Basic Research Designs

A. Experimental Research
This particular design is an inquiry on cause-and-effect relationships, and is conducted in
a specialized setting, such as the laboratory, experimental unit or research center. The
researcher controls and manipulates the independent variable and randomly assigns the
subjects to different conditions or situations.
The benefit gained in experimental studies is the possibility of establishing causal
relationships between independent & dependent variables.
In experimental studies, the researcher consciously manipulates or controls situations
related to the study, thus interfering with nature. Observations are done under controlled
conditions or in a controlled environment (Abdellah, 2000).
B. Non-Experimental Research
The researcher does not interfere with nature, and the conditions for research are
realistic or natural.
This research is often known as “surverys”, which have less control over the study
subjects and the setting where it is conducted. They are research conditions in which the
researcher cannot control and manipulate the independent variable. They are mostly conducted
in natural settings such as schools, hospital and other public health agencies, and home of
patients, among others.
C. Combined Experimental and Non-experimental Research Designs
These are known as “partial experiments” or partially controlled non-experimental
designs. Extraneous variables may exist which the researcher may not be able to control, thus
causing inaccurate data. A natural setting is used, such as a nursing unit in a hospital. However,
the researcher exercises some control in the assignment of the study subjects to various study
groups.
D. Quantitative & Qualitative Research Designs
Quantitative research applies to the manipulation and control of phenomena and
verification of results, using empirical data gathered through the senses. It is concerned with the
objective meaning of experience to an individual.
Qualitative research focuses on insights into and understanding of individual
perceptions on the phenomenon under study. It attempts to obtain rich, indepth, and valid data
which almost always relate to non-experimental studies.