Jascha Emmanuel A.

Dadap

II-NEWTON

MUSIC

DHIKR-Broad meaning

The word dhikr is commonly translated as "remembrance" or "invocation". In reality, it has taken a wide range and
various layers of meaning.For instance, while dhikr is commonly understood as the practice of remembering God,
it has also been used in the Islamic sources to indicate God as the subject and the servant as the object of dhikr,
and also been directly applied to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, as embodiment of dhikr of God

Essentially, the practice of dhikr is a form of prayer in which the Muslim will express his or her remembrance of
God either within or overtly; this may come in the form of recitation, lyrical chanting, or simply always
remembering God in one’s heart. In tasawwuf (Islamic mysticism) dhikr is most likely the most frequent form of
prayer. Among the orders of Muslims that practice dhikr, there are some who advocate silent, individual prayer,
while others join together in an outward, group expression of their love for God.

LAYALI-Layālī (‫ )ليالي‬is a style of unmetered modal improvisation, based on a maqam, performed by a singing voice
in Arabic music. It is similar to the taqsim, which is performed by a solo instrument.

The layali generally serves as an introduction to a mawwâl. In the layali, the singer most often improvises using the
common Arabic phrase "Yā 'Aīn Yā Lail" ( ‫)يا عين يا ليل‬, which means "Oh eye, Oh night."

The term layālī is the plural form of the word laīl (‫ليل‬, meaning "night").

TAHKT ENSEMBLE-Takht (alternatively spelled Takhat) (Persian: ‫ ;تخت‬Arabic: ‫ )التخت‬is the representative musical
ensemble, the orchestra, of Middle Eastern music. In Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, the ensemble consists of
the oud, the qanun, the kamanjah (or now alternatively violin), the ney, the riq, and the darabukkah (Touma 1996,
p. 140). The word Takht means "bed", "seat", or "podium" in Arabic.

The melody instruments may play heterophonically in octaves or perform solos. Instrumental forms include
bashraf, sama'i, tahmilah, and dulab. The ensemble may be joined by a male or female vocalist and a group of four
to six singers who provide the refrain sections. Vocal genres performed include dawr, muwashshah, layali, ma'luf,
qasidah, and mawwal.

While the takht typically comprised between two and five musicians, a similar, but larger ensemble (numbering
eight or more) is called a firqa.