>[+uf/b]lv j}/fUo;Dd

cfheGbf sl/a @ xhf/ jif{k"j{ pHHo}g ef/tjif{sf] /fhwfgL lyof] . To; a]nfsf b'O{ k|tfkL
bfh'efO{ /fhf ljj|mdflbTo / /fhf et[xl/ cfh klg lxGb"hutdf k|l;4 5g\ . oL b'a} dfnjf
g/]z uGwj{ ;]gsf k"q lyP . /fhf et[xl/ h]7f / ljj|mdflbTo sfG5f lyP . ljj|mdflbTo
;fg} b]lv cg'zf;glk|o, lgodlgi7 / ljj]szLn lyP t/ et[xl/ ;+:s[tsf ljåfg, bfzlg{s,
efj's, ;Hhg, sfJo x[bosf /l;s / :jR5b\ k|s[ltsf lyP . /fhkf7sf nflu cfjZos
;a} u'0f ljj|mdflTodf b]v]sfn] /fhf uGwj{ ;]gn] pgnfO{ g} /fHofleif]s u/L /fhsfh lbg
rfxfGy] . t/ ljj|mdflbTon] lktfsf] of] lg0f{onfO{ gLltljkl/t egL l:jsf/ u/]gg\ /
et[xl/nfO{ /fhkb lbg nufP . et[xl/klg cfºgf sfG5f efO{nfO{ cToGt ljZjf; / :g]x
uy]{, pgn] efO{ ljj|mdflbTonfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfO{ /fhsfhsf] ;f/f lhDd]jf/L lhDdf nufO{
cfºgf] :jefj cg';f/ ;f}Gbo{ / sfJo/;ef]udf 8'Ay] .

et[xl/sL b'O{ ;'Gb/ klTg lyP . t/klg ¿k nfj0o kl/k"0f{ lszf]/L lk¨nfnfO{
b]v]kl5 pgn] t];|f] ljjfx ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . lk¨nf cToGt ¿kjtL x'g'sf ;fy} w"t{ / rnfs
lyO{ . k|f}9fj:yfdf ljjflxt sfG5L >LdtL To;}klg Kof/L x'G5], ;f}Gbo{tf, rnflvkgsf]
kf;df af“lwPsf efj's Xbosf et[xl/nfO{ ;lhn} s6k'tnL agfO{ lk¨nfn] cfkm" v';L
/fhsfhsf lg0f{o /fhfaf6 u/fpg yfnL . lk¨nfsf sltko lg0f{o gLlt ljkl/t x'Gy] / Tof]
ljj|mdflbTonfO{ c;x\o x'GYof] . /fgL lk¨nf hlt ¿kjtL / rnfv lyO{ Tolt s} rl/qxLg /
wf]s]jfh lyO{ . /fhf et[xl/nfO{ cfºgf] ¿kdf u'nfd agfO{;s]/ klg p;nfO{ ;Gtf]if ePg .
ljj|mdflbTonfO{ klg cfºgf] ¿kkf;df afw]/ cfºgf] u'nfd agfpg pm rfxfGyL .
ljj|mdflbTo rl/qjfg\ ePsfn] To;df p c;kmn eO{ . t/ /fHosf cZjzfnf k|d'v cToGt
jlni7 tyf sfdsnfdf clt lgk"0f{ o'jf rGb|r'/ lk¨nfsf] lzsf/ aGg k'u] . rGb|r'/sf]
sfdzlQmaf6 df]lxt lk¨nf /fhf;“u eg] k|]d / ;dk{0fsf] :jf¨ /RyL t/ p;sf] ;j{:j eg]
rGb|r'/ d} lg5fj/ lyof] .
slj /lxdsf] kb 5, …v}/, v'g, vf;L, v';L, j}/, k|Lt, dw'kfg
/lxdg bfj] gf bj] hfgt ;sn hxf+Ú
-kfgsf] sYyf, xTof, vf]sL, cfgGb, b'ZdgL, k|]d, dBkfg oL s'/fx¿ hlt bafPklg
bAb}gg\, ;+;f/n] o;sf af/]df yfxf kfOxfN5 ._
of] syg cg'¿k rGb|r'/ / lk¨nfsf] k|]dklg w]/} lbg n'Sg ;s]g . ;a}eGbf klxn]
o;sf] egs ljj|mdflbTonfO{ eof] . efph'sf] s's[Toaf6 pgL klxn]b]lvg} b'vL lyP . t/
ca kl/jf/sf] k|lti7f g} u'Dg] l:ylt cfPkl5 ljj|mdflbTonfO{ c;x\o j]bgf eof] . bfh'
p;sf] ¿khfndf k"0f{¿kn] df]lxt ePsfn] of] s'/f bfh' et[xl/nfO{ s;/L a'emfpg] eGg]
lrGtfn] pgL u|:t eP . lk¨nfklg clt rnfv ePsLn] cfºgf] cj}w ;DaGwsf] af/]df
ljj|mdflbTon] rfn kfO{;s]sf] p;n] yfxf kfO{ / cfºgf] ;'/Iffsf nflu /fhf et[xl/k|lt c?
:g]x / k|]dsf] gf6s /Rg yfnL dfgf}+ pm et[xl/ lagf Pskn klg afRg ;lSbg . ;xjf;sf
If0fdf :qLn] n6\7 k/]sf] k'?ifsf] sfgdf h] e5]{ Tof] k'?ifsf] x|bon] ;f]em} l:jsf/ u5{ .
o:t} If0fx¿df lk¨nfn] klg et[xl/nfO{ ljj|mdflbTosf lj?4df gfgfy/Lsf s'/f nufpg
yfnL – …ljj|mdflbTosf] rl/q /fd|f] 5}g\, cfdf ;/x d efph'k|ltklg pgsf] s'b[li6 5 ;fy}
o; gu/;]7sL e/v/} lax] u/]sL a'xf/Lk|lt klg p;sf] b[li6 /fd|f] 5}g . clnslt cfºgf]
efO{df klg gh/ /fVg'xf]nf . p;n] t xfd|f] /fhj+zsf] OHht} df6f]df d]6fpg yfNof],
OToflb, OToflb .Ú ;xjf;sf dbxf]; If0fdf ;'lgPsf oL zAbx¿ slj x|boL et[xl/sf]
cr]tgdf uP/ a;] .

Pslbg vKg g;sL df}sf 5f]k]/ ljj|mdflbTon] efph'sf] s's[Tosf] af/]df et[xl/nfO{
;r]t u/fpg] r]i6f u/], …bfh', tkfO{+ efph'nfO{ cToGt ljZjf; ug'{x'G5 t/ d}n] pxf“sf]
rl/qsf] af/]df s]xL z+sf:kb s'/fx¿ b]lv/x]sf] 5' .Ú lk¨nfaf6 ;'g]sf] s'/fn] ;Ddf]lxt
et[xl/ Psbd l/;fP / s]xL ;'Gg} gvf]hL pgn] xKsfP, …ljj|mdflbTo d}n] ;a} a'em]sf] 5',
ltdLn] lsg b]jL;/x lk¨nfsf] af/]df o:tf ckzAb af]Nb}5f}+ . d]/f] gh/af6 xl6xfn, d]/f]
l/;sf] sf]kdf k¥of}+ eg] /fd|f] x'g]5}g .Ú hlt a'emfpg vf]h]klg et[xl/n] pgsf] s'/f ;'Gg
dfg]gg\ cem pu| eP . eljiodf x'g] 7"nf] b'3{6gfsf] cfz+sfn] lrlGtt pgL et[xl/sf]
sf]7faf6 aflxl/P .

lk¨nfn] gu/;]7nfO{ af]nfO{ Ps if8oGq /Rb} egL …d]/f] of]hgfcg';f/ sfd u/]
/fHoaf6 cg]s ;xof]u kfp5f} gq ;f/f kl/jf/ gi6 ul/lbG5'Ú egL eofgs wDsL lbO{ .
gu/;]7nfO{ yfxf lyof] /fhf et[xl/ lk¨nfsf] cf}nfsf] O;f/fdf gfR5g\ / p;sf] s'/f gdfg]
7"nf] ljklQ cfOnfUg] lglZrt 5 . oxL 8/n] gu/;]7 /fgLn] eg]cg';f/ ug{ tof/ eP .
csf]{ lbg gu/;]7n] /fhfsf] b/af/ d} cfP/ Gofosf] u'xf/ dfUg yfn] . /fhfn] s] cGofo
eof] eg]/ ;f]Wbf ;]7n] eg], …tkfO{+sf] efO{ ljj|mdflbTo xfd|f] kl/jf/n] e/v/} leœofPsL xfd|L
a'xf/Lk|lt cf;Qm 5g\ / p;nfO{ kmsfpg cg]s b"t / bf;L k7fO/xG5g\ . xfdLn] k|lt/f]w
u/] xfd|f] Hofg lng] wDsL k7fp“5g\ . Gofo kfp“ dxf/fhÚ of] ;'gL et[xl/ l/;n] an] /
pgn] ljj|mdflbTonfO{ af]nfO{ …ltdL d]/f] lk|o efO{ ePsf]n] Hofg aS; lbG5' t/ d]/f]
/fHo;Ldfaf6 aflx/ uOxfnÚ egL cfb]z lbP . ljj|mdflbTon] ;To a'emfpg] k|of; u/] . t/
sfddf cGwf] et[xl/n] s]xL ;'Gg rfx]gg\ . of] b]vL ljj|mdflbTon] eg], …Pslbg of] cGofosf]
nflu tkfO{+n] w]/} k5'tfpg' kg]{5 / dnfO{ ofbu/L w]/} ?g'klg kg]{5 . d k/dfTdf;“u k|fy{gf
u5'{ ls tkfO{+sf] d+un xf];\ / l56} ;b\a'l4 klg cfjf];\ .Ú olt egL pgL b/af/af6 aflxl/P
/ jgdf uO{ tk:of ug{ yfn] .

ca /fgL lk+unfsf] k|ToIf zf;g rNg yfNof] . o;/L s]xL s]xL jif{ lat] . ;f]lx
/fHosf Ps ul/a a|fx\d0f Psk6s cfºgf] Oi6b]jnfO{ l;4 ug{ 3g3f]/ tk:of ul//x]sf]
lyP . syf 5 ls pgsf] tk:ofaf6 k|;Gg eO{ pgsf Oi6b]jn] pgnfO{ bz{g lbP/ eg],
…ltd|f] tk:ofaf6 d k|;Gg 5' . d ltdLnfO{ of] ;tfo' kmn lb+b}5' . of] kmn vfPkl5 ltdL
;o jif{;Dd ltdL o'jf / :j:y afRg]5f} .Ú lt a|fx\d0fn] ;f]r], …d ul/an] ;oaif{;Dd afr]/
s] ug]{ < a? of] kmn /fhfnfO{ lbP“ eg] pgn] ;ojif{ cfo';Dd /fhsfh rnfpg]5g\ / ef]u
ug]{5g\ clg k|;Gg ePeg] dnfO{ klg s]xL wg klg lbg]5g\ h;af6 d]/f] Jojxf/ klg
rNg]5 .Ú oxL ;f]rL Tof] kmn lnO{ /fhf sxf“ cfOk'u] . /fhf et[xl/ Tof] ul/a a|fx\d0fsf]
cfkm'k|ltsf] k|]d / elQm b]vL clt k|;Gg eP / p;nfO{ cyf]lrQ bfg lbO{ labf u/] . /fhfn]
;f]r], …of] kmn d}n] cfkm} vfg' ;6\6f cfºgL k|f0f Kof/L /fgL lk+unfnfO{ lbP eg] pgsf]
;f}Gbo{tf ;w} g'tg /lx/xG5 / d pgL;“u ;ojif{;Dd ef]u ug{ ;S5' .Ú oxL ;f]rL Tof] kmn
lnP/ pgL /gLjf; lt/ nfu] / /fgLnfO{ kmn lbO{ ;a} j[QfGt ;'gfP . /fgL lk¨nfn] gv/f
ub}{ eGg yflng\, …k|f0fgfy of] t tkfO{+n] g} vfg'k5{ .Ú t/ /fhfsf] cltcfu|xkl5 lk¨nfn]
egL, …of] b]jtfsf] kmn Tolts} vfg' x'“b}g, d g'xfP/ k"hf u/L kljq eP/ of] kmn u|x0f
ug]{5,' tkfO{+ lglZrGt eP/ cfºgf] /fhsfh x]g'{;\ .Ú /fhf sf]7Laf6 aflxl/g} lalQs} lk¨nfsf]
dgdf csf]{ ljrf/ cfof] / p;n] cfºgf] u'Ktk|]dL rGb|r'/nfO{ af]nfpg k7fO{ / p;nfO{
cln¨ugdf eb}{ Tof] ;tfo' kmnsf] af/]df atfO{ / egL, …of] kmn ltdL vfp / nfdf]
;do;Dd dnfO{ o;/L g} k|r08j]un] sfdt[lKt u/fO{/fv .Ú rGb|r'/ Tof] ;tfo' kmn lnP/
3/ cfOk'u] . rGb|r'/sf] x|bo pHhogsL clt ;'Gb/L gu/jw' ¿kn]vfk|lt cltzo cf;Qm
lyof] . pgn] ;f]r], …olb of] kmn d}n] ¿kn]vfnfO{ lbP“ eg] p;sf] of}jg ;ojif{;Dd o:t}
cfs{ifs eO/xG5 / d pgsf] z/L/sf] ef]u ul//xg kfp“5' .Ú of] ;f]rL pgL ¿kn]vfsf]
gf6\ozfnfdf cfOk'u] / p;nfO{ eg], …clxn];Dd d}n] ltdLnfO{ s]xL ax'd"No pkxf/
lbg;s]sf] 5}g cfh ltd|f] nflu d}n] cd"No pkxf/ lnP/ cfPsf] 5'Ú olt eGb} ;tfo'
kmnsf]af/]df atfp“b} p;nfO{ lbP . ¿kn]vf Tof] kmn kfP/ v';L eO{ / p;n] egL, …d of]
kmn ef]ln laxfg g'xfP/ rf]vf] eP/ vfg]5' .Ú t/ /flt p;sf dgdf cg]s ljrf/ v]Ng
yfn], …s'g hGd kfkn] o; hGddf dnfO{ cg]s k'?if;“u ;xjf; ul//xg' k/]sf] 5, ca d
;ojif{;Dd hjfg} eO/x]+ eg] cfh h'g k'?ifn] ef]U5 ef]ln p;sf] 5f]/f / kl;{ p;sf]
gfltn] klg cfP/ dnfO{ ef]Ug]5g\ . ca of] cwd z/L/nfO{ cem hjfg agfP/ kfk} dfq}
lsg sdfpg' <Ú Psrf]l6 p;n] ;f]lr of] kmn kmflnlbp“ t/ dgdg} p;sf] /fhf et[xl/ k|lt
ulx/f] cf;lQm lyof] . k|]dL /fhf et[xl/sf] ;f}Gbo{, sfJok|]d / ljåtfaf6 p cToGt k|efljt
lyO{ . …olb of] kmn vfP/ /fhf ;ojif{;Dd afr] eg] dnfO{ klg pgn] k|;Gg /fVg]5g\ /
/fHosf] klg s'zn ;+rfng ug]{5g\ / of] kmn d}n] pgnfO{ lbPeg] d pgsf] ljz]if s[kfkfq
x'g]5' .Ú of] ;f]Rb} p /fhdxn uO{ . ¿kn]vfsf] g[To, ;+uLt / ;f}Gbo{sf] et[xl/ 7"nf] k|z+;s
lyP To;sf/0f p;nfO{ /fhfnfO{ PsfGtdf e]6\g s'g} sl7gfO{ ePg . cg'kd ¿k, ;f}Gbo{{ /
d"Nojfg\ ;+[uf/df ;lhPsL ¿kn]vfn] cfºgf ;'sf]dn xftn] /fhfsf] xftdf Tof] cb\e"t kmn
/fVb} egL, …dxf/fh, cfh d}n] of] cbe"t\ kmn k|fKt u/]sL 5', d}n] vfPeg] kfk dfq}
sdfp“5', tkfO{+n] vfg'eof] eg] ;f/f k|hfklg ;'vL x'G5g\ .Ú ¿kn]vf et[xl/sf] u'0fufg
ufp“b} lyO{ Tof] kmn b]v]/ et[xl/sf] xf]; pl8;s]sf] lyof] . pgLleqsf] ;f/f df]x, k|]d,
/;/+u Ps} If0fdf jfkm ag]/ pl8;s]sf] lyof] . pgn] s8\lsb}+ ;f]w], …of] kmn ltdLnfO{
s;n] lbof] <Ú /fhfsf] ?b|¿k b]v]/ ¿kn]vf eolet eO{ Tof] kmn rGb|r'/n] lbPsf] l:jsf/L
. t'?Gt} /fhfn] rGb|r'/nfO{ ;dft]/ xflh/ u/fpg] cf1f lbP . rGb|r'/nfO{ Tof] ;tfo' kmn
b]vfpb} ;f]w], …;frf] atfp of] kmn ltdLn] sxf“af6 kfof}+ gq clxn] g} ltd|f] lz/f]R5g x'g]5
.Ú eolet rGb|r'/n] of] /fgL lk¨nfaf6 kfPsf] atfp“b} /fgL;“usf] cfºgf] k|]d ;DaGwsf]
;To cf]sn] . /fhf et[xl/sf] ;f/f df]x, k|]d Ps}If0fdf ljlng eof] / pgdf tTIf0f uxg
j}/fUosf] hGd eof] . /fhf et[xl/ ;fdfGo /fhf ePsf eP rGb|r'/ / /fgL lk¨nf b'a}nfO{
k|ltzf]wsf] efjn] d[To' b08 lbGy] xf]nf t/ pgdf lgd{n 1fgsf pbo eof] . To; If0f
pgn] cfºgf] of] k|l;4 Znf]s af]n] h;sf] cy{ x'G5, …d ztt\ h;sf] lrGtg ul//fV5', Tof]
cGo k'?ifnfO{ rfxfG5], / Tof] cGo k'?if rGb|r'/ lk+unfnfO{ rfxfGg gtsL{ ¿kn]vfdfly
d5{ . Tof] gtsL{ ¿kn]vf dnfO{ k|]d u5]{ . lwSsf/ 5 Tof] /fgLnfO{, lwSsf/ Tof] rGb|r'/nfO{,
lwSsf/ 5 To; ¿kn]vfnfO{ / lwSsf/ d :jod\nfO{ / ;a}eGbf a9L lwSsf/ 5 To;sfd
b]jnfO{ h;sf] jlze"t eO{ dfG5] o:tf] lgr sd{ ug{ ljjz 5Ú . of] syg et[xl/
ztsd\sf] j}/fUoztssf] klxnf] Znf]s aGg uof] .
/fhf et[xl/nfO{ cfºgf] lk|o efO{ ljj|mflbTosf clGtd zAbx¿ ofb cfP / pgn]
jgdf uO{ efO{nfO{ vf]h] / efO{ ljj|mdflbTosf] /fHofleif]s u/L /fhkf7sf] sfo{ pgnfO{
lhDdf lbP . ltg} k/fj|mdL /fhf ljj|mdflbTosf] gfp“df ljj|md ;Djt rNof] . s'g} a]nf df]x
/ sfddf lnKt ltg} /fhf et[xl/ cfºgf] tkf]jnn] k|l;4 of]uL ag] h;af6 /lrt >[+uf/,
gLlt / j}/fUosf ;o;o Znf]s …et[xl/ zts\Ú sf gfddf ljZj ;flxTosf cgdf]n lglw
aGg k'u] .
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