SEXIER 20.1 1. The restriction site for an enayme called Pvul isthe following sequence: S-CGATCGS B.GCTAGCS’ Staggered cuts are made between the T and Con each strand. What type of bonds are being cleaved? 2, EXEWIEM One strand ofa DNA molecule has the fol- lowing sequence: 5-CCTTGACGATCGTTACCG 3’ Draw the ather strand, Will Pru cut this molecule? If 50, draw the products. 3. What are some potential difficulties in using plasmid ‘vectors and bacterial host cells to produce large quan- tities of proteins from cloned eukaryotic genes? 4, MEEEXEIEIE you wanted to amplify the double- stranded DNA fragment you drew for question 2, show the sequence of the primers you would use, as- suming each i four nucleotides long. (In veality, primers are much longer) Be sure to label the 5! and 3" ends. For suggested anaes, see Append Tee 20.2 DNA technology allows us to study the sequence, expression, and function of a gene Once DNA cloning has provided us with large quantities of specific DNA segments, we can tackle some interesting ques- tions about ¢ particular gene and its function. For examples does the sequence of the hummingbird B-globin gene suggest «protein structure that can carry oxygen more efficiently than itscounterpartin less metabolically active species? Does par- ticular human gene ciffer from person to person, and are cer- tain alleles ofthat gene associated with a hereditary disorder? ‘Wherein the body and when is a given gene expressed? And, ultimately, what role does certain gene play in an organism? Before we can begin to address such compelling questions, ‘we must consider a few standard laboratory techniques that are used to analyze the DNA of genes. Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting ‘Many approaches for studying DNA molecules involve gel electrophoresis. This technique usesa gel made ofa polymer, suich as a polysaccharide. The gel acts as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, elects cal charge, and other physical properties (Fiaure 20.8). Be- ‘cause nucleic acid molecules carry negative charges on theit phosphate groups, they all travel toward the positive pole in GEESE eres) Gel Electrophoresis RRPERTIOAD a) crophorssis se fr sparing nu dei acids or proteins that dif in sz, electical charge, or other physical properties. DNA molecules ae separated by gel ee ‘rophoresisinrestction fragment analyse of both cloned genes {622 Figure 20.10) and genomic DNA (ee Figure 20.11) AERRGITGTEI 6 cecrophoresis separates macromolecules ‘n the basis oftheir rate of mavement through 2 palymeric ge! in dr eectic field, The dilanue @ DNA mivleale Uae versely proportional ots length. A mire of DNA molecules, usually ‘ragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion (cuttng) or FCA amplification, isseparated into hane, Farh band contains thousands of molecules af the same length, @ Esch sample, a minture of DNA molecules is placed in 2 Separate wel near ane er ofa thin sais of ge. The gels set into a small plastic support and immersed in an aqueaus. solution in try wit eleczodes at each end, Miuce of NA mok ecules of re @ wnen he curentis tuned on, the negatively charged DNA ‘alecules move tovard the positive electrode, with shorter ‘molecules moving fstr than longer ones. Bands ae shown here n bus, but on an actual ga, the bands would not be vibe at th time Longer molecules EROS rth curen stured off, a DNAnding ‘yes added, his ye foresces pine lava ight revealing the separated band o which binds, nth gel belo, the pink bands corespore 0 ONA Kage of iferert lenge sepa- toed by dectroghores, Ia the amples ver lc ith the same resiicien enzyme, then te diferent bard patterns cicate that they came rom diferent sources, cuapren Twenty Biotechnology 405