Limit State of Collopse—Shear, Bond and Torsion Fig. 4.10 Generation of anchorage and flexural bonds. attainable average bond stress over the length of embedment of reinforcement. The consideration of average bond resistance is more meaningful, particularly because all bond tests consider an average bond stress over the length of embedment. TABLE 4.4 Design Bond Strength and Lg/9 Values for Bars in Tension and Compression Tension bars ‘Comprassion bi t,MPa Grade of concrete Grade of concrete M20 M25 M30_—«~M35—«M4OM20—«M25—«M30 «M35 MAO Design bond stress,MPa 420 140 (1.80 1.70 4.91.8 4.75 1.875 2.425 2.375 240° 435 373 348 307 278 348 298 278 246 220 250 453 388 363 320 286 363 311 200 256 229 Design bond Stress, MPa 1.92 224 24 272 304 24 28 3 34 38 415 470 403 376 332 297 376 322 301 265 238 500 566 485 45.3 400 358 45.3 388 363 320 286 Notes: 1. The value of design bond stress for bars in compression is 25 per cent greater than for tension bars. 2. For deformed bars conforming to IS: 1786-1879 or |S: 1139-1966, the design bond stress is 60 per cent ‘greater than that for plain bars 3. For bars up to 20 mm diameter 4, = 250 MPa and for bars over 20 mm diameter f, = 240 MPa. The development length L, is given by = on las Fe (425)EE) Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design where = Nominal diameter of bar G7, = Stress in bar at the section under consideration at the design load (= 0.87f,) = Design bond stress ‘The development length for different grades of concrete and steel are given in Table 4.3. A bar must extend a length Ly beyond any section at which it is required to develop its full yield strength so that sufficient bond resistance is mobilized. The average bond stress along the length of the bar is assumed to be uniform. When the length available for anchorage is insufficient, the reinforcement can be bent or a hook may be formed to provide adequate anchorage. The bend and hook shall be made, as shown in Fig. 4.11(a). For tension reinforcement consisting of a bar of diameter 9, the anchorage value of the bend shall be taken as 49 for each 45° bend, subject to a maximum of 166. For compression reinforcement the projected length of the hook, and straight length beyond bend shall be considered for development length. ke ne i o 1B Bend > 2 for mild steel bars and k > 4 for HYSD steel bars (@) 18:2502-1963 hooks and bends for reinforcement bars 135°Bend 180"Bend se 89 >s 49 a (b) 1S:2502-1963 hooks and bends for stirups Fig. 4.11 Anchorage in shear reinforcement and standard hooks and bends.