Mach

Russell Wittgenstein
Whitehead Duhem
Scientificism Carnap Poincaré
Durkheim
Epistemology
Bacon Comte Sociology Weber Neo-positivism
Locke Einstein Bachelard
Hume Positivism
Technical Shannon Theory of
Lamark Thought Weaber Information
Darwin, Spencer
James
Transformationism
Evolutionism
Empirism Pragmatism
Cybernetics
Wiener
Freud, Jung, Adler

Böhme Psychoanalisis
Christian Existencialism Jaspers, Unamuno
Schopenhauer
Stirner Bergson, Ortega
Kierkegaard
Nietzche Existential Analysis Agnostic Existecialsim Sartre

Vitalism Philosophy of Existence Heidegger

Irracionalism
Dilthey

Historicism Lacan, Foucault

Mao Structuralism
Husserl, Scheler Stalin Goldman
Trotsky Althusser
Phenomenology Lenin

Levy Strauss
Kant
Fichte Jakobson
Young Hegelians Anthropology
Chomsky
Hegel Marx, Engels Martinet
Schelling Fourier
Hjemslev
Saint-Simon Marxism
Proudhon
Derrida
Barthes
Smith, Ricardo Saussure
German Idealism Utopic Socialism Classic Economy Linguistics
(E) EPIFENOMENISM: “The brain produces the mind.”
- T.H. Huxley, K. Vogt, C.D. Broad, A.J. Ayer, R. Puccetti.
(E) REDUCTIVE MATERIALISM: “The mind is a set of physical
states” -Epicurus, Lucrecius, Hobbes, K.S. Lashley, J.C. Smart, D. Armstrong, P.K.
Feyerabend.
(E) ANIMISM: “The mind leads the brain”
-Plato, St. Agustin, Thomas Aquinus, S. Freud, R. Sperry, K. R. Popper, S. Toulmin.
(O) EMERGENTIST MATERIALISM: “The mind is a set of
emerging bio-activity” -Diderot, C. Darwin, Cajal, T.C. Schneirla, D. Hebb, D.
Bindra.
(O) INTERACTIONISM: “The brain is the support of the mind,
although it is controlled by it” - Descartes, W. Mc. Dougall, W. Penfield, J.C.
Eccles, K.R. Popper, J. Margolis.
MENO: But how will you look for something when you don't
in the least know what it is? How on earth are you going to
set up something you don't know as the object of your
search? To put it another way, even if you come right up
against it, how will you know that what you have found is
the thing you didn't know?
SOCRATES: I know what you mean. Do you realize that
what you are bringing up is the trick argument that a man
cannot try to discover either what he knows or what he
does not know? He would not seek what he knows, for
since he knows it there is no need of the inquiry, nor what
he does not know, for in that case he does not even know
what he is to look for.
MENO: Well, do you think it a good argument?
SOCRATES: No.
An Objection to Inquiry

A.  The argument reformulated:

• If you know what you’re looking for, inquiry is unnecessary.
• If you don’t know what you’re looking for, inquiry is impossible.
• Therefore, inquiry is either unnecessary or impossible.

B.  An implicit premise:

Either you know what you’re looking for or you don’t know what
you’re looking for.
And this is a logical truth. Or is it? Only if “you know what you’re
looking for” is used unambiguously in both disjuncts.
 Snowball
Post-
Alphabetic: Seeing

Act of World’s View

Perceiving
Alphabetic

Pre-Alphabetic

Self’s Idea

Act of
Thinking
Thought
Language
Ontology
Electronic Pre- Paradoxic
of the al
Rational
Future
of the
Rational
Ideas

Unique
Thought
Postulates
Proceedures Truth

Interpreta-tions
promise Ontologic
Sintax Principles Coaching

Self’s Concept

Paradox
Pragmatics
Self’s
Language
Heidegger Wittgen-

Metaphysical Nietzsche
stein Success

Drift
THESIS
 Fase: Lenguaje:
Génesis
Pensamiento: Idea del Ser: Idea del Mundo:

Post-Alfabética:

Electrónico Paradójico Pragmático Social

Alfabética:

de las Ideas Único Racional Metafísico

Pre-Alfabética:

del Devenir Mágico Pre-Racional Natural

 Ontología del Lenguaje

Deriva Metafísica

Sentido

Común

Idea del Ser

Pensamiento

Único

Idea del Mundo

Paradoja
(...) Sé...
Que este mundo existe.
Que estoy situado en él como mi ojo en
su campo visual.
Que hay algo problemático en él que
llamamos su sentido.
Que este sentido no radica en él sino
fuera de él.
Que mi voluntad penetra el mundo (...)
-Ludwig Wittgenstein, Diario Filosófico (1914-16)
(Parágrafo del 11.6.16)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
(1889-1951)
‘”Todos los fenómenos mentales son intencionales, en el
sentido de que representan la falta de objetos; están
referidos a un contenido, dirigidos hacia un objeto, que en
este contexto no se tiene por real. En la representación,
algo es representado; en el juicio, admitido o rechazado;
en el deseo, deseado. Esta inexistencia mental es privativa
de los fenómenos mentales. Ningún fenómeno físico es
así; de tal manera que bien podemos decir que los
fenómenos mentales contienen objetos en sí mismos,
mediante ella (...) la intencionalidad es la propiedad
mediante la cual todos los fenómenos mentales contienen
objetos inexistentes, a los cuales se refieren. De esta
manera, como sólo los fenómenos mentales la tienen, ésta
se vuelve un factor irreductible en ellos.”

La Psicología, 1917
Franz Brentano (1838-1917)