYP aa npoQHOCTb 6eTOHa B IInOCKOHanpJI)I(eHHOM COCTOHHHH

no fj)OPMYIlQM: (252); -x- (263): - - -, _. ~ (274); 1- «parK08peMe1l1lblU IlQZpe8; IT - OIlUTeIlbHblU HOzpe8j_ OnblTbl MaKeeecKozo HCH npu reuneparvpe: ()- +2(JOC: 0- +y(JOC; • - -450C; OQHHble onsiroe npu 1l0PMQIlb1l0U reuneparype: D - A.B . .Rwulla. n.M. Bu'ua; )Ie -.a. Xeuneta: A - Kynfj)epa; • - i1.K. J1YKlU.U

H nna "-Jl)"13.11 paCTJDKeHHe-paCTH>KeHHe

,.. .

3HaqeHHJJ rnaaasrx Hanpcr~eHHH~ (npa 6 0)

IUno '2 = MOryT 6bITb onpe·

.nenew,1 113 YPaBJIeHHft

(282)

1/4 7-389

97

A = Rp Rn~ ;

IJ (a6RntJ + R~J

B - a6Rnp •

- Rp tn [t +(1/15')( ti- Rp/Rnp)] J

Il~ fo5S-:;- ~f5sin 1 (drcos 2~.jfin 1 (a.rcos2~.);

(283)

(284)

(285)

(286) (287)

d= 2m3- 3m2.- 3m +2 j

m = d.,/6~ .

(288)

YpaBHeHHe (282) IIonyqeHO,IT)U{ ycnosaa HOPM3JIbHbIX resmeparyp H3 (252) nOACTaHOBKOH Bblpa)l(eHHH (251), (253) ~(259). ,UnH CJIy1IaH ,n;eHCTBHH orpauarensasrx H noasnueaasrx resmeparyp

un~nww- (?R?) - - fi~TT~ nnTY'I 'W' .................... ~--'.l'n2D._

,JJ: ~ -" -., -- Jr

HeHHH (263) H (274). 3HaqeHHe 61 rroerre peIIIeHHH ypaBHeHHH

(282) orrpenenaerca H3 cpopMYnbI (288). Ilna COKpameHHH 061,eMa BbllDlCJlHTeJIbHbIX pa60T npa pacsere )l(erre306eToHHblx coopyxenaii 3HaqeIDlH Ko3tj)q,HIJ;KeHTOB I<ct H kpt: AJIH nOBbnIIeHHbIX H O'IpHUaTenbHbIX resmeparyp CBe1l,eHbI B Ta6n. 3 H 4.

Ta6JJHll.a3

----TB~~1----------3~~~~~~~;p~;~~~~;----------d./R .... I ~ ; -------r-~:..r~-S--~~~~~~p~~~:-o~-------

=0,0751,1--- ~~h~~:- ~~~il~~7-~~6- _~o~ __ -~~-- -~j8----

,co . I I' 0752 0,48 0,45 0,43 0,48

-0.025,1 1,06 0,94 0,8e 0,72 0,65 0,59 0,57 0,64

,00' 0,83 0.79 0,77 0,78 0,87

° 11 i.ie : 1,06 1 0,84 0,7~ 0,72 0,70 0,76

eo 0,94 0,91 0,e9 0,90 1

0,1 11 1,29 1,17 i.n 0,95 0,89 0,31 0,30 0,87

00 1,05 1,02 1 1,02 1,12

01 1 1.4.4 1 11 1"~ 1'07 I n Q1 oJu __O__9R

-,

00 1,1e 1,15 1,12 1,15 1,26

0,5 1 1,53 1,39 1,32 1,12 1,04 0,96 0,93 1,02

«Do 1,24 1,21 1,18 1,20 1,32

0,7 1 1,57 1,41 1;34 1,12 1,02 0,93 0,90 I 1

00 1,26 . 1,22 1,le 1,20 1,33

98

. --- --------------------------------------

Ta6nHua4

1,33 1,15 1,06 0:35 0~76 0:69 0,69 0,80
00 1,03 0,99 0,94 0,88 0,84
° . 1 1,22 1,072 1 0,82 0,76 0,70 0,70 0,79
00 0,97 0,94 0,90 0,85 0,82
- 0,1 1 1,27 1,12 1,05 0,87 0,80 0,73 0,73 0,82
00 1,02 0,98 0,94 0,90 0,88
0,3 1 1,25 1,09 1,01 0,81 0,72 0,65 0,63 0.74
00 I 0,96 0,92 0,88 0,85 0,86
0,5 1 1,11 0,93 0,84 0,61 0,50 0,41 0,38 0,50
00 0,78 0,73 0,69 0,68 0,74
0,7 1 0,811 0,77 0,58 0,29 0,16 0,4 0,03 0,14
010 0,48 0,43 0,38 0,38 0,51
)lrUI )K~ne306eToHHoro 3neMeHTa C oproroaansnsoa apsorposaaa-
eM, pa60T3lOLUero B ycnOBHJlX nnocxoaanposeaaoro COCTOaHHJI H
B03,o;eHCTBHJI nOBbnueHHblX HJIH b"TpHu.aTenbHbIX resmeparyp, MoryT
6bITh 3aIUlC8Hbl Cne~YlOutHe COOTHowelDlJl Me)l(Jzy HanpS>KeIDUIMH H
necpopMaIJ;WIMH [21 : ~f - a" Of + a,. 6. + 0(., T ; e, = afZ 6f.+ a~1. d" + O(.~ T;

;:" - au t'f~ ,

(289)

rne

f •

a'l w::t 6£(r) Il J

(290)

(291)

(292)

)If II)J~ K03CP4>HIOfeHTbI apMHpOBaHHS B HanpaBneHHH aceM,

COBna,o;3lOUUtX C Han_paBneHHSMH apMHpOBaHHJI (CM. pHc.3). 3HaqeHHe E(lj H G( F) cnenyer npHHHMaTb C Y'IeTOM BnHJIHHJi TeMneparypsr, K03~4>HlUIeHT resmeparypasrx ,o;e4>opMaUHA 6eTOHa no

·OCHM J H 2 ,u;onYCKaeTCR npHHHMaTb O,lllUlaKOBblM 0.., = 0(.,.

7-389

99