Construct: Development: Samples: Vatiaeys Scores: Source Other evidence: ‘Other sourees: References: PREFERENCE FOR NUMERICAL INFORMATION: PNT (Viswanathan 1993) Preference for numerical information (PNI)is definedas a “preference or proclivity toward using ‘numerical informationand engaging i thinking involving numerical information” (Viswanathan 1993, p. 742). FNI reflects a preferencefprocivity, and not necessarily an ability, toward ‘numerical information, The PNI also focuses on numerical information rather than mathematical or statistical domains, and the PNT is considered relevant to a variety of settings rather than a specific comext. As such, the PNI encompasses the satisfaction, usefulness, and enjoyment individuals derive from usiag numerical information ‘The PNT scale is composed of 20 ters acoed on 7-point scales ranging fom strongly disagree tostrongly agree. tem seores are summed, and then divided bythe eumbe of tems inthe sale (x. 20), to forman overall PNIscoeethatcan theoretically range from Ito 7.1¢ seme that 17 and 8-tem versions ofthe scale are also tenable. Over eight studies using recommended scaling procedures, the 20ctem form ofthe scale was derived and extensively tested for dimensional internal consistency. snd validity. Ar initia! ‘pool of 35 items was generated to reflect the construc. This pol was reduced 120 tems, based ‘ncontent validity. (Through eealedevelopment procedures items were meadifed, deleted, and replaced.) Twenty items were then empirically tested via exploratory (common) fextor analyses, aid reliability and item analyses unt the 20-item frm of the PNT was obtained and tsied for internal consistency and validity. Studies 1, 2,and 3 used samples of n=93, 160, nd 99: Study 4useda sample of n= 108: Study Swned «sample of = 174; Study 6 used a sample of t= 106; Study 7 ws a sample of = 118; and Study 8useda sample of n= 160, Allsamples were composed of college students. en thatthe final 20-jemn form ofthe scale was derived and texied for ite psychomettice in Studies § through 7, discussion of validity will be resrieted to those studies. Although common factor analysis led (othe extaction of to factor, the first factor aceousted for large portion of the variance in the data (48.1%), thas offering scine evidence for a single-dimension PNL (Stody 5). Cocfficientalphe estimates fer the PNI were 92 to .94 for Studies § and 6, (An cighteitem short form of the NPI had an alpha of 91.) A testreiest reliability correlation ftom Study 6 was r-=.91 (p <.01), Studies 7 and 8 examined the scales validity. In Stady 7, PN] ‘was not elated to sccal desirability bias (r=.03) and was significantly corelated with need for cognition (r= 3D) and with grades in sttistequantitaive courses (r = 43,r= 41, and r= 47), Numerous ether estimates of validity were reported in Stady 8, bat these estimates pertain {oa 17-item version ofthe scale. This L7-em version showed corelations of 41 and -24 (p < 01) with measures of need for precision and tolerance of ambiguity, respectively. Numerous cortelaions between the PNI and attitudes toward math and statistics showed evidence of validity forthe scale. Six correlations were reported that ranged from.51 to .74 (p <.01) ‘Mean scores forthe final 20-item version are summarized here. For Study 6, means were 464 and 4.62 forthe test-retest interval data, Tn Study 7, the mean for males was 4.51, and the mean ‘or females was 4.75, These two means were not siasticaly different Viswanathan, Madhubatan. (1993). “Measurement of Individual Differences in Preference for Numerical Information," Journal of Applied Pryekology, 78(5), 741-752, ‘© 1993 by the American Peyshological Association. Scale items taken from Tablet (p. 728). Reprinted with persision. NA Nua NA30 HANDBOOK OF MARKETING SCALES PREFERENCE FOR NUMERICAL INFORMATION: PNI (Viswanathan 1993) 1, Kenoy work tat requies the use oF tmbers 2.1 think quantitative information ificul to understand 3. find i satsfying to slve day-to-day rcblems involving numbers, 4. Numerical informations very useful in every lie 5. 1pefer not to pay attention to information involving numbers 6. {think more information should be avaiable in numerical form. 7. deni think aout ius involving numbers. 8. Nurses a not necessary for mst situations 9. Thiaking is enjoyable when itdoes at involve quanstatveinformason. 10, [ike to make calculations using sumerca formation. 11, Qusntatve information i vial for accurate decisions, 12, Lerjoy thinking aboutissues that do et involve nurrerical information 13. Understanding umber isasimpartatin daily ie 8 reading oe writing 14, Lenily lose interest im aaphs,percenagss, snd ther quantitative information, 15, dat find merical infertile relevant for mol saations 16, [think tisimportnt o lea anduse numerical informaonto make wel informed dessins 17, Numbers ave redundant foe mest stations 18, It isa waste of time toleam information contining 2 lotof rumbers. 19, Lie to gover mumbers in my mind. 20, IUhelps meto think iff pur down information as numbers. NOTES: Items 1, 3,4,5, 7,10, 15, and 19 represent an -item version of the PNL The 17-item version has all items except ems 2, 12,and 18, lems 2,5, 7,8, 9, 12.14, 15, 17, and 18 requir reverse scoring,