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Operating Systems
Operating Systems
1. Reduces Timeliness.
2. Increases Turnaround Time.
3. Difficult to provide Priority.
Spooling
Simultaneous Peripheral Output On Line.
Used for reducing speed mismatch & in
turn the idle time of the CPU.
Process of placing all data that comes from
input devices on either a magnetic tape or
disk.
Primary Reason for Spooling is to keep the
program & data readily available to CPU.
Input Spooled
Card Reader Disk Or Tape
Input
Output Spool
Main Memory Disk or Tape Output Printer
Process Of Spooling
Multiprogramming
In order to overcome the problem of
underutilization of main memory & CPU, the
concept of Multiprogramming was introduced.
Multiprogramming is the name given to the
interleaved execution of two or more different &
independent programs by the same computer.
CPU switches from one program to another
instantaneously.
Operation Of Multiprogramming
Main
Memory
Supervisor
Writing
Prog. A
Output Data
Prog. B
Program
C (waiting
Secondary for CPU)
Disk Storage
CPU
Three Different States of a Program
Running
Ready Blocked
I/O Completed
Requirement of
Multiprogramming System
Large Memory
Memory protection
I/O I/O
Processors Processors
Very Expensive
Maintenance is Costly.
Timesharing
It is used to describe a processing system with a
number of independent, relatively low speed,
online, simultaneously usable stations.
It refers to the allocation of computer resources in
a time dependent fashion to several programs
simultaneously.
Idea behind timesharing systems is to allow all
user programs to have a brief share of the CPU
time in turn.
Timesharing(Contd.)
The short period of time during which a
user gets the attention of the CPU is known
as a time slice & of the order of 10 to 20
milliseconds.
The processing speed of the system & the
use of multiprogramming in conjunction
with timesharing allows the CPU to switch
from one user station to another to do a job
allocated.
Concept of Timesharing System
Main
Memory
Terminal 1 Time Sharing
Supervisor
User 1 User 1
Terminal 2 User 2 User 2
.
…
…
Terminal 3 User N User N
Online
CPU Storage
Terminal N
Timesharing(Contd.)
Users who are using a timesharing system will fall
in one of the following three status groups:
a) Active: user’s program currently has control
of the CPU. One user will be active at a time.
b) Ready: user’s program is ready to continue
but is waiting for its turn to get the attention of
CPU.
c) Wait: user has made no request for execution
of his job or the user’s program is waiting for
some I/O operation.
Switching between 3 status
Active
Process must wait
Process is
for I/O completion
allocated CPU
time
Allotted
time slice
over
Ready Wait
I/O completed
Advantages Timesharing
Reduces CPU idle time.
Problem of reliability.
On-Line Station
Transaction Direct
Input Access
CPU On-Line
Storage
Enquiry Input/
Device
System Response
Real-Time Processing
A system in which a transaction accesses &
updates a file quickly enough to affect the original
decision making is called Real Systems.
Real time means immediate response from the
computer.
It’s a on-line system with severe time limitations.
One of the early system was American Airlines
SABRE reservation system.
They are required to be highly reliable.