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S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g)
Sulphur
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iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is
possible. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are
allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the converter.
SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l)
Oleum
H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide
directly into water.
SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq)
iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out
because the reaction is vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a
result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is
corrosive and causes severe air pollution.
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Sulphu Oxyge
r n
2SO(g) +In the converter
O2(g)
2SO3(g)
S(s) + Temperature: 450-500°C
O2(g)SO2(g) Pressure: 2-3
atmospheres
Oxygen Catalyst: Vanadium(V)
oxide
SO2(g) +
H2SO4(aq)H2S2O7(l)
H2S2O7(l) + Unreacted
H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq) 2%so2 is
flowed back
to converter
together with
oxygen
Outline Of Contact
process
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1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a
colourless and poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.
2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.
3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form
sulphurous acidic, H2SO3. In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve
in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic.
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(NH3)
USES OF AMMONIA
1. Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.
2. It uses:
i. In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as
ammonium sulphate, ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and
urea.
ii. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.
iii. In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.
iv. As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy
stains in the kitchen.
v. To prevent the coagulations of latex
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MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY
4. Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture
turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not
reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor
chamber.
5. The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it
condenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber.
The Haber
Process
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Hydroge
Nitrogen
n
AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS
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1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes
the metal to have a hight density
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong.
More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that
the atoms are further apart during the melting. This is why metals
usually have hight melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by
vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure
are able to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical
conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged
orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to
metal, layer of atom slide easily over one another. This make pure
metals soft, malleable and ductile.
Layer of atom
slide
Force
Metals are
ductile
Force
The shape of
the metal
change
Matel are
WHAT ARE ALLOYS? malleable
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low
resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
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2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of
another element (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal)
in a specific proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
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Alloy Composition Properties Uses
High carbon 99% iron Strong,hard and • Making of
steel 1% carbon high wear cutting tools,
resistance hammers and
chisels
Stainless steel 80.6% iron Do not rust and • Making of
0.4% carbon tarnish, strong surgical
18%chromium and durable instrument,
1% nickel knives forks
and spoons
Brass 70% copper Hard, do not • Making of
30% zinc rust, bright ornaments,
appearance electrical
wiring and
plug.
Bronze 90% copper Hard, do not • For casting
10% tin corrode easily bells, medals,
and durable swords and
statues
Pewter 90% tin Ductile and • Making of
2.5% copper malleable, white ornaments,
0.5% antimony silvery souvenirs and
appearance mugs
Duralumin 95% aluminium Light, strong • Making part of
4% copper and durable aircrafts and
1%magnesium racing cars
Cupronickel 75%copper Attractive, • Making of
25%nickel silvery silver coins
appearance,
hard and tough
Composition, properties and uses of alloys
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WHAT ARE POLYMER
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ne chloride) chloride
CCl2)n– melting solid films
(Saran A) CH2=CCl2
hard, rigid, clear
–[CH2- styrene toys, cabinets
Polystyrene solid
CH(C6H5)]n CH2=CHC6H packaging
(PS) soluble in
– 5 (foamed)
organic solvents
Polyacrylonitr high-melting
ile –(CH2- acrylonitrile solid rugs, blankets
(PAN, Orlon, CHCN)n– CH2=CHCN soluble in clothing
Acrilan) organic solvents
non-stick
Polytetrafluor tetrafluoroe
–(CF2- resistant, surfaces
oethylene thylene
CF2)n– smooth solid electrical
(PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2
insulation
methyl
Poly(methyl
–[CH2- methacrylat hard, lighting
methacrylate)
C(CH3)CO2 e transparent covers, signs
(PMMA, Lucite,
CH3]n– CH2=C(CH3) solid skylights
Plexiglas)
CO2CH3
vinyl
Poly(vinyl –(CH2-
acetate latex paints,
acetate) CHOCOCH soft, sticky solid
CH2=CHOC adhesives
(PVAc) 3)n–
OCH3
requires
cis- –[CH2- isoprene
vulcanization
Polyisoprene CH=C(CH3 CH2=CH- soft, sticky solid
for practical
natural rubber )-CH2]n– C(CH3)=CH2
use
Polychloropre –[CH2- chloroprene synthetic
tough, rubbery
ne (cis + trans) CH=CCl- CH2=CH- rubber
solid
(Neoprene) CH2]n– CCl=CH2 oil resistant
Uses of synthetic polymers
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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE
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WHAT ARE GLASS?
1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world.
Many products are made from glass because of its specials
properties.
2. Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.
e. Easy to maintain.
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• Attractive glassware and
glittering art object
appearance • Imation
jewellery
CERAMICS
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carbide,B4C3 2830 3.16 400 9
Silicon
nitride, Si3, 1900 3.17 310 9
n4
Metals
Aluminium 660 2.70 70 3
Steel 1515 7.86 205 5
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WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS?
• REINFORCES CONCRETE
a. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap
and easy to maintain. It is more important construction
materials.
b. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.
• SUPERCONDUCTOR
a. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of
electricity, but 20% of the electric energy is lost in the form
of heat during transmission.
b. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the
flow of electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100%
electricity transmission is possible.
c. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is
its ability to levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to
build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at about 552
km/h).
d. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and
faster supercomputer. Superconductor also play an
important role in high speed data processing in internet
communication.
• FIBRE OPTIC
a. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit
signals for light
wave.
b. Fibre optic is used in
Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked
by fibre optic cables.
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Domestic cable television network
Closed circuit television security system.
c. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number
of instrument
which enable the investigation for internal body part
without having to
perform surgery
• FIBRE GLASS
a. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is
dropped onto a
refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass
to form fibre.
b. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot,
resistant to fire
and water but is brittle.
c. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite
material fibre glass
reinforces plastic is formed.
d. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties
than glass and
plastic. It is
Extremely strong
Light weigh
Resistant to fire and water
Can be molded, shaped and twisted
• PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
a. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic
substances) and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are
added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is
formed.
b. The photochromic glass has a special property. It is dark
when exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet.
c. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.
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APPRECIATING VARIOUS SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
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