Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plan de cuidados
Neumonía
Paciente hospitalizado
Población objetivo: Pediátrico
Descripción clínica
Cuidado del paciente hospitalizado por infección primaria del parénquima pulmonar o como complicación de otra enfermedad.
Información clave
• La elección de la antibióticoterapia empírica (p.ej. meticilina, betalactámicos, macrólidos) dependerá de cuáles hayan sido las
antibiócoterapias administradas al paciente con anterioridad y de la presencia de microorganismos resistentes en su comunidad.
• En la neumonía adquirida en el hospital y en la neumonía asociada al ventilador se recomienda la aplicación de antibióticoterapia de de-
escalada (antibióticos de espectro reducido o monoterapia) en lugar de un régimen antibiótico prefijado.
Objetivo
Al alta o traslado:
A. El paciente demostrará haber alcanzado los siguientes objetivos:
• Equilibrio hidroelectrolítico
• Resolución de signos y síntomas infecciosos
• Oxigenación y ventilación eficaces
B. El paciente, la familia u otras personas relevantes demostrarán que dominan los siguientes puntos o recibirán formación al respecto:
• Educación: información general
• Educación: autocuidado
• Educación: cuándo solicitar atención médica
Problemas reales o potenciales
• Desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico
• Infección
• Compromiso respiratorio
Valoración
Correlacionar el estado de salud a:
• Historia, comorbilidad, anomalías congénitas
• Edad; nivel de desarrollo
• Sexo; identidad de género
• Evaluación inicial
• Estado psicológico
• Respuesta a la medicación y a las intervenciones
• Situación psicosocial; determinantes sociales de la salud
• Barreras de acceso a la atención y servicios de salud
• Niño/a y familia/cuidadores:
• Educación sanitaria
• Preferencias culturales y espirituales
• Prevención de riesgos
• Interacción familiar
• Plan de transición de cuidados
Desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico
Presentación signos/síntomas: déficit de líquidos: Constantes vitales:
• retraso en el llenado capilar • frecuencia cardíaca elevada o disminuida
• hundimiento ocular • presión arterial elevada o disminuida
• fatiga
• fontanelas hundidas Valores de laboratorio:
• irritabilidad • sodio sérico alterado
• apatía • nitrógeno ureico en sangre (BUN) alterado
• sequedad de mucosas • densidad de la orina alterada
• hematocrito (Htc) alterado
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Care Planning
• fuerza de los pulsos periféricos disminuida
• disminución de la turgencia de la piel
• lagrimeo disminuido o ausente
• sed
• diuresis disminuida
• concentración de la orina elevada
Presentación signos/síntomas: sobrecarga de líquidos
• incremento drástico de peso
• pulso filiforme
• cambios en los ruidos respiratorios
• crepitaciones pulmonares
• edema
• distensión de las venas de la mano y del cuello
• balance hidroelectrolítico positivo
• inquietud
• dificultad respiratoria
• sibilancias
Infección
Presentación signos/síntomas: Constantes vitales:
• cambios del apetito • frecuencia cardíaca elevada
• retraso en el llenado capilar • frecuencia respiratoria elevada
• escalofríos • presión arterial alterada
• diaforesis • temperatura corporal basal alterada
• fatiga • temperatura corporal alta
• cambio en el patrón o en las tolerancias alimentarias • saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2)
• rubor disminuida
• irritabilidad
• letargo Valores de laboratorio:
• apatía • neutrófilo bastón elevado
• linfadenopatía • gasometría arterial alterada
• malestar • nivel de glucosa en sangre alterado
• proteína C reactiva (PCR) alta
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• estado mental alterado • tasa de sedimentación eritrocítica alta
• sudor nocturno • lactato sérico alto
• palidez • recuento de leucocitos alterado
• cambios del patrón respiratorio • cultivo positivo (herida, tejido o sangre)
• inquietud
• escalofríos
• piel fría y húmeda
• piel moteada Resultados diagnósticos:
• somnolencia • consolidación en radiografía de tórax
• diuresis alterada • infiltraciones difusas e irregulares en
radiografía de tórax
Compromiso respiratorio
Presentación signos/síntomas: Constantes vitales:
• ruidos respiratorios alterados • frecuencia cardíaca elevada
• alteración del patrón respiratorio • frecuencia respiratoria elevada
• disnea • saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2)
• confusión disminuida
• dificultad para toser
• tos elevada Valores de laboratorio:
• cianosis • gasometría arterial fuera del rango
• dificultad para la alimentación deseado
• irritabilidad
• inquietud
• dificultad respiratoria
• cambios en la consistencia del esputo Resultados diagnósticos:
• deterioro en la función deglutoria • empeoramiento de los infiltrados
• disnea en aumento determinado por radiografía torácica
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