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Cell Signaling Notes
Cell Signaling Notes
D) Receptors
1) paracrine signaling
2) synaptic signaling
3) endocrine signaling
4) autocrine
XIV. 1
F) Cells connected by gap junctions can share small signaling molecules
2) no exchange of macromolecules
1) differentiation
2) proliferation
3) survival
3) intracellular machinery
4) ex - acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter)
a) sequence of events
b) medical relevance
3) other functions of NO
XIV. 2
a) production by activated macrophages and neutrophils
4) mechanisms of action of NO
e) production of cGMP
a) cortisol
c) vitamin D
d) thyroid hormone
e) retinoids
XIV. 3
a) only some cells have the receptors
a) monomeric
b) trimeric
2) second messengers
XIV. 4
a) cAMP
b) calcium
3) protein kinases
b) tyrosine kinases
4) transcription factors
a) adrenergic receptor
XIV. 5
d) This leads to activation of the trimeric Gs protein
XIV. 6
iii) CREB turns on transcription of genes
cyclase
b) GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP
d) Gα reassociates with β γ
b) metabolic abnormalities
XIV. 7
d) upon rcptr activation both β γ and αi contribute to adenylate cyclase inhibition
b) channel phosphorylation
i) olfaction
ii) vision
XIV. 8
e) The earliest studies of Ca+ signaling were in skeletal muscle
j) calmodulin is a Ca receptor
XIV. 9
a) Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and adenylyl cyclase
b) activation of RTKs
XIV. 10
ii) There are many types of receptor TKs
v) Ras
vi) sos
XIV. 11
iii) activated by a wide range of stimuli
d) structure of src
h) Src family members activate many of the same types of pathways as RTKs
XIV. 12
e) Janus family of non-receptor TKs also bind some receptors
i) suppress proliferation
iv) chemotaxis
P) Many signaling enzymes are proto-oncogenesQ) Signal Transduction and the Cytoskeleton
1) The activities of most cells are also directly affected by cell adhesion and the
XIV. 13
2) integrins can function as cell surface receptors
R) Adaptation
2) Receptor downregulation
3) receptor phosphorylation
XIV. 14