FOA Reference Guide To Fiber Optics uy al oF Study Guide To FOA Certification Jim Hayes http:/Awww.ebook-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo Version The Fiber Optic Association, Inc. the professional society of ber opticsTable of Contents + Preface + Chapter 1: Introduction | * What is “Fiber Optics"? + Which Fiber Optics? + Fiber, Copper or Wireless ? + Standards Facilitate Fiber Applications + Two Important Issues When Working With Fiber + Review Questions + Chapter 2: Fiber Optie Jargon + What Is Fiber Optics? + Fiber Optic Test Equipment + Review Questions + Chapter 3: Fiber Optic Communications + Why use fiber? + Fiber Optic Communication Networks + Designing Fiber Optic Networks + Review Questions + Chapter 4: Fiber Optic Transmission Systems And Components + Fiber Optic Data Links+ Sources for Fiber Optic Transmitters + Detectors for Fiber Optic Receivers + Specialty Fiber Optic Transmission Components + Data Link Performance And Link Power Budget + Review Questions + Chapter 5: Optical Fiber ‘+ What is Optical Fiber? + Fiber Types + Fiber Specifications Modal Effects in Multimode Fiber + Review Questions * Chapter 6: Fiber Opie Cable Fiber Optic Cable Design http: nL EH GBK-eBhverter. com Kindle Pe@yAverter Demo Version + Chapter 7: Connectors and Splices + Connectors or Splices? + Performance Specifications Connectors + Termination Procedures splices, + Review Questions + Chapter 8: Fibor Optic Testing + Fiber Optic Tests+ Visual Inspection + Optical Power Optical Loss or Insertion Loss IDR testing + Othor Testing + Review Questions + Chapter 9: Fiber Optic Network Design + What Is Fiber Optic Network Design? + Choosing Transmission Equipment + Planning The Route + Choosing Components + Cable Plant Link Loss Budget Analysis + Project Documentation http: Kindle PE'eonye ete emo. Version + Preparing For Installation + Installation Checklist + Proparing For Premises Fiber Optic Installations + Preparing For Outside Plant Installations + Equipping Installation Personnel + Training and Safety + Installing Fiber Optic Cable + Termination and Splicing « Testing the Installed Fiber Optic Cable Plant. tration, Management, and Documentation + Review Questions + Appendix A: KSAs for Fiber Optic Technicians « Appendix B: Additional References For Training and Study + Appendix C: Definitions of Terms http:/Awww.ebook-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo VersionThe FOA Reference Guide To Fiber Optics FOA Certification Jim Hayes http:/Awww.ebook-converter.ct Kindle PC Converter Demo Ver The Fiber Optic Association, Inc. The Professional Society Of Fiber Optics www.TheFOA.orgThe FOA Reference Guide To Fiber Optics And Study Guide To FOA Certification The Fiber Optic Association, Inc. . 1119 § Mission Road #355, Fallbrook, CA 92028 http:/www.ebook-conye iter COW as 9655 Fax 781-207-2401 Kindle PC Converter Demmonensienrs htp://www-TheFOA.org Copyright 2009, The Fiber Optic Association, Inc. CFOT® is a registered trademark of The Fiber Optic Association, Inc., US Patent and Trademark Office Reg. No. 3.572,190. ISBN 1-4392-5387-0Preface ‘The Fiber Optic Association, Inc., the nonprofit professional society of fiber optics, has become one of the principal sources of technical information, training curriculum and certifications for the fiber optic industry. As technology has driven the rate of technical change ever faster, it has become a challenge to provide printed reference books that are not hopelessly out of date. Instead, many readers tum to the Internet for more up-to-date technical information. The information on the Internet, however, is often biased, even that on supposedly non-commercial websites, and anonymous sources must be assumed to be untrustworthy or have a commercial agenda. The FOA created its Online Reference Guide (www:thefoa.org/tech/ref/) to provide a more up-to-date and biased reference for those seekiyg information on fiber optic technology, components, applications and http:divnaaeba SAGARA that most users profer tho Internet for echnical information. «With gbi xefer printed books or who must have them to meet Ki nd eee Penvettee heriy, eehsiniee ook is done by “publishing on demand,” where the book is net printed until ordered, and only after accessing the latest version electronically. Thus this edition meets the needs of those who prefer printed references without burdening them with trying to determine what material is already obsolete. For those who want this printed version but also want access to the web for color graphics, automatic self-testing or links to even more technical information, we have provided links on the FOA Online Reference Guide website to the appropriate sections covered in this book. Ifyou have feedback on the book, feel free to email comments or questions to the FOA at: info@thefoa.org. What is The FOA? The Fiber Optic Association, Inc. is a intemational non-profit educational organization that is dedicated topromoting professionalism in the field of fiber optics. Founded in 1905 by a dozen prominent fiber optics trainers and industry personnel, it has grown to now being involved i + Administering technical certification programs + Evaluating and approving training schools + Developing online & print technical references « Developing curriculum for training «Training instructors + Participating in industry standards activities + Publishing online and email newsletters + Promoting fiber optics applications and education The FOA has approved hundreds of training programs around the world, inchding those at technical high schools and colleges, union apprenticeships. military groups, professional training organizations and fiber optic manufacturers and installers. FOA certification is recognized as the standard for fiber optic technician training http-iewlieEdORTeoh verter eonr an FOA Course Approval and Curriculum Materials Kindle: RG GenverterDemcoY e€8 iOfndards and those programs can offer FOA certifications to their students. For instructors teaching a fiber optics course, the FOA offers a complete curriculum package including Instructor's Guide, Student Guide, PowerPoint slides, instructions on setting up and running hands-on laboratories. Contact the FOA or go to the FOA website for more information. Anote of appreciation The material has been produced and reviewed by a number of contributors whom we wish to thank for their work in contributing, creating and reviewing the materials included here: Jim Hayes, Editor, Reviewers: Bob Ballard, Joe Botha, Craig Bowden, Duane Clayton, Tom Collins, F. Douglas Eliott, Jorge Garcia, Bill Graham, Arnie Harris, Karen Hayes, John Highhouse, Ron Leger, Eric Pearson, Jim Underwood, Chuck Vella, Craig Getchel and many, many more. We'd also like to thank Michael Hayes for his work on editing, layout and. publishing this book.This information is provided by The Fiber Optic Association, Inc. as a benefit to those interested in designing, manufacturing, selling, installing or using fiber optic communications systems or networks. It is intended to be used asa overview and/or basic guidelines and in no way should be considered to be complete or comprehensive. These guidelines are strictly the opinion of the FOA and the reader is expected to use them as a basis for learning, reference and creating their own documentation, project specifications, ete. Those working with fiber optics in the classroom, laboratory or field should follow all safety rules carefully. The FOA assumes no liability for the use of any of this material. http:/Awww.ebook-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo VersionChapter 1: Introduction Objectives: From this chapter you should learn: + What does “fiber optics” mean + How fiber was developed and used in communications « The difference between “outside plant” and “premises” fiber optics + Some advantages of fiber optics + What standards cover fiber optics + How to work with fiber safely te PEER Leto Some ye pm in de iy vm ae Kii ndiek Ge DOSE Ht @tnERO MOET Pics is used in communications, lighting, medicine, optical inspections and to make sensors. The FOA is primarily interested in communications fiber optics, so this book will focus on that application. A Brief History Fiber Optics in communications works by sending light signals down hair thin strands of glass fiber (and sometimes plastic fiber.) It began during the 1970s in R&D labs around the world (Corning, Bell Labs, ITT UK, etc.) and was first installed commercially in Dorset, England by STC and Chicago, IL, USA in 1976 by AT&T. By the early 1980s, fiber telecommunications networks connected the major cities on each coast. By the mid-80s, fiber began replacing al] the telco copper, microwave and satellite long distance links. In the 90s, transoceanic fiber optic cables replaced satellites between most continents. Now fiber has become cost effective for direct connection to the home.CATV discovered fiber in the mid-1990s and used it first to enhance the reliability of their networks, a big problem. Along the way, the discovered they could offer phone and Internet service on that same fiber and greatly enlarged their markets. As cell phones took holdin the market, their backbones were built on fiber. Computer networks (LANs) started using fiber about the same time as the telcos, in the late 1970s. Industrial links were among the first applications as the noise immunity of fiber and its distance capability make it ideal for the factory floor. Connecting graphics displays and mainframe storage links, the predecessors of today’s fiber SANs (storage area networks) in data centers, came next. Today fiber is used in most corporate LAN as backbones, connections to desktops for engineering and graphics workstations and many wireless access points. Other applications developed too: cell phone network antenna connections, aircraft, ship and automobile data busses, CCTV for security, even links for consumer digital stereo! Big user of fiber optics today are municipalities who use it for connecting schools, departments, smart traffic lights and CCTV surveillance systems. Some even offer direct fiber connections to their citizens or businesses. http: INA, P asim or 2 osical choice for every communication system. Costs is now cost effective, especialy since it can offer services Ki ndtePe-convelterpente-version™= medium offers. Which Fiber Optics? ‘Whenever you read an article or talk to someone about fiber optics, it’s important to know which fiber optics they mean. All fiber optics is not the same. We're mainly concerned with communications fiber opties, but it's also used for lighting, inspection in medical and nondestructive testing and making sensors for physical measurements. In communications, we have “outside plant” fiber optics as used in telephone networks, CATV, metropolitan networks, utilities, etc. or “premises” fiber optics as found in buildings and campuses. Just like “wire” which can. ‘mean lots of different things — electrical power, security, HVAC, CCTV, LAN or telephone - fiber optics is not all the same. And this can be a big source of confusion to the novice. Lets define our terms.Outside Plant Telephone companies, CATV and the Internet all use fiber optics, virtually all of which is outside buildings and is generally roferred to as outside plant (OSP). It hangs from poles, is buried underground, pulled through conduit or is even submerged underwater. Most of it goes relatively long distances, from a few hundred feet to hundreds of miles. Outside plant cables often have very high fiber counts, up to 288 fibers or more. Cable designs are optimized for the application: cables in conduit optimized for pulling tension and resisting moisture, buried cables optimized for resisting moisture and rodent damage, aerial optimized for continuous tension and extreme weather and undersea optimized for resisting moisture penetration. Installation requires special equipment like cable pullers or plows, and even trailers to carry giant spools of cable. Long distances mean cables are spliced together, since cables are not manufactured in lengths longer than about 4-5 kim (2.5-3 miles), and most splices are by fusion splicing. Connectors (generally SC or LC styles) on factory made pigiails are spliced onto the end of the cable. After installation, every fiber and every splice is http -ARWH BESS k-converter. COM snr usally has a tempersture controled van or tiles for Kinda POo-GonverterBeimetiversicntion splicors, OTDRs and other equipment can be quite ‘expensive. Most outside plant telephone installs are done by the telco themselves, while a small number of large, specialized installers do CATY, utility and municipal work. Premises Cabling By contrast, premises cabling- cabling installed in a building or campus - involves shorter lengths, rarely longer than a few hundred feet, typically with fewer fibers per cable. The fiber is mostly multimode, except for the enlightened user who installs hybrid cable with both multimode and singlemode fibers for future high bandwidth applications. Splicing is practically unknown in premises applications. Cables between buildings can be bought with double jackets, PE for outside plant protection over PVC for building applications requiring flame retardant cable jackets, so cables can be run continuously between buildings. Today's connectors often have lower loss thansplices, and patch panels give more flexibility for moves, adds and changes. Most connectors are SC or ST style with LCs becoming more popular. Termination is by installing connectors directly on the ends of the fibers, primarily using adhesive or sometimes prepolished splice techniques. Testing is done by a source and meter, but every installer should have a flashlight type tracer to check fiber continuity and connection. Unlike the outside plant technician, the premises cable installer (who is often also installing the power cable and Cat 5/6 for LANs too!) probably has a relatively small investment in tools and test equipment. There are thousands of cabling installers who do fiber optic work. They've found out it isn’t “rocket science,” and their smal] initial investment in training, tools and test equipment is rapidly paid back. ‘The Installers Few installers do both outside plant and premises cabling. The companies that do are usually very large and often have separate divisions doing each with different personnel. Most contractors do nothing but premises cabling. http:Five=wtesbookboledrter.com 1e most cost effective means of transporting information. Ki nde OV EREPH ERS ER: ‘in leas time than any other communications medium. The bandwidth and distance capability of fiber means that fewer cables are needed, fewer repeaters, less power and less maintenance. In addilion, fiber is unaffected by the interference of electromagnetie radiation which makes it possible to transmit information and data with less noise and less error. Fiber is lighter than copper ‘wires which makes it popular for aircraft and automotive applications. Wireless was used a3 a long distance medium until fiber became available, but witeless is limited by available transmission frequencies so it was dropped as a long distance medium. While local wireless has grown exponentially, t uses fiber as a backbone and connection to the international phone system. These advantages makes the use of optical fiber the most logical choice in data transmission. Twenty five years ago, fiber was just being introduced. It was expensive and required PhD’s from Bell Labs to install it while copper wire was easy to install. Today most communications cabling installers do fiber and“wireless as well as copper installations. Because fiber is so powerful, at today’s network speeds fiber has lots of headroom and users can look to the future of ten to one hundred gigabit speeds with confidence. Telcos use DSL over copper today but it's very limited in bandwidth over typical subscriber connection lengths and many older copper wires will not support DSL speeds, leading to adoption of fiber to the home. Copper gigabit Ethernet works over short cables in LANs or but only if tis carefully installed and tested. But isn't fiber more expensive? Telcos and CATV operators use fiber because it’s actually much cheaper. They optimize the architecture of their network to take advantage of fiber’s speed and distance advantages. In LANs, ‘you need to follow the EIA/TIA 568 standard for “centralized fiber” to optimize the fiber usage, and then it can ‘be cheaper than copper. Installing the proper fiber today in a LAN will give you good chance of being able to handle new network speeds for years to come. One fiber, FDDI grade 62.5/125, outlasted 9 generations of copper! http:FAvwlebotive dirveteatceten= yption of any te y depends on japnieg vo workable standards to insure product compatibility. Most Kindle Be BAUaSEPBGiha aeeiaat ited by industry groups. Standards are not “codes” or actual laws that you must follow to be in compliance with local ordinances but sensible guidelines to ensure proper operation of communications systems. Standards are often developed by groups within each country, like ELA/TIA or IEEE in the US, but are increasingly becoming international under the auspices of ISO and IEC. Standards like EIA/TIA 568 ( from the Electronic Industries Alliance/ Telecommunications Industry Association in the US) which covers all of the things you need to know to install a standard premises cabling natwork are good guidelines for designs and should be followed to ensure interoperability. Primary measurement standards like for optical power measurements are set by standards organizations in each country like NIST (the US National Institute of Standards and Technology) and coordinated worldwide. The only common “mandatory standard” in the US - we call them codes - is the NEC 770 (National ElectricalCode). The NEC specifies electrical safety and fire prevention standards that includes fiber optic cables. Other countries have similar codes for building safety. If an indoor cable doesn’t have a NEC rating - don't install it - it ‘won't pass inspectior A listing of the ELA/TIA and ISO/IEC standards is on the website of The Fiber Optic Association. Information on the BIA/TIA standards can be found on the website of most of the suppliers of structured cabling hardware, Two Important Issues When Working With Fiber ‘Safety When Working With Fiber Optics Some people think that eye damage from working with lasers would be the big concern in fiber optic installations. The reality is that high power lasers burning holes in metal or burning warts off your finger have little relevance to your typical fiber optic installation. Optical sources used in fiber optics are generally of much. lower power levels (The exception is high power telco DWDM or CATV systems). Of course. you should always be careful with your eyes, especially when using a fiber optic microscope which can concentrate all the light http:fawwarebookseowmeanter:cortter unless you know no lights present - use a power meter to they io fa id "tse anything. j kindig Pt Calivedar Baie Vets 2MBES|OR cs caved othe endo the Stes bing terminate o spliced. These scraps are very dangerous! The cleaved ends are extremely sharp and can easily penetrate your skin. If they get into your eyes, they are very hard to flush out. Don't even think about what happens if you eat one. Always wear safety glasses whenever working with fiber and always carofully dispose of fiber scraps. Always follow these rules when working with fiber. + 1, Always wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from fiber scraps. +2, Dispose of all scraps properly. Always use a properly marked container to dispose of later and work on a black pad which makes the slivers of glass easier to spot. «3. Do not drop them on the floor where they will stick in carpets or shoes and be carried elsewhere. +4. Do not eat or drink anywhere near the work area.http:/Awww.ebook-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo VersionIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 6. Outside plant cabling can be installed by . +A. Pulling in underground in conduit +B, Direct burial Aerial suspension *D.All of the above 7. Underground cable generally includes a gel, powder or tape for protection from. . +A Pulling friction +B. Lightning strikes. +C. Fiber abrasion 8, Armored cable is used in outside plant installations to . +A Prevent rodent damage B. Protect, is dar http:/Www Wwe Bbakasanverter.com Kindl ~_*_3. Concatenation or Remo Version . in a long outside plant run is almost always done by “VA. Mechanical splicing +B. Fusion splicing +, Field installation of connectors « D. Splicing on pigtailled connectors 10. Premise cables in LAN backbones often contain - +A. Only multimode fiber +B. Only singlemode fiber + C. Both multimode and singlemode fiber+D. Plastic optical fiber 11. Premises cables must be rated for to meet codes. ‘A. Pullstrength +B. Bend radius +C. Weight in cable trays +D. Fire retardance 12. The protective gear every VDV installer must always wears. . +A. Bye protection +B. Plastic apron +C. Gloves + D. Shoe covers 13. Information on the safety of chemicals used in fiber optics aro. ~ A. Available from National Institutes of Health http:/Awwyeebook-gonvertencom 1 2c xed to be it jastaller's tpel kit, . KindlsAReenweHter Baio Veision 14. Always keep ‘on connectors when not connected to equipment or being tested. +A. Mating adapters +B. Strain relief boots +C. Sticky tape +D. Dust caps Additional Study And Projects From the FOA Online Reference Guide, read the reference topics Fiber Optic Technology and Standards and Safety.Chapter 2: Fiber Optic Jargon oa SB ok A onl ie Objectives: From this chapter you should learn: + The language of fiber optics « Systems of measurements used in fiber optics. « Specialized fiber optic terms The key to understanding any technology is understanding the language of the technology — the jargon. We've started this book with an overview of fiber jargon to introduce you to the language of fiber opties and help you understand what you will be reading in the book. We suggest you read this section first to help your understanding of the rest of the book and refer back to it when you encounter a term that you do not recognize. http: AWWA BI OE ASPB BH fore In denth explenations, Kindie:RGsGonwerter Demo Version Fiber optic communications means sending signals from one location to another in the form of modulated light guided through hair-thin fibers of glass or plastic. These signals can be analog or digital and voice, data or video. Fiber can transport more information longer distances in less time than any copper wire or wireless method. Its powerful and very fast - offering more bandwidth and distance capability than any other form of communication! The Metric System Fiber optics, as an international technology, utilizes the metric system as the standard form of measurement. ‘Several of the more common terms used are:‘Moter: 3.28 feet, 39.37 inches. Fiber optic cable lengths are generally expressed in meters or kilometers. Kilometer: 1000 meters / 3,261 feet / 0.62 miles. ‘Micron: 1/1,000,000th of a meter. 25 microns equal 0.001 inch. This is the common term of measurement for fiber diameters, most of which are 125 microns in outside diameter. Nanometer: One billionth of one meter. This term is commonly used in the fiber optics industry to express, wavelength of transmitted light, e.g. 850 or 1300 nm. Fiber Optical Fiber: Thin strands of highly transparent glass or plastic that guide light. Buffer Core \ http:/www.ebeok: rter.com Kindle PC Conyerter™imo Version Cladding Core: The center of the fiber where the light is transmitted. Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fiber that traps the light in the core and guides it along - even through curves. Buffer coating or primary buffer coating: A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fiber that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage. The buffer is what one strips off the fiber for termination or splicing. ‘Mode: A single “electromagnetic field pattern” (think of a ray of light) that travels in fiber.‘Multimode fiber: has a larger core (almost always 50 or 62.5 microns - a micron is one millionth of a meter) and is used with laser or LED sources at wavelengths of 850 and 1300 nm for short distance applications like LANs or security cameras. ‘Singlemode fiber: has a much smaller core, only about 8-9 microns, so it only transmits one mode. It can go very long distances at very high speeds. Singlemode is used for telephony (long distance, metropolitan and fiber to the home) and CATV with laser sources at 1310 to 1550 nm. Fiber identification: Fibers are identified by their core and cladding diameters expressed in microns (one millionth of a meter), e.g. 50/125 micron multimode fiber or 9/125 micron singlemode fiber. Most multimode and singlemode fibers have an outside diameter of 125 microns - about 0.005 - 5 thousandths of an inch - just slightly larger than a human hair. International standards for fibers call out detailed specifications that also include bandwidth capability or other special characteristics. Plastic optical fiber (POF): is a large core (usually 1mm) multimode fiber that can be used for short, low speed pptworks, POF is sae in consumer, HiFi and as part of a standard for vehicle communication systems called http: aww.e joOk-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo Version Fiber Optic Cable Cable: Cable provides protection to the fibers from stress during installation and from the environment once it is installed. Cables may contain from only one to hundreds of fibers inside. Cables come in three varieties: tight buffer with a thick plastic coating on the fibers for protection, used mainly indoors, loose-tube, where fibers with only a primary buffer coating are inside plastic tubes, and ribbon, where fibers are made into ribbons to allow small cables with the largest numbers of fibers.Satfener/ strength membor Li Fibers - - i bles installed inside buildings must meet fire codes by using http: JaieBeeKsorvertel: cont mrneeeciee Kindle:-Re& ConverteraDenio. Versio tpont trade name) used as strength members in the cable to allow pulling the cable. The term is also used for the fiberglass rod in some cables used to stiffen it to prevent kinking. Armor: Discourages rodents from damaging cable by chewing through it. Termination and Splicing Connector: A non-permanent device for connecting two fibers in a non-permanent joint or connect fibers to equipment. Connectors are expected to be disconnected occasionally for testing or rerouting.Splice: a permanent joint between two fibers primarily used to concatenate Goin) long fibers in outside plant installations and attach pigtails to terminate them. ‘Mechanical Splice: A splice where the fibers are aligned created by mechanical means. Fusion Splice: A splice created by welding or fusing two fibers together. Fusion Splicer: An instrument that splices fibers by fusing or welding them, typically by electrical are. Hardware: Terminations and Splices require hardware for protection and management: patch panels, splice closures, etc. along a fiber, usually expressed in decibels (dB). For tion per unit length, in dB/km. See optical loss Bandwidth: The range of signal frequencies or bit rate within which a fiber optic component, link or network will operate. Decibels (4B): A unit of measurement of optical power that indicates relative power. For example, 3 dB is a factor or two, 10 dB a factor of ten. Negative dB indicates loss, so -10 dB means a reduction in power by 10 times, -20 dB means another 10 times or 100 times overall, -30 means another 10 times or 1000 times overall and soon. : Optical power referenced an arbitrary zero level, used to measure loss ‘dBm: Optical power referenced to 1 milliwatt, used to measure absolute optical power from transmitters or at receivers. See optical power.Optical Loss: The amount of optical power lost as light is transmitted through fiber, splices, couplers, etc, expressed in “dB.” Optical Power: is measured in “dBm”, or decibels referenced to one milliwatt of power. While loss is a relative reading, optical power is an absolute measurement, referenced to standards. You measure absolute power to test transmitters or receivers and relative power in “dB” to test loss. Dispersion: Pulse spreading caused by modes in multimode fiber (modal dispersion), the difference in speed of light of different wavelengths (CD or chromatic dispersion in multimode or singlemode fiber ) or polarization. (PMD or polarization mode dispersion in singlemode) Scattering: The change of direction of light after striking small particles that causes the majority of loss in optical fibers and is used to make measurements by an OTDR ‘Wavelength: A term for the color of light, usually expressed in nanometers (nm) or microns (m). Fiber is mostly used in the infrared region where the light is invisible to the human eye. Most fiber specifications http-(AARAW BOR CO VEE CS He Kindle PC Genwerer Demo Version uv. ible Infrared > 250 850 6501000 7850 Wavelength {nm Tools Jacket Slitter or Stripper: A cutter for removing the heavy outside jacket of cables Fiber Stripper: A precise stripper used to remove the buffer coating of the fiber itself for termination. There atthree types in common use, called by their trade names (from left): “Miller Stripper", “No-Nik” and “Micro Strip.” Cleaver: A tool that precisely “breaks” the fiber to produce a flat end for polishing or splicing. Scribe: A hard, sharp tool that scratches the fiber to allow cleaving. Polishing Puck: for connectors that require polishing, the puck holds the connector in proper alignment to the lishing film, http: PNGQKRONVEFATGOMend of the connector ferrule. Kindl@P@:6 on verter: Dente Version fibers in the cable to add mechanical strength. Fusion Splicer: An instrument that welds two fibers together into a permanent joint. Fiber Optic Test Equipment Optical Power Meter: An instrument that measures optical power from the end of a fiber. Light Source: an instrument that uses a laser or LED to send an optical signal into fiber for testing loss of the fiber or cable Optical Loss Test Set (OLTS): A measurement instrument that includes both a meter and source used for measuring insertion loss of installed cable plants or individual cables. Also called light source and power meter (LSPM.)Reference Test Cables: short, single fiber cables with connectors on both ends, used to test unknown cables. A launch cable is attached to the source and used to set the reference power for loss measurements and a receive cable is attached to the power meter. ‘Mating Adapter: also called splice bushing or couplers, allow two cables with connectors to mate. F SS http:/Awww.ebook: r.com. Kindl@FG-COnMEMAEPSMO ME ESHQMiens) that allows visual checking of continuity and tracing for correct connections such as duplex connector polarity ‘Visual Fault Locator (VFL): A high-powered visible laser light source that allows continuity testing, fiber tracing and location of faults near the end of the cable. Inspection Microscope: used to inspect the end surface of a connector for faults such as scratches, polish or dirt. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR): An instrument that uses backscattered light to take a snapshot of an optical fiber which can be used to measure fiber length, splice loss, fiber attenuation and for fault location in optical fiber from only one end of the cable.Review Questions True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ___1. Optical fibers can transmit either analog or digital signals. ‘Singlemode fiber has a smaller core than multimode fiber. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 3. In an optical fiber, the light is transmitted through the +A. Core +B. Cladding +C. Buffer http: INR Jacket, P:/ WWM ROOK GONNEFELCOMonaty measured in . Kindle PC Converter Demo VersionEnd of this sample Kindle book. Enjoyed the sample? Buy Now or See details for this book in the Kindle Store http:/Awww.ebook-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo Versionhttp:/Awww.ebook-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo VersionEnd of this sample Kindle book. Enjoyed the sample? Buy Now or See details for this book in the Kindle Store http:/Awww.ebook-converter.com Kindle PC Converter Demo Version