Vol. 35 No. 4 SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series A) April 1992 SOUND PROPAGATION AND INVERSION IN BUBBLY CURTAINS* QUAN Zo-wan (#31), LI Bao-wen (4298), ZHENG Xro-ve C3034) anv SHAO Dao-vuan (Hpi) Clastisuse of Acoursict, Academia Sinica, Beijing 190080, PRC) Received Apeil 4, 1991. . Apstract ‘An acoustical inversion method to measure parameters, such as the distributions of the sizes, the volume concentration of bubbles and the thickness of the bubbly curtain, is pro- posed. A concept of equivalent incidence is introduced to describe the sound interactions among bubbles. Thus, the problem of multiple bodies can be reduced into. single-body one. By taking the distributions in the sizes of bubbles into account, the covibration mass, the damping consteat and the stiffness as well as the complex wavenumber can be given, The sound interactions result in a dependence of mast and stiffness of bubbles upon frequency, Ieading to a double-peak resonance, increasing the damping constant and decreasing the sound attenuation, Using the complex wavenumber to denote the wavenumber in bubbly cur- tain, the problem of reflection and transmission from it can be considered as a three-layer medium one. Optimization methods are used to invert the parameters of the bubbly cure tains. Comparisons of the theory with our experiments are given. Keywords: inversion, bubble curtain, sound interaction. 1. Iwrropucrion Sound wave propagation in a bubbly medium will suffer from an intensive atten- uation if the frequency is close to the resonant one of the bubbles. As is well known, there are three factors causing the attenuation, i.e. thermal conductivity be- tween the gas and surrounding liquid, viscous loss and sound radiation, however, the first one is essential, Ref. [2] shows that the resonant damping constants obtained by measurements in bubbly curtain were much higher than the theoretical ones. Ref. [3] indicated that the interactions among the bubbles of the same sizes gave rise to an increase in the damping constant. The effects of the distribution over the sizes of the bubbles will be taken into account in this paper. The results will be applied to the sound propagation in bubbly curtains, in which the reflection and transmission through them will be investigated. Finally, using optimization methods to inverse the relevant parameters of the bubbly curtains, comparisons among the results obtained with experiments are made. + Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chica and Chi Shipbuilding Coorperation. State“4 SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series A) Vol.35 TL, Sounp Interactions or Busexes Wir 4 Disrawution Oven Sizes As in the cases of granular media, the bubbles in water have different sizes, for example, the sizes of artificially produced bubbles in water obey the Poisson” and Gamma" distributions. Ref. [11] calculated the case in which the distribution over ( = —log,(2R)) is a normal one. However, all the distributions are unsymmetrical ones over R. For Gamma distribution n(R) = NyR4e 48%, a N= tw /(\r+ eRe arg @ where n(R) is the number of bubbles per unit volume of the medium, of which the radii are in the range of R and R+dR. Using a similar method as that of Ref. [3], the first scattering compound wave in arbitrary point P can be written as BHP) = [[ffF ecoarereomnen i hy? (kr, )d RAV p where . nCR) AMER, b5— iC = w3/u*) = he B+ — wt/w7F * a wm, @ Similarly, the #-th scattering compound wave in point P is As = RR BR) = [avs everett, ‘The sum of all the compound waves and the primary incidence is the ‘equivalent incidence, i. FAP) = —e rote) [1 — jx? /8), 4) thus, the vibration equation of any bubble with sound interactions can be written as follows: myo + bod + Kev = —prelet/[1 — iA? /R), G) Let the complex density, compressibility, sound spccd and wavenumber be p*, 6*, e* and k*, respectively, then we have et = ol — tw) + pote age he be 8 at wile a(R OP aR and = er B, Ym cof c® = hE — iF, (6)Not SOUND PROPAGATION AND IN! Ve + 0+ 0, ta sot o Q=1- , 4aR'n(R) . (8) O,~ [7 san'aCey a . @) Y=O,Jo, 2,—/K]m, 6=b]om, (10) where K and m can be given by (5) when it is modified as mo + bo + Ku = — TH. Sound Proracation in Buopty Curtams When bubbles occur in a certain layer of water, which forms a screen for sound wave. This screen is called a bubbly curtain. Refs. [2,13] investigated phe- nomenologically this problem. Refs. [14, 15] dealt with its nonlinear behavior by means of match approximation. In this paper the bubbly curtain will be considered asa three-layer medium, in which the curtain is in the water and all of the acoustic Parameters can be described by infinitive bubbly media above mentioned. Its geo- metry of sound propagation is shown in Fig. 2, where bubbles are limited in a range of 0d, Ae" + Belt Oe ———— TL(@B) o 1 2 S (eH) Fig. 10, A compariton of inversion with “experimental dats”. Curve, Inversion; ©, “experimental data”, 00 oo ' -02 eos a =! oa 8 ae aad cas oot oat m1 h a 12 - + om o 1 2 3 4 02 0a 08 08 102 Sf (Ha) Ricm) Fig. 11. A comparison of inversion with Fig. 12. Gamma distribution. experimental dats”, Amity R03, Curve, Inversion; O, “experimental date” with error 0.2,No. 4 SOUND PROPAGATION AND INVERSION IN BUBBLY CURTAINS as the bubbly curtain produced by electrolytic methods and theoretical curve of the inversion. Fig. 9 shows a comparison between the transmission losses: (triangles) from the bubbly curtain produced by a metal tube with pores (dj 1mm) in its wall and the theoretical curve of inversion. From R, and A a Gamma distribution curve can be drawn as shown in Fig. 12, Our results indicate that the bubbles have a certain distribution even if the curtain is produced by the pores with the same diameter. Besides, Ry decreases and the distribution curve becomes wider and wider with increasing pressure difference. REPERENGES [1] Devin, ©, Jr, J. Acoust. Soe. Am., 31(1959), 1654, {2] Cerstensen, E. L. & Foldy, L. L., ibid, 19(1947), 481° [3] Qian, 2. W., ete Physica Sinica (in Chinese), 30(1981), 442. [4] Twersky, Vs, J. Acoust. Sec. 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