teneration (usually he pipelining from km, then the best and Saskatchewan, is figure would be sed of practicably. be seen that the ions is rising from van. If the trend oval and disposal. reduction should to reduce further >ecially as future ins, nd Use for BOR, ver, B.C. October vering and Sto versity of Utrecht, date om Dioxide under 4 Options for the 4 Gas, Coal and Enerby Convers. Mam VoL. 33, No. $8, pp. 795-802, 1962 2196990092 $5.00+0.00 Primed in Great Bean, Alig sacred Conic © 1992 Person Pres Lat (C02 SEPARATION AND RECYCLING. A ROUTE TO ZERO NET PRODUCTION OF COg IN THE ALBERTA ENERGY INDUSTRY ‘A. Chakma Pept. of Chemical and Petroloum Engineering University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N IN4 ABSTRACT require conan yale QRetgy sector results in the production of COp, others niet also OF CO for the ton of COp. Most important COg consuming operstiee aie injection Of COp for the enhanced recovery of oils, which would othernoc ee unrecovered. Giecussede Te Production and utilisation sites in the context of the Paves! of Alberta is Giscussed. The COy supply network envisaged, may mene Pipelines, skid mount Seozniaetaction “plants and COg transport vehicles ne wah 60 injection Proposed recycling alt eued that zero net production of COgis possibtz «see ge Proposed recycling options. KEYWORDS COgseparation and recycling, enhanced oil recovery. INTRODUCTION ieegntly the Energy Committee of the Canadian House of Commons have recommended 1990 neertrament that Canada should aim at stabilising green hoa veg emissions at for the cL by the year 2000. If accepted, this could haversrioes fet ramifications indusey rovinCe, of Alberta. Alberta's economy is heavily depenee ee energy tydaneiberefore, COy emission reduction through ¢ sekentent jones use of bydrocarbens is not an atttactivealterhative to the prove Thea wees ook ‘mean that we province of Aker iipate inthe efforts to reduce “global warming” Ta the wen ste Fecovering COmerig; tere are othdr ways to minimise CO releases eae ot by. te of iim soe orks ounce of production and reeyling i into be resent ne nuke? thea ate come other ways. There are a great many CO» produce ser vee Many of them are small sources while others are large ones, In ie eae Alberta, we have Several large sourees of COs, from which COy ean be captured sad seniatnette, We bs 195(CHAKMA: CO, SEPARATION AND RECYCLING IN ALBERTA Ceseane® oa, ceca enion secree ty Mees 2, CS se ab SE of he CO tmnon ae dae Gta a en era A ca gis almost. an impossible connor iheee sectors, the only’ practical way to minsmige Oop ee through tind gas Secor sage. HOWeYeE, majority ofthe two thins of CBs mane pe eee renga" Sector and the power plants come from large point seucee eee fates sectors, it one, Possible to contemplate cost eftective recovery and secetnes oe Se C09 at souree. OL AND Gas. @ POWER PLANTS 1 TRANSPORT RESIDENTIAL G otners Figure 1: Sources of COp emissions in Alberta by sector, CANADIAN ENERGY SECTOR liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and » 1991). In addition, Alberta contains lace irene orm of tar sands, There are an estimated 26 then Place in the oil sands and carbonate formations, Figure sheen iction of these various energy ‘es in Canada. It is clear that of the energy reserves and conseqgently produces wast or eet >mpared with other parts of Canada,umes of CO. voirs via C ‘ta, As can be which include emical plants, tion and other iginate froma an impossible on is through ated by the oil \ese sectors, it rduced COg’ at No Gas ER PLANTS. ‘SPORT ENTIAL aS general and of established as (LPG) and berta contains ed 26 trillion sure 3 shows a tis clear that ‘most of them (CHAKMA: CO, SEPARATION AND RECYCLING IN ALBERTA a w g z a g # z z 3 a oTnen 3 1 Fronmien é ALBERTA z 2 8 ze ueKToL cas We Srvtiene cauoe ENERGY source Figure 2: Breakdown of Canadian energy reserves 3 2 S 100 3 § = a0 z 3 @ OTHER S 2 @ FRonmien Ei AubeRTA ar) z Rx 6 ® varron "gas La swvtHene enuve ENERGY SOURCE Figure 3: Breakdown of Canadian r production, Energy Consumption in Canada: Figure 4 shows a breakdown of energy consumption in Canada by energy sources, As can be seen about 80% of the energy consumed fe comrade (COp generating98 (CHAKMA: CO, SEPARATION AND RECYCLING IN ALBERTA ‘ienificantly to the production of green house eausing CO % OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION OL As cox” ORO NucLEAR ENERGY SOURCE Bigure 4: Breakdown of energy consumption by energy sources in Canada SOURCES OF Coy Power mete, eating plants and fertiliser plants are the traditional gous Oy Feeants also produce CO which can be recovered. In the Uae Tete Ceres have een fotind in Colorado, Now Nesice Nien ee Wyoming White Cop produced tom mee arin aoa mentioned reservoirs consist of pure COs Wyensmall amounts of nitrogen and other ight hydrocatberngoe Gee produced from mechan Comizins about two thirds CO and ane tind iepostee ate Reeuoed of Mahal £28 Produced in Alberta contains varying amounts of CO as impurities along “teld varios typcalle from 1 to 22% by volume. These gases are separated trier ee transportation of the sales Ee aS need to be removed to well below ppm levels, while uy ne poy ‘CO gis allowed {2 be present in the sales gas. While the separated H9S is converted into elemental Sulphur, any COg removed is simply released directly uct? atmosphere. There are 100 are casas of varying processing capgcities in the province ee or opens about aapurey capable of processing over 7000,000 molday of natursh ven a estimated that tio ease mroceseing plants in the province of Alberta alone ceitadt tee 5,000 million Many of ther 2 and 18°C) of COg annually. Not all of the gas redone marketed Many ah the gas reservoirs require pressure mainteneee maximis; hydrocarbon production and part of the produced earns injected into the jaca of the components of produced raw gas, As cane soon Bon toe sate CO2 content of gases produced ftom different aro Figure 5 shows a about 70% of the reservoir for pressure maintenance. luced raw gas finds itself in the pipeline. law shure i resertmoval of COp and HS, 8 is used a fuel and ebony ine fo suntkage due to Hydroge Alberta industri Canada oibitun as well processe with the demand H natural used as hydroge sources formaticCanada srees of CO. ly occurring ad Wyoming. of pure CO roduced from 1 the form of urities along ries typically 2 of the sales gis allowed to elemental ce. There are “which about timated that 5,000 million is marketed, imise liquid hq reservoir, edn be seen, nkhge due to sted into the (CHAKMA: CO, SEPARATION AND RECYCLING IN ALBERTA 9 SALES GAs INJECTION SHRINKAGE PLANT FUEL Figure 5: Components of raw gas produced in Alberta, Hydrogen Production Facilities santa is the largest hydrogen producing and consuming province in Canada Alberta Canada’s Produce about 60% and consume about 63% of all the hydrogen produced in Sanaa over 20 billion myear in 1990, growing at about 72, ne year). Heavy gibitumen upgrading sector, ammonia and methandl plante sve ire primary producer Processes Consumer of hydrogen in Alberta. tn the hydrogen addition trae ‘upgrading With the preg 000 m* of hydrogen per m9 of processed bitumen is reine Along demar' Projested growth in heavy oil-bitumen production and ursradine activities, the demand for His expected to grow considerably in the eure siydrogen produced in Alberta essentially comes from its fossil fuels, such ae deed ay fab Sil, and coal. Essontilly, any of the hydrocarbon based oso weiss aed as feed stock for the production of hydrogen. However, for the prone utilisation of ydrogen deficient low quality fuels, heavy oils, bitumens and corks eee eee attractive Formation oe aroeen. ‘These fuels can be used to produced Hy via wmcthone gas formation, as shown by the following reactions: 00+32 Hy @ 0+ 12H @ vy Ops 12 o eeu 8 As can be.seen from the, shove, Hg production from fossil fueta ie alwaye ssrrpptnie by 00 reduction the rae ot ‘Cosionn (ety, tapail, false alvaye the HIC ratio of the feedstock, The higher the 1a af ah fay ees pend on800 (CHAKMA: CO, SEPARATION AND RECYCLING IN ALBERTA mvear with methane as a feedstock and over 700 billies cx ‘a8 a feedstock, as can be seen from figure 6 below, ao = Feeostock srTumeN oF NX 2 Zz 3 8 2 4 é FEEDSTOCK. METHANE = ‘ AS 3 _ 8 6 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1988 2000 2002 YEAR Migure 6; projected COp.release from Hy production facilities for two Aiflerent feedstocks in Alberts Zuucan be seen from the above huge quantities of COp is produced from large point attraceye ts making the economies of COg capture, Zepararin nig recycling more ‘Sttractive than small point sources such as sinall size gas plants, APPLICATION OF CO Wezehas found wide application in Enhanced Oil recovery (EOR) processes. The wanton Of Bure COp into oil reservoirs has been shown to be coe eof recovering seprocant amount of ol aftor water flooding (Stalkup, 1978) COy ker ages Coe found to Improve oll production rate when used in conjunction with sieantloed i gfer eno nitrogen and in fluid in sand fr formation dam: of the well, fol bearing reserva be recovered. Among the ab Projects requir disposal. There one is immiscib} force for oil to fh the injected Coy conditions. The in its viscosity t is more popular flooding EOR sd having an oil wit been considered heavy oil resery (Chakipa and Jh per m° of incre Alberta by CO i study suggest ti large sources. Th Oil recovery proj petroleum indus Petroleum activit ‘Regeneration of / Petroleum operations, Duri muds, In produs Water injection extensively. Most food, surfactant operations requi type of water e- water is require simply going tot treatment, Hows contamination of fevel of purity. activated carbon is passed throug matters and the they require reg carbon from the the of supereriti Processes. At su From the spent ¢ lower energy rec thermal regener Reclamation of C During th: muds used to | categories of murcp oa See be silton 8 ydrogen per oe ae ee large point veling more vr plants in roduction of such large large point nts ig the ion miyear esses. The recovering on found to, Presence of (CHAKMA: CO, SEPARATION AND RECYCLING IN ALBERTA wo Aisagen, and in the presence of naphtha. Liquid CO may also be used as the carrying iid 3 Sand fracturing operations and it provides advantages in teroc of dk wee ofthe aot tamage normally associated with other fracturing fluids aad recat a up Sethe stell following stimulation. In addition, COo can alae be iniectad ing eee Penang reservoirs for pressure maintenance purpose, so that valuable sac ate be recovered. 12 ik wiseosity thus making the oil more mobile. Among these two apieossires eee frooding COR schon eer However, not all the reservoirs are auitable for miscible GO, eene OR schemes, Traditionally, light oil reservoirs of sandstone or earierany too? paving anil with API gravity of greater than 25° and viscosity less than at orae eet Kenny ant iaered to be suitable fro miscible COg floods. However, recently melee ays (Shaka cogeyvoirs are also being investigated for immiscible COg flooding verneee (Chakipa and Jha, 1991) with positive results. Typically, 10,000 mo of Cons eos Alberta by CO mental oil recovered. For a’ modest 1% incremental of recorern ae sendy aaayeo? (nection, over 5 billion mSyear of CO wil be required A yecheereate fangs anseeeats that oil Fecovery projects alone can redycle all of the COs gore nS large sources. This will amount to a 20-30% reduction in COgemissions Poe mates Oil recovery projects alone will not be sufficient to recover all of the C09 generated by the eetroleum industry. However, there might be other uses of COg in applications wae petroleum activities ‘Regeneration of Activated Carbon jatzoleum industry in Alberta is a large user of water at various stages of its muds: fa prodane the drilling activities, water is required to prepare the dniling Wang: {2 Production operations, large volumes of water is usually produced wrk ae Water injection into wsal. For example, for steam flooding, relatively high purity simply goreguited for steam generation. On the other hand, if the produced waver fy GERRI, Exing to be disposed of by re-injection into the ground, it does not reguine nce Content, However, with growing concerns for the environment in generale fovel of page erund Water in particular it might be necessary to treat water to hgh rowel of purify. One well established process for the purification of museca t meee thermal regeneration. ‘Reclamation of Contaminated Soil Daring the drilling of wells, various waste materials are generated from drilling Ruds used to help in the drilling process. In Alberta, there are thace Magee categories of mud used: (i) freshwater gel is the most popular one which is used wa chet lower energy requirement and lower =p of carbon as compared with the high severitya0 (CHAKMA: CO, SEPARATION AND RECYCLING IN ALBERTA Ga invere Walls, followed by (i salt water gel, used in about 20% of the wells and finally fi) invert mud used in about 10% of the wells. Among these, invert mud contaice cy a £26) and other hydrocarbons and is considered to be have the worst oneness] Im the case of the small gas plants, recovery and reinjection into the reservoir could easily be implemented with marginal overall costs, Enportant sources of production and transportation via a COy transmission newark ! i fl jm the longer term, one may consider systematic recovery of COp from all of the 1 system in the province. i CONCLUSIONS « 4 F Produced in Alberta, but also contribute to the environmental, cleanup prevece Gpyironmental regulations, green-tax incentive and world oil price cam alley een; « ‘Mfective capture and recycling of COz generated by the Alberta petroleuin indestey REFERENCES ‘ Bailey, RA. and 1.C. Webster (1991), “Progress in @ Study of CO Capture and Use For VOR; Paper presented at the dist Canadian Chemical Engineering Genfieomen Vancouver, BC., October 7. d CPA Statistical Data Book (1991). Canadian Petroleum Association, Calgary, Alberta, ) iy Ghakma, A and KN. Jha (1991), *COp Injection With Horizontal Wells for the i Ht Enhanced Recovery af Heavy Oils: 4 Compatison of 2D and SD Model Baperoenec Ste ‘ 22598, presented at the SPE AnnualfTechnical Conference, Dallas, Octome on ‘ Marshall, A. (1992). “New Guidelines Will Defuse Time Bomb", Calgary Herald, February 22. Haliup, FL. (1978). “Carbon Dioxide Miscible Flooding: Past, Present and Outlook For ‘The Future”, J. Pet. Tech., Aug., 1102.