Thực hành cảm biến

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NHA TRANG

KHOA CƠ KHÍ
BỘ MÔN CƠ ĐIỆN TỬ
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Nguyễn Văn Định

BÀI GIẢNG MÔN HỌC

THỰC HÀNH CẢM BIẾN

(Lưu hành nội bộ)

Nha Trang, năm 2009

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1. Mục đích
Giúp sinh viên cách đo đạc, thu thập và hiển thị giá trị của một số loại cảm biến
thông dụng.

2. Yêu cầu
Tham gia đầy đủ các buổi học lý thuyết và thực hành.

3. Nội dung môn học

Sử dụng bộ thí nghiệm KL-620 để đo đạc và lập trình hiển thị.
- Cảm biến tiệm cận (Proximity)
- Cảm biến nhiệt độ (Temp PT-100)
- Cảm biến góc quay (Rotation Angle)
- Cảm biến rung (Vibration)
- Cảm biến hồng ngoại (Infrared)
- Cảm biến quang (CDS)

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1.1. Cảm biến tiệm cận

Proximity Sensor

Structure:
Symbol: (Equipment Circuit)

Detect Head
VCC

Output

GND
LED: Indicator
Oscillator Trigger Switching
Amplifier

Inductive proximity sensors are widely used in various applications to detect

metal devices. They consist of an oscillator, trigger, and switching amplifier. If a
metal object enters the electromagnetic field of the oscillator coil, eddy currents are
induced in this coil which change the amplitude of oscillation, which causes the trigger
stage to trip and the semiconductor output stage to switch.

Circuit Explanation

When no metallic object approach to the detecting head:

Vo = High  Vo22 = Low  Q1 OFF  Buzzer OFF

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When a metallic object approach to the detecting head:

Vo = LOW  Vo22 = High  Q1 ON  Buzzer ON

Experiment Procedure:
1. Insert proximity sensor to 3 pin module socket.
2. Power on the module
3. Use different type of object to approach to the detecting head and observe the
result. 

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1.2. Cảm biến nhiệt độ:

Temperature (PT100) Sensor

Structure: Symbol:

Stainless-steel protection tube

(Platinum wired wound inside) B’

Voltage Out

B’
B=B’ A
A

PT-100 is one form of the RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector). It is made of

the platinum wire and has the resistance of 100 ohm at 00C. The resistance vs.
temperature characteristic of PT-100 can be expressed as:
RT = 100 (1+0.00392T)
If constant current I of 2.55mA flow through PT-100
VB’ = I x RT = (255+T)mV

Circuit Explanation:

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• VR2 is used to control the constant current source to 2.25mV

• U1 is non-inverting amplifier
 V16= (2550+10T) mV

• U2 is differential amplifier
• U3 is voltage follower
 Adjust VR14 to control Vf1 (offset of U2)
• So if Vf1 = 2550mV  Vo27 = 100T mV  Conversion Ratio = 100mV / 0C

Experiment Procedure:
In this exercise, you need to prepare a thermometer (mercury) for calibration.
1. Using thermometer to record the current room temperature (T). ?
2. Connect 2 lead wires (white) to B and B’, and lead wire (red) to A.
3. Power on the module.
4. Adjust VR2 until VB’ = (255+T)mV ?
5. Adjust VR14 until Vo27 is equal to T/10 V (Calibration complete) ?
6. Put both PT-100 and the mercury thermometer inside hot water.
7. What is the value shown on the mercury thermometer? ?
8. What is the output voltage of Vo27? ?
9. Put both PT-100 and the mercury thermometer inside cold water.

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10. What is the value shown on the mercury thermometer? ?
11. What is the output voltage of Vo27? ?
12. What’s the difference between AD590 and PT100 temperature sensor? ?

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1.3. Cảm biến góc quay

Rotation Angle Sensor

Structure: Symbol:

Plastic Housing

Knob
Vout Excitation
Voltage
CCW

Output CW
(sliding connection)

Sometimes called potentiometers, voltage dividers or variable resistors, the

precision potentiometric position transducers are widely used in measuring linear
distance, angles or rotations in production equipment. It is a three terminal resistor
where the position of the sliding connection is user adjustable via a knob. The sensor
used in this experiment is a multi-turn potentiometer (10 turns) with an attached reel of
wire turning against a spring.

Circuit Explanation:

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• U1 (Buffer Amplifier) provides a precision reference voltage at Vf1.

• U2 (Buffer Amplifier) transfers the voltage from U2pin3 to U2pin6.
• U4 (Buffer Amplifier) provides fix voltage (adjusted by VR7) at U4pin6 to
control the current flow through feedback loop to obtain a stable output at
Vo31.

Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Adjust variable resistor VR7 to center for initial position.
3. Rotate the potentiometer from most CCW to most CW position. How many
turns is built in the potentiometer? ?
4. How many degrees you have rotate in step 2? ?
5. Fix the potentiometer at 36000 Adjust the variable resistor VR2 until Vo31 is
equal to 3.600V.
6. Rotate the potentiometer in CCW direction for 5 turns. Adjust the variable
resistor VR7 until Vo31 is equal to 1.800V.
7. Measure and record the output voltage Vo31 for each following turn values.
1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10 turns ?

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1.4. Cảm biến rung

Vibration Switch

Structure: Symbol:

Housing

Contact:
to spring Contact
to metal

The vibration switch is normally open with vibration springs. When a vibration
occurred, the switch changes to close state and the switch turns ON.

Circuit Explanation:

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When vibration switch is OFF :
555 Timer (U2) OFF  no output at Vo10  Buzzer OFF
When vibration switch is ON :
555 Timer (U2) ON  pulse output at Vo10  Buzzer ON

Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module.
2. What is the status of the buzzer?
3. Knock the sensor from side, what is the status of the buzzer?
4. Knock the sensor from top, what is the status of the buzzer?

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1.5. Cảm biến hồng ngoại

Infrared Sensor

Transmitter Receiver

Anode

Transmitter Receiver
(Infrared Emitting Diode) (Photodiode) Cathode

Infrared emits infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow
beam. The emitting beam of an IR LED is generally proportional to the magnitude of
the forward current (forward biased). The beam is modulated i.e. switched on and off,
to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared
radiation to an electric current for further processing.

Circuit Explanation:

Vout_U3

Vout_U2

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U2: Inverting amplifier, Gain = ~1000
U3: differential amplifier, Gain = ~ 22
U4: Comparator, If V+ > V-  output = 12V || If V->V+  output = -12V

Use VR2 to adjusted the output frequency f of the 555 Timer  Q1

switches ON and OFF  Infrared TX emits ON and OFF  If no object blocks
between TX and RX  Infrared RX receives ON and OFF  weak pulse signal
input to U2  strong pulse signal  Vpp = 12V, frequency = f) output at
Vout_U2  At resonant frequency  VLc obtain maximum Vpp  signal
amplify again though U3  CR1, C5, R13 converts the AC signal into DC
signal at U4 pin3  If U4 pin3 > U4 pin2  Vo17 outputs high potential

Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Use oscilloscope to observe the voltage at VLC and adjust the variable
resistor VR2 until Vout_U2 obtain the maximum peak-to-peak voltage.
3. Adjust VR3 until U3 pin3 is 0.3V lower than VLC 
4. Record the voltage at U4 pin2 and U4 pin3 
5. Block an object between the sensor, what is the voltage at U4 pin3? 
6. What is the value of Vo17 when nothing block the sensor? 
7. What is the value of Vo17 when the sensor is blocked by an object? 
8. What is the current frequency of the 555 Timer output? 

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1.6. Cảm biến quang

Infrared Sensor

Structure: Symbol:

CaDmium Sulphide
(Orange part)

Lead
Wires

CaDmium Sulphide (CDS) cells, sometimes called photoresistors or

photoconductive cells, rely on the material's ability to vary its resistance according to
the amount of light striking the cell. The more light that strikes the cell, the lower the
resistance.

Circuit Explanation:

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When light strikes the CDS:

Sensor resistance  Vin  Q1 (NPN) ON  Q2 (PNP) ON  Vo23 High
 LED1 ON
When no light strikes the CDS:
Sensor resistance  Vin  Q1 (NPN) OFF  Q2 (PNP) OFF  Vo23 LOW
 LED1 OFF

Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Block the CDS and adjust variable resistor R1 make the LED1 just from the
bright to dark.
3. What is the status of the LED1 when the light strikes the CDS? And what is the
voltage at Vin? 
4. What is the status of the LED1 when the CDS is blocked? And what is the
voltage at Vin? 
5. Use oscilloscope to observe the voltage at Vin, what is the response time when
block and unblock the CDS? 

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Blocks to be demonstrated:

Thumbwheel Switch

Status Display

Single Chip
Out Control 2
Out Control 3

EPROM

DC Power
+5V, GND

A/D Converter

Select / Chip

Potentiometer

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