Loughborough University STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS (08TTA104) January 2009 2 Hours Answer THREE QUESTIONS (two compulsory and one selective) All questions carry equal marks Only University approved calculators are permitted Compulsory Questions: Answer all questions in this section ‘An aluminium alloy tensile “dog-bone" specimen is shown in figure Q1. The specimen is 3mm thick, has a gauge width of &mm and a gauge length of 60mm. (a) Ifthe Young's modulus of the material is 71GPa, the yield strength of the material is 324MPa, and the strain at ultimate load is 10%, determine, (i) the total elongation at the onset of necking. [1 mark] (li) the yield load. [2 marks] (ii) the ultimate load if the plastic strain at the ultimate condition is 9.379%. [4 marks] (iv) the true stress and true strain at the peak load. [2 marks] (v) the ductility index at the peak load. [2 marks] (b) An aerospace component is manufactured from the material outlined in this question. Under ultimate load, the stress in the component is found to be 431MPa. Determine the ultimate margin of safety. [2 marks] 60mm, feaener yee) 8mm Figure Q1. (©) Name two types of dislocation that can exist in the crystal lattice of a homogeneous, isotropic material [2 marks] (d) With reference to the crystal lattice structure of a material, briefly describe how strain hardening occurs. [5 marks] Page 1 of 4The pin jointed frame in Figure Q2 consists of seven bars and is subjected to the two external loads shown, both of magnitude 12 kN, at joints A and C. The horizontal members have length 6m and the vertical members have length 8m as shown. (a) What check should be made before trying to find the internal member forces? Does the pin jointed frame in Figure Q2 pass this check? [3 marks] (b) Determine all the reaction forces and internal forces in the bars using the method of joints. (17 marks] 12 kN 12 kN Figure a2 Page 2 of 4Selective Questions: Answer ONE question from this section 3. Aplane stress (0,=0) element is subject to the stresses as shown in figure Q3 below. 100 MPa —~ 45 MPa i 175 MPa --+> 175 MPa x 100 MPa Figure Q3. (a) Either by direct calculation, or by drawing Mohr's circle of stress, determine, (i) the principal stresses and their directions. [6 marks] (ii) the maximum shearing stresses and the directions of the planes on which they occur. [3 marks] (ii) the value of normal stress and shear stress on a plane inclined at 33° to the x-axis, of the element. [5 marks] (b) Ifthe element shown in figure Q1 is subjected to the direct stresses only (i.e. t:=ty=0), determine the total strain in the x and y directions, given that E=208GPa and v=0.29. [6 marks] Page 3 of 4‘A three member pin jointed truss is shown in Figure Q4, The member AC is vertical and of length 4m as shown. The inclined members AB and AD are of equal length. All the members have the same cross sectional area and are made of the same material. (a) Determine if the three member truss of Figure Q4 is statically determinate, [2 marks] (b) Write the horizontal and vertical force equilibrium equations for the joint A [4 marks] (c) Determine the displacement of the joint A to the load P using the stiffness method. [10 marks] (d) The vertical force P is removed and replace by a horizontal force P at joint A. ‘Summarise how you would go about determining the displacement of the joint A. [4 marks] Pp Figure Q4 Dr P Cunningham Dr A Watson Page 4 of 4