SPREAD SPECTRUM

Definition of spread spectrum

• Spread spectrum is a means of transmission in
which the data of interest occupies a bandwidth
in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to
send the data.
• The spectrum spreading is accomplished before
transmission through the use of a code that is
independent of the data sequence. The same code
is used in the receiver to despread the received
signal so that the original data may be recovered.
 Advantages
• Antijam capability
• Interference rejection
• Multiple access capability
• Secure communications
• Improved spectral efficiency.
GENERATION OF PN SEQUENCE
• When the PN sequences generated by linear
feedback shift register has the length of 2m-1,it
is called maximum length sequence.
Properties of Maximum Length sequences

2. Among the runs of 1s and 0s in each period of a maximum length sequence

,one half of the runs of each kind are of length one,one fourth are of length
two,one eigth are of length three,and so on as long as those fractions represent
meaningful numbers. This property is called run property.

Run means subsequence of identical symbols within one period of the sequence.
Length of the run is equal to the length of the subsequence.

For a maximum length sequence generated by a feedback shift register of length

m,the total number of runs is (m+1)/2.
 Spread spectrum
• One method of widening the bandwidth of
information signal is:
• Let bk- Binary data sequence
• ck- PN Sequence
Baseband
(low pass filter) output
 Direct sequence spread spectrum with coherent Binary PSK

•For pass band transmission.

Coherent
detector output

Local Carrier
 Frequency Hop spread spectrum
• The carrier hops randomly from one frequency to
another is called frequency hop spread spectrum.

• The rate of change of these hops is called hop

rate Rh.
• The rate at which k bit symbols of data input
sequence are generated is called symbol rate Rs.