Carbohydrates

- general formula Cx(H2O)y

- functions: immediate energy source, energy storage & structural
material

SUGARS: simplest carbohydrate

Monosaccharides:
- Polar and water soluble
- Functional groups are many hydroxyl group plus either an aldehyde or
ketone.

Draw the structures and the molecular formula for each of these hexose
sugars.

Glucose Galactose Fructose

- Molecular formula for all of the above sugars is ________________.

They are all ______________.
- In solution, these sugars form rings by breaking the second bond of
the C=O bond and forming a new bond with carbon #5.

Draw the ring structures of each of the hexose sugars

α -Glucose β -Glucose

Galactose Fructose
 Disaccharides
- Formed in condensation reactions between two monosaccharides.
Complete the following reactions
enzyme
1. Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water
enzyme
2. Glucose + Fructose
enzyme
3. Glucose + Galactose

- These linkages are 1, 4 linkages since the bond occurs between carbon
1 & carbon 4

- Hydrolysis reactions will break the linkage between the two

monosaccharides

Examples
enzyme

1. Maltose + Water

enzyme
2. Sucrose + Water

enzyme
3. Lactose + Water

POLYSACCHARIDES
- Many repeating monosaccharides

Starches
- Insoluble energy storage compounds in plants and animals
Plant Starches
Amylose Amylopectin
Size: Size:
Type of Linkages: Type of Linkages:
Special Structures: Special Structures:
Diagram: Diagram:

Animal Starches
Glucogen – Stored in liver & muscle cells
Size:
Type of Linkages:
Special Structures:
Diagram:

Cellulose
- Structural component of plant cell walls
- Produces a very rigid, inflexible supporting structures
- Found in wood, paper, cotton etc.

Size:
Type of Linkages:
Special Structures:
Diagram: