Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Final Book - Jan 6 - 2010 Opt
Final Book - Jan 6 - 2010 Opt
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | DEC. 15, 2010 | GABRIEL JEWELL-VITALE | PRIMARY : ANDA FRENCH | SECONDARY: MARK ROBBINS
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1: TRANSNATIONALISM
3-4: CONTENTION
5-7: ON BORDER
8: LEXICON
9-13: FORTRESS EUROPE
14-15: EXCLAVES
16-23: STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: FIELD OF TERRITORIES
24-29: EU MIGRATION: SUB-SAHARAN MIGRATION AND TERRITORIAL BORDER IMPLICATIONS
30-33: CEUTA AS SPACE DEFINING TRANSITION BETWEEN CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
34-41: CEUTA AS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION OF FORTRESS EUROPE
42-45: CEUTA
46-51: TANGER MED-PORT: EMERGING WORLD MARKET
52-59 : FLOWS AND ECONOMIES
60-63: CEUTA AS MOROCCAN?
64-67: BORDER AS FIELD
68-77: SITE
78-83: PRECEDENTS
84-85: SPECULATION
86-92 : APPENDIX
1
2
“
TRANSNATIONAL DISCOURSE INSISTS
ON THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE
OF STATE BORDERS, STATE POLICIES
AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES EVEN AS
THESE ARE OFTEN TRANSGRESSED
“
BY TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
CIRCUITS AND SOCIAL PRACTICES.2
3
3
“
but as the Greeks recognized, the boundary is
that from which something begins its presencing. 4
Martin Heidegger
4
The effects of transnational political situations Ceuta’s border has become a siphon for the
are radically changing the way we live. The realities emergent Sub-Saharan migratory phenomenon.5
of cross-border conflicts and political disputes of Ceuta is one of three Sub-Saharan migratory
autonomy have created strife within cities leading destinations in order to cross into mainland Europe,
to crises of identity, place, and hate within culture. the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla, and Malta. As
I contend that transnational borders are the Strait of Gibraltar is the one of the closest points
places where conflict and identity crises have between two continents in the world, it has become
manifested in the most cogent and attainable form. a deathtrap for migrants, as 1,200 people die each
By investigating transnational border crises, one year either crossing the strait or attempting to jump
can study its effects at a local and transnational fences.6 Thus, Ceuta has become the physical
condition, enabling geophysical forces to manifest manifestation of the motto, “Fortress Europe.”
in a productive border for the crises at hand. Additionally, the condition that exists presents
A transnational border condition at the edge of a crisis of identity. Morocco, which does not recognize
the European Union, in the Spanish exclave of Ceuta, Ceuta as an autonomous entity, is rooted in Muslim
is the site of the project. The exclave, which was North Africa cultural ideologies. This forces Morocco
seized by Portugal in 1415, and Spain in 1560, became to play “host” to Spanish-Christian Ceuta creating
an autonomous city in 1995, as a part of Spain. For conflicting spheres of identities within an existing
over 600 years, it has been a stronghold of European sphere of conflicting geopolitics. The binary dialectic
presence in North Africa and the Mediterranean. emerges at the moment of difference—the border.
In 1985, the same year Spain joined the I propose the re-imagining of the Ceuta border as
EU (then the EEC), the Shenghen Agreement a space of productive difference. Border, constructed
was signed, creating the abolishment of internal in this way, will act as a field condition bridging first
boundaries inside the EU, emphasizing the world with developing world sphere’s of influence. The
external boundary for movement within. Once resultant hybrid amalgamation will be programmed,
inside, a traveler has unrestricted access to all producing a space that is intimately tied to it’s
countries under the Shenghen Agreement. In surrounding context but cognizant of the larger forces
1995, the EU funded a $320 million border fence at play, re-conceptualizing what “border” constitutes
in Ceuta under EU’s motto, “Fortress Europe.” in an age of increasing transnational and global flows.
5
EU
ON BORDER
Geographically, we are in a space of transition: stand ideas that spreak like contagious viruses; from
between Africa and Europe, the Mediterranean and the here springs Madiaq territory. Here, at the dense crux
Atlantic; a space that separates and connects, and has where seas, lands and multitudes convege, over the
always been permeable to the continuous flows of life. moat they have made deadly, we are building a multiple
Today this place fulfills a strategic function by acting as territory, both geographic and infographic, social and
a barrier, both physical and mental, separating the legal technological, that extens infinitely in four directions:
from illegal, like a folding line that splits our world in two. toward the South and toward the North; towards the depths
But borders are habitable territories that can’t be of carnal bodies and toward the immaterial noosphere
reduced to lines on a map. They are environments that that grows in the ferile land of words without owners.
encourage interchange and hybridity, highly dynamic Maps report existing territories, but
territories that generate a gradation of shared spaces, they also construct them; thus territory lives
where the character of “crossing” prevails over that of in the mind and is constructed as knowledge.7
“barrier.” To cross their thresholds means to physically
move from one place to another, but, even more, it implies
the start of a transformation, to becoming-others.
Spaces for movement and mobile spaces;
capitalist modernity accelerates this quality even as it
expands, bounding over mobile borders. Like the Far
West, destruction and colonization, but also a horizon
for creative exodus. There is a single substance,
that of capitalism and of those who escape from its Territory is always shifting in the
chaings to create (and create themselves as) free
territory; even if people who want to stake it out and mind of the person who crosses it.
privatize it follow close behind. Our modernity has its
own mobile borders, which, as always , are in search
of the other: the external other that we call nature,
and the internal other-subjectivity, ourselves, in plural.
Against sterile, immutable linear abstraction
7
GLOSSARY
22
10
“
borders from 1993) allowed for free movement
between its signatory member states... 20
11
TREATY OF ROME
“FORTRESS EUROPE”
CURRENT STATE OF EU
EXCLAVES
A true exclave needs to be both an Nation intact Exclave stretches territorial boundary
enclave and an exclave, where the
territory needs to be completely
surrounded within another alien
territory. There can be many
variations on exclaves and many
do not fully match the definition of
a true exclave such as pene, quasi,
virtual, or temporary exclaves.
DISPUTED EXCLAVES
POLITICAL DISPUTE
ALASKA | USA |
KALININGRAD OBLAST | RUSSIA |
IRELAND | UK |
LLIVIA | SP |
CUETA | SPAIN
CYPRUS | TURKEY |
MELILLA | SPAIN
PENON DE VÉLEZ DE LA GOMEZ | SPAIN
MUSANDAM | OMAN |
PENON DE ALHUCÉMAS | SPAIN
CHAFARINAS ISLANDS| SPAIN
GIBRALTAR | UK |
CABINDA |ANGOLA|
OECUSSI-AMBENO | EAST TIMOR |
ALGECIRASALGECIRAS
GIBRALTAR
36° 15’
14KM 14KM-600
TARIFA -600 UK
-800 UK
-200
29KM
-200 -600 -200
-200 TARIFA -600
TARIFA -800
-400 -800
-200 -600
-600 -600
-200
-200
-200 -400 -200
CAMARINAL SILL -600
-600
-600
29KM-200 24KM
-400
36° 00’
10 km
10 km
19
ALGECIRAS
ALGECIRAS
GIBRALTAR
14KM -600 UK
-200
GIBRALTAR
TARIFA
14KM -600
-800 UK
-200 -600 -200
-200
TARIFA
-600
29KM
-400 -800
-600 -600
-400 -200 -600
-200
-200 CAMARINAL SILL -600
29KM -200
24KM
-400 -200 CEUTA
-400 -200 -600 -600
-400
-200 -600 -200
-569 SPAIN
-200 CEUTA
-200 -400 -200
-600 SPAIN
TANGIER
-200
TANGIER
10 km
20
Gibraltar
Ceuta
Melilla
Penon de Alhucemas
Penon de Velez de la Gomera Chafarinas Islands
0 km 40
21
VS.
77, 289
29, 431
POPULATION
71, 448
>50
190
60
Both Spain and Morocco claim over
sovereignty over five territories in
the Strait of Gibraltar: Ceuta, Me-
lilla, Penon de Alhucémas, Penon
Velez de la Gomera, and the Cha-
farinas Islands in North Africa. The
most important of these is Ceuta.
Spain claims these territories based
mainly on historical terms: right of
conquest, terra nullis principles and
longevity of occupation. 26 Spain also
argues that the territories are im-
3 km
portant for military security. All but
two territories, Ceuta and Melilla, are
Chafarinas Islands
Penon de Alhucémas
Gibraltar
Ceuta
Melilla
Peacefully occupied
Ceded by force
Occupied in reference
to Treaty of Tordesillas
under 1 sq miles in area and are only
military garrisons. As a composite of
Spanish hegemony near the Strait of
Gibraltar, these exclaves stretch the
boundary of Spain, creating a field of
hegemony over the Strait of Gibral-
tar, “pulling” Moroccan land into the
Strait, and consequently into the EU.
Spain | Morocco | Strait of Gibraltar Strait territory Spain’s exclaves Spain’s sovereignty creates
stretch boundary field over Strait of Gibraltar
Madrid
OVERLAP
23
“
Because of its geostrategic importance, Ceuta
remains at the epicentre of the dispute [between
“
Morocco and Spain]; the future of the other four
plazas is directly contingent of that of Ceuta.27
24
EU MIGRANT DEATHS
850
550
300
100
20
Drowning |shipwreck, river or lake|
Suicide
Policing
RELIGION IN AFRICA
0 2 5 10 40 60 75 85 90 95 100 90-100
2 3
1
Ceuta
26
31
35
BORDER
CuetaCROSSING SCNEARIO
Migrant Scenario_(Boundary implications)
Migrants reach Ceuta Migrants wait outside border for 1-2 yrs. Migrants breach boundary, filters through Boundary “accepts difference”
Migrants held in Ceuta for avg. 2-4 yrs. New “border” established at Strait of Gibraltar Migrant passes away in Strait | or reaches EU | Boundary extends, cycle repeats
36
22.7
%
13.4
%
2007 data Fuente: INE. Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, 2007, elab. prop.
37
CHANCE OF
RETURN 29
?
TERRITORIALLY MIGRATION travel time of migrants. Due to this,
BASED MIGRATION ARRIVALS a greater impetus to finish one’s
CONTROL journey because of social and
monetary pressure is the norm. In
SOCIAL territorially based migration control,
NETWORKS the more Irregular the immigration
journey becomes
through small boats
fragmented 2003
within various
2004 increase/ 2005
social
% same
networks.
Boats
People ar-
942
Most
740 -21%
paradoxically,
279 -32%
perhaps,
rested
Shipwrecks is
19176
13the
15675
fact
14
-18%
that
8% while
6361
0 more-37%
-100%
control
Deceased
People Res- is 101
established,
81 -20%
the9 migrant -83%
JOURNEY 2003
2003
2004 increase/
Data distributed
2004
according to place 2005 % same
of arrival
until 31/8/2005
(Nr. of boats)
Boats
Cádiz 942
130 74075 -21%
-42% 27936 -32%
-28%
People
Málaga ar- 25 32 28% 21 -5%
rested
Almería 19176101 1567589 -18%-12% 636128 -37%
-59%
Shipwrecks
Granada 13
99 14
103 8%4% 0
40 -100%
-46%
= + Time
Deceased
Ceuta 1015 81
143 -20%
2760% 942 -83%
180%
People
MelillaRes- 1 2 100% 16 1500%
cued 406 339 -17% 278 -63%
Murcia 1 1 - - -
Missing peo-
= - Time
Gran Canaria
ple 10932 6036 -45% 13% 2444 132%
-31%
Lanzarote 145 17 -88% 9 -18%
Fuerteventura Data390
distributed 239 -39%
according 38 (Nr. of boats)
to place of arrival -74%
Tenerife 200313 2004 2 -85%until 31/8/2005 5 150%
Ibiza
Cádiz 130 0 75 1 100%
-42% 36 0 -100%
-28%
Málaga 25 32 28% 21 -5%
Almería 101 89 -12%
Source : Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales. Gabinete de Comunicación
28
http://extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/NoticiasActualidad7aeb0b3823d6ac9f28d12e30dd2d19b4.html http://
-59%
Granada 99 103
extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/PATERAS_2003_Y_2004.pdf 4% 40 -46%
Ceuta 5 143 2760% 42 180%
Melilla 1 2 100% 16 1500%
Murcia 1 1 - - -
Gran Canaria 32 36 13% 44 132%
Lanzarote 145 17 -88% 9 -18%
Fuerteventura 390 239 -39% 38 -74%
38
<1999
* 2010
1999
* 2005
39
“First, the patterns of migrations to Europe are constantly changing; thus we can identify even ‘newer’ geographies of
European migration.” 30
*
migration control
In 1999, double “zone rouge.” places emphasis
fences were This zone had on the hinterlands
constucted in zero tolerance of of Ceuta. The line,
The Moroccan gov-
*
Ceuta and Melilla. undocumented as in the case of
ernment agrees
The high tension migrants. Territorial the wall, acts more
to place controls
steel fence had a based migration symbolically, than it
on the Mediterra-
barbed wire top. 31 control is in full did a decade ago.
nean coast . SIVE
operation.
|Integrated Sys-
tem of External Frontex established
Vigilance| is intro- as official border
duced. control agency of
the EU.
?
islands to try is an Increase in b o m b a r d e d
and enter the EU migrants to Ceuta with migrants.
there. Emphasis is and Melilla to cross Estimates of 3,000
spread from wall to Strait. migrants in the
territorial fields. summer of 2004. 32
40
BORDER PROCESS
?
years, with 25 percent
of them having arrived
between 4 and 12
years ago, 65 percent
between 1 and 3 years,
and only 10 percent
less than a year ago.33”
If their national origin can be deter-
mined, an expulsion process is initi-
ated and can be detained at an in-
ternment center for up to 40 days.
*
In Spain, persons who are arrested on
the basis of illegal entry or residence can
be detained for a maximum of 3 days.
41
MIGRANTS SPEND ON
AVERAGE: 2-4 YEARS IN CEUTA
CEUTA
43
“
conceptualised and spatially demarcated. 34
44
TANGER-MED POR
T: EMERGING WORL
D MARKET
2010
2015 2015+
1 in 5 container ships in the world The Tanger-Med port is on course to reach
8 million containers, 7 million passengers,
Morocco's trade with the EU is booming: exports
pass through the Strait of Gibraltar 700,000 trucks, 2 million vehicles, and 10
rose from $7.11 in 2001 to $11.3 billion in 2006,
million MT of oil products by 2015. This will while imports jumped from $11 billion to $22.4
make the Tanger-Med region a economic billion. Trade between Africa and Europe is also
force in the Mediterranean and in the world. increasing: African exports to the EU doubled
240 Vessels a day between 1999 and 2006 to $113 billion.34
150 vessels a day
>1,000 gross tonnage
73,000 vessels a year
+150,000 JOBS Ta n g e r-
Med Port Ceuta
13 km
Trieste
Marseille
Barcelona
Valencia
Algeciras Gioia
Tauro
TANGER-MED
|1st phase operative|
Enfidha
(works in progress) Port Saïd
|extension in progress|
Sokhna
|1st phase operative|
To Ceuta
Tanger Med-1
Tanger Med-2
N
50
Border Crossings
51
€
Ceuta was a free port from 1863- >1863 1863-1956 >1956
1986 until joined the EU. Now,
it has a low-tax system within
the European Monetary System.
Items within Ceuta sell duty-free
and therefore increases tourism.
Additionally the exclave has a 50%
VAT reduction, which has prompted
industries to station themselves
near the border, in an industrial
complex called Polygonal Tarajal. 35
Ceuta population
Moroccans
Ceutans
13, 000 30,000 77, 589
Morocco
Spain
= 500 people
GDP
$1.362
SPAIN
trillion
$145.6
MOROCCO billion
57
$1.362
SPAIN
trillion
Pop:
46.5
Million
Pop:
$145.6
31.6
MOROCCO billionmillion
58
Same Same
42
60
CEUTA AS MOROCCAN?
61
CEUTA TIMELINE
CEUTA IS AUTONOMOUS
CEUTA FOUNDED
600 BC 42 AD
TREATY OF LISON
YEARS OF RULE 1995
CARTHAGINIANS 279
ROMANS 389
VANDALS 105
BYZANTINES 175
OMEYYADS 352 1668
INDEPENDENT 23
ALMORAVIDS 149
INDEPENDENT 3
1415
MARINIDS 6
HAFSIDS 7
MOROCCO 88
INDEPENDENT 12
PORTUGUESE 165
SPAIN 430
1031 AD
CARTHEGINIANS 279
ROMANS 389
VANDALS 105
948 CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINES 175
OMEYYADS 352
INDEPENDENT 23
ALMORAVIDS 149
INDEPENDENT 3
MARINIDS 6
550
550 ISLAM
HAFSIDS 7
MOROCCO 88
INDEPENDENT 12
PORTUGUESE 165
595 CHRISTIAN
SPAIN 430
62
1986 2010
>50
51-200
51-200
51-200
51-200
12,000 (2010)
MOROCCAN PROJECTIONS
2050
1950 2000
Source: World population Prospects: 2000 Revision (United Nations Population Division, 2001.)
64
BOUNDARY AS FIELD
44
65
?
67
SITE
Geopolitical border
Border crossing
275M
OPERATIONS
2 km
Ce
F
ni
ut
de
a
q
HYBRID ZONE CREATED WHERE BOUNDARY IS DISSOLVED. FLOWS COME FROM ANY DIRECTION
75
“
FIELD CONDITIONS TREATS CONSTRAINTS AS OPPORTUNITY AND
MOVES AWAY FROM A MODERNIST ETHIC- AND AESTHETICS-
OF TRANSGRESSION. WORKING WITH AND NOT AGAINST SITE,
SOMETHING NEW IS PRODUCED BY REGISTERING THE COMPLEXITY
OF THE GIVEN....FIELD CONDITIONS ARE BOTTOM-UP PHENOMENA:
“
DEFINED NOT BY OVERARCHING GEOMETRICAL SCHEMAS BUT BY
THE INTRICATE LOCAL CONNECTIONS. FORM MATTERS, BUT NOT SO
MUCH THE FORMS OF THINGS AS THE FORMS BETWEEN THINGS. 46
76
INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL
SERVICES SERVICES
SPANISH MOROCCAN
GOODS GOODS
BLACK BLACK
MARKET MARKET
FISHING FISHING
TOURISM TOURISM
77
1.5 KM
PRECEDENTS
79
“In Cordoba, for example, independent elements are combined additively to form an indeterminate whole...the local syntax
is fixed, but there is no overarching geometric scaffolding.Parts are not fragments of wholes but simply parts...the structure
can be added to without substantial morphological transformation. Field configurations are inherently expandable...45”
Mosque designed to
typological standard
Hall lengthened by
eight bays, new Boundary is dissolved
entrance added
Hall lengthened by within the interior. Each
12 bays, qibla and new addition creates
mihrab added
Size doubled with addition of an outer boundary, but
12 bays. Mihrab decorated and the field dissolves the
separated from rest of mosque,
producing a maqsura, a decorated previous boundaries.
screen in front of the mihrab.
Hall widened along one side by
eight naves
80
OF
E
MOSQU
CORD
OB
A
14th-18th centuries
Mosque turned into Catedral de Cōrdoba_King Charles V
82
48
Mark Wilson, untitled, 1973 drawing
12 x 12 inches (30 x 30 cm.), acrylic on paper.
The computer drawings of Mark Wilson can be understood
as a field of objects that in their local relationships,
begin to produce cohesion through their overall
interrelationships. The drawings not only represent a way
to layer the surface with symbols, forms, and color, but
to understanding these relationships is a critical step in
attempting to dissolve boundaries architecturally. Looking
toward these paintings not for formal arrangement,
symbolic content, or aesthetics, these drawings
represent a system of relationships that are arranged
with a certain complexity, that can inform the project.
49
Mark Wilson, "e10910", 2010 archival ink jet print.
24 x 24 inches (61 x 61 cm.). Edition of 5 on Somerset rag paper.
83
SPECULATION
CONNECT TO FNIDEQ.
UTILIZE FISHING INDUSTRY.
DISSOLVE MARITIME BORDER.
PRODUCTIVE BORDERS.
85
86
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