B 0 E H H hI

Y H If B E P C 11 T E T

H.B. lPOMEHKO, C.A. CTEHAHOB .

,~ :

:'::':",

"

aHrJlUHCKUH

H3hIK

ABIIAUII.H
'.".;

MOCKBA 2002

CONTENTS
Cmp.
I1pe,nMCJIOBHe , ~

3 7 22 37 47 59 67 89 101 117 129 143 153 165

Unit 1. GENERAL Unit 2.. TYPES OF COMBAT AIRCRAFT Unit 3. AIRCRAFT CATEGORIZATION Unit 4. Unit 5. Unit 6. Unit 7. Unit 9. AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION AIRCRAFT ENGINES US FIGHTERS RUSSIAN FIGHTERS HELICOPTERS

Unit 8. BOMBERS ·· Unit 10. HELICOPTERS Unit 11. RESCUE OPERATIONS Unit 12. RESCUE OPERATIONS Unit 13. RESCUE OPERATIONS

Aemopu aopecy

6WlU 6bZ

upeseuuaiiuo npusuameusttu

BaM sa

omsueu U KOMMeHmapuu,xomopue npocuu nanpaensm» no

6 Humepneme

yakov Jomenko@hotmail.com.

llPE)UlC.JIOBIIE
HaCTOH~H y~e6HHK BoeHHoro nepeBo,na HBnHeTCH pe3ynbTaToM ueneycrpeMneHHhIX YCHnIlH ero aBTOPOB, KaH,nH,n;aTa~llJIOnOfH~eCKHX nayx, aa-ransrraxa xacpe.n;pbI aHrmI:HCKOfO 5l3hIKa Boenaoro YHIiBepCHTeTa CTenaHOBa C.A. If crapmero npenoztaaarena Ka$e.nphI anrnaacxoro >I3hIKa <l>oMeHKo 5LB. YQe6HIIK paapafioraa II C03,n:aHuafiase COBpeMeHHhIX MaTepHaJIOB, npa orfiope KOTOPhIX asropu OIIIIPaJIHCh na CBOro npononxarensayro rrpaxraxy npenonasaaas B BoeHHOM H3bIKOBOMBY3e, a rarose 60raTbIH onsrr pa60TbI B xasecrse BoeHHbIX nepeBO,nqHKOB, rrpII06peTeHHbIH llMH npa 06yqeHIIll llHOCTpaHHbIX noeanocnyxamax B yqe6HhIX nearpax asaanan H zrpyrax PO,[(OBBOHCK, na IIITa6HbIX neperosopax Pa3mllIHOrO panra, uacnexropcxax nposepox no BbIllonHeHIIIO ,llOrOBOpOB Me)J(,[(YCIlIA II P<l> 0 xorrrpone HM eoopyxeaasua, y~eHIIHx c ysacraea HHOCTPaHHbIX KOHTllHreHTOB, B xozte Me)J(,ll)'Hapo.n:HbIX MHPOTBOpQeCKlIX onepanaa B 30Hax KOHCPJIllKTOB. nepesona aHfJIIIHCKOro H3bIKa npep,Ha3HaLJeH )J,JUI no.n:rOTOBKH BoeHHbIX nepeaozrsaxos. OH TaIOKe MO)KeT 6hITb HcnOnh30BaH Ami CaMOCTO>ITeJIhHOI'O H3YQeHll.SIaoenuoro nepesona JIIIl(aMH, BJIa,IJ,erolI(HMHaHrnlIllCKIiM >I3hIKOMB 061>exe cTaH.n:apTHOHnporpaMMhI aHfJH:IHCKOro H3hIKa JJ;JUI BY30B. II saxpenneaae HaBhIKOB YCTHOfO H rracssrenaoro nepesona (nonroroaneanoro TeKCTa, nepesona C JIHCTa, aa CJIYX, .ll:BYCTopOHHe:H: fieceztst, H T.)],.), o6H3aTeJIbHbIx)],JI.SIpetneHHjJ sanas, C KOTOPbIMll CTaJIKHBaeTC>I oeHHbIH nepesozrsax B CBoeM nOBce'[(HeBHoM B ,lJ;ejJTenbHOCTH. CrpYKTYpa YlJe6HHKa ofiecnesasaer HaKOITJIeHHe 3HaHHll: B 06JIaCTH aHfJIH:H:CKOH BoeHHOH II ynasepcansaoii TeXHHlfeCKOH TepMllHOJIOfHH, ooyseaae OCHOBaMrrepesona soeaasrx II BoeHHO-TeXHHlJeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB C aHrJIHllCKOro 5I3bIKa aa PYCCKIIH H C PYCCKoro sa aHrJIHllCKHll, a TaJOKepa3BHTHe YCTHOH pesa B npeztenax 3a,Il,aHHOH TeMaTHKII. O,nHoii H3 0PHrlIHaJIbHhIX H no aenaaaero BpeMeHH HeTIInHlJHbIX ):(JUI: rronotiasrx y~e6HHKoB LJepT jJBJIjJeTC.SI lJTO KOJIHQeCTBOnepesozrsecxax TO, yrrpIDKHeHHH B ypoxax He nOCTO>IHHO,a sapsapyerca II3 ypoxa B YPOK no npHHIJ.Hny OT npocroro K CnO)l(HOM)', tITO'II03BOJUl:eT B Kpa'PIaHIIIHe cpoxa ,l(OCTHlJbnOCTaBneHHbIe nepen npenonasarenex H yqarrJ;HMHC>Iuena, YQe6HHK COCTOIfTas Tpex lJaCTeM "Cyxonyrasre MopCKHe CHIThI". BOHCKa", "ABHaumI
II,

y qe6HllK soeaaoro

Ocaosuotiuensto ,lJ;aHHOrOYQe6HlIKa HBJUleTC5ICPOPMHpOBaIIlIe, passnrae

"BoeHHO-

~HTaTenro sropas ~aCTb y~e6HHKa ("ABHaUHjJ") COCTOI1T113TpIIaazruarn ypOKOB (Units). PeKOMeH,lJ;YeTC5I npoxonars Ka)K,llbIH:ypox sa 6-8 lJaCOB ay,[(HTOPHbIX 3aH5ITUHC npenonaaareaeu If 2-3 qaca caMoCTOHTeJIbHOH:no,n:rOTOBKH.

Ilpennaraeuaa

YpOK BKJUOtIaeT B ce6SI:

1) BBo):(Ho-nO.l1.rOTOBHTeJIhHhIe 2) 4)
OCHOBHOH TeKCT; ynpaaaeaas

ynpIDKHeHHSI H CJIOBaph no TeMe;

3) Ilepeaozrsecxae
TeKcThI H

aa 6a3e JIeKCHKH ypoxa; ysamaxca;

ynpaxaeaaa

AJUI<PaKYJIbTaTHBHoH pa60ThI

Baonnc-rronrrrroasrrensnsre ynpaacnenna. BBo.n;Ho-nO,IU'oTOBHTeJIhHble yrrpaxHeHH5i npenaaaaaseau )J;JISl CaMOCTOSITeJIhHOH: pe):(BapHTeJIhHOH YCTHOH pa60ThI n
ysanraxca. YnpIDKHeHH}l nanpaaneau aa nozrrorosxy yxameroca K nOHHMaHHIO ocOTHOCSITC}l npaxaey HOBHoro TeKCTa

ypoxa, K

TaKHM ynpIDKHeHHSlM, npezcne scero,

HH5I no pmBHTIHO <pOHeTl1.tIeCKHXHaBhIKOB H onpeneneamo CXO.n;HOMY KOHTeKCTaMH, 3a,llaHHhIMH B OCHOBHOHtIaCTH C

TepMHHOB no KOHTeKCTY,

ypoxa,
C ezmaan.

Cnoaaps, Iloyposasre
Heo6xo.lI.HMhIM

CJIOBapH

npensaaaaaeasr

,nIDI 03HaKOMJIeHIn:I ysanraxca

MHHHMYMOM BoeHHhIX TepMHHOJIOrHtIeCKHX

KaK

ynpax-

HeHHSI, CJIOBapH HBJIHlOTCH nO.lI.rOTOBHTeJIbHhIM 3TaTIOM K patiore CTOM. KaJK)].hIH CJIOBaph conepsorr JIeKCHI<)', KOppeJIHPYIOIlI,)'lO

C OCHOBHhIM TeKC OCHOBHOH QaCThIO

ypoxa,
OCHOBHOH TeKCT. OCHOBHOH:TeKCT ypoxa IIJIeHHH HOBOH BoeHHoH TepMHHOJIOrHH, CKHM MaTepHaJIOM no aBHaQHH TeKcThI npensasaasea MH IIepBHtIHOrO saxpe.l1.JlH 03HaKOMJIemUI ysamaxcs C tPaKTHtIeH POCCHHCKOH <I>e.nepauHH. TeKCTaMH ypOKOB IDlIDIpoenpHOpHTeTaMH. HaBbIKOB lJTeHHSI H 3pHTeJIbHO-

CIlIA,

BeJIHK06pHTaHHH oTpa6oTKY

nanpaanema B nacsaenaoro nepesona

lOTC5I aeaaarrraposaaaste

OCHOBHOM na

C l1pe,I:(BapHTeJIhHOM nozrrorosxoti. 3KcnopTHbIMH

orxpsrrsre MaTepHaJIhl. BhI60p TeKCTOB no ofipasuaa

CHHCKOHTeXHHKH 06YCJIOBJIeH TeK)'IUHMlI

Ilepeeoaneexae
nns

ynpassneuaa.

Ilepesozrrecxae

Yl1pIDKHeHHSl

npenaaanaseasr
aa ,n:arrbHeit-

q,OPMHPOBaHHJl H Pa3BHTHJI YCTOMtIHBbIX nepesozrsecxax

HaBbIKOB B pasncax TeKCTa.

JIeKCHlIeCKOH: TeMbI ypoxa. IDee OCBoeHHe H orpafiorxy CKHe ynpaaoreaaa HOBHOH:tIaCTH lloCKOJIbK)' OHH HMeIOT

Ilepeaonsecxne ynpaxneaaa

aanpasneasr

BoeHHoH TepMHHOJIOrHH ocnoaaoro

Ilepesozrse-

6a3HP)'IOTC5I aa JIeKCHKe H MeTO.u;ax nepesona,

a,n:eKBaTHbIX oc-

ypoxa,
51Bll5IIOTCH 6a30BhIM 3JIeMeHTOM YPOKa,

uepesomecxae yrrpIDKHeHHSl CJIO)KHYIO crpyxrypy,

Ilepeeonsecaae ynpaxaeaas 6)

COCT05ITH3 ynpaacaeaati

no:

a) pa3BHTHIO naMHTlI y ytJaII(HXCH <pOPMHPOBaHHlO HaBbIKOB 3pHTeJIhHo-YCTHOro nHCbMeHHoro nepesona nepesona C JIHCTa; a63aIlHO-

<ppa30BOrO nepesozia; aarnaticxoro

C pyccxoro

Jl3bIKa na aHrJIHHCKHH H C

sssnca na PYCCKHH, a TaKJKe zraycroponnero

rrepesona,

yxauraxca, TeKCThI Ii ynpaxrreaas /.LIUI <paKynbTaTIiBHOH pa60TbI ysamaxca npennasaaseau /.LIIH p33BHTHH otimero xpyrosopa yqaIIlJIXC5.l, oxomarensnoro saxpennenae MaTepHaJIOB OCHOBHOH QaCTH ypoxa H p33BHTHe B03:i\W)l(HOCTeH HX rrpHMeHeHMH. <PaKYJIbTaTHBHble saaanas
TeKCTbl H JJ:JIB 4laK}'JIbTaTHBHOii pa60Tbl COCTOHT

ynpascaeaas

as nozioopxa

TeKCTOB, HerrOCpe,!1.CTBeHHOCBH3aHHbIX C OCHOBHhIM MaTepMa-

nOM ypoxa,

a TaIOKe H3

ynpaxneaaa,
nro

OCHOBaHHhIX aa

npasneseaasrx

MaTepn:anax

CXO,!1.HOH TeMaTHKH.

Heooxoznrao
aHHOHfpOBaHHH. AsTOPhI BOH

OTMeTHTb,

TeKCTbI II yrrpaX(HemUI

,!1.JI5.l cpaKYJIbTaTHBHoii

pa60ThI H

MOryT HCrrOJIb30BaThCH ,ll,JI5.ljlopMHpoBaHHe f

y YlfalIUfXCJI

HaBhIKOB perpepaposaaas

asrpazcaror

finaroztapnocrt,

nporpeccopy, H3hIKa

KaH,lJ;H,ll,aTYnenaroraaecxax YHHBepCHTeTa,

aa-

YK, nporpeccopy

Kacpe))'pbI aHrJIIIHCKOro

Boenaoro

Ilyuncape-

sasenyroureay Ka<i>ellpoH aHTJIIIHCKOro 5.l3bIKa MrlTh10 Jlsrcenxo C.B. H rrpenonaaaremo Kacpe,!1.phI aHrJIH:M:cxoro 5.l3bIKa Boemroro YHHBepCHTeTa Illapanosy O. B. sa ueaaue COBeThI H 3aMe~
II.n.;
KaH,!1.H,ll,aT)' qm:JIOJIOrHlfeCKHX HaYK, )lOu;eHTY, lfaHIfH, cnenaaaste IfMH B xone pa60ThI Ha.IJ;yqe6HHKOM. C.A. CTerraHOB

AIR
Unit 1.
I. DpolfHT8iiTe
CJIe,lQ'lOlQHe CJI0B8 BCJ1yX,

FORCE GENERAL
8KueHTHpySI BHHM8Hue U8 ux npaBUJIbHOM npoH3HeceHHH:

surveillance primarily bombing surface maneuverable rotary-winged superiority m an emergency

[ssr'verlta )ns]
[' pramu ~)r~lI]

personnel vary strafing altitudes commandant Illinois autonomous interior

L p3:S~'nell ['ve~n]
[' stra:
fll),

['bOmIIJ] l'sa.frs] [mo, n u:v( ~)r~ 'bl] I'r~ut( ~)nWIIJd] [SG)U:PI(~)n' nrrn]
Lm~n I'm3:d3(;:))nsI]

'strer frn]

I'eeltrtju.dz]
[,kDm~n' deent] LIlI' nor]
[~:' tonemos]

[m'tl(a)na]

CJIOBAPLYFOKA
air warfare strafing accomplish objectives attack aircraft training aircraft to operate aircraft to fly a plane cargo planes rotary-winged assault troops surveillance Department of the Air Force Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
III

BOR.HaB soanyxe

araxa c 6pew1..Uerononera
BbII10JIHYTb

sanana
CaMOJIe.:bI

III1)'PMOBWI aBHa.I{HY yqe6HO-'TpeHHpOBOQHbIe

HMeTb B CBoeM COCTaBe H HCIIOJIb30nars aBHa.I{HW YIIPaBJIYTb CaMOJIerOM TpaHCIIOpTHIDI aBHau,HY

aircraft

sepronersr (B OTJIHQHH OTfixed wing aircraft - CaMOJIeToB)

J(eCaHTHble IIo.n.p83.n;eJIeHHH Ha6JIw.n;eHHe, passezuca (B03,IJ;yIIIHIDI) MHHHCTepCTBO BoeHHo-Bo3;ZYillHbIX CHJI KOMHTeT HalJaJIbHHKOB llITa60B

(KHIII) an emergency
B

spesasrsaaasrx

06CTOYTeJIbCTBax

to counter the threat of streamlining to be in charge of airlift planes early warning of an enemy air attack keep track unconventional warfare navigator tanker
II. Ilpo-nrraare
H

orparsars yrposy onTHMH3aQH~,OpraHH3auHoHHOIIITaTHhle MeponpHflH~ PYKOBO,D;lITh, orsesars 3a ... 'rp3HCIIOpTHhleCaMOJIeThI paaaee rrpenynpeazteaaeo sosnyurHOMaananenaa npOTHBHHKa OTCne)l<HBaTh 60eBhle .neii:cTBH~c peureaaeu HeTpa,lI,Hll;lIOHHhIX 3a,n:aQ urrypuaa
CaMOJIeT-3anpaBIIJ.MK ypoxa:

nepeseaare ua

PYCCKU"

H3hlK OCHOBHO" TeKCT

AIR FORCE AIR FORCE is a military organization . . of a nation, which is primarily . re-

and other ground targets; transport and cargo planes, big-bodied craft with large amounts of interior space for carrying weapons, equipment, supplies, and troops over moderate or long distances; and helicopters, which are rotary-winged aircraft used for ground support, to transport assault troops, and for short-distance transport and surveillance. The Russian Air Force organization is currently adopting a structure in keeping with the international practice. Russia was undergoing an organizational reform, which is aimed at bringing the dispersed and overlapping air force resources under more centralized, and thus more efficient, command. As a part of the organizational reform aimed at increasing efficiency and cutting military personnel, the Air Force merged with the Air Defense Force. The demands placed on air forces are great and growing. In the past, it was unlikely that substantial numbers of aircraft would be able to switch roles, from the counterair battle to offensive air support. This should be more likely in the future, at least from a technological viewpoint. New aircraft types and improved munitions are increasing both capabilities and flexibility. KOMMEHTAPHH:

3. Headquarters - HeH3MeHReMOe CYII.I;eCTBHTeJIbHOe,ynOTpe6JUIeMOe KaK B e.u;HHCTBeHHOM, aK H BO MHO)J(eCTBeHHOM T 'tfHCJIel (CM. B CJIeJlYlOII.I;eM TeKCTe: Air Force Headquarters is located ... -lllTa6 BBC HaxO.lUfTCR... ). Headquarters (HQ) - 3TO uonati H tamaiiu, (KaK 3BeHbR ynpasneaaa BbIlIIe 6aTaJIbOHHbIX) H 3.u;aHHR,B KOTOPbIXOHH paauemeau. B lJeM )l(e csrsrcnoaoe pa3JIHQHe Me)J()J;y headquarters H staff? B cOBpeMeHHoM nOHHMaHHH staJl (Br. [sta:f; Am. [steefj) 03HalJaeT uonab, usmaiinue orpuuept», nO.M0UlHUKU PYKo600UmeRa, nepcouan. ECTh O.u;HOHCKJIIO"lIeHHe:Tenepansuuu uimati the General Staff.
III.
IIpo"lHTaiiTe H nepeeemrre na PYCCKHH HlblK np0.llOJlZeHHe OCHOBHoroTeKCTa ypoxa:

AN INTR03 TO THE AIR FORCE USAF Background Information" In 1903, the Wright brothers laid the ground work for the future formation of the Air Force when they flew their first airplane. It carried two men and flew at about 40 miles per hour. The first flight for the Signal Corps, US Army was in 1909.

Marine Corps, and the Chiefs of Staff (COS) of the Army and Air Force. These six people advise the president in decisions about the military. The president is commander in chief of all the military forces. The job of the United States Air Force (USAF) is to protect the United States from any threat by air and to defeat aggressors. Along with the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, the "AirForce is pledged to preserve the peace and security of the United States and to defend it if necessary. Air Force Headquarters is located in the Pentagon building in Washington, D.C., as are the headquarters for all the military services. Headquarters sets policy, reviews programs, plans and budgets, and distributes resources to all Air Force units. It is the center of all Air Force activities. The Air Force includes more than 500,000 servicemen and women on active duty. In addition, there are more than 250,000 men and women in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. The Air Force Reserve has its headquarters at Robins Air Force Base (AFB) in Georgia and has units all around the country. Its members are not on active duty, but they stay in training and can be called into service in an emergency. Some reserve units of the Air Force, as well as the Army and Navy, were activated during the war in the Persian Gulf in 1991. AIR FORCE COMMANDS: For years, one of the main jobs of the Air Force and other services was to counter the threat of nuclear war with the Soviet Union. But in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. At that time, the Air Force began a streamlining project. Changes in technology have also changed the way the Air Force will operate in the future. "Global reach-global power" might be thought of as its new slogan. In this new "leaner, meaner" Air Force, these are the major commands: AIR COMBAT COMMAND, Langley AFB, Virginia, is in charge of fighters and bombers. AIR MOBILITY COMMAND, Scott AFB, Illinois, controls most of the tanker force and airlift planes.

11

AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE COMMAND, Kelly AFB, San Antonio, Texas, combines intelligence operations, once scattered among other commands. AIR FORCE MATERIAL COMMAND, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, makes sure that Air. Force units everywhere have the supplies they need. It buys, stores, supplies, and transports anything the Air Force needs anywhere, including about 890,000 airplane parts. AIR FORCE SPACE COMMAND, Peterson AFB, Colorado, is in charge of Air Force space programs. It was created in 1982. The Space Conunand works with NASA on U.S. space projects, including the operation of the space shuttle. And it is responsible for early warning of an enemy air attack. It also keeps track of weather and communications satellites as well as "space junk," pieces of rockets or satellites left in orbit. The ICBM missiles are under the Space Command. AIR FORCE SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND, Hurlburt Field, Florida, has as its motto" Air Commandos-Quiet Professionals." Its mission is to organize, train, equip, and educate special operations units of the Air Force. This would such as dealin with terrorism.

UNITED STATES AIR FORCES IN EUROPE, Ramstein AFB, Germany, provides the U.S. European Command with what it needs for air combat. The thirty-four Field Operating Agencies include such units as the Air Weather Service, the Civilian Personnel Management Center, and the Air Force Reserve. The three Direct Reporting Units are the Air Force District of Washington, the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center, and the United States Air Force Academy. The basic fighting unit of the Air Force has always been and continues to be, the "wing". A wing is stationed at one base and has one commander. Some wings operate only one kind of aircraft, such as fighters or bombers. Others are composite wings. They might have, for example, fighters, tankers, and special-mission craft. They are designed to get to trouble spots in a hurry anywhere in the world, which is another example of "global reachglobal power.
11

IV.

PacUlHCPPYUTe nepeeemrre H

cnenysomae

a66peBH3TYPbl:

pOD, USAF, AFB, JCS, HQ, AFIC, A WC, ATC, ICBM, AFSC, AMC, ACC, USAFE, D.C., COS.
V.
06pa3yiiTe MHomeCTBeHHoe '1J1CJIO OT cnenysouurx CYllJ.eCTBJlTeJIbHhlX. (TIoMHHTe, 'ITO OKOH'l3HHe MHOal:eCTBeHHoro '1HCJla -S HOCJIe KopHeBblX rJl3CHbiX II 3BOHKHX COrJIaCUblX npOH3UO-

cnTCB KaK [z] UJIH

[izj),

Base, war, chief, threat, plane, helicopter, aircraft, serviceman, emergency, tanker, cannon, fish, force, speed, recommendation, series, service, rank, fighter, missile, navigator, headquarters, control, cargo, commander-inchief, policy, target, servicewoman, branch, objective, ICBM_, bomb, vehicle, satellite, organization.
VI.
Haii,llHTe B OCHOBHOM TeKCTe ypOK3 aHrJlHiicKHe 3KBHBaJ1eHTbl CJIe,llYIOllJ.HX CJIOBOCO'leT3HUU:

3aBoeBbIBaTb rOCIIo,n;CTBO aoaayxe; BbIllOJIHHTb B crpareraxecxne saaa~m; necrn Bonny B sosztyxe; BH.n: oopyxennsrx CHJI;IfMeTh B csoexr eOCTaBe s aBIfaI.J.HIO; BOIfHCKIfe BaHIfH;COCTOHTb CJIe,nyIO~HXTIfIIOB;06eCIIe~mBaTb 3 II3 KOHTPOJIb naa B03.n:ymHbIM rrpOCTP8HCTBOM; MeHee MaHeBpeHHble MamIfHbI; 60JIbIllerpY3HbIe CaMOJIeTbI;OKa3bIBaTbIIOMep)f(KY cyxonyrasra BOHCK3.M; cpezurea If 60JIhIllOH ztam.nocra; HCTpe6IITenIf 3aBOeBaHIfH noanymaoro rrpesocxozrcraa; nerarr, na 6oM6ap,nnpoBIIUiKe B-1 B; nasevaue l.(eJIH If 06'heKTbI; rrepefipocxa necatrrnsrx nonpasneneaak, JIeTaTb co CKOPOCTbW; nepeaaeaonars; MOPCKCllI TIeXOTa;BIf,n soopyaceaasrx CRn; OTITIfMH3al.(mI;

13

ztaaars peKOMeH,L(aIJ,HH BOnpOCaM... ; rnaBHOKOMaH,lJ;yroIUH:H; no pacnpezteJUITbCHJIbIM cpezicraa; 3aHHMaTb uearpansaoe MeCTOB ,ueHTeJIbHOCTM; a n repparopaa scea CTpaHbI; npa 1J:pe3Bb~a:HHbIX06CTmrreJIbCTBax; npassrsars na cnysfiy; O)];Ha H3 OCHOBHbIXsana-r; 06eCrreQHBaTh npemrerasor cHa6JKeHIUl; KOCMHqeCKHH MyCop; Me)KKOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIe anJIHCTHQeCKHe 6 paxersr; HaXO,llJITbC.sI llO,L(qHHeHHH; KHllHpOBaTb H 06YlIaTh nonpasneneB 3 HUHoco6oro Ha3HaQeHHH;npOH3Bo,uHTb Ha60p aBHaTOpOB;YlIHJIHm;eurrypMaHOB;orne-ran, sa TO, qTo6bI odranepsr BBC MOfJIHIIOJIyQHTbBblCillee 06pa30BaHHe; aarrpasnars B «ropasae TOqKH».
VII.
BCTaObTe

npenaoru

TaM,

rae )TO

Heooxo.a.HMO:

... (on/at?) lower altitudes than bombers. 2. A wing is stationed ... (in/at?) one base and has one commander. 3. Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, sees ... (to/over") the higher education of Air Force officers. 4. It also keeps track of "space junk," pieces of rockets or satellites left ... (on/in") orbit. 5. The helicopter flies ... (with/at?) about 40 miles per hour. 6. The aircraft are designed to attack surface targets ... (withlby?) bombs or missiles.
VIII. Hepeaemrre
na PYCCKHH H3bIK:

1. The attack aircraft operate

IX.

IlepeaensrreBonpOChl

H noa.rOTOBbTe OTBeThl DB HHX C onopoii

HB OCHOBHOii TeKCT:

1. What is air force?

2. Is the air force in charge of all aircraft in the armed forces? 3. What are the basic jobs of the air force? 4. Where is the US Air Force HQ located?

5. Whom does Joint Chiefs of Staff include?

6. What is the current strength of the USAF?
7. Can you explain what the "leaner, meaner" Air Force means?
X.
Ifepeaeairre C onopOH BonpOChl DR BHI"JIHHCKHH H3hlK nHCbMeHHO H nO)lrOTOBbTe YCTHbie OTBeTLi DB HHX

DB OCHOBHOH TeKCT:

1.
2.

B KaKOM rozty BoopYlKeHHhIX

BBC

CIlIA

6hUHI Bhl,[{eJIeHbI B CaMOCTOHTeJIbHhrn BlI,[{ CIlIA?

CHJI, HapAAY C CYXOllYTHblMH BOHCKaMH H BMC

M3BHHHTe, 51,KaIKeTCH, aesraoro

3anyTaJICH. CKOJIhKO IKe B HaCTomIl,HH CIIIA? CIIIA na-

MOMeHT HMeeTCH KOMaH,[{OBaHHHB COCTaBeBBC

3. Ilpaana
4. 5.
XI.

JIH, qTO soszrynnroe

Mo6HJIhHOe KOMaH,[{OBaHHe BBC

XO.n;HTCH B

Konopano,

aa aaaafiase

Ilerepcon?
BBC?

He MorJIH 6b1 BbI YTOqHHTh, CKOJIhKOaMepHKaHCKHX BoeHHocnyIKaIIJ;HX H rpaznaacxax ClleI.{HaJIHCTOB CJIY/KaT B asrepaxaacxax CIlIA,

COKpalIl,aIOTCH JIH BBC

HJIH OHH CTaHOBHTCH60JIee MOlI(HhIMH B

COOTBeTCTBHHC HX POJIhIO B cOBpeMeHHoH BOHHe?

Ifpareroavrees, 308HHBM: DB CJJYX Ha3BaTb 6pHTaHCKDe COOTBeTCTBHH BMepHKaHCKHM BOHHCKHM

United States Air Force

Royal Air Force

Colonel
1 2

[lur'tenant] [leftenant]

(Am) (Br)

15

Brigadier General (BG) Major General (MG) Lieutenant Oeneral_(LTO) General (GEN) General of the Air Force
XII. Ilepeeemrre
TeKCT C JlUCTR

Air Commodore' (Air Cdre) Air Vice Marshal (AVM) Air Marshal (AMl Air Chief Marshal (ACMl Marshal of the Royal Air Force
no.r.rOTOBKU:

nocne HenpOJlOJHKUTeJJLHon

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE The United States Air Force (USAF) is one of the major components of the U.S. military organization, with primary responsibility for air warfare, air defense, and the development of military space research. It must also provide air services in coordination with the other military branches. U.S. military activities in the air began with the use of balloons by the army for reconnaissance during the American Civil War and the SpanishAmerican War. The first use of milit aircraft, in an action a ainst Pancho Villa in

tary and the chief of staff; and the field organization, commands and 13 separate operating agencies.

which consists of 13

Of the major commands, 10 are domestic and are organized according to function. They are the Aerospace Defense (former Air Defense) Command; Air Force Logistics Command; Air Force Systems (former Air Research and Development) Command, charged with the development of aerospace technology; Air Training Command; Air University, offering higher education for officers; Military Airlift Command, providing air transport to all U.S. military services worldwide; Strategic Air Command (SAC); Tactical Air Command (TAC); U.S. Air Force Security Service, monitoring all Air Force communications; and the Air Force Communications Service, providing communications, flight facilities, and air traffic control services to the Air Force and other U.S. and foreign government and civil organizations. The three overseas commands are organized regionally. They are the U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), and Alaskan Air Command (AAC).
XIII. nO,ll;rOT08LTe C80U KOMMeHTapH" H8 BBC ClIIA, H3J10EeHHaSl B aHrJ1U"CKOM XIV. Ilepeeeaare
TeKCT nHCbMeHHO: aHrJIHHCKOM (TeKcT aasnce 0 TOM, '1eM OTJ!H'IaeTCR HCTO'lHHKax "CTOPHiI

XII) "

aMepHKaHcKoM

(TeKcT

III).

B HCTeKmeM rony BOeHHO-B03.zzylIIHbleCRJIhI rrpO)],OJI)I<aJIM pa3BHBaThC5I KaK BmKHeHIIIHll: BM)],BOOpYJKeHHbIX CRJI POCCRHCKOll:<De)]'epaIJJ1:M, OCHOBHOll: 3a).J,aqeii KOTOPbIX5IBmIeTC5I aBOeBaHMeR yrtepzcanae rOCI10)],CTBa 3 B noszryxe npa OTpa)l(eHMMJIl060ll: BOeHHOM yrpossr, nanpaaneaaoji I1pOTfIB POCCHHH ee COI03HllKOB. . [PYI1I1MpOBKa BBC, pa3BepHYTM aa OCHOBHbIXCTPaTerWleCKHX naI1paBJIeHMIDC, CerO)],H5I06eCl1eqMBaeT I1pHKpbITHe B3)I(HeMIIIH.xa)],MMHllCTPaTMBHO-rrpOMhIllIJIeHHbIXU.eHTPOB na TeppllTOpn:M C'TpaHhI, a TaK)Ke MeCT )],HCJIOKaIUIH OCHOBHbIXrpyrrrrllpoBoK BOMCK,B TOM qMCJIe H crparernaeCKHX5I)],epHhIXCMJI. BoeHHO-Bo3,lI,YIIIHble CHJIhI rrpHHHMaJIMaKTMBHoe ysacrae B OCYIIJ;eCTBJIeHHM aHTHTeppOpMCTHqeCKOll onepauau, rrpOBO,lI,HMOllna CeBepHOM KaBKa3e. Oc06o CJIe)],YeTOTMeTHTb,sro MHorlle rrOJIKMBBC, npasneaenasre K ynacrmo B aeii, npacrynann K BbIllOJIHeHMIO 60eBhIX aanas ~aKTHqeCKH6e3 npeztaaprrrem.aoa rrO,lI,rOTOBKH, 6YKBaJIbHOqepe3 HeCKOJIhKOqaCOB IIOCJIerrOJIyqeHH.SI OOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;erO C IIpHKa:m.
xv.
Hepeaemrre 6ecellY:

1. YBa)KaeMbIH rOCrrO,lI,HH nonnon-

1. That's not exactly so. You were

17

KOBHl:IK Knatpqrroa, IIOMHlO, PaHT 6bml:ll:l306pereHhl

HaCKOJIbKO 51 6paTbeB B AMepHCHJIbI

nepssre cauonersr

xe,

3HaQl:lT,

cpena BBC acex crpan

HCTOpHlO?

nama aoeaao-soszyumsre
l:IMeIOT

correct saying about the Wright brothers, but actually the United States Air Force is some 30 years younger, as an independent air force, than the RAFt. 2. Oh, yes. Military flying in the USA actually dates back some one hundred years, when the US Army Signal Corps formed an Aeronautical Division. It happened a few years after the Wright Brothers' great achievement at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 3. Not only Germany but Japan! During the Second World War it was part of the Army, called USAAF. Only in 1947, when President Tru-

casryro nonryro

2. HQ, TeM He npaaeaanacs

Bel<a?

MeRee, CaMOneTbI
,lJ,lliI Be,n;eHIDI 60eBhlX

,n;eHCTBHH erne B

aasane npomnoro

3.

3HaQHT, KOr,IJ;a assepasaacxaa HeMeUKHX OHa na-

aBHaI.J;H51 npOBO,IJ;l:Ina MaCCHpOBaH-

asre 6oM6ap,n;HpoBKH

roponos, opraaaaanaoano

rrexa onepanaa?

one of the most one-sided battlefield victories in military history. In the whole conflict we had fewer casualties than in a typical week of the Vietnam War.
ManpHaJJLI:

XVI.

4»aK)'JlbTaTHBHLle

POCCH5I - PO)U1HA ABMALUll1

Ilocne 25 JIeT ynopnoro TPy,na TaJlaHTJIHBLIH pocCHHCKHi1 yqeHbIH IIHTaH I paara A MO)J(aHCKHH B 1882 rony nocrpoan nepasra B M8pe

H H306peTIlTem. CaMOJ1eT.

Ka-

B
IlIYHKOB

KOHIJ;e IIepBOrO H zrpyrae H.

,neCHTHIleTIDI

XX

sexa POccHHcKHe

nsofiperarena

H KOHCTp)'KTO-

pbl JI.raKKeJIb,

C. rpH30.n;y60B, C03,nanH 6roy HX

,L{.rpHropoBWI,

A.

fIOPOXOBJIlHKOB,

M.

CHKOPCKHH

A.

l.(HH. TeOpeTHqeCKyJO npotpeccopa

PH){ oreaecrseaasrx CaMOJIeTOB OpHr1maJIbHOH KOHCTpYXpaspaforox COCTaBHIlH 1pYJUd «orua PYCCKOH aaaauaa»
KOTQPbIH BMeCTe C aKa,u,eMHKOM qannbIrHHbIM OCHOBaJI

)l(yxoBcKoro,

aaysnyro
6HpaJIHCh

WKOny a3PO)lHHaMHKH. rr. B POCCHH IIOHBHJIHCb nepsue aaaanaoanue npennpasras, KOHCTpyKIUfH. rne co-

B 1909-1910

C3.MOJIeTbI H MOTOPbl OTeqeCTBeHHbIX

H 3apy6e)J(HbIX

3TH )l(e

rO,l{h1 <pOPMHp)'lOTCH mKOJIhl H O){HHM H3 nepssrx

nonpasnenesaa

BoeHHoH aBHaIJ,HH. WKOJIa ~HauHH. TaR H rpax-

yqHJIH~

6ldJIa CeBaCTOnOJIhCKaH O¢Hl.(epCKaH

OHa CTaJIa K0J1hl6eJThIO oresecrseaaoro

soazymaoro
BeJIHKHM

<pJIOTa, KaK soeaaoro,

ztaacxoro. Ero
TH6pH C03,LJ;aHHe ocYmeCTBIDIJIOCh HHKOJIaH KIDl3eM c.lI)')K6y AJIeKCaH,D;pOM MlixaibIoBHqeM HHKOJIaH ssmycx aa .n;06POBOJIhHble nO)J(epTBOBaHH.II rpaxnaa POCCHH IIO IIOBeneHHlO IIepBbIH

II. 26

OK-

1911

II

6JIarOCJ10BHJI na paTHyIO

24

JI~HKOB

rumaI1IKOJ1LI, a B IIOCJIe,l(CTBHH yqacTBOBaJI XY,l(a I1IKOJIa rrepeexana H3

B OCB.IIIneHHH asaaropoznca

na pesxe

Kasa,

Ceaacronona

1912 rony

H OT KOTOPOH: B nOCJIe.D,yIOIU,eM IIO-

nysana
KOB:

Ha3BaHHe Ka'lHHCKoH. OCHOBaHIDI .no OKT.II6PH H

CO )J.IDI caoero

376 -

H3 o<pHIlepoB

233 -

83 connar.

1917 rona mxona Ilo.nroTOBHJIa 609 JIeT'IHMacrae H3 HHX OTJIH'lHJIHCh B 6o.llX nepnoa

MHPOBOH: BOHHLI. Jly-nnae E<pHMOB, H JIefqHKH CTpaHbI 6hllH Ka'IHH~aMH: :ITO H nepasra PYCCKHH JIeTtIHK M.H. 1 "MeprnOH neTJIH " n.H. Hecrepos, H nOKOpHTeJ1h nrronopa' K.K. ApMHPOBOH BOHHbl

asrop

IleYJIOB, Ii ac nepsoti

E.H. Kpyreas, B

KaqHHCKOM

yqHJIlfIIle JIeT csoero COI03a,

6blJIO

ax-

KYMYJIHpOBaHO see nysmee, BOBaHH.II. POCCHH,

'ITO HMena aBHal.(IDI POCCHH C nepssrx

cymecr-

Cpena BbInyCKHHKOB Kana scex JIeT 342 Tepoa 12 Mapmanos aBHaUHH 8 60JIee 300 reaepanos.

COBeTCKOro

17 Tepoea

loop-the-loop - 08. neTJUI HeCTepOBa, «MePTBaR neTJIJI}) tail-spin ae. wTonop .

19

Ilepsoe ficesoe KpeIIJ,eHHe PYCCKlle JHTIqHKH nonysann B xone EaJIKaHCKOH BOHHhl (1912-1913 [T.). Torna aa cropone EOJIrapHM )J,eHcTBOBaJI POCCHHCKHH aBHaU;HoHHbIH
OTPJl.Jl.·

naxany

nepsoii

MHpOBOH BOHHhl POCCIDI YJKe HMeJIa

39

OTPJl..lI,OB, COCTaBe KOB

TOpbIX HaCQHTbIBaJIOCb263 CaMOJIeTa.

B 1914 Or. B

aa BoopYJKeHHe PYCCKOH apMHH rrocTYIIHJI

nepssra

B MHpe TJl.JKeJIbIH

60M6ap)J,HpoBIIJ,HK

«Hrn,a Myposreu», crrocofiasra

HeCTH.lI,O 500 xr 60M6. passenBOH-

xozte rrepsoii

MHPOBOH BOHHhl aBHau;HJI.H3 BCIIOMOraTeJIbHOrO cpencrsa BO scex xpyrtasrx onepannax

KH H CBH3H IIpeBpaTHJIaCb B caMOCTOJI.TeJIbHhlHpO)J,BOHCK. Ha 3aBepIlIaIOIIJ,eM srane Hbl OHa rrpHHHMaJIa ysacrae BJIHJl.HHena xapaxrep 60eBbIX )J,eHcTBHH. (PeKJIaMHM 6pouuopa

H OKa3aJIa cYIIJ,eCTBeHHOe

MO)

SALUTING THE MEN AND WOMEN OF AVIATION HISTORY Alexandr Fyodorovich Mozhaisky, (1825-1890)
also Alexander Feodorovitch Mozhaiski, Mozhaiskii

Alexandr Fyodorovich Mozhaisky, Russian naval officer, aviation pioneer, researcher and inventor in the design of heavier- than- air-craft. The son of a naval officer, he was born on March 9 (21), 1825 in Rochensalm, Viborg district (now present-day Kotka, Finland). He followed in the footsteps of his father and upon completion of his education at the Naval Cadet School in 1841, he served in the navy from 1841 to 1862. Later he also served in the navy from 1879 to 1882. In the 1860's he began to give serious thought and consideration to the possibility of creating a flying machine which was heavier than air. He studied the structure of birds' wings, determining the relationship between the wing areas and the weight of birds of various species. He next turned his attention to the flights of air kites. At the same time he studied the work of air screws. It was at this time that he sought and received from the Military Ministry funding for his research. But in 1878 when he sought a new commission from the government, that request was denied and he had to proceed on his own. For the study of the resistance of air to the movement of bodies, Mozhaiskii created an original experimental apparatus with the aid of which he carried out very accurate
20

determinations of aerodynamic strength. On June 4, 1880 he petitioned to receive a license for his airplane and on November 3, 1881 he received the first patent in Russia for his invention. He had submitted drawings which showed that he had all of the five basic parts of the contemporary airplanes: wings, hull, power arrangement, tail assembly, and chassis. In 1881, with a government grant of2,500 rubles, he purchased two 20and 10-horsepower steam engines for his "flying device". The construction was completed by 1882, but the record of the flight has not been preserved. Nevertheless this was the first time in the world that there had been a flight of a heavier-than-air "flying machine". What records that do exist indicate that his attempt resulted in the crash of hi's "flying machine", but that he continued with his research into aerodynamics and air propellers. The significant contribution which Mozhaiskii from a historical point of view made lay in the 'fact that he made the first practical attempts to build a piloted air craft. He died in Saint Petersburg on March 20 (April 1), 1890.

Model of Mozhaisky monoplane of 1884

21

Unit 2.
I.
npo'lHTaiiTe

TYPES OF COMBAT AIRCRAFT

CJ]e~ylOllJ,He C.IIOB8BCJJYX,8KIJ,eHTHpyu BHHM8HHe H8 ax np8BHJ)LHOM npoasaeeeaaa;

reconnaissance
visible vital explosives approximately allowing radar dome Boeing casualties

[n'konrst g )ns]
['vlz~b(g)l] ['vaItl] [g' prnksrmrtlr]

[iksplaosrv]

[:}'laorn]

[' rerdc(r)" doom] ['b;}UlIJ]

['kre3ualtIz]

Thunderbolt to survey refurbishment Iroquois Hercules Chinook Harrier decade canopy

[tu Sg'VeI] Lri:/f3:bIJm~nt] .['rrgkWoI(Z)] ['h3:kjuli:z] [tJI'nu(:)k, jrnuk] [Tieene]

I'eAIldgb~ult]

[' dekerd]
['krenapI]

CJIOBAPbVPOKA
general purpose observation plane

I) oomero nasaaxeaaa 1)
nerarensnsra HHiI

2) YHHBepcaJIbHbIH
crrYJK6bI Ha6mo,ne-

(JIA) (casroner-paaserrsnx)
annapar aBHaI."(H}l

2) JIA-KoppeKTIipOBlllHK

transport aircraft
tanker trainer to shoot down air support single-seat canopy runway take off to land
supplies

1paHcnopTH~

CaMOJIeT-3anpaBlllHK y-qe6Ho-'I'peHHpOBOQHbrH CaMOJIeT c6HBaTb B03.llYIllH~

rronaepzxa

O,11,HOMeCTHbIH:
<poHaPh Ka6HHbI 3KHnIDKa

B3JIeTHO-noca.u.OQH~ nonoca, BOO B3JIeT

rrpaaesetarsca, .neJIaTh nocanxy; cazcars (rne-n. - at; in)

rrpe,n:MeTbI cHa6)l(eH~, MaTepHaJIbHble

ManIHHY

cpeztcrsa;

sanacsr MaTepHaJIhHbIX cpeztcra to refUel to fulfil(l) missions

.n03arrpaBJI~CH BbIITOJlHjffb saaasa

22

offensive aircraft deterrent at short notice responsive maritime casualties procurement refurbishment to enter service AWACS aircraft
U. Dpo'lHTaiiTe H nepeaemrre

y,l{apHhlHCaMOJIer Cpe,l{CTBOCTpaIIleHHH; Y czrepacaaaromee cpencrso 6e3 iIpe){BapHTeJIbHOrO YBe,l{OMJIeHHH XOPOIIIO yupaBJIReMbIH MOPCKOH uOTepH; y6HTble H paaeaasre 3axyUKH;nOCTaBKH; onasa 3aHBOK nonysenae n H (MaTepHaJIbHbIX Cpe,l{CTB) nepeofiopyztoaaaae; MO,l{HqmKaQIDI; MO,l{epHH3aQIDI

.nocrynars na BOOpY)l<eHHe
CaMOJIerCHCTeMbI ABAKC; CaMOJIer.ZJ:aJIhHerO pa.ZJ:HOJIOK~l{HOHHOrO o6HapYJKeHHR JIO) (.n;P
na Pycclmu H3L1KOCHOBHOii eKCTypoxa; T

AIR POWER
Modem planes of the Air Force can be divided into bombers, fighters, attack and observation planes, reconnaissance and special-duty craft, transports and tankers, trainers, and helicopters. Bombers are the "big guns" of the Air Force. They are generally the most visible and the largest of the USAF planes. Their function is to drop explosives on enemy targets. First, radar helps direct the plane to the target; then the navigator releases the bombs. A fighter plane shoots down enemy aircraft and attacks ground targets. The Air Force has approximately 2,500 fighters, more than any other type of plane. The needle-nose F-15 Eagle, for example, is a single seater that flies at more than twice the speed of sound. The F-16 Fighting Falcon has one a~d two-seat models. The pilot sits in a bubble canopy for greater vision. Attack and observation planes aid ground troops with air support, and keep an eye on enemy troops and movements. The A-lO Thunderbolt II is a single-seat twin jet that can land and take off on short runways, allowing it to operate near enemy lines. Reconnaissance and special-duty aircraft observe and photograph enemy bases and positions, and survey weather conditions, among other duties. The E-3 Sentry (called AWACS - for airborne warning and control system) 23

is a rather strange-looking, Boeing 707 commercial plane with a huge rotating radar dome on top. Transports and tankers keep the Air Force moving with personnel and supplies. The Air Force has more than 1,500 of them. Many are used to refuel bombers and fighters in midair. The Air Force has about 1,500 trainers that are used to instruct future pilots- and navigators. The Air Force also operates about 200 helicopters, such as the general purpose, twin-engine UH-IN Iroquois. Helicopters are especially valuable for transporting troops into combat areas or behind enemy lines, rescuing downed pilots at sea, and other special missions. CURRENT LIST OF USAF PLANES
A-IOIOA-lO Thunderbolt II C-SA/B Galaxy C-9NC Nightingale -3 Sentry (AWACS) B MC-130P Combat Shad MH-S3J/M Pave Low -13SB Open Skies -lA Jayhawk

Fighter K Tanker MC Marine Corps OC Observer / controller Drone Q T Trainer Utility U V W VIP staff Weather Beproneru
ofiosaaxarorca -

I1CTpe6HTeJlh CaMOJH!T-3arrpruuU;HK

Cneuaansaoro uaaaaxeaas Harimoneaae / ynpaaneaae

Becnnnorasra JIA
'y-qe6Ho-TPeHHpOBOlJHbIM

60eM

Cauoner ofimero HilH ecnoxorarensaoro 3HalJeHH.H(pasaemax)

Caaoner CneUHa3HalJeHH.sI, llITa6HOM

ua-

Casroner seproner, X

pa3Be)1,lJHKnoro)1,bl

)1,BYM5I6YKBaMH: oztaa H3 HHX a )1,pyra51- aa ero

QTO )1,aHHa5IMaImlHa

(H) yxassreaer, npeztaasaaseaae, na-

npaaep: AH-64.
,[(mr 0603Ha-qeHIDI TeXHnKH, HaxOJUImeMC51na pasnasasrx CTa)1,H5IX propa6oTKH, ,l(HTC51 na 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM

Y, IIpHlJeM X 03HaQaeT, xro )1,aHHhlii zrpyraa CHCTeMa BoopYlKeHHM) aaxoCTa,rJ,HH 3aBO)1,CKHX HCIIhITaHHM, a Y - npororan, orrsrrasra o6paHCnOJIb3yroTC.H 6YKBbI II

caaoner

(MJIH

sen, IIOCTYIIHBIIIHM J1.ll5I CIIbITaHHM B BoMCKa. H HOMep KOHCTPYKll,HII MOlKeT COCTO.slTb H3 OJ1.HOM-)1,BYX un4Jp. CaMOJIeTbI O)1,HOrO rana, BepIIIeHHO HO HMeIOIIl,He

pasnsre

aosrepa KOHCTPYKI(HH, lJaCTO HMeIOT CO(CPaBHHTe

pasaue

xapaxrepacraxa

B-l11 B-2).
osaaaaromea, nOJ1.BeprJIaCb nopa-

MOJ1.HCPHKaUHH06bIlJHO 0603HalJaIOTC.sI O,!1,HOH6YKBOii, qTO B npouecce sxcnnyaranaa KOHCTpYKll,mr cauonera

60TKe HUH aa HeM YCTaHOBJIeHO6enee COBpeMeHHoe 060PYAOBaHHe. TopbIe CaMOneTbI HMeIOT HeCKOJIbKO MO,llJIIPHKau:HH (A,
III. Ilpo-nrraare
H

Hexo-

B, C, D).
ypoxa;

nepeaemrre aa

PYCCKHH H3LIK

npcnonaeeane

OCHOBHoro TeJ(CTa

AIRCRAFT IN CURRENT RAF SERVICE The RAF operates many different aircraft types, to fulfil a wide range of differing missions. Offensive Aircraft These aircraft enable the RAF to project air power as a deterrent, or in response to aggression, to any part of the world. The ability to operate far from their fixed bases at short notice is testimony to the effectiveness of the modemRAF. • Harrier GR7 / TID • Jaguar GRIB / GR3 / T2A • Tornado GRI / GRIB / GR4
25

Defensive Aircraft
The Air Defence of the United Kingdom is one of the key roles of the Royal Air Force. When this role is combined with the UK's commitment to NATO and to United Nations peacekeeping activities, the Air Defence forces of the RAF have to be potent, responsive and flexible. • Sentry AEWI • . Hawk TIA • Tornado F3

Reconnaissance and Maritime Patrol Aircraft

On the modem battlefield, information, particularly accurate and timely information, is vital to any force commander. To supply this resource, the RAF operates a variety of aircraft equipped with world-leading reconnais. sauce systems. As a maritime nation, protection of the sea lanes is also of paramount importance, a role fulfilled by the Nimrod fleet. • Canberra PR9 / T4 • NimrodMR2 • Nimrod Rl .. Tornado GRIA I GR4A

Tanker and Transport Aircraft

RAP air defence and other fixed wing operational aircraft are supported by a force of tanker aircraft, An air-to-air refuelling capability is a major asset to any air force enabling aircraft to be deployed very quickly over large distances, to stay on patrol longer, and to fly further into enemy territory carrying larger weapon loads. Equally vital to the projection of effective air power by a modern air force are strategic and tactical transport aircraft. Combat aircraft need a wide variety of support equipment and personnel to operate away from base; delivering these to where they are needed is the task of these aircraft. • C-17 A Globemaster • Hercules ell C3 • Hercules C4 I C5 • Tristar C2 I Kl I KC 1
• VCIOCIK/K3/K4

Smaller Transport Aircraft

Smaller transport aircraft are operated by No 32 (The Royal) Squadron based at RAP Northolt. These aircraft are employed on domestic and overseas flights in the rapid communications role for use by royalty, government
26

ministers and senior military officers. The fleet includes eight BAe 125 executive jets (two Series 600 and six Series 700), three BAe 146s, and two Twin Squirrel helicopters. . Helicopters The RAF has a commitment to support the British Army and NATO allies in the field. The helicopter forces.have a number of tasks in this role, largely that of transport of supplies and equipment to forward operating bases. Aside from this major task, the RAF helicopter forces also evacuate casualties, and operate in support of UN peacekeeping forces worldwide. • Chinook HC2 • PumaHC1 • Merlin He3 • Sea King HAR3 • Wessex HC2 Training Aircraft The quality of the RAF front line pilot is entirely dependent on their training. Without first class instructors, flying the most effective training aircraft, this quality would be difficult to achieve. These aircraft and the instructors are the building blocks upon which the best traditions of the service are founded. Future Requirements Several major procurement programmes! are currently underway for future RAF requirements. Perhaps the most high-profile of these being the. Eurofighter, a fighter/ground-attack aircraft due to enter RAF service in the near future. The current RAP fleet of Nimrod MR2s is due to undergo a major refurbishment programme during the next decade, and these aircraft will be known as Nimrod MRA4s and RAF VC10 and Tristar tanker/transports are also due for replacement later in the decade. Finally, the RAF's and Royal Navy's fleet of Harrier GR7s and Sea Harrier F/A2s will be replaced with the new Joint Strike Fighter currently undergoing tests in America. • Eurofighter • Joint Strike Fighter

I IiPHTaHCKHH BapHaHT HanHCaHIDl CJIOBanpozpauua, program. K KOMnbIOTepHblM

aMepHKaHCKHH BapHaHT xopose

Bparaanu TaIOKe HCnOJIb3yroT raxyio nporpaxxaa.

opdiorpaquno,

HO JIHIllb npHMeHlITeJIbHO

27

KOMMEHT APHH: 1) Ilpamemnae H3 ,l(OK'I'pHHaJIbHbIX H YCTaBHbIX .ll.oK)'MeHToB BhlpaJKeHIDI to project air power H projection of forces (power) rrpencraansror C060H
orrpe)J;eJIeHHYIO.

nepesozrrecxyro
BoeHHbrn

TpY,llHOCTb. <PYH,llaMeHTaJIbHbm. ,l(BYXTOMCJIOBapb» B.H. KaK

HbIH «AHrJJ,o-PycCKHH

B.M.

I10JIIOXHHa

non penaxnnea onpeztenaer military power projection

pacnrapeaae BoeHHoro
03HatIaeT HMeeT 60JIee

Illeasyxa H «nepeopocsa
T3.K

BOMCK H BapHaRT KaK

fioesoji

TeXHHKH;

rrpJ{CYTCTBH.SI». BTOPOH
H BH,l(HMO TOlfiIee,

nepesona

nrapoxoe saaseaae,
ropaano
CtIHTaIOT

projection of power
cne:U;HaJIHCThI

GOJIbme, qeM

airlift.

HeKOTO-

rrepeaon-xansxy <mpoeK uHH eansr». B03MO)KHO, TaKoii BapHaRT co speueaesr 6y,n;eT HOpMaTHBHbIM, HO noxa CTOHT nepeaoznrrs to project power K3.K «nepefipacsrnorrycraasns

psre

I'eanrraoa

sars

CHJIbI H Cpe,l(CTBID>. To project

B TaKOM KOHTeKCTe 06bJlIHO

03HatIaeT

nepeopocxy

BoeHHOR MOm;H He TOJI{>KOB TOtIKY KOH<pJIHKTa, HO H B

peraon,

OTKY)J;a pacurapeaaoe

soeaaoe

rrpHCYTCTBHe MO)KeT rrOBJIH.SITbHa XO,l( KOH-

<pJIHKTa npaxo MJIH KOCBeHHO.

2) Boeansra TepMHH target 03HatIaeT HeTOJIbKO «uens», HO H «ofiseicr», -rro B pexa POCcHRcKoro soeaaoro acrpexaerca ropasno xanre (<<o6'beKThl
rrpOTHBHHKID>, «Ha:u60JIee TaK KaK

aaxnsre

06'beKThD) II T.n.).

Objects

H objectives

,l(JI.SI epeaozta TaKHX CJIOBOCOqeTaRHH - 3TO n

objects -

3TO 06bJlIHO

nepeeoouuxa, «srecraue npenaersr», a objectives -l(eJIH,

llO:JICHbZe opyss«

sana-ra,

Py6e)KH HaCTynJIeHH.SI. [tu

(nponssonarsaoanyurayro aaporporocseaxy, Pa,lJ;Ha:u;HOHH)'lO II ztpyryro passenxy; BeCTH Ha6JIIO,l(eHHe) - rJIarOJI, OTJIHtIalOIII.HRC5.[ OT poncrseaaoro cyurecrearensaoro-oaorpadia 1 survey nepeHOCOM ynapeaas aa BToPOH CJIOf. B aRfJIHRCKOM: soeanoa JIeKCHKe qaCTO
S;)'VeI]
yn01pe6mIIOTC5.[ nOMHHTb: 'conduct 'increase 'survey cJIe)J.yK>III.He napbI

3) To survey

ossorparpoa, xoropue

He06xo,l(HMO

aa-

'transport
'escort 'combat

conduct to in' crease to sur'vey to trans 'port to es'cort to com'bat

to

OMorpaqn>[ -

CJ10Ba,

cosrranaiourae

no

HanHcaHHIO,

HO He npOH3HOIneHHIO.

28

IV.

Haii,llHTe

B CJ]OBape nepeson

Ha3BaHUH

aMepUKaHCKOii

aBHa~HOHHOii

'reXHHKH

cacrea

BOOpY'KeHHii:

Sentry, Chinook, Iroquois, Falcon, Raptor (F-22), Apache, Hawk, Hornet, Nighthawk, Maverick, Harrier, Lancer, Nightingale, Jayhawk, Tweet, Talon.
V.
PacwHcppyiiTe H nepeBe.llHTe CJ]e,1J;YIOIIlHe a66peBH3rypw:

AWACS, AWe, AH, HQ, Fg Off, ICBM, BO, JCS, JIA, COS, Wg Cdr, DOD, BIII1, AFIC, RAF, ATC, ILT, AFSC, AFB, Op Capt.
VI.
Haii,llHTe B OCUOBHOM TeKCTe YPOK3 3KBHBaJ1eUTLI CJIe,1J;YlOlQHX CJ]OBOCO"leT3Uuii:

ITo,npa3,L(eJUIThCJina; CaMOJIeT-p3.3Be,L(lJHK; 6n:BaTh CaMOJIeThI nporasaac xa; cfipacsraars 60M6hI (08a eapuanmay; o.n;HoMeCTHhrn CaMOJIeT; CH,L(eThB Ka6HHe caaonera; JIeTaTb co CKOPOCThIO, B ,L(Bapasa npessnnaromea CKOPOCTh 3BYKa; .lLIDI nysmero ofisopa; B3JIeTaTh M caznrrsca aa yxoposeaasre BOO; ,neHCTBoBaTh B6JIM3M nepezmero xpas npoTHBHHKa; cnacars C6HTbIX JIeTlJHKOB; xpoae npyrax sanaa, 3TH CaMOJIeThI CIIoco6HhI. .. ; HMeTh B CBoeM COCTaBe OKOJIO ... BepTOJIeTOB; nepeopacusars BOHCKa B paHOHhI 60eBhIX ,neiiCTBHH; B rsmy rrpOTHBHHKa; ofiysan, 6y.ny:rn;HX JIeTlJHKOB; sanpaanars HCTpe6HTeJIH B soaayxe; BhIllOJIIDITb P3.3JIHlJHhle aanaaa; B KalJeCTBe cpe.ll.CTBa cnepxoraaaaa H ycrpameaaa; neacraosars, HMeH MHHHMaJIhHOe BpeW! aa nOWOToBKY; arpars KJIlOlJeBYID pOJIh; MHPOTBOplJeCTBO; 05H3aTeJIhCTBa nepen KeM-JIH6o; CBoeBpeMeHHaH H TOlJHaH HH<l_)0pMann:"sr; MOPCKaH ztepzcasa; 3aII(HTa MOPCKHX KOMMYHHKau;HH; 60eBble CaMOJIeThI; rrOJIHOCTbIO3aBHcers OT; nporpasora Mo,nepHH3au;n:n:; B 6JIH)I(aHmeM 6y,ny:rn;eM; BO BceM MH-

pe.
VII.
BCT3BLTe B MeCTO

nponyesoa

(TaM,

rne

3TO Heo6xo,llHMO)

apTHKJIH:

1) ... current RAF fleet is due to undergo major refurbishment programme during ... next decade. 2) RAP has commitment to support ... British Army and ... NATO. 3) E-3 Sentry (called ... AWACS - for ... airborne warning and control system) is ... rather strange-looking commercial plane. 4) ... RAF's fleet of Harriers will be replaced with ... new Joint Strike Fighter currently undergoing ... tests in ... America.
VIII. Hepeeenare
B 6LICTPOM TeMoe:

To undergo a major refurbishment program, later in the decade, to enter service in the near future, to be entirely dependent on training; to evacuate casualties; to have a commitment, to operate in support of UN peacekeeping forces, to need a wide variety of support equipment, fixed wing operational

29

aircraft, to be equipped with world-leading reconnaissance systems; timely information; in response to aggression, to operate at short notice, behind enemy lines, personnel and supplies, to transport troops into combat areas, to keep an eye on enemy troops and movements, their function is, to aid ground troops with air support.
CALVIN and HOBBES
~ OIONT 'IW SV",M UP 1\1£ RiST or 1IIE 8:l'lS .. LI,(£
10 PL,,~!I6t.· B#II.L lIj:.E

By Bill Watterson
~a»1S Al'fIA'IS 1aLII\G AT '!OJ, Tru..1~G 'bu ~ 11> Si., 'tlI\I\t TO00. . 10 00 Ii.
"Ill)

r \lIJt{oo.

JUS; IU<.MR RUI-( ~C.

re

'tIve-l

I fIGURE 'rillE'" I WN\T TJlAT, 1.'U.. JIll'" nu; ~ ),Nt) ..T IEAsr W PtI.Il).

.A.fdl-(E.

IXl"'T 'I:l\l
~>

IX.

OTBeTbTe H3 CJleJlYlOlUue aonpocsn

1) What are the principal categories of modem air force aircraft? 2) Why do they call bombers the "big guns"? 3) How many fighters are there in the USAF? 4) Are fighters capable of attacking ground targets? Are you sure? 5) What aircraft can be assigned to rescue downed pilots? 6) What do they call planes used to refuel bombers and fighters in midair?
X. Ilepeaeaare
enenysoume

aonpoesr "UCbMeHHO U nOJlrOTOBbTe aa HUX YCTHbl" OTBer:

1. Kaxoro THna 60M6ap.n:llpOBIl(llKH

nyxa no 6roaM reppopacros
JleTHH?

npaaasrana ysacrae B yztapax C B03aa repparopaa Arpraancraaa? B nasane ,n;eCKTH-

2. CKOJIbKO BepTOJIeTOB HMeJIOCb B COCTaBeBBC CIlIA

3. Kaxae CaMOJIeTbI KOpOJIeBCKHX BBC BeJIHKo6pHTaHHH sezryr naTPYJIHpOBaHHe MOPCKHX KOMMYHHKaIl.HH?

4. Kaxosa POJIb TPaHCnOpTHOH aBHaU:HH KoponeBCKHX BBC B xozte onepaUHH: na KOHTHHeHTe?

5. MO)KHO JIll YTBep)K,lJ;aTb, qro OCHOBHOH: a)J;aqeH BepTOJIeTOB 6PHTaHCKHX 3

BBC B paaoaax THBHHKOM? 60eBblx ,n;eitcTBHH HBIDIeTCH 6oPb6a C HroeMHbIM npo-

30

6. Ha qeM OCHOBbIBaIOTCHy-nnae Tpa.n.HUHHasaaropos? n 7. Korna HaqHeTCH nporpaxaa MO)l,epHH3an;HH KOpOJIeBCKHXBBC, H C noHBJIeHMeMKa.KHX60eBbIX CaMOJIeTOB OHa cBH3aHa?
X. IlepeeeaareYCTHO
!l»SMHJlHH C npe,lJ,BSpHTeJlbHOii nO,lJ,rOTOBKoii. DOMHHTe, 'ITO Ha3BSUHH POCCHHCKHX JlH60 no O,!l-

CSMO.lleTOO npOH3HOCHTCH KOHCTPYKTOPS

.II H60 no 6YKBaM: -

Tu-160 - [' ti: ' j o(:) , WAIl ' srkstr],

I

["tup;;,}av, WAIl

srkstr]

(KpOM~

MiG,

npOH3HOCHMblM

HHM CJlOBOM -

(mig]).

)J;aJlLHHB aaaanaa

Crparerasecxae 60M6apLl:HpOBII(HKHTy-160 Crpareraxecxae 60M6apLl:HpOBII(HKHTy-95MC

J1:anbHHe60M6apLl:HpOBlD,HKHTy-22M3 CaMOJIeTbI-3arrpasmHKH I1rr-78 (Ifu-78M)
WpOHTOBaH aBuaU;HH

<PPOHTOBble 60M6apLl:HpOBIIl;lIKH Cy-24 (Cy-24M) illryPMOBHKH Cy-25 HCTpe6HTeJIH MHr -29 MCTpe6HTeJIH Cy-27 MCTpe6HTeJIH-IIepeXBaTqHKH MHr -31 Pa3BeJJ:QHKH MHf -25MP Pa3Be.n,qHKHCy-24MP CaMOJIeTbI )];pJIO A-50

Boenno-rpencnopraaa

aanauna AH-12 , AH-22 , AH-124 , MJI-76

I1pH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 1000 CaMOJIeTOB pa3nHQHbIX THTIOB(B TOM QHCJIeH 60eBbIX) axcnnyarapyerca B BY3ax BBC.
XI. Ilepeaeame
TeKCT nHCbMeUHO:

Tasranecxaa
xeaa

aBH8.U,IDl ~BJUleTC~ MHorou.eneBhIM,

HaH60nee

MaCCOBhIM H

npasrase-

CKH e.ll.HHCTBeHHhIM BH.ll.OM 60eBOH aBHaU,HH BBC

MHomx

.ll.II~

pemeaas

aacrynarensaux

H 060POHHTeflhHblX H BMC

rocynapcrs. OHa npenaasaasaaas caMOCTO~TenhHO, a TaKHoMHe. CaMO-

)Ke COBMeCTHO C CYXOrryrHhlMH JIeThI TaKTHqeCKOii

HoiicKaMH

B ~.ll.epHoH H OfihIqHOii X.ll.epHhIM H 06hIQHhIM

aBHaU,HH MOryr

naaocars

ynapsr

opysorea

no

31

o6'beKTaM npOTHBHHKa, paCnOJIO}l(eHHLIM B npenenax 'rearpa BOeHHldX ,neHCTBHH aa pacCTOHHWlX no 600-1500 KM OT aJPO,n;POMOB6a:3Hp0BaHWl.

Mcrpe6HTeJIH-6oM6ap.ll.HpOBIIUHrn npenaaanaseau B OCHOBHOM )],.illI peIIIeHHH saaas H1KTHQeCKOHaBHaIJ;HH, CBH3aHHbIX C HaHeCeHHeM ynapoa no Ha3eMHbIM :u;elliIM. ):VIH aroro OHH ocaarneasr COBpeMeHHhlM rrpanensasnr ooopynosaaaea H cnocooasr npHMeHHTb paanooopasasre cpencrsa nopa)KeHHH. l1MelOllJ,eeCli aa HHX npauensaoe 060PY.ll.OBaHHe H aoopyxeaae nns .o:eHCTBHHno B03;:ZYIIIHbIM :u;eIDIM ynpOII.I,eHHOe H npezmaaaaseao, npeacte acero, nna 060pOHHTeJIbHbIX B03.nyIIIHhlX 60es B rrpocrsrx MeTeoYCJIOBH.KX.
XIl
nO,[lrOTOBbTe aepeaoa CJIe.ll.YIOIQero .llH8J10r8 H8 CJIyx:

What is the RAF Motto?

It is 'Per Ardua ad Astra'. Although difficult to translate, it is generally

said to be "Through Struggles to the Stars", Why do RAF aircraft have a target on the side?
It is not a target but the RAF

Roundel'. All the world's military forces have markings on their aircraft to identify their aircraft and each has a different way of doing so: The United States Air Force uses the famous 'Star and Bars' badge', whilst the Russians have the equally famous 'Red Star'. The RAF's is either a three-colour insignia with a blue outer ring, white middle ring and red inner, as used on support aircraft, or a blue and red two colour roundel for fighters. Why do you salute? The custom of saluting commissioned officers relates wholly to the commission' given by Her Majesty the Queen to that officer, not the person. Therefore, when a subordinate airman salutes an officer, he is indirectly acknowledging Her Majesty as Head of State. A salute returned by the officer is on behalf of the Queen.

I roundel ['raundl] -1. Me,n;aJIhOH,Kp)')KOK 2. ucm. He6oJIhIlIOH KpyrJIbIH IIUIT 2 badge [bred3J - 3HaQOK; 3M6neMa; xoxapzta 3 commission - 1) nosepeaaocrs, nOJ1HOMOQHe

32

As with many things in military history, the origin of the custom of saluting is a little obscure'. In a book called 'Military Customs', Major T.J. Edwards suggests that 'saluting and the paying of compliments may be said to proceed from the exercise of good manners'. Indeed, if you take the word saluting literally, it is merely the offering of a salutation or greeting, which in the military must be reciprocated. A more romantic theory dates from medieval times which suggests that victors at the many tournaments of the day shielded their eyes with their hands when receiving their prize from the Queen, rather than be dazzled by her beauty. This is very unlikely, but far more chivalrous'. A far more plausible' tale relates that the military salute is merely a form of offering an open hand as a token of respect and friendship in much the same way as a handshake does. Knights in the Middle Ages greeted each other by raising the visor of their armour, an action not unlike a military salute. During the 17th Century, military records detail that the 'formal act of saluting was to be by removal of headdress' For some time after, hat raising became an accepted form of the military salute, but in the 18th Century the Coldstream Guards amended this procedure. They were instructed to 'clap their hands to their hats and bow as they pass by'. This was quickly adopted by other Regiments as wear and tear on the hats by constant removal and replacing was a matter of great concern. By the early 19th Century, the salute had evolved further with the open hand, palm to the front, and this has remained the case since then. The RAF salute is essentially the same as that of the Army. When RAF personnel hand salute they display an open hand, positioned such that the finger tips almost, but not quite, touch the hat band. The Naval salute differs in that the palm of the hand faces down towards the shoulder. This dates back to the days of sailing ships, when tar and pitch were used to seal the timber from seawater. To protect their hands, officer wore white gloves and it was considered most undignified to present a dirty palm in the salute so the hand was turned through 90 degrees.
XIII.
w3K)'JIbTaTUBHble M3TepUaJIbl:

nvrs
8 I1CTOpl1MPOCCI1I112 aeryera

POCCV1V1CKOVI BOEHHOVI

A8V1A~V1V1
can,

1912 r. - ocooas ziara. 3T0 }leHb pOJK}leHWI ee BoeHHO-B03JlYWHhIX NQ 397, cornacno

QaCTI1B

12 aBrYCTa 1912 r. no BoeHHoMY Be,rrOMCTBYPOCCI1I1H3A3eTCli npaxas

AI1JJClIB L(eHCTBMe WTaT eosrryxorrnaearensnoa

KOTOPOMY BBOurratia,

Fnasaoe

ynpaanenae

Feuepansaoro

I 2

obscure [db' skjoo] - uescasrti,

chivalrous [' JIV(;}

CMyrHbIH,

HeOTqerJIHB'blH

jlras] - pbIlJ:apcKHH, psmapcraeansra, 6naropOAHblH, 3 plausible ['pb:zab(a)l] - npaaztononofiasnl, BepmlTHblH

33

Hensas He BCnOMHI1Tb euie nae 3HaMeHaTeJJi.Hble BeXH B PaJBHTHH aannsx BBC. PYCCJ(HH BOeHHLI" neT'lHJ( Ilerp Hecrepos nepBblM B MHpe 27 asrycra 1913 r. BbInOJlHHJl "MePTByIO nermo", CTaB, TaKHM 06paJOM
OCHOBOnOJlOJKHHKOM ssrcurero nHJlOTaJKa. B TOM JKe 1913 r. PYCCKHH aaaaxoacrpyxrop (1889-1972 Phi" rr.) C03.tJ.a.nnepBhlH B MHpe Tj[JKeJJbIH 'IeThlpeXMOTopHblH nO,!J,Hj[JlCj[ B B03.!I.YX 23 HIOJUI. B 1914 r. CHKOPCKH" paapatiarsraaer 60rree Hrops CHKOPCKHH TlIJKeJJblH CaMOneT "PYCCKH" 8HTB3h", KOTO-

cosepmeaaua
MaIllMH).

6oM6ap,!J,HpOBmHK "lInhll aBHa6oM6

Mypoxen", HMeBmHH 3KHnaJK 10 'IeJJOBeK, cnoc06HbIH 11 BooPYJKeHHhlH 8 nynexeraan (nOCTpOeHO H3 POCCl1fiCKHX 3aBO,!J,ax80
lIBHJlCj[ pO,UOHa"lanhHHKOM scex TJlJKerrblX 60M6apJUlpOBIllHKOB

B3l1Th na 6op'r,!J,0

780

xr

"I1JIMI MYPOMell"

MHPOBOii aBHal(HH, noMYPoMel.\" -

JlY"II1BWHX BnOCJle,!J,CTBI1H HaJBaHHe crparerasecsax. SBO,UHTCj[B ,UeHCTBl1e "TIOJlOmeHHe 06 opraaasauaa nepscro

26 ,UeKa6pj[ 1914 r. BoeHHblM MHHHCTpOM Poccaa 3CKa,nPbI B03JzyWHbiX Kopa6J1eH "lInhJl

B MHpe coe,UHHeHHH THJKeJJblX60M6apAHpoBmHKoB. 1914 r. POCCHJIHMena 263 aoenaux CaMOJleTa. B XOAe TIepBoH MHPOBOH BOHHbl (1914-1918rr.) HOBoe Cpe.ll.CTBOoraesoro nopaH HOBoe nOHj[THe oneparasaoro B OCHOBHOM nyrea H EBrpacI> HCKYCCTBa - 60phH norH6 B B03-

asrycry

aBHal.l.Hll npespauiaercs

B OAHO H3 caMhlX M06HJlbHhlX cpeACTB paaaeasa, 3apo)K.[laeTcj[ senacs

JKeHW! OrHeBOrO nOpa)l(eHIDI C aosnyxa.

6a sa rOCnO.ll.CTBOB B03.tJ.Yxe. OHa nepeonanaasno Ee TBOPU3MH CTaJlH POCcHHcKHe JIeTqHKH IIeTp JlYlliHOM 6010, npHMeHHB B HeM snepaue

Be.ll.eHIDI B03.tJ.YWHblX 6oeB.

Hecrepos

Kpyrem •. Hecrepos

B MHpe B03.zzyWHblH rapan'

.tJ.JUI YHH"ITO)l(eHHJI BpaJKeCKOrO CaMD-

nera-paasensaxa.
K !lJespaJIlO 1917 r. aoeuaas aBHRUIDI POCCHH 6b1JIa caMOCTOj[TeJJbHhIM PO.ll.OMBOHcK, Bl<JlJO"IaBIIIHM B ce6s
p33Be.llhIBaTeJlhHYIO (PA, reorpadnorecsyro opepy 45,3%), HCTpe6HTeJlbHYIO (MA, 40,1%), 6oM6apllllpOBO"lHYlO (EA,

14,6%)

asna-

UHIO. Ee 6oeBoM COCTaBHacqwrbIBaJI

1039 CaMOJleTOB. B03llYIIIHoe

npoCTp3HCTBO npeBpaTHJJOCh B rperno

BooPY)I(eHHOM 60ph6hl. na TllJKeneHWee 3KOHOMH"IeCKOe

Ilocne

3aBepweHIDI

fp3)K.tJ.aHCKOM BOMHbI, necuorpa

nonoaeaae

crpanu,

COBeTCKOe npaBHTenbCTBO npesrtpaaano )KHT MHoro ilHHeHHhlX noaa, 1919r.)

see B03MOX<Hhle Mepbl no BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIOHeMHorHX npennpa-

JlTIiH aBHaUHoHHoH npOMhIllIJleHHOCTH lJaPCKOH POCCHH H no HX PaJBHTHIO. CBH.lI,eTenhCTBOM 3TOMY cny$aKTOB, H3 KOTOPbIX H330BeM TOJlhKO

nexoropsre:

aBHaUHOHHblX 3aBO.ll.OB; C03)l.aIOTCS aBHaUHOHHhle

opraHH3YeTCS Fnaanoe ynpaaneaae om.eKE Aanpes Tynoneaa, HHKOJl3j[ TIOJlHKap([(Afl1, )l.eKa6ph

)l,MHTPMlI

Tparopoensa;

IJ;eHTpaJIbHblll MHCTHTyr.

a3pOrH.tJ.pO)l.HHaMHqeCKHM HHCTHTyr

Ii HaYQHO-HCnblTaTenhHbIH

YJKe B 1923 r. nOJlBJIJleTCj[ nepBblH COBeTCKMMHCTpe6HTeJlb 11-1, CKOHCTpYHpoBaHHbIH TIOJlHKapnoBbIM. B 1924 r. Ha"lHHalOTClI nernsre HCnhlTaHI1j[ HCTpe6HTeJJlI 11-2 aa BooPY)KeHHe. KOJlJleKTHB TynOJIeBa pOBlUHK Ii WTYPMOBHK H TE-l BeTCl<He JleT"IHKH (1927r., AlIT-3); cosepmaicr (AHT-4) nepsue B 1925 r. asuiaer

Fparoposasa,
P-3 (AHT-3) no

B 1926 r. MaWHHa npHHHMaeTCS - paaaezrrax, HMeHHo nerKHH 60M6ap.llHaa 3THX CaMOJIeTaX coMocKBa-ToKHo-MocKBa

- TllJKeJII>IH 60M6apJlHpOBlUHK. .lI.aJIbHHe nepenersi (1929 r., AHf-4).

MapmpyraM:

Mocxsa -

HblO-HoPK

BMIIIE, )1,A.JlhlllE, IiblCTPEE

B 1930 r, B KE Tynonesa po)K.tJ.aeTCJITllx<eJlhiH 60M6ap.ll.HpOBlUHK TE-3, a B 1935 r. - CKOPOCTHOH60M6ap.ll.HpOBI.I.\HK Cf

Will roro

BpeMeHH O.ll.HHH3 rryQWHX B MHpe. 0PraHH3YeTCg H npoaonarca npasnaosaaae Bee-

18 aBrYCTa 1933 r. B 03HaMeHOBaHHe 15-JleTl1j[ PKKBcll COlO3Horo .llHlI B03J1ywHoro escKHH, BaCHJIHH nepShlMH I'epoaaa IjlJlom CCCP, craamero MHXaHJI BO.ll.OnbJlHOB, HBaH ,Ll.OPOHMH,HHKOna"

rocyaapcraeansta

npa3.l1.HHKOM. B 1934 r. JleT"IHKH AHaTOJlUH JIanHQeJlIOCKHHueB, CT3.HOBJITCj[

KaMaHHH,

CHrH3MYH.lI. JIesaHeBcKHH,

Monoxos,

MHXaHJJ

Cnenaes,

Y"laCTBOBaBWHe B cnacenaa

COBeTCKOrO COI03a.

1 B03.tJ.YWHhIHTapaH - ram attack

34

18-20 HIOH'" 1937 r. Banepaji t.hCaJlOB,Feoprna 6afur.yKoB, Anexcaanp 6eJUIKOB aa caaonere AH-25 sa 62 'laca 16 MHHyr coaepurascr nepener "3 MOCKBbI sepea Cesepaua DOIlIOC B AMepHKY, rne npOH3BO,Ql'lT nocanzy aa a3pOApOMe ropona BaHKYBep, noxpua paccrosaae 8505 KM. B 1933-1938 rr. KI:i nOJIHKapnOBa coaaaer HCTpe6HTe.rm: H-I5 H H-16, npourenurae 60eBbIe HcnblTaHIDI B xone fpa)K,!l.aHCKOI1 BOHHhl B HCnaHIUI, aa XaJIXHH-foJle, B $HHCKYIO KaMnaHHIO 1939-1940 rr., HCnOJIb30BaBIIJHecJl B Ha'lanbHbIH nepaon BeJlHKoH Ore'leCTBeHHoH. B 1930-e IT. aa aoopyxeaae BBC PKKA 6bID npaasr AanbHHH 60M6ap.uHpOBlIl,HK JUi-3<l> (HnA), Y'IaCTBOBaBIIJHM B HaJIeTaX aa 06bCKThI rny601coro TbI.l1arHT.lIepOBCKOH fepMaHHH, B TOM qHCne ee CTOnHlJ,b1 Bepmma, B 1941 r. aBHanpoMblwneHHOCTb CCCP npacrynana K cepHHHoMY BbmycKY HOBblX UCTpe6HTeJleH >lK-l, Muf·3, JIaIT-3, $pOHTOBbIX 6oM6ap.unpOBlIl,HKOB Ile-Z, ruTYPMOBHKOB Hn-2.

O,l1;HOH3 rJIABHbIX

YCJIOBJIU nOEE,ll.hI

Bropas MUPOBalt BOHHa (1939-1945 rr.) H BelIHKaJI Oresecraeaaaa BOHHa (1941-1945 rr.] Ha'laJlHCb C 60pb6bl aa 3aBOeBaHHe rocnoncrsa B sosnyxe - OCHOBHoro YCJlOBIDI ycneunroro npoaenenns onepaQUil CYXOnyrHblX BOMCK, BMtD (BMC) Ii BBC, 'ITO OCo6eHHO npOltBHJ10Cb B BOHHax nocnenaero necsraneras XXB.
OK33aJlClt npOpO'leCKHM 3nurpacjJ K npoexry "HaCTaBneHIDI no npHMeHeHHIO aBUSU"U aa Boi1He", B1.IWe,!l," UleH B COBeTCKOi1 POCCHH B 1919 r. u rnaclIlIl,ui1: "8 cOBpeMeHHoH BoilHe 6Y.lleT HMeT1. nepeaec TOT, KTO

rocnoacrayer

aosayxe".
3TOMY nOnOlKeHUIO JlBJllIlOTClt UCTOpMH061.l'lHblX BOHH XX CTOJleTM"'.

Ilozrraepacaeaasaa

KaK YlKe rOBopIDIOCb, J1lOcjJTBa$$e C paCCBeTOM 22 HIOHJl 1941 r. aTaKOBanM 66 a3PO.uPOMOBxersipex nparpaHH'IHbIX aoeaaux ospyroa CCCP, YHlt'ITO)l(}tB 800 60eBbix COBeTCKHX CaMOJleTOB aa 3eMJIe H O,nHOspeaeaao eure 400 - B sosnyxe. Bcero aa 1,5"2 xaca BBC PKKA nHIllHJ1MCb 1200 MaruMH, H ecna nepen Ha<l3J10MBOHH1.IKOnH'IeCTBeHHoe cooraomeaae COBeTCKOHU HeMeUKo"cjJaruuCTcKoH asaauaa cocraansno 1,4:1 (7133-4950), TO sepea 18 cyrox OHO BbIfnJl)teno KaK 1:2 (1970-4000). Tonsxo sepea nsa rona, K JleTY 1943 r, (rrepea KYPCKOH 6HTBOH), COBeTCKWIaBHaQUJl3aBOeBana crparera<IeCKOerocnoncrso B sosnyxe. 3a rOA1.1 Benaxoa Ore'leCTBeHHoH COBeTCKHeJleT'IHKH (BBC PKKA, aBM3UltJl BM<l>, HA 000) YHH<lTO)KHJ1Haa 3eMJ1e (aaponpoxax) H B aoanyxe 49 976 HeMel.ij{O-cjJaUlHCTcKMX CaMOJleTOB. 3T0 95% OT 06U1.ux rroreps J1lOcjJTBa$$e aa BOCTo'lHOM tPPoHTe (5% npMXO)lHTCJI aa ,!I,OJIIO 3eHHTHOH aJlTHJlJIepMH). B xone 60eBbIx .ueHCTBHH npOTHB COlO3HHKOBCCCP no aHTHnrrJIepOBCKoH xoaJIHIJ,MH HeMelJ,Ko"<paruHcTCKaJI asaanas B 1939-1945 rr. norepsna 23895 CaMOneTOB. BSlKHO nonxepxnyrs H TO, <ITO B xone BeJIuKoH Ore'leCTBeHHoH BOHH1.I COBeTCKMeBBC csirpana 60m." ruYIO pOJI1. B ycnexe H33eMHbiX onepauaa. 3ro nonnepseasaercs T3KHMH BeCKHMH AaHH1.IMH. Ha BbInOJ1· HeHMe 3a,ua'l no aBHaUltoHHoH nonnepaxe BOHCK (Arm) <l>A B roasi BOHH1.I 33TPaTHJIa 46,52% (1 351 372). M- 40,45% (88901) OT ofirnero KOJIH'leCTB3 C3MOJleTO-B1.IDeTOBI. BOT lIPKHH npaaep 3cjJ<I!eKTMBHOCTHI1B. A

Becaoa 1945 r. coenaaenaa 3-ro Benopyccxoro cjJpoHTa ,lJ,OJ1)KHbl 6bIJUI p33rpOMHTb xeaarcfeprcxyio rpynnaposxy sepaaxra H OBJ1a,ueT1. roponoa-xpenoenao Kennrcfeprov. 3.uec1. npoTMBHHK HMen 130 000 COJ1.uaT ocjJHuepoB, ,lJ,04000 opy.uHH H MUHOMeTOB, 60nee 100 TaHKOB M IIITYPMOB1.IX opynaa, 170 Goe" M B1.IX CaMOJleTOB. Fopon npHKP1.IB3J1H56 3eHMTHblX 6aTapeH (OKOllO 450 CTBOJlOB3A). Boxpyr Kenarcfepra M sayrpa Hero rsrrneposusr C03,nanH 'leTbipe 060POHHTellbHhle nonocu.
nonoca BKJlJO'Iana B ce6Jl. 15 MOlIl,H1.IX cTapHHH1.lX cjJOpTOB,.u0T1.1H mOT1.1 C COIlH,uHbIMM rapHM30HaMH. ApTHJlJIepHJI, TaHKH H MHHOMeTbl 3-ro Benopyccxoro cjJpoHTa OK33aJ1HC1. ecnoc06H1.lMU npoH 6RTb 6pelllb B TaKHX MOlIl,HbIX 060pOHHTen1.HblX yxpenneaasx, CaMOJleTO-BblJleT - sortie

Bnyrpeanss

35

Toraa
UHIO,

LlJIJI

Ha'-laJIhHllK Feaepansnoro urra6a renepan AneKceH npaxasas aaaecra ,[IHeM MaCCHpOBaHHblH Y.rIaP no ce611 33L\a'-lY M BhHIOJIHlIJIa anepaue B xone BOi1HbI.

$OpTaM

Anroaoa B03JIO»CllJI AI1B aa LlaJIbH1010 aanaKeaarcfiepra. no,[l06H)'Kl He06b1'IHYIO

7 anpena

1945

r.

B YCTaH08JIeHHOe

SpeMJI

(13

'-laCOB

10

MMHYT)

00

3a,u;aHHb1M 06'beKTaM

514

,[IaJlbHHX

Ile-Z, coaepmana CaMhi" MomHblH aa BCIO BeJIHKYIO OreqeCTBeHHYIO BOi1HY aaner, HatpopTbl, ,[IOThI H onopnue nyHKTbI Keaurcfiepra 6blJIO cfipoureno 3743 aBHa6oM6LI 061llHM BeCOM 550 TOHH. i npH'-leM anepasre opHMeHlIJUlCb HOBbie $yracHble aBHa60M6bl - et>A6-5000. B peaynsrare AJIHBWeHClI oxono saca B03,[1YWHOH onepanaa yxpenrrenaa apara 6blJIH paapymeau. BOHcKa 3-ro Benopyccsoro CPPOHTa, ncnomaya 6pewH, Opo6HThIe B ofiopoae Kenarcfiepra, BOPBaJlHCb B ropon H oenanenn HM.
60M6apLlllpoBIllMKOB 232 0pM 06eCOe'-leHHH urryPMOBMKOB M IPPOHTOBbIX 60M6apAMpoBmMKoB HCTpe6HTeJIeH

118

lliJ-2

Euie fionee MOlUHhli1 H 60Jlee OJlOTHbIH, HO nasana 6epJlHHCKOfi onepanan - 16 anpens

mHKOB.

y>Ke HO'-lHOH MaccHpoBaHHblH 1945 r.

B HeM

npHHlIJlH

asaayaap ,[(A naaecna B AeHb ysacrae 750 ,[IaJlbHHX 60M6apAHpoB-

HOBMI3PA B 1942 r. aaxanacs HOBalI spa B pa3BHTHH COBeTCKHX BBC. I1MeHHo B 3TOM rony Fepoa COBeTCKOrO COlOsa rpHropHH Eax'lHBaH)KH nO,[lHHJl B He60 nepesni peaKTHBHblH CaMOJleT-Hcrpe6HTeJIb. 18 aarycra 1948 r., B ,[(eHb Boanynuroro <pJlOTa CCCP, HaA a3PO)lPOMQM TYWHHO nsrepxa peaKTHBHblX MHroB, Be.n:ymHM KOTOpOH 6blJI renepan (BnOCJle.llCTBHH MapWaJl aBHaUHH) EBreHHH CaBHLI,KHH snepasre B MHpe nponeaoacrpaposana HeBMLlaHHhlH BblClDHH rpyrmosoa nllJIOTa)K2. COBeTCKalI aBHaUHlI B nocneeoeunua nepaon crpeuarensao nepesoopyxaercs na peaxrasnsre CaMOJleTbI ($pOHTOBble 60M6ap.ll.HpoBIUHl(H I1Jl-28, 1I,aJlbHHe 60Mfiap.ll.HpOBIIIHKH Ty-16, HCTpe6HTeJ1H MHr, RK HAp.). Cospeueaasie npexcne scero
HbIX Mepax CTPYKTYPbl" no BBC TeM, POCCHll KaqeCTBeHHO HOBblM BH,Il, ee

Boopysceaaux

CHn.

3T0 r.

o6YCJ1aBJIHBaeTCJI

'-ITO B COOTBeTCTBHH C YKa30M BOOpy>KeHHbIX H BBC

npesnaesra
-

Pet> OT 16 IUOJl:!! 1997

"0 nepeoosepenHX

pe$opMHpoBaHHIO -

CllJI POCCHHCKOH et>e.ll.epalUlH

H cOBepweHCTBOBaHHH

ABa BHLla BC C

euuo-aoanyunrsre canst,
CKoil

npeotipaaosaasr K 1 saaapa 1999 I'. B BH,Il, BC - Bo:noH nopsi aa ycnex senenns BoeHHhIX Jl.ei1CTBHi1 B caMOH Ba)KHOM reo$H3H'ieBOMCKa nBO npOCTpaHCTBe BamHO HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3peHIDf opraHH3aLJ,HH O.ll.HH

crpepe 3eMnH

B03.llYlDHO-KOCMHqeCKOM BBC POCCI1H. 3T0

"xoasua" .Il.eHcr-

rJ1aBHOKOMaH.n:ylOmHi1

oxeas
CMn H

H C TO'lKH

soeaasrx

BMM, H )I)lil 31PIPeKTllBHOCTH npHMeHeHHlI C CHJIaMH 8TOPblM

(cpencrsaua)
Ba)l<HeHlIlHM

CYX0nyTHbIX

openers aBHaLI,HH M ITBO, BOHCK H Boeaao-uopcxoro $nOTa.

COBpeMeHHblX

II opraHH3aLI,HH

B3aHMoAei1CTBIDI

HOShlM KaqeCTBOM

BoeHHG-B03.n:yWHbIX

can

POCCMM

cnenyer

C'IHTaTb

TO, 'ITO OHH B CBoeH OCHOBe CTaHOB:!!TCl! paKeTOHOCHhlMH. B caMOM aene, OCHOBHblM opY)KHeM I1A lIBnHIOTCl! BblCOKOTOqHble paxeru xnacca "B03ll.YX-B03J\YX" C nansaocrsso nonera OT ztsyx AeCHTKOB 11,0HeCKOJlbKllX AeCIlTKOB KHnOMeTpOB H C BepOJITHOCTblO nopaaceHHH B03.n:yWHbIX ueneM (BU) oxono 0,6-0,7. COBpeMeHHbIe 3eHHTHO-paKeTHble KOMnJleKChI BBC cnocotiHhI YHH'lTO)KaTh L1,enH sa .Il.aJlbHOCT5IX no 150 KM H sucorax .Il.O 40 KM. B nepcnesraae 3TH B03MO)KHOCTH 3Ha'lHTenhHO sospacryr.

ssmonaeaaex nnana MO.ll.epHH3aUHH ,[(A OHa CTaHOBI1TCIl MOIllHOi1 PaKeTOHOCHOH aBHaLI,HeH, cnoc06HOH nopaacars BbICOKOTO'-lHbIMH KPBE C 06hl'iHbIMH 60eBbIMH '-laCTHMH MopCKHe nonsaaorsre 06beKTbI B oxeane (Mope) H craunouapaue ofi'beKTbI aa cyme C nansnocrea COOTBeTCTBeHHO OT HeCKOJIbKHX COTeH KllJIOMeTpOB no HeCKOJlbKHX TbIClIq KHnOMeTpOB, He nonaepras B pane cnysaes caaoneru HOCI1TenH KPBE B03,[1eHCTBMIO COBpeMeHHbIX cpencrs nBO (3PK, J1A). Banerrraa Fparcpseea-r Por
C 3IPcpeKTHBHO

aKa(JeMUK

PAEH

U ABH, ooxmop

60eHHblX

nay«, npoipeccop,

2eHep(1Jl-MaUOp

1 cpyracHall

60M6a

- high-explosive

bomb;

demolition

bomb

2 BblClDHM flHJlOTa}K - aerobatics

36

Unit 3
I. Ifpo-urratrre

AIRCRAFT CATEGORIZATION
CJIeAYIOIUHe CJlOBa BCJlYX, aKQeHTHpySI BHHl\1aUHe H3 HX npaBHJlbHOM npOH3HeCeHHH:

dirigible hydrogen helium steerable perpendicular catapult biplane

['haldrad3( oJ)n1 ['hi:ham]

[' drrrdgobl]

l'stI( a )r;';lb(;) )1]

['baIplem]

Lp3:p;~m' drkjolo]

['kretapAlt, "keetepult]

fuselage longitudinal mechanism aerodynamic primarily Mach encompass axes

l'fju.zalc.j]
[)Dnd31' tju.dta )nal]

[' mekoruzt a )m] I.e (ajrocdat' neemrk] I'prarmf a )rah]

[meek, ma:k]

[In' ksmpos] [' eeksi.z]

CJIOBAPh YPOKA
aerodynamic 1. a3PO)..I}IHaMI-p-r,ecKHH
(0 KY30Be If T. II.)

.':":-"..::.:r.~ gear .
hydrogen thrust

2. o6TeKaeMoH ¢OPMhI 1. uraccn 2. onopa maccn

qno3eJI.S.DK
BOLl,OPO,lJ.

rsra, CI1naDJTH

lift
propulsion design

aspocn.ta

I1JUI rH.n:pO,lJ,HHaMHQeCKa5I IIOJJ:'OeMHaJI

CH;lOBan

YCTaHOBKa, ,I:(BHraTenb KOHCTPYHKOHCTPYKKOHCTPYKpe-

paspafiorxa; posanae 2. npoexr; paspariorxa; UH.H, KOHCTPYKTHBHoe peurenae;

THBHoe HcnonHeHHe,

1. npoexmpoaanue;

KOHCrpYKTHBHOe

odiopunenae 3. cxesra; qepTe:>K; cxevaoe nreane; nnan 4. pacser 5. JJ:H3afiH

c.rigible, syn. airship non-rigid airship glider cell agent swept wmg
,I:(HpH:am6nb JJ:HplDKa6nh rrJ1aHep KaMepa;ceKUHa;OTCeK;.HqeHKa (pe)areHT,cpeJJ:cTBo,Be~ecTBo;JJ:06aBKa MRrKOH CHCTeMbI

crpenoaannoe xpsrno

37

to vary sweep VTOL airplane STOLaircraft arresting gear tail hook tilt rotor aircraft jump jet ambient air to encompass n.
Hpo'mTaiiTe
Ii

H3MeIDITh C'TpeJIOBH,lUIOCTh CaMOJIer BepTHKaJIbHOrO B3JIera H IIOC3,ll,KH

(CBBn)
JIA
C YKopOqeHHbIMH B3JIerOM H IIOCa,n;KOH

(CYBn)
TOPM03HOH MexaHH3M XBOCTOBOH: plOK K CaMOJIeT-BepTOJIeT, JIOM,KOHBepTOnJIaH peaKTHBHbIH CaMOJIeT C BepTHKaJIbHbIM B3JIeTOM H BepTHKaJIhHOM IIOCa,lJ:KOM aTMoc<pePHhIM B03)l,)'X 3aKJIIOQaTh (B
nepeaeaare

JIA c

IIOBOPOTHbIM

xpsr-

ce6e),

xacarsca
ypOI>::a:

na

PYCCKHH H3MK OCHOBHOH TeKCT

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
There are a number of ways to identify aircraft by type. The primary distinction is between those that are lighter than air and those that are heavier than air.

Lighter-than-air

(LTA)

Aircraft such as balloons, airships or dirigibles are designed to contain within their structure a sufficient volume that, when filled with a gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and floats, just as a cork does on the water. Balloons are not steerable and drift with the wind. Non-rigid airships, which have enjoyed a rebirth of use and interest, do not have a rigid structure but have a defined aerodynamic shape, which contains cells filled with the lifting agent. They have a source of propulsion and can be controlled in all three axes of flight.

Heavier-than-air

(HTA)

This type of aircraft must have a power source to provide the thrust necessary to obtain lift. Simple heavier-than-air craft include kites. Gliders are usually used for flight training and have the capability to fly reasonable distances when they are catapulted or towed into the air. 38

AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATIONS Wing types Aircraft can also be categorized by their configurations. One measure is the number of wings, and the styles include monoplanes, with a single wing (that is, on either side of the fuselage); and biplanes, with two wings, one atop the other. The wing planfonn 1 is the shape it forms when seen from above. Delta wings are formed in the shape of the Greek letter delta (0) and are triangular wings lying at roughly a right angle to the fuselage. The supersonic Concorde features delta wings. Swept wings are angled, usually to the rear and often at an angle of about 35°. Forward swept wings also are used on some research craft. Some aircraft have wings that may be adjusted in flight to attach at various angles to the fuselages. Variable geometry (swing) wings can vary the sweep (i.e., the angle of a wing with respect to the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the craft) of their wings in flight. These two types have primarily military applications. Another configuration limited to military craft is the so-called flying wing, a tailless craft having all its elements encompassed within the wing structure (as in the Northrop B-2 bomber). Takeoff and landing gear Another means of categorizing aircraft is by the type of gear used for takeoff and landing. In a conventional aircraft the gear consists of two primary wheels under the forward part of the fuselage and a tailwheel. An aircraft with two main undercarriage assemblies in the fuselage and wing tip protector wheels is said to have bicycle gear. Large aircraft, such as the Boeing 747, incorporate multiple bogies (several wheels arranged in a variety of configurations) in their landing gear to spread out the weight of the aircraft. A few aircraft use skis or other structures to allow takeoff from or landing in water. The demands placed on naval planes used on aircraft carriers require a heavier structure to withstand the stresses of catapult launches and landings abruptly terminated by arresting gear. Landing-gear mechanisms are also
1 planform

[' pleenfo.ml

- ropaaoaransaaa

npoeKQIDI npe.llMeTa, BH./l aa npezmer

caepxy

(EAPC)

39

reinforced, and a tail hook is installed to engage the arresting gear, a system that is also used for land-based heavy military aircraft. The mode of takeoff and landing also differs among aircraft. Conventional craft gather speed (to provide lift) on an airfield prior to liftoff and land on a similar flat surface. A variety of means have been used in the design of aircraft intended to accomplish short takeoffs and landings (STOL vehicles). Vertical-takeoff-and-landing (VTOL) vehicles include the helicopter, tilt rotors, and 'jump jets," which lift off from the ground in a vertical motion. KOMMEHT APlltt
1. AKPOHHMbI VTOL

H STOL qHTaJOTCH Herpa,n,HU;HOHHO:[' vi., toll H [' es, tol] COOTBeTCTBeHHO.,l1;pyrIfMH npaaepaaa rronotiaoro npoH3HOIIIeHWI HBJUlIOTCH lIIHPOKO .ynorpefinacsrsre HbIHe a66peBHazypbI SFOR [' es .fo.r] (Stabilization Force - international troops stationed in Bosnia and Herzegovina) H KFOR [,keI,b:r] (Kosovo Force - the NATO-led international force sent into Yugoslavia to enforce peace in Kosovo). performance characteristics, HJIH performances) npaKTHqeCKH JII060M CHCTeMbI BooPY)KeHHU, HeJIb35I060MTH.Cb6e3 TaKHX rrapaaerpos KaK sec weight, H BhlCOTa- height. B aHfJ1HiicKOM5I3bIKe3TH.TepMH.HbInH.I1IYTC5I IIOl.J:TH onaaaxoao, HO npOH3HOC5lTCX COBeprneHHO IIO-pa3HOMY: weight [welt] - height [hart].
HaH.!lHTe B J1I{)fiOM na 60JJhWUX CJIOBapeH nepeaon rnarona to steer. BbIDUWUTe pexa, H3U6oJlee onopoii aa

2. ITepel.IHCJIH5l TaKTHKO-TeXHHQeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH (specifications,

III.

xapaserepnsre

npUMepbJ

ynOTpe6JJeHUH aroro

rJlarOJJ3 )J.JUI· oenaoa s

CJJOB3pb,lJ;aiiTCnepeson

cJle)J.YIOUJ;UM CJlOBOCO<JeT3HHHM:

Steering committee, steering column, steering command, steering compass, steering device, steering engine, steering error, steering pedal, steering station, steering test.
IV. Hailnare
B TeKCTe ypOK3 aHrJlHHCKHe 3KBHBaJleHTbi CJIe.llYIOUJ;ux CJI0BOCO<JCTaHHii:

OCHoBHoe pa3J1HQH.e,1pe60BaHH.Sl, npezrsasnaeusre K •.. ; ,noCTaTOQHbIH 06beM, T5l)KeJIee sosnyxa, na none, no caoea KOHCTPYKU;HH npezmasaaqeH... , BbITeCHXTb B03.n:yX,6bITb xapaxrepaon 06TeKaeMOM <pOPMbI,ofiecneQHBaTb pa3BHTHe T.SlrH,KJIaCCH<pHD;HpOBaTb nOl.{THnon IIp5IMbIMYfJ10M, no, B <popMe 6YKBbI... , HMeTb nerrsroaaaasre KPbIJIh5I,rrozt yrJIOM ... rpa;ZYCOB, H3MeH.SlTb nonere, soeanoe npmreaeaae, B 6bITb npacynnor B OCHOBHOM
40

J(nH BoeHHbIXJIA, 06bPIHhle CaMOneThI,XBOCTOBoeoneco, crpenosannoe x KPbIJI0, a,IUIH nan JJ:pynIM, I13MeH5ITb CTpeJIOBI1,nHOCTh B nonere, 60M6apJ(H· pOBIIUIK rrpOH3BOJ(CTBa E-2 KOMl1aHllH HOprpOII, pacnpertenars nee cauoneTa; na asaaaocuax, BbIJ(ep)l(HBaTb aarpysxa, pe3KO npexpamars, aafiapars CKOPOCTb, YCHneHHbIH: MeXaH1l3M, aaaauaa Ha3eMHOrO6a3M.pOBaHHH, 3a,n,eiiCTBOBaTb TOPM03HOH MexaH~3M; cnocofisr B3JIera If 110Ca,n,KH; npoeicrasre peureaas ,lJ;JIH CBBIl, rrJIOCK~ rrOBepXHOCTh, pasaoofipasae Cpe,lJ;CTB, MM)KeHHerro BeprHKaJIH.
V.
PacwnlfJpyiiTe n nepeaenare CJJeLlYlOmHe a66peoHarypLI:

STOL, JCS, HTA, Pt Off, MOD, RAF, 2LT, KFOR, AWACS, CYBIl, AFB, AH, HQ, VTOL, Air Cdre, JIA, COS, SFOR, CBBIl, ATe, FIt Lt, AFSC, ICBM.
VI. Ilepeaenare
CJJeJlYlOlUue CJJOBOCO'ieTaHHH:

To identify vehicle by type, to contain sufficient volume, the primary distinction is, when filled with agent, displaces the ambient air; feature a defined aerodynamic shape, a source of propulsion; used for flight training, to control in all three axes of flight, to fly reasonable distances, towed into the air, SIOL aircraft, one atop the other, when seen from above, lie at roughly a right angle, to attach at various angles, to the rear, can be adjusted in flight, flying wing, with respect to the axis, a configuration limited to military craft, the Northrop B-2 bomber, the demands placed on naval planes, abruptly terminated, structures to allow takeoff from water, to withstand the stresses of, to engage the arresting gear, reinforced mechanisms, swept wing, flat surface, to install a tail hook, catapult launch, the mode differs among aircraft, prior to liftoff, on an airfield, VIOL vehicles, to spread out the weight of, landing gear.
VII.
BCTaOLTe 0 MecTO nponYCKOB npaOHJJLHLle

npeanorur

1. The dirigible floats when filled ... (by/with?) a gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium). 2. Aircraft can be categorized ... (by/through?) their configurations. 3. Its wings lie ... (by/at?) an acute angle to the fuselage. 4. The demands placed (for/on?) cadets require determination and strong will to withstand the stresses of training. 5. Variable geometry wings may be adjusted ... (at/in?) flight.

41

VIII.

Orservre

aa CJle.lJ.YJOUlHe aonpocsn

1. What gas is used for such aircraft as balloons and airships?

2. What are the modern applications of airships? 3. Do gliders feature any propulsion? 4. Is the Concorde a biplane? 5. How do the swing wings work? " 6. What is the application of tailless combat aircraft? 7. How is the arresting gear engaged to stop a naval plane on the deck of an aircraft carrier? 8. What aircraft can be regarded as the VTOL vehicles?
IX.
IIepeBMHTe Hblii OTBeT! CJle.lJ.ylOUlHe BonpOCLI UK aUrJlHHCKHH nHCbMeUHO H nO.lJ.fOTOBbTe UB nHX

yer-

1. B

CBH3H C lleM B0306HOBOJIC.H aarepec BbI BH,lleJIH. CaMOJIer-6HIIJIau

K B03.JzymHbIM urapax

H ,llHpH-

)l(a6IDIM?

2. Korna

B nOCJIe)].HHH p83?

4. Ilpaaaa
5. 6. 7. 8.
Kame Kame

3.

3alleM HY)l(HbI Kpblllbll KPbIJIO»? KaKHe OC06eHHOCTM TPe60BamUI

C 1I3MeH.HeMOHreOMe11nIeH xpsrna?

JIB, -rro KOHKop)]' MO)l(HO Ha3BaTb CaMOJIerOM «neraiomee

maCCR CaMOJIera BmfHr-747?

npe)],'MIBJUIIOTc.H K MOPCKOH aBR8.I.J;HR, a3MP)'lO6

m.eHC.Hna aBM"aH.OCHbIX Kopa6JIHX?

CBBI1

BbI MO)Kere Ha3BaTh?

I1cnOJIb3yroTC.H JIM nnanepsr B BoeHHbIX neJIHX?

I10.lJ.fOTOBbTe coo6meHHe

x.
XI.

aa

aHfJIHiicKOM

H3blKe

0 TOM, K8KHe

CUJlbI npHBO.lJ.HT B .lJ.Buac:eHHe

H. nO.lJ.UHM8JOT B03.llYWUblH

3MeH.

Ilepeeeaare c m~CT8:

1. The Russian Federation Air Force Museum at Monino, is located approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) east of Moscow along the Gorky Highway in a lovely wooded area. It is the largest and best aviation museum in Russia. The facility used to be an operational air base from 1932 through April, 1956. The museum was founded at the former airfield and was officially opened in 1960. It was formerly known as the USSR Air Force Museum. Among the exhibits are various fixed-wing and rotary wing aircraft, airships, associated equipment and documentary materials.
" I

42

2. There are a wide variety of types of airplanes. Land planes, carrier-based airplanes, seaplanes (rHJ(pOCaMOJIeTbI), amphibians (CaMOJIeTbIaMcpH6HH),vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL), short takeoff and landing (STOL), and space shuttles all take advantage of the same basic technology, but their capabilities and uses make them seem only distantly related. 3. The first aircraft to fly at supersonic speeds was a Bell XS-l rocketpowered research plane piloted by Major Charles E. Yeager of the U.S. Air Force on Oct. 14, 1947. After being dropped from the belly ofa Boeing B-29 mother ship, the XS-l broke the (local) sound barrier at 1,066 Ian (662 miles) per hour and attained a top speed of 1,126 km (700 miles) per hour, or Mach 1.06. Thereafter many military aircraft capable of supersonic flight were built, though their speed was generally limited to Mach 2.5 because of problems caused by frictional heating of the skin of the plane. The first supersonic, passenger-carrying, commercial airplane (or supersonic transport, SST), the Concorde, was built jointly by aircraft manufacturers in Great Britain and France and entered regular service in 1976. The Concorde has a maximum cruising speed of 2,179 km (1,354 miles) per hour, or Mach 2.04.
XII.
DepeBe)lIITe C J1HCTa:

10 JIeT aasan B xozte JIeTHblXHCIIbITaHHH COCTORJICR nepasra sepraKaJIbHblHB3JleT CaMOJIeTaKOpOTI<oroH aepraxansaoro B3JIeTa H IIOC3.).l;KH (CKBBII) .5IK-141, coaaaaaoro B OKE HM.A.C. 5IKoBneBa. MHpe CaMOJIeTOM, OtIeTaJOll(HM ce6e C B KatIeCTBa cBepx3BYKoBoro HCTPe6HTeJIR H BepTHKaJIbHO saneratouiero CaMOJIeTa. OH onepexan pa3pa60TKH AHrJIHH H CIIIA B :nOH 06JIaCTH na 10-15 JIeT. IIpeHM)'lIJ;ecTBasroro CKBBI1 nepen CaMOJIeTaMHo6hItIHOrO B3JIeTaHeOCIIopHMbI.K npmrepy, 5IK-141 cnocofiea saneTaTb,6~3 BbIpynHBaHHR(taxiing out) aa B3neTHO-nOC8.J(OtIHYID nonocy nenoCpe,lJ;CTBeHHO YKpbITHH pyneJKHOHnopozoce (taxiway). 3T0 n03BonHT H3 no B cnysae rpesora cosepmars MaCCOBblH B3neT II BBO}); 60H (to commit) B
B

5IK-141 CTaJInepasia

nonpaaneneaaa 5IK-141.

43

CaMOJIeT MO)KeT 3KCIIJIyaulpoBaThC.sI C IIOBpe)K.lleHHhIX a3PO.llPOMOB, ero CIIoco6HOCTh B3JIeTaTh C KOPOTl<HX HJIHIIOBpe)K.lleHHhIXYtIaCTKOBnOJIOC II Ca.n.HThC~BepTllKaJIhHO 06eCIIetIHBaeT IIOBhIIIIeHH)'IO BbI)KHBaeMOCThH CKPbITHOCTh(concealment) 6a3HpOBaHH~, a 3HatIHT, B cJIJL[ae BHe3aDHOrO MaCCHpOBaHHOrOynapa npoTHBHHKa 60eBoii rrOTeHl(HaJI 6y.n;eT coxpanea, HeMaJIOBa)KHO H TO, L[TOIIHJIOTIDKHO-HaBHrauHoHHhIHKOMIIJIeKC(aircraft instrumentation) ..sIK-141 06eCIIetIHBaeT pyxnoe H aBTOMaTHtIeCKOe yrrpannenae OT B3JIeTa.11:0110CaLJ:KH mo6oe Bpe~ CYTOK,B Pa3JIHtIHhIX MeB TeoyCJIOB~X, ua scex reorpadrasecxax illHpoTax. CHcTeMa yrrpaBJIeHH.SI BoopY)KeHHeM 06eCnetIHBaeT BhIl10JIHeHHe sanax C npHMeHeHHeM Pa3JIHtIHhIX BH.11:0B Opy)KH~ (30-MHJIJIHMeTpOBa.sI nynnca, ynpaansesrsre paxersr H aeynpasnaeasre cpeztcraa nOpa)KeHH.H).
XIn. Hepeeemrre 6ece.llY:

1. I'ocnOJJ;HH CTpHKJIeH)1.,rrononpocos.

1. Hi, gentlemen.

Go ahead

with your

3BOJIhTe BaM aartars HeCKOJIhKO questions.

2. MhI c aarepecov npocnymaJIll same coofiurenae 0 nep-

considerably since the last accident. We arepursucrreKTHBHbIXrrporpasoaax B 06- ing a dream of aircraft designers to create JIaCTHCaMOJIeToc'rpoeHH.H. A an airplane that not only can fly long KaK lIJJ;yTJJ;eJIaC 3KCI1JIyaTal(Heii ranges at high speeds and carry heavy cargo, but can also take off, hover and nanrero CaMOJIeTa-rH6pI:IJJ;a «Ocnpa», land like a helicopter.
3. I guess it's a breakthrough solution the tilt rotor design. It has a long history.

2. Well, things have improved

3. TIo samesry MHeHHIO,HaH,IJ,eHHOe HH)KeHepHOe pemeaae MO)KHO CtIHTaTh YJJ;a"tfHhIM?

The VTOL concept is an old idea stemming from the German air force at the end of World War II. After the war, the U.S. Navy developed two experimental VTOL fighter aircraft, the Pogo and the Salmon. However, the programs were cancelled because of technical difficulties. 4. For your information, 38 billion dollars have already been spent on the program. We now have three configurations of the Osprey - depending upon what it's being used for, such as search-and-rescue, me-

4. Ka)KeTC.H,tITO TaKruI nens He-

YJJ;atIMO)KeTOXJIa,IJ,HThHT)'3H3 a3M JU060ro, ,n:a)Kecauoro orrTllMHCTH"tfHOrO KOHcTPYKTOpa.

44

dium-range assault or long-range special operations. While three branches of the U.S. Armed Forces - the Marines, Navy and Air Force - will use the Osprey, the Bell Co. is also exploring its design for possible civilian uses. 5 . ..Sf BH)K)'Y sac B PYKax xopoKaKOH neraer H KaKHe ocooeaHOCTH HMeer TIOT, KaKMbl ero Ha3b1BaeM,MHoroneneBoH BOeaao-rpaacnopraua cassoner c BBil HJIHKBil. The Osprey has two, large, three-bladed in opposite directions, there is no need for a tail rotor to provide stability as in a helicopter. The wing tilts the rotors between airplane and helicopter modes and generates lift in the airplane mode. The Osprey . can convert smoothly from helicopter mode to airplane mode in as few as 12 seconds.
mae cpoTorpacpHH :nOH MaIIIH~ rotors that rotate in opposite directions asr, He MornH 6bl Bhl nOjfCHHTb, and produce lift. Because the rotors tum

VM22 osprey transitioning from helicopter to airplane mode

Photo courtesy U.S. Navy

6. A KaxyID CKOPOCThnocofiea c p83BHThOCIIpH C nOJIHOM narpY3KoH?

The Osprey's top speed is 315 mph (507 kph), which is twice as fast as a helicopter's top speed. It also has increased cargo capacity - the Osprey can carry 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg) of cargo or 24 troops.

7.

rOCnO,wfHCTPHKJIeH,lJ;, cna-

7. Yes, thank you too. I'm looking forward to the chance to come to Moscow. Good day to you!

cH60 aa BaIIIHpa3'MICHeHHjf. Haneiocs ysazters sac B MOCKBe, aa HaIlIeM aBHaCaJIOHeB )[(YKOBCKOM.

45

XIV.

Hepeaemrre

nHCbMeHHO:

Knaccadnncauaa
JIeTaTeJIbHhlH

JIeTaTeJILHhlX

annaparos
arsrocrpepe
3eMJIH

anna par -

YCT}JOHCTBO ):{JUI IIOJIeTOB B

HJIH B KOCMWleCKOM rrpoCT}JaHCTBe.

1. ITo

<PYHKll,HOHaJIbHOMY H3.3HaQeHIIIO nerarensasre

arrnaparta

):{eIDITC.SI aa:

- HaYQHO-HCCJIe):{oBaTeJIbCKHe (oxcnepaaearansnsre), - Hap0)],Ho-X03RHcTBeHHbIe - BOeHHbIe, - cnopTHBHble.

(naccazorpcxae,

rpY30BbIe,

c.x. II T.)],.),

2.

ITo rrpHHI.!,HnaM ,lleHCTBII.SInerarensasre

armaparu

P3.3JIWIaIOTC.SI na

cnearr-

)]'YIOll(He

rpynma:

A3pOCTaTUIJeCKUe

(sosnyxonnaaarensasre)
060JIOlfKY,

JIeTaTenbHble

armaparsr -

naparsr,

Y KOTOPbIX BCIIJIhlBHruI CHJla o5eCneQHBaeTC.SIapxaaezroaoti

CHJIOH,

,l(eiicTBYIOll(eH B03AYXOM:

na

HanOJIHeHHYIO JIerKHM

ra30M

HJIH TerrJIbIM

aspocmamu, cmpamocmamu, oupuxcaiinu, mensnue annapamu.

A3p0,l(UHaMUIJeCKUe

euiipuouue

nema-

nerarenr.asre annaparsr -

aIIrrapaTbI,

HCnOJIb3yroU(He

,llJI.SIrtonera

a3pO,l(IIHaMMQecKYlO IIO,l('beMHYlO CMJIY, KOTOPa.SI06pa3yeTCR

npH o6TeKaHIIH B03,l(YIIIHbIM IIOTOKOM: - KpbIJIa:

nnauepu, cauonemu, oxpauonnanu, xpunamue paxemu;

BUHTa: a6mOJICUpbl,
U

- aecymero

eepmonemu, nematouiue nnamtpopsua

C HecyUJUM KopnYCOM.

m. n.; - necymero xopnyca: annapamu

HeCYUJlIM 6UHmOM

zu6pudHblM

OTHOC5lTC.SI 3.3PO,llIIHaMIIQeCKHe B3JIeTa H nocanxn:

TIIKaJIbHoro

nerarensnsre armaparsr Bepnpeotipasyeuue .annapamst, cauonemu

6epmUKaJlbHOZO KOCMHQeCKUe

esnema

nocaoxu, eunmoxpunu:

JIeTaTeJIbHLIe

annaparsr.
3eMJIH H B 6e3Bo3)],ymHoM CHJIhl - TRfH paKeTHOrO nsara-

Paxerra - cnocofiasr
npocrpancrne

,l(BHraTbC.SIB aruocdiepe

non ,l(eiiCTBlleM peaicraaaoii

TeJI.SI: pasemu-nocumenu,

iioeeue

paKembl,
U

naysuo-uccneooeamenocxue

(eeodnauuecrue,
rU6pH)]'Hble

uemeoponoeunectcue),

m.o.
COQeTaIOTCBOHCTBaa3PO,l(HHaMH603dYlUHO-KOCMULteCKUe

nerarem.asre annapa'rsr -

lfeCKHX II KQCMIIQeCKliX JIeTaTeJIbHbIX armaparos:

CGJI.40Jlembl.

46

Unit 4

AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION
Horizontal stabilizer
)

Fin

Left aileron-J
/

.. -"--wing

propeller ~~-Engine compartment

ncarta Encvdo

edia,

© r"',crosoft

Cor oration.

All Rinhts Reserved

I.

llpo'urraii.'re CJIe.llYIOIUHe

CJIOBa 8CJIYX, aKueHTHpYH

BHHMaHHe

na

HX

npaaanenosr npomaomeaam

horizon empennage fabric miniature perpendicular eventually components

[he ' rarzt a )n ] [em' pentdj] [Teebnk]

['rnInI(a)tfa] L ps.pan /drkjulo] [I'ventJv(a)h]

[kampounonts]

altimeter determine sewn alignment senes nacelle aileron

L' eeln.mi.ta]
[dr' ts.mm] ['sI(a)ri:z] [neesel] ['edaron]

[saon] [alammant]

CJIOBAPb YPOKA cockpit cockpit display tail assembly, syn. tail unit, tail group, empennage flight controls engine controls navigator aerial engineer bombardier gunner copilot instruments blended , computer-aided design
Ka6MHa exanaaca 60PTOBO:H:HH,lJ;HKaTOp XBOCTOBoe orrepenae JIM3aTOp CaMOJIeTa; cTa6H-

opraHhlynpaBJIeHMR(caMOJIeToM)

opransr ynpannenaa ,lI.BllraTeJIeM

IIIrypMaH 60pTllH)KeHep;6opTMexaHHK 6oM6ap,zU1p crpeJIOK BTOPOH nHJIOT

asaanpafiopsr
cMeIIIaHHhI:H:, KOM6HHllpoBaHHbIH

aaroxrartraaposannoe

npoexrapoaanae
47

airport facilities flying wing rudder rudder pedal elevator trailing edge turn banking yaw pitch pitch attitude pitching syn. pitch-up to pitch up elevators ._control column syn. stick nacelle brakes heat-resistant materials to abort a takeoff ... antiskidbraking systems (ABS) emergency retractable landing gear to climb to descend longitudinal axis lateral axis wingtip, to deflect device flaps slats syn. leading-edge flaps trim tabs spoilers speed brakes to droop down leading-edge flaps alignment
48

otiopynosaaae asponopra
CaMOneT rana neraromee KPbIJIO

pyns pyns

HanpaBJIeHIDI

nenans pyIDI HanpaBJIeHIDI

BhlCOTbI 3a,rJ;H.IDI KpOMKa Pa3BOPOT, BHpIDK

xpeneaae; psrcxaaae
TaHfIDK;

BHpa)K, Pa3BOPOT;

nOJIO)KeHHe no raaraay Ka6pHpoBaHHe Ka6pHpoBaTb PYJIH BbICOTbI mTypBBJIbHaJI KonOHKa; mT)'pBBJI rOH.n;oJIa(dupu~a6RR) TopM03a TepMocToHKHe MaTepHBJI.bI

npepsraars
CHCTeMa aaapaaaaa

B3JIeT

npOTHB06JIOKHPOBOl:JHaJI TOPM03HaJI

CHT)'aqIDI II1aCCH

y6Hparom;eeCg Ha6HpaTb

BblCOT)'

CHH)KaTbCg npononsaas OCb OCb

nonepesaas

3aKOHI.(OBKa xpsma OTKJIOHgTb( CJI) YCTPOHCTBO;rrpH6op,annapaT

saxpsmxa;
npe~KPbillKH TpHMMepbI

m;HTKH

aarepuerrropsr
TOpM03H.bIe ID;HTKH CBHcaTb

npenxpsrnox
I.(eHTPHpOBaHHe,qeHTpOBKa

-~

_._-----

flight path approach airstream increment piston-engine exhaust-gas syn. exhaust rotational speed artificial horizon blades jet aircraft syn. jet momentum Mach number Global Positioning System (GPS),

JIHHH.SIIIOJIeTa

saxon aa ApoMa

IIoca,UKY;

IIOJ],XO,UK 30Re

aapo-

B03,n;YillHLfH

nOTOK

rrpllpocT,rrpHpa~eHHe;yBenllqeHHe
nopuraesoa
BbIXJIOTIHble ,UBHraTeJIb

rassr

qHCJIO 060POTOB

aBHaropH30HT
JIOrraTKH (,UBHraTeJI.SI) peaKTHBHbIll HHepU;H.SI qHCJIO ")J>KHCaMOJIeT

Maxa,

qHCJIO

IlH-3c",

rJI06anbHa.SI (CnyTHH-

KOBaH) CHCTeMa MeCTOOTIpe,UeJIeHH.SI, rJI06aJIbHa5I CHCTeMa rr0311IJ;HO-

RlipoBaHHH radio-beacon Instrument Landing Systems Microwave Landing System

II. Ilpo-nrraare
H

pa,UHOMaHK CHCTeMa

nocanxa

TIO npafopax

MH«POBOJIHOBaH IIOCa,n,KH

cacresia ofiecneseaas

nepeaeame

na

PYCCICH" H3blIC oeH08HO"

TelCCT

yporea:

AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION An airplane consists of a fuselage, or body; a wing or wings as sustaining surfaces; flight control surfaces; an undercarriage or landing gear; and a power plant. The fuselage is the main structure of an airplane which houses the crew, and sometimes the armament and the power plant. The tail group or empennage and the landing gear are attached to it. The crew of a fighter usually consists of one man the pilot. Bombers may have a crew of 3 to 12 men: pilot, copilot, navigator, aerial engineer, radio operator, bombardier and gunner, as well as some other crew members. The fuselage contains the pilot cockpit with all flight and engine controls, instruments, radio and navigation equipment. Wings All airplanes, by definition, have wings. Some are nearly all wing with a very small cockpit. Others have minimal wings, or wings that seem to be merely extensions of a
49

blended, aerodynamic fuselage, such as the space shuttle. Tail Assembly Most airplanes, except for flying wings, have a tail assembly attached to the rear of the fuselage, consisting of vertical and horizontal stabilizers, which look like small wings; a rudder; and elevators. The components of the tail assembly are collectively referred to as the empennage. The stabilizers serve to help keep the airplane stable while in flight. The rudder is at the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer and is used by the airplane to help control turns. An airplane actually turns by banking, or moving, its wings laterally, but the rudder helps keep the tum coordinated by serving much like a boat's rudder to move the nose of the airplane left or right. Moving an airplane's nose left or right is known as a yaw motion. Rudder motion is usually controlled by two pedals on the floor of the cockpit, which are pushed by the pilot.
V• .Et1.<:a1 a.xi..-

Elevators are control surfaces at :u the trailing edge of horizontal stabilizers. The elevators control the upand-down motion, or pitch, of the airplane's nose. Moving the elevators y.... up into the airstream will cause the tail to go down and the nose to pitch up. A pilot controls pitch by moving a control column or stick.
Bank Pitch

Landing Gear All airplanes must have some type of landing gear. Modem aircraft employ brakes, wheels, and tires designed specifically for the demands of flight. Tires must be capable of going from a standstill to nearly 322 kmlh (200 mph) at landing, as well as carrying nearly 454 metric tons. Brakes, often incorporating special heatresistant materials, must be able to handle emergencies, such as a 400-metric-ton airliner aborting a takeoff at the last possible moment. Antiskid braking systems, common on automobiles today, were originally developed for aircraft and are used to gain maximum possible braking power on wet or icy runways. Larger and more complex aircraft typically have retractable landing gear - so called because they can be pulled up into the wing or fuselage after takeoff. Having retractable gear greatly reduces the drag generated by the wheel structures that would otherwise hang out in the airstream.

50

Control Components
An airplane is capable of three types of motion that revolve around three separate axes. The plane may fly steadily in one direction and at one altitude - or it may tum, climb, or descend. An airplane may roll, banking its wings either left or right, about the longitudinal axis, which runs the length of the craft. The airplane may yaw its nose either left or right about the vertical axis, which runs straight down through the middle of the airplane. Finally, a plane may pitch its nose up or down, moving about its lateral axis, which may be thought of as a straight line running from wingtip to wingtip. Airplanes that are more complex also have a set of secondary control surfaces that may include devices such as flaps, slats, trim tabs, spoilers, and speed brakes. Flaps and slats are generally used during takeoff and landing to increase the amount of lift produced by the wing at low speeds. Flaps usually droop down from the trailing edge of the wing, although some jets have leading-edge flaps as well. On some airplanes, they also can be extended back beyond the normal trailing edge of the wing to increase the surface area of the wing as well as change its shape. Leadingedge slats usually extend from the front of. the wing at low speeds to change the way the air flows over the wing, thereby increasing lift. Flaps also often serve to increase drag and slow the approach of a landing airplane. . Trim tabs are miniature control surfaces incorporated into larger control surfaces. For example, an aileron tab acts like a miniature aileron within the larger aileron. These kinds of controls are used to adjust more precisely the flight path of an airplane that may be slightly out of balance or alignment. Elevator trim tabs are usually used to help set the pitch attitude (the angle of the airplane in relation to the Earth) of an airplane for a given speed through the air. On some airplanes, the entire horizontal stabilizer moves in small increments to serve the same function as a trim tab.

Instruments
Airplane pilots rely on a set of instruments in the cockpit to monitor airplane systems, to control the flight of the aircraft, and to navigate. Systems instruments will tell a pilot about the condition of the airplane'S engines and electrical, hydraulic, and fuel systems. Piston-engine instruments monitor engine and exhaust-gas temperatures, and oil pressures and temperatures. Jet-engine instruments measure the rotational speeds of the rotating blades in the turbines, as well as gas temperatures and fuel flow.
51

Flight instruments are those used to tell a pilot the course, speed, altitude, and attitude of the airplane. They may include an airspeed indicator, an artificial horizon, an altimeter, and a compass. These instruments have many variations, depending on the complexity and performance of the airplane. For example, high-speed jet aircraft have airspeed indicators that may indicate speeds both in nautical miles per hour (slightly faster than miles per hour used with ground vehicles) and in Mach number. The artificial horizon indicates whether the airplane is banking, climbing, or diving, in relation to the Earth. An airplane with its nose up mayor may not be climbing, depending on its airspeed and momentum. General-aviation (private aircraft), military, and commercial airplanes also have instruments that aid in navigation. The compass is the simplest of these, but many airplanes now employ satellite navigation systems and computers to navigate from any point on the globe to another without any help from the ground. The Global Positioning System (GPS), developed for the United States military but now used by many civilian pilots, provides an airplane with its position to within a few meters. Many airplanes still employ radio receivers that tune to a ground-based radiobeacon system in order to navigate cross-country. Specially equipped airplanes can use ultraprecise radio beacons and receivers, known as Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) and Microwave Landing Systems (MLS), combined with special cockpit displays, to land during conditions of poor visibility.
III.
Ha"~HTe B TeKCTe ypoxa aHfJlUiicKHe )KBHBaJIeHThI CJ1e~YlOmHx CJIOBOCO'leTIlHHu:

COCTOMT113;BHYTPIl <pI03emDKa HaXOJJ:IlTCR 3Kl1nmK; K HeMYKpenHTCR; IIO OIIpeJJ:eJ1eHHlO;OHM5IBJ1J[IQTC5I npOJJ:OJ1)1(eHMeM MHorOKoMlIoHeHTHoro <pI03eJI5I)I(a;3 QeJ10BeKa3KHlIa)l(a; coaoxynno MMeHyeMblH;cTa6HJ1H3aTOpbI npemrasnaxeasr .n;JU[; J1eTqMKHmKHMaeT aa nenana; npn nocaznce; CKOHCTpYHpoBaHHhIHJJ:J1R penrenas KOHKpeTHblx sanas; OT HyJI.SI.IJ,O... KMlqac;" c03JJ:aHHbIHH3 repaocroaxoro MaTepMaJIa;~OXpaH5ITb pa60TocIIOCo6HOCTb B KpHTMQeCKHX cHTyaUHRX; npOTHB06JIoKHPOBOQHa5I opM03HaR CHCTeMa; nepBOHaQaJIbHO pa3pa60TaHHbIH; J1eTeTb C noT CT05IHHOH CKOPOCTbIO;fcBernHBaTbcRc KpOMKHKPbIJ1a; 3aKpbIJIKH BbmycKaIOTcSI aa MaJIbIX CKOPOCTSIX; CHM)I(aTbCKOPOCTbnpa 3aXO.IJ,ena lIocaJJ:KY; TpMMMepbI RBJUIIOTC5IqaCTbIO... ; YCTaHaBJIHBaTb1I0JIO)1(eHHeIIO TaHra:>KY;rrpafiopsr IIOKa3bIBaIOT .IJ,aBJIeHHe MacJ!a; B 3aBHCHMOCTH CJIO)l(HOCTI1; OT aBHaropH30HT YKa3bIBaeTr onpeJJ:eJ1.SITb MeCTOHaXQ)KJJ:eHl1e CaMOJIeTa; OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3eMJII1; aacrpaasarsca na paJJ:HOMa5IK; COQeTaHHMC 60PTOBbIM HHJJ:HKaTopOM;B YCJIOBI1RX B nJIOXOH BH.IJ,HMOCTH; Ha3bIBaeTC5Ipsrcxaanesr.
IV. Bsrtieprrre npaaum-asae
fpaMMaTH'·lecICHe ICOHCTPYlClI.HH:

Before the 20th century, wings (werelhad been) made of wooden ribs and spars or beams, covered (by/with) fabric that was sewn tightly and varnished to be extremely (stiffly/stiff). A conventional wing has one or more spars (that/who) run from one end of the wing to the other. Perpendicular to the spar (is/are) a series of ribs, which run from the front, or leading edge, to the rear, or trailing edge, of the
52

wing. These are carefully constructed mines/determine) its lifting properties.

V. Pacunnppyare
H

to shape the wing in a manner

a66peBH3Typbl:

that (deter-

nepeaenare

C.fle~yIOIUHe

JCS, HQ, AH, ICBM, COS, DOD, AVI\1,-BIII1, RAF, STOL, ATC, SFOR, ,.---.' "" AFB, JIA, AFIC, AFSC, CBBfI, AWACS, ~;.pPS, LTA, VTOL, SFOR, OKE.
VI. Ilepeeemrre
cnenysoutae CJ10BOCOLJeTaHHH:

~ To greatly reduce the drag.-to be pulled up into the wing; to land during conditions of poor visibility; to tune to a ground-based radio-beacon; to provide an airplane with its position; in relation to. the Earth; the artificial horizon indicates whether ... ; depending on the complexity, altitude and attitude of the airplane, aircraft employ satellite navigation systems; tune to a ground-based radio-beacon, known as, to tell a pilot the course; the instruments monitor engine and exhaust-gas temperatures, to increase the amount of lift, include devices such as; an airplane is capable of three types of motion; to fly steadily in one direction.
VII. Ilepeaerurre
CJ1eilYlOlUHe npeLlJ10~eHHH

aa

3HrmtifcKHH

H3blK "HCbMeHHO:

1. Kafipaposaaae - 3TO BM,lJ; MaHeBpa 60eBblx cavoneron (seproneros) B sepTIIKaJIbHOll nJIOCKOCTHC Ha6opoM BbICOTbI. Ilpasreaaercs IIpH 6oM60MeTaHllll (KaK npasano, C MaJIbIX BhICOT). Ofiecne-msaer 6e30IIacHocTb JIA OT B03,lJ;eiIcTBHjI cfipomenasrx cpencrs nopaxeaaa. 2. Pa,llJIOKoMIIac - 3TO 60PTOBOH aaaarauaonaua npafiop ;lJ.JIjIII3MepemuI yrJIa Me)K,ll,y IIPO.n;OJIbHOH OCLIO CaMOJIeTa (BepTOJIeTa) II HanpaBJIeHHeM na panaoraaax HJ1II nepenatouryro pa,lJ;llOCTaHUMIO.Panaoxosmac npavenaerca ,lJ;JIjIonpenenenas MeCTa JIA, BbIXO;lJ.aero B paiion 8.3pO;lJ.pOMa,IIpM 3aXO,!1,e na nOCa,lJ;KYH ,lJ;J1H pemenaa ,!1;pyrllx 3a,l(aQ.
3. Kopnyc

aBHaUIIOHHoro JIA, HecYIl1RH KPbIJIO H onepeaae, Ha3hIBaeTCjI q,1O3enHJKeM. OH CJIYJKHT.n;JIjIpa3MeI.U;eHIIjI Ka6IIH nernoro COCTaBa H naccasorPOB, TOTIJIHBHhIX6aKOB, 06opy:u.OBaHlI51., OTceKOB ,!1;JI5I. rpyaa H BoopY)KeHHjI. B <pI03eJIjlJKe MOryT TaKJKe pa3MeI.U;aTbCjI .n;BIIraTeJIH II IIIaCCH.

4. )::(HpllJKa6JIb - 3TO neTaTeJIhHbIM armapar ner-re nosnyxa, nO,lJ;,!1,ep)KHBaeMbIH nozrsenaof CIIJIOMrasa (06bIQHO BO,lJ;OpO,lJ;a JIH renas), 3aKJIIOQeHHOrO B H ra30HerrpOHHIJ,aeMYIO 060nOQKY. )::(HpII)Ka6JIb, B OTJIll'lllii 01' a3pOCTaTa, llMeeT O,lJ;HH HJIll HeCKOJ1hKO,lJ;BIIfaTeJIeH ,lJ;JIjI opH30HTaJIbHOrO nonera, ,I(njl r pasvemeans 3KHrraJKa, ,lJ;BHraTeJIeM, rpY30B CJIYJKaT O,lJ;HaIInH HeCKOJIhKO rOH,lJ;OJI.
VIII. Ilepeaenare
BOnpOCbJ C onopoa ua OCHOBHOUTeKCT H

nonroroas

re omen,)

na nux:

1. CkOJIhKO QeJIOBeK BXO.n.llTB 3KIIrraJK 60M6ap;lJ.IIpOBI.U;HKa? 2. 113 KaKHX OCHOBHbIXsacrea COCTOHTcasroner? 3. KaKOBa <PYHKIJ,HII pYJIeH BhICOTbI cavonera?
53

4. KaKMMHKaqeCTBaMH OTllHQaIOTC5I xrarepaansr, TIpllMeH5IeMhIe,lJ.JUI. H3rOTOBJIeHH5[TIOKPbIIIIeK macca CaMOJIeToB? 5. qeM OTJIHqaeTCjfKOHCTpYKIJ;H.SI casronera THTIa«neraromee KPbIJIO» OT KOHCTpyKIJ;IIHnpyrax THllOBCaMOJIeTa? 6. MOryT JIMllCnOJIh30BaTbC5[xpsinss WISI paaaeureaas TOnJIHBa? 7. Korna aaxoznrr pe-ts 06 OKOJI03BYKOBbIX CBepX3BYKOBbIX H CaMOJIeTax, TO sacTO onepapyior nOHjfTHeM«'t!IICJIOM». qTO raxoe «qHCJIOM»?
IX. Ilepeseznrre
CJleJlYKHIlH" TeKCT C J1HCTa nOCJ1e Henp0.llOmKHTeJIbHOii nO.llrOTOBKH:

Early airplanes were usually biplanes - craft with two wings, usually one mounted about 1.5 m (about 5 to 6 ft) above the other. These designs created a great deal of drag, so aircraft engineers eventually pursued the monoplane, or single-wing airplane. A monoplane's single wing gives it great advantages in speed, simplicity, and visibility for the pilot. After World War I (1914-1918), designers began moving toward wings made of steel and aluminum, and, combined with new construction techniques, these materials enabled the development of modem all-metal wings capable not only of developing lift but of housing landing gear, weapons, and fuel. Over the years, many airplane designers have postulated that the ideal airplane would, in fact, be nothing but wing. Flying wings, as they are called, were first developed in the 19308 and 1940s. American aerospace manufacturer Northrop Grumman Corporation's flying wing, the B-2 bomber, or stealth bomber, developed in the 1980s, has been a great success as a flying machine, benefiting from modem computer-aided design (CAD), advanced materials, and computerized flight controls. Popular magazines routinely show artists' concepts of flying-wing airliners, but airline and airport managers have been unable to integrate these unusual shapes into conventional airline and airport facilities.
X. Ilepeaemrre
CJleJlYlOlll"H TeKCT C JIUCTa noene

nonromasca:

ABI-IaU,HoHHhle 60pToBhIe npatiopsr - 3TO npatiopaoe ofiopynoaaaae, nouoraromee rreTl-IMKY secrn CaMOJIeT. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3Ha-qeHIHI aBHaU;HOHHhle fiopronsre npnfiopsr ,neIDITC5Iaa nHJIOTmKHO-HaBHraU;HoHHhle, npmiopsr KOHTPOJDI pa60TbI aananaararenea H CIfrHanH3aI)JIOHHble yc1lfaB~OHHble CHCTeMbIII aBTOMaTbI ocaofioaoraror II:HJIOTaOT neofixo,I1;HMOCTHenpepsrano cneznrrs sa rrOKa3aHHHMH npafiopos. B rpynny nMJIOa TmKHO-HaBHraU;MOHHbIXnpnfiopoa BXO,n5lTYKa3aTenH CKOPOCTM,BhlCOTOMepsr, BapHOMeTpbI (rate-of-climb indicator), aBHaropH30HThI, KOMnaCbI H yxa3aTeJIH nOJIO)l(eHHll cauonera (position indicators). K npafiopasr, KOHTpOJIHpyIOIll,HM pa60TY aeaanaarareneii, OTHoonCH TaXOMeTpbI, MaHOMeTpbI, TepMOMeTpbI, TOrrJIHBOMepbI H T.TI. B coapevennsix 69pTOBbIX rrpatiopax ace 60JIhille HHcpopMau,HH BhIHOCHTC51 061I(Hll HH,L(HKaTop.KOM6HHHpoBaHHbIH (MHoroCPYHKl(HOHanbHblif) I1Hua ,l1;HKaTOp,I1;aeTB03MO)l(HOCTbTIHJIOTY O.D:tUIM B3rJI5I,l1;OM OXBaThIBaTb see o6'be54

,nHHeHHbIeB HeM llH,nHKaTOpbl. Y crrexn 3JIeKTpOHllKll II KOMilbIOTepHOH.rexHliKHn03BOJIliJIH)l;OCTHtIb 60JIbllIei1 HHTerpaQHH B KOHCTPYKQHH rrpatiopsoa )l;OCKH Ka611HbI3KHIIa)l(a H B asaanaonaoa 3JIeK'rpOHHKe.IlOJIHOCTblOHHTerpnpoaaaasre QH<PPOBbleCHCTeMbI npaBJIeHH.HnOJIeTOMH 3J1T -HH,ll;HKaTOpbI y (CRT-dislays) ,!l;alOT nHJIOTYnysuree npencranneaae 0 npocrpancreenaox IIO-, JIO)l(eHHH MeCTOnOJIO)l(eHHll H CaMOJIeTa,1JeMaro 6bIJIO B03MO)KHO paaee, HOBbIMTHn KOM6HHllpOBaHHOM: llH)l;HKaUHH npoeKUIIOHHbIM:projecting)( ,n;aeT.IIHJIOTY B03MO)l(HOCTb poeuaposars IIOKa3aHIl.H n npaoopos na JI060BOe CTeKJIOcaaonera, TeM caMbIM cosuernaa IlX C rraaopaxoa anemaero BlIJI:a (panoramic view). TaKa.H CIICTeMaIIH,[(llKal(HH IIpHMeH.HeTCH e TOJIbKOaa BOH eHHbIX,HOH aa HeKOTopbIXrpaJK,l(aHCKHX CaMOJIeTax.
XI.
nOlJ,rOTOBLTeCb K nOCJ]e,llOBsTeJlLHoMYnepeaony naanoro TeKCT3 Ha cnyx:

An airplane relies on the movement of air across its wings for lift, and it makes use of this same airflow to move in any way about the three axes. To do so, the pilot will manipulate controls in the cockpit that direct control surfaces on the wings and tail to move into the airstream. The airplane will yaw, pitch, or roll, depending on which control surfaces or combination of surfaces are moved, or deflected, by the pilot. . In order to bank and begin a tum, a conventional airplane will deflect control surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings known as ailerons. In order to bank left, the left aileron is lifted up into the airstream over the left wing, creating a small amount of drag and decreasing the lift produced by that wing. At the same time, the right aileron is pushed down into the airstream, thereby increasing slightly the lift produced by the right wing. The right wing then comes up, the left wing' goes down, and the airplane banks to the left. To bank to the right, the ailerons are moved in exactly the opposite fashion. In order to yaw, or tum the airplane's nose left or right, the pilot must press upon rudder pedals on the floor of the cockpit. Push down on the left pedal, and the rudder at the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer moves to the left. As in a boat, the left rudder moves the nose of the plane to the left. A push on the right pedal causes the airplane to yaw to the right. In order to pitch the nose up or down, the pilot usually pulls or pushes on a control wheel or stick, thereby moving the elevators at the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer. Pulling back on the wheel deflects the elevators upward into the airstream, pushing the tail down and the nose up. Pushing forward on the wheel causes the elevators to drop down, lifting the tail and forcing the nose down.
XII. Ilepeaemrre
HS cnyx c rrpensapsrrem.aon nOlJ,rOTOBIWU:

1. YKa3aTeJIb B03,ll;YWH0i1 KOpOCTH. IpII ,nBII)I(eHIIH C T CaMOJIeTaB arnoepepe scrpeuastii llOTOKsosnyxa C03,naeT CKOPOCTHOM nanop B .rpyoxe TIHTO(Pi tot

tube), 3aKpenJIeHHOMna <p103eJIH)Ke na KPbIJIe. B03,nywHa.H CKOPOCTb HJIlI H3Mep.HeTCH nYTeM cpaBHeHH.Hcxopocrnoro (,nIfHaMlItIeCKoro) nanopa co CTaTHqeCKHM,naBJIeHHeM.Tlozr .n;eiicTBHeM pa3HOCTH,nHHaMHt:IeCKOrO CTaTlIt:IeCKOIf
55

ro )],aBJIeHIfH:nporntiaerca ynpyra.» MeM6paHa, C KOTOPOH:CBH3aHa crpenxa, noxaasraaromaa no lIIKaJIe B03,llYlIIHYIO CKOPOCTbB KI1JIOMeTpax B -qac. YKa3aTeJIb B03)]'YlliHOH CKOPOCTI1 I10Ka3bIBaeT TaK)I(e 3BOillOTI1BHYIO CKOPOCTb(control speed), ql1CJIOMaxa If MaKCMMaJIbHYIO3KCIIJIyaTaU;MoHHYIO CKOpOCTb. Ha uempansnoa naHeJIH paCIIOJIQ)KeH pesepaasra IIHeBMOYKa3aTenb (pneumatic indicator) B03)],YlliHOH CKOpOCTM.

2. 3JIeKTpOHHble HaBl1raI.J;IfOHHble CI1CTeMbl. Cymecrnyer PH)], pa3JIHQHbIX 3JIeKTpOHHbIX CHCTeMB03)],ymHoH naaurauaa. Bcenanpaanenasre panaoaasKI1 - 3TO Ha3eMHbIe panaonepenar-mxa C pamrycox .u;eHcTBIfH.u;O150 KM. OHM
06bIQHO onpe)l,eJI.SIIOTB03)l,YlIIHble rpaccu, 06eCneQHBaIOT aaneneaae IIpl1 3axone na nocamcy H crryzcar opHeHTHpaMH npn saxone na nocanxy no npnfiopaM. Hanpasnenae na aceaanpaanemrsta pa)l,HOMa5IK onpenenaer aBTOMaTI1QeCKIIM60PTOBOM pa)l,IIOIIeJIeHraTOp, BbIXO)l,HajJ: H<PoPMaUlljJ:xoroporo H OTO6pa)KaeTC.SIcrpeJIKOM yxasarens IIeJIeHra.

3. Bsrcorouep. Bsrcorojrep OIIpe)l,eJI.SIeTBbICOTY aan yposaea MOP51no 3aBHCHMocm aruoopepnoro .n;aBJIeHIUIOT BbICOTbI. 3TO, B CYIll,HOCTH,6apoMeTp, nporpanynpoaaaasra He B ezmanuax )l,aBJIeHI1H, a B MeTpax. )J;aHHble BhICOTOMepa MoryT npe,n;CTaBJI.SITbCH pa3HbIMIi cnocofiaun - C IIOMOIll,bIO
CTpeJIOK, KOM6HHaQHM CQeT"llI1KOB(gauges), 6apa6aHOB (drums) M CTpeJIOK, rrocpeztcrnox 3JIeKTpOHHhIX npnfiopoa, IIOJIy-qaroIIJ;HX CHrHaJIbI ,n;aTQHKOB .n;aBJIeHHH aosztyxa,
XIII. Flepeaeasrre 6ece.JlY:

1. Captain, sir. May I clarify a

point from today's presentation?

neareaaar EeHHM MaTb103. 3a,n;aBaiiTe sonpocsr scerzta CPa3Y, QTo6bI IIOTOM He 6bIJIO aenopasyMeHMH.

1.

Iloacanyiicra,

2. Today you said that the elevators control the movement of the airplane along its lateral axis. This motion is pitch, right?

2. ITpaBMJIbHo. To ecrs, TaHraJK - aro aaKlIOH casronera OTHOCHTeJIbHO ero rnanHOMrrorrepesnoa OCMB nOJIeTe.

3. Yes, I was afraid I misunderstood you.

3. Hanerocs, qTO BbI sarracana, QTOannaropasoar nOKa3bIBaeT He TOJIhKO yrnsr TaHra)l(a Ii xpena, HO H npocrpaacrseanoe IIOJIO)KeHHeCaMOJIeTa, rryresyro CKOPOCTb, OTKJIOHeHHe CKOpOCTH. OH TaK)I(e npencraanxer nexoropyio HaBHranaomryro HH~opMaQHro.

4. I was under the impression

that the rudder behind the cockpit was more a tribute to tradition than a necessity, because ailerons alone provided suffi56

4. Y sroro pyns ecrs eIIJ;ep.SI,lJ, <PYHKlJ,HH,

xoropsre MbI paccMoTPHM BO BpeMJI CJIenyiourea JIeK~HM. ITonOlKeHHe 3THX 3JIePOHOB H cTa6MJIM3aTOpOB 06eCneQHBaer IIpO.n;OJIbHyro YCTOH1fHBOCTbMallIH-

cient direction control. 5. Many thanks for your interesting presentation and I hope that we will be provided with handouts on the material.
XIV. Ilepeaemrre
CJIeLlYHlUl."" TeKCT

HbI.

5. ,lJ,a, see

MaTepHaJIbI 6y AYT

paaaaozce-

RbI, H KpOMe Toro,

BbI rrOJIYQI1Te cxevy

npaoopnon )l,OCKIl C YKa3aHHeM BCeX npnfiopon KOHTpOIDI pa60TbI zmarareneii,

aa
aHrJ1UHCKHU H3blK nHCbMeUHO:

KOHCTPYKTUBHhle ,n:Be OCHOBHbIe ocofienaocra, Ha3eMHbIX HH)I(eHepHbIX xoropsre

coofipaaceaaa

OTJm:QaIOTaBHaIl,HOHHbre KOHCrpYKIl,HH OT 3TO BJIHRHHe a3pO)1,MHaMH'lleCKHXHarpy-

coopyxemra, -

30K na <POPMYKOHCrpYKIl,HH H HCnOJIh30BaHlle HCKJIIO'lllITeJIhHO JIerKHX y)1,JIlIHeHHhIX II TOHKOCTeHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB 1I3 BhICOKOrrpO'llHhIX MaTepl1aJIOB. Ha Pa3JIlIQHhIX aranax pa3BllTHH asaanaa npeanaranacs Pa3JIH"9:Hhle KOHCT-

PYKTHBHhIe penreaaa aexoropsre

,n;JIHCaMOJIeTOB. Cymecrsyer

OQeBH)1,HaHCB5I3h Me)l()1,y OIIna pamreii CTa)1,HHpa3BHTHH B BO

THMarrhHOH KOHCTpYKIJ,Heii CaMOJIeTa a ero CKOpOCThIO.I1HTepecHO OTMeTHTb, 'llTO KOHCTPYKTHBHhle peII1eHHH, npansrsre aBlIaIJ,HH, OKa3aJIlICb npHeMJIeMbIMH H )1,JDI OBpeMeHHbIX CaMOJIeTOB,nerarourax C .TOM )ICe )1,Hana30He

cxopocreii,

TaK, caapaoa

<p103eJIR){(H3 CTaJIhHbIX Tpy60K

BpeM5I ITepBoM MHPOBOH BOHHhI 6hIJI HOBllHKOH, n03BOJIHBII1eH YJIY'llII1HTh xapaxTeplICTHKH HCTpe6HTerreH H YBerrH'llHTb CKOPOCTHIIX nOJIeTa.l1.0 ITO)1,06HhIe KOHCrpYKIJ,HI1 crana KM/'ll.

160

KM/Q.

COBepllIeHHO HenpHrO.l1.HbIMH )1,mr acrpefiare-

neH npexren BTOPOH MHPOBOH BORHbr,

xoropsre

JIeTaJIH co CKOPOCT5IMH OKOJIO640 H casronersr )1,.ITH na-moronons-

npyroa

CTOPOHbI, cnoprasasre

casronersr

30BaHHH, n05IBHBIlIHeCH aaunoro

Il03)1,Hee, pe)1,KO pa3BHBaIOT CKOPOCTh 60JIbllIe npHMeH5IIOTCH csapaaae-

160

KM/q, H B KOHCTPYKIJ,H5IX HX <p103eJIR)I(eHycnennro

Mhle MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe TPy6KH .

•.
I

i
j
~.

57

Unit 5
I.

AIRCRAFT

ENGINES
BHHM3HUe H3 UX np3BUJILHOM npOU3HeCeHHH:

Ilposnrranre cneayionnre

CJI0B3 BCJlyX, 3KUeHTUpYH

vacuum criteria

[' veekjota)rn]
[krar' tI( a)na]

derivative acceleration

[difIV;)tIV]
[ok, sela' rerj(a)n]

CJIOBAPL YPOKA turbojet turboprop turbofan combustion chamber to derive thrust fan boost Newton's laws of motion exhaust
ryp60peaKTHBHhIH ,lJ;BH:raTeJIh,TP)J;

Typ6oBHHTOBOH ,lJ;BHraTeJIh, TB)J; T)'p6oBeHTHJI.HTOPHhIM ,lJ;BHraTeJIh KaMepa cropaaaa pa3BHBaTh

.rsry
IIO,lJ;'heM

BeHTHJI.HTOP nOBhlIIIeHHe,

3aKOHbI MexaHHKH

Hsrorona

1. BblXJIOn; asmycx; BhIIIycKaTh. 2. BhlXJIOIIHa.H (BhIIIYCKHa.H) Tpy6a 3. ssrraacaoe YCTpOHCTBO 4. BhIXJIOnHhIe pafiorasmae) raasr
BhIXJIOIIHOe COIIJIO; BhIXJIOnHOH narpyfiox paxeraoe necyutero TOrrJIHBO poropa

(OT-

exhaust nozzle propellant rotor blade ramjet acceleration derivative core calibration balancing afterbuming augmentation close combat engine life

1. JIOrraTKa

(,lJ;BHraTeJI.H) 2. JIOII.aCTh

BHHTa (BepTOJIeTa)

np.HMOTo"CJHhIM B03,D;YIIIHo-peaKTHBHhIH ,D;BH-

rarens, TIBP,II; 1. YCKopeHHe;p83roH,p836er 2. npHeMHCTOCTh (zrsararens) 1) MO,D;H(pHKan;mr 2) rrpOH3BO,lJ;HlliI azrpo; cepnnesaaa; cepnesnax; 1. nposepxa 2. KaJIH.6pOBKa, KaJIH6pOBaHHe
ypaBHoBeIIIHBaHHe;6anaHcHpoBKa 4>opcaJK; .u.OJKHraHHe (TOrrJIHBa) YBeJIHqeHHe(T.HrH);HHTeHcH4>HKaUH.H 6JIHJKHHH 60H pecypc ,11;BHraTeJI.H

59

II.

npOQHTIli1Te

nepeaemrre ua

PYCCKHH H3blK

OCHOBHOU TeKCT ypojca:

JET ENGINES The three most common types of jet engines are the turbojet, turboprop, and turbofan. Air entering a turbojet engine is compressed and passed into a combustion chamber to be oxidized. Energy produced by the burning fuel spins the turbine that drives the compressor, creating an effective power cycle. Turboprop engines are driven almost entirely by a propeller mounted in front of the engine, deriving only lO percent of their thrust from the exhaust jet. Turbofans combine the hot air jet with bypassed air from a fan, also driven by the turbine. The use of bypass air creates a quieter engine with greater boost at low speeds, making it a popular choice for commercial airplanes. The turbine or jet engine operates on the principle of Newton's third law ofmotion, which states that for every action, there is an opposite but equal reaction. A

j~t sucks air into the front, squeezes the air by pulling it througb a

series ,of spin-

m~g compressors, mixes it with fuel and ignites the mixture, which then explodes WIth great force rearward through the exhaust nozzle. The rearward force is balanced with an equal force that pushes the jet engine, and the airplane attached to it, forward. A rocket engine operates on the same principle, except that, in order to operate in the airless vacuum of space, the rocket must carry along its own air, in the form of solid propellant or liquid oxidizer, for combustion. There are several different types of jet engines. The simplest is the ramjet, which takes advantage of high speed to ram or force the air into the engine, eliminating the need for the spinning compressor section. This elegant simplicity is offset by the need to boost a ramjet to several hundred miles an hour before ram-air compression is sufficient to operate the engine.
Turbojet

Hot exhaust stream a....m ..

IIIiIi9'lI----,.--I
Turbofan

60

The turbojet is based on the jet-propulsion system of the ramjet, but with the addition of a compressor section, a combustion chamber, a turbine to take some power out of the exhaust and spin the compressor, and an exhaust nozzle. In a turbojet, all of the air taken into the compressor at the front of the engine is sent through the core of the engine, burned, and released. Thrust from the engine is derived purely from the acceleration of the released exhaust gases out the rear. A modem derivative known as the turbofan, or fan-jet, adds a large fan in front of the compressor section. This fan pulls an enormous amount of air into the engine case, only a relatively small fraction of which is sent through the core for combustion. The rest runs along the outside of the core case and inside the engine casing. This fan flow is mixed with the hot jet exhaust at the rear of the engine, where it cools and quiets the exhaust noise. In addition, this high-volume mass of air, accelerated rearward by the fan, produces a great deal of thrust by itself, even though it is never burned, acting much like a propeller. Engines for military aircraft have to meet a set of criteria different from those of commercial jets and turboprops. Fighters and bombers switched to the turbojet, transports' and maritime-patrol aircraft used turboprops, and helicopters benefited greatly from changing to turboshaft engines. The change meant more power for less weight, far greater reliability, no cooling problems and safer kerosene-type fuels. Today the turbojet is almost extinct, except in such pockets as China, where different criteria apply. Elsewhere, the trend has been towards achieving greater power with engines that are not only lighter but also smaller and dramatically simpler. SNECMA's M88 turbofan, which powers the Dassault Rafale, is the latest in a line of jet engines developed for French multi-role fighters. It is claimed to be economical on both fuel and maintenance and consists of 21 interchangeable modules, which require neither calibration nor balancing when installed. In the immediate postwar era, up to 1970, it was normal practice not to introduce an engine to the airlines until hundreds or even thousands had gained experience rn fighters and bombers. The two families then diverged. Airliners needed engines offering the lowest possible fuel consumption and lowest possible noise at airports, and these. (surprisingly slowly) eventually led to today's engines with enormous fans. Combat aircraft need slim engines, as already noted, so military experience is seldom much help to civil engines. Supersonic aircraft have afterbuming engines in order to increase the energy in the jet so that, properly expanded in a special nozzle, it can be ejected at highly supersonic speed, in order to achieve the highest flight Mach number possible. Such aircraft as the MiG-25 Foxbat and Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird can fly at Mach 3 (three times the speed of sound). In any case, the latest engines are so powerful that augmentation is needed only on rare occasions (for example, in close combat) when maximum thrust is needed, because it bums fuel rapidly and also shortens engine life.
61

III.

HaU.lJ.HTe B TelCCTe ypOKa

3ICBHBaJ1eHThI CJIe.lJ.YKllllHX Bhlpaa.:eHuu;

Typoosearnnaropasra zmararens; TYP6HHa BpaIIJ,aeT xosmpeccop: aa Typ60BMHTOBOM ABHraTene CMOHTHpoBaHB03.n;YIIIHbIH BHHT; senranarop, npHBO'[(HMbIll B neiicraae TYp6HHOH; TYp6MHa pafioraer OT rasoreneparopa; IIO)J,BO,n; sosnyxa K KOMnpeccopy naararens, cnocoficraosars rrOBblIIIeHMIOnaaneaaa B03,Qyxa nepen KOMIIpeccopOM; pa60QMe rrOIIaTKH, B03.n;eHCTBYH B03,llyX, 3aKpyqHBaIOT ero; na sanrarasre ceTKH, npezrorsparnaiomae nonanaaae B KOMIIpeccop nOCTopOHHHX npeznreroa; 1136aBmITbCHOT He06xOAllMOCTll; BbI6paCbIBaTb orpafioraamae rasa; MHHHMarrhHOB03MO)l(HbIHpaCXO)1,rormasa; 3KOHOMHQeHno paCXO)1,yTOMHBa H peMOHT03aTPaTaM; CPOpCHpOBaHHeTHrH YKopaQHBaeT pecypc ,l.(BHraTeJIH;CPOPCHpOBaHHhIH: nanrarens: 60nhiliaH MOm;HOCThIIpM MeHhmell Macce; npHBO,l{MThB .n;BHJKeHHe osmpeccop; p33BHBaTh OrpOMHyIO MOm;HOCTh;C03)1,aBaThIIO,lJ;'heMHYIO x
carry.
IV. Ilepeaenare
CJIe.lJ.YKlIUHe CJJOBOCO'leTaHUU:

To mount a propeller in front of the engine; to derive certain percent of thrust; to operate on the same principle; a series of spinning compressors; to eliminate the need for; the air compression is sufficient to operate the engine; to release exhaust gases; to meet a set of criteria; to greatly benefit; when installed; more power for less weight; different criteria apply; the latest in a line of jet engines; augmentation shortens engine life; economical on both fuel and maintenance, it is claimed to be; until they have gained experience; today's engines; lowest possible fuel consumption; afterburning engines; such aircraft can fly at Mach 3; in close combat; pass into a combustion chamber; energy produced by the burning fuel spins the turbine; to drive the compressor; the use of bypass air creates a quieter engine; for every action, there is an opposite but equal reaction; to ignite the mixture; the rearward force is balanced with an equal force that pushes the jet engine; to operate on the same principle; only a relatively small fraction; the change meant more power for less weight; different criteria apply; in order to achieve the highest flight Mach number possible.
V. .
06pa3yitTe MHO",eCTBeHHOe lJHCJJO OT cnenymurax CYlUeCTBUTeJ1bHbIX:

Gas; criterion; chamber; weight; principle; series; serviceman; speed; nozzle; commander-in-chief; force; cannon; aircraft; system; chief; noise; advantage.
VI.
Pacwu"'PYUTe H nepesenare CJ1e.llYIOIUHe a66peBUaTYPbl:

JCS, IIBP,Lt:, RAF, HTA, MOD, TB,Lt:,KFOR, STOL, Fg Off, CYBTI, AFB, AH, HQ, VTOL, JIA, COS, SFOR, CBBTI, ATC, AFSC, ICBM, AWACS, TP):(.
VII.
Ifepesemrre BOnpOCbI" nonroroes're OTBeTbI na HUX C onopoit na OCHOBHOii TelCCT

ypoxa:

1. Ha30BHTe OCHOBHbleH3BecTHhIe BaM THIIbI aBHau.HOHHhlX,llBHraTCJIeH. 2. 3a c-rer KaKoMCRnhI npHBO,ll~TCj{B ,lleMCTBHe Typ611Ha Typ6opeaKTHBHoro
)J,BlI-

raTeJ1l1?

62

3.

RBJIIDOTCH JIH ryp6oBHHToBDIe

,11;BHraTeJIH 60JIee JIerKHMH H 3KOHOMHqHDIMH no cpaBHeHHIO C Typ60peaKTHBHbIMH ,D.BHraTeJIHMH?

4. Hs KaKHX Y3JIOBH arperaros COCTOHT yp60peaKTHBHbIH ,11;BHraTeJIb? T 5. B qeM COCTOHT KOHCTPYKTHBHoe OTJIH'tlHeryp60BHHToBoro ,D.BHraTenH rypOT
60peaKTHBHoro? VIII.
nOBTopHTe )lOCJIOBHO cJ1e)lYIOUlHe npe)lJ1oiKeHUg H8 aHrJ1HHCKOM HlblKe:

1. Today the turbojet is almost extinct, except in such pockets as China, where different criteria apply.

2. Turboprop engines are driven almost entirely by a propeller mounted in front of the engine, deriving only 10 percent of their thrust from the exhaust jet. 3. Engines for military
commercial jets.
IX. Ilepeaemrre
nHCbMeHHO:

aircraft have to meet a set of criteria different from those of

Typ60BHHTOBOH ,L(BHraTeJIl, OCTOHT TeX)I(e Y3JIOBH arperaros, qTO H rypfiopeC H3 aKTHBHhIH. O,D.HaKO OTJIHqHeOT TP,n; aa TYp60BHHTOBOM,D.BHraTeJIe B ,nonOJIHHTeJIhHOCMOHTHpOBaHbI 03,11;YIIIHbIHHHTH penyxrop, ' B B ,llnH IIOJIyqeHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOH MOmHOCTH,11;BHraTeJIH TYP6HHa ,D.OJI)I(Ha Pa3BHaars 60JIbIIIHe 060pOTDI (,11;0 20000 o6/MHH). ECJIlf C :noH )I(e CKOPOCTblO 6y.n;eT BpaIIJ,aTbCH B03AYUlHbIll: BHHT,TO KI1,n; rrocnenaero 6Y,11;eT xpaane HH3KBM,TaK KaK aaafionsmero 3HaqeHHH I<Il):( BUHTa aa pacseraux pe)KHMaX nOJIeTa ,lJ,OCTHraeT TIpH 750-1500 o6/MHH . .ll.JIH YMeHbllIeHHH 060POTOB B03)J,YllIHoro BHHTa no cpasHeHIfIO C 06opoTaMH rasoaoa TYp6IfHbI B Typ6oBHHTOBOM ABHraTeJIe YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCHpenyxrop, Ha )J,BHraTeJUIX60JIbIIIOH MOmHOCTH aaorna HCnOJIb3YlOT)J,Ba BBHTa, spamalOIIJ,HXCHB npoTHBOnOJIO)KHbleCTOPOHhI,npaxea pafiory 060HX B03,IJ;yllIHhIX BHHTOBofiecneaaaaer OAHHpeziyxrop.

B aexoropsrx Typ6oBHHTOBbIX ,lJ,BHraTeJIHX KOMnpeccop npHBO,lJ;HTCH O spaB

uieaae O)J,HOH Typ6HHOH, a B03.n;YIIIHbIHBHHT- npyroa. mae YCJIOBHH ,n;JIH peryJIHpOBaHHH ,n;BHraTeJIH. JIHilib He3HaqHTeJIbHOsa C"9.eT eaK:U;HH p ra30BOH CrpYH.
X. Ilepeeemrre
TeKCT C J1UCTa nOCJIe uenp0)lOJIiKUTeJlbHOii nO)lrOTOBKU:

3TO C03,n;aeT finarorrpaar-

Tara y TB,l( C03,n;aeTC» rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B03,n;yIIIHbIM BHHTOM (no 900/0) H

Today, the military trend towards greater simplicity is being echoed by civil engines. Nearly 30 years ago, special turbojets and turbofans were being produced purely to lift VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircraft. They were used only at take-off and landing, so were made as simple as possible. Like other engines, they

63

sometimes had two spools' (low-pressure and high-pressure compressors, eae driven by its own turbine), and the aerodynamicists found that by making tl spools rotate in opposite daemons, it was possible to do away with at least some ( the stator (fixed) blades ahead of the turbine rotors. The same idea is now bein introduced to small civil engines, a rare case of military experience being tram ferred to the civil market, as was once the norm. Unlike the RB.199, which powers the Tornado, the later-generation Eurofighn Typhoon is powered by a pair of EJ200 turbojets. These are simpler in desigi having eight compressor stages, against the RB .199's 12 and are more efficien with an overall pressure ratio of26, compared with the RB.199's 23. Moreove the Eurojet blades at the front of the low-pressure compressor are much larger tha those of the RB.199, and accordingly more robust in resisting incoming hail, bire and other foreign bodies.
XI. Ilepeaenare
TeKCT C

nncra:

Typ6oBHHTOBhle

,11BHraTeJlH

/J

Ii

1 - B03.n;YIIIHhI:H: BHUT; 2 - penyxrop; 3 - KOMilpeccop; 4 - KaMepa cropaHluI; 5 - Typ6HHa; 6 - nsrxoznroe YCTPOMCTBO

,lJ,mr COBpeMeHHhIX casroneroa, ofinanaronrax 60JIbiliOM rpY30IIO,ll;'beMHOCThIO .n;anbHOCThIOnonera, HY)l(HhI .n;BIiTaTerrH, xoropsre MorrrH 6bI pa3BHTb rreofixonr Mble T7ITMrrpa MHHMMaJIbHOMyztensaoi« nece, 3TMM rpe60BaHIDIM y.n;OBJIeTBOp lOT 'rypfiopeaxt'aansre .n;BMraTeJIH. O,lJ;HaKOOHM He3KOHOMWIHhI no cpaBHeHIUO BllHTOMOTOPHbIMHYCTaHOBKaMH aa He6oJ1bIIIHX .CKOPOCT.SiX IIOJIeTa. B CBH3H 3THM nexoropsre THIIbI caxroneros, rrpezmaaaaxeaasre nns noneros C OTHOCE TeJIhHO HeBblcOKMMHCKOPOCTHMH C 60JIhiliOH ,n;aJIbHOCThIO,rpe6YIOT llOCTaHOE H KH nsararenea, xoropsre COqeTaJIH 6bI B ce6e npeHMYIII.eCTBa TP):( C rrpeaxryme CTBaMHBHHTOMOTOPHOiiYCTaHOBKHaa MaJIbIX CKOPOCTRX nonera. K TaKHM .n;BHIG TeJIHM OTHOCHTCH Typ6oBHHTOBhIe .n;BHraTeJIH (TBm.

Typ6oBHHTOBbIM nsararenea Ha3hlBaeTCH fa30Typ6HHHbIH aBHall,HOHHbIH .n;BH rarens, B KOTOPOM ryp6HHa pa3BHBaeT MOIll,HOCTh, 60nbillyro llOTpe6HOH )1.1. spanteana xcsmpeccopa, H 3TOT H36bITOK MOI.IJ;HOCTHCnOJIb3yeTcR ,r:(JIH BpaI.IJ;eHH H B03.n;YIIIHoro BHHTa.

compressor spool - xacsan xosmpecccpa

64

XII.

Ilepeaeaare nOCJIe.llOS3TeJlhHO

110 "pe.ll!IOJKeHHSlM

H3 CJIyX:

Whatever kind of engine might be invented, it is sure to have a nozzle whose profile and area can be varied. This by itself is quite a challenge, but beautiful examples can be seen on the latest fighters. Dr Viktor Chepkin is sad that his ,ALAI engines in the MiG 144 have so far stayed on the ground, because in his opinion, this augmented turbofan is a world-beater. Anyone who has watched the Su-Z'Z'Flanker perform, will know that his engines are pretty impressive, and he says "The AL-4I is a totally new generation engine".
XIII. Ilepeaemrre
nOCJle)lOBaTeJlbHO

no

"pe.llJIOJKeHUHM

na CJ1yx:

3HaHH5I KOHCTPYKI.I,HHH OCHOBHbIX rrpHHI.I,IUIOB pa60TbI IIliJIOTY 3cp$eKTHBHo HeCTH K qeTblpeM

aaaanaarareneit

IIOMOraeT

ax

HC110JIb30BaTb H II36eraTb

OTKa30B CHJIOBbIX YCTaHOBOK, a

TaK)Ke 60POTbC5I c HeHCl1paBHOCT5IMH B IIOJIeTe. j:(BHraTeJIH CaMOJIeTOB MO}l(HO OTpa3HbIM KJIaCcaM. YCTaHaBJIMBaIOTCH na 60JIbIIUlHCTBe

Ilopuateeue Ileueamenu (Piston Engines)

MaJIeHbKMX CaMOJIeTOBqaCTHOH aBHaI.I,HH.

Typtioeunmoeue Ileuzamenu (Turboprop Engines)

6HHbI )J.JI5I BpalII,eHH5I B03)],YIllHoro HbI.

llCIIOJIb3YIOT aaepnno

TYP-

BHHTa. OHH MaJIOIlIYMHbI H

o-rens 3KOHOMHq-

Hx

He)J.OCTaTOK aBHaI.I,HH.

orpaaasenae

IIO MaKCHMaJIbHOll CKOPOCTH110JIeTa (no CaMOJIeTbI 6JIH)KHe

KM/q). n03TOMY

HMH OCHalII,aIOT rpaHcIIOpTHbIe

640 H cpenaeuara-

crpansnoti
XIV.

Ilepeaemrre

TelCCT ua PYCCICHH Q3LIK nHCLMeHHO:

The turbofan engine is a variation of the turbojet. It has some of the compressor blades lengthened to increase the amount of air drawn through the air intake. This additional air is diverted into an annular casing that surrounds the compressor and is discharged aft of the casing, which provides additional forward thrust and a more efficient engine for flying at certain high speeds. When a bird strikes the front end of a turbine engine several things can happen depending on the size and weight of the bird, the speed of the aircraft, the type of engine, the revolutions per minute (r.p.m.) of the engine, and the exact location of the impact. Most single, small birds are chopped up by the blades of the first rotor stage and pass through the interior of the engine without doing significant damage. With bigger birds the same thing may happen, but the blades of the first rotor stage . may be bent or deformed and would need to be replaced. In more serious cases, one or more of the blades break; the broken pieces can be thrown out forward, sideways, or backward. Being thrown backward is the worst case because the broken piece of blade is likely to break more blades of the next stator and rotor stages. This chain reaction could destroy the compressor and the rest of the engine. If broken rotor blades of the first stage are thrown forward or

65

sideways they may hit other parts of the aircraft, other engine of the same aircraft.

or they may be ingested

by ar

xv.

Ilepesemrre

TeKCT H8 8HrJIUHCKHH

SllblK

nHCbMeHHO:

Typtiopeaxmueuue Ileueamenu (Turbojet Engines) nOSIBHnHCb aa sape peaKTHE HOM asaauaa. B03~yX nonaaaer B B03~yxo3a6opHHK H C)IUIMaeTCSIHeCKOJIbKHM nOCJIe,n:OBaTenhHO YCTaHoBneHHDIMH KOMIIpeccopaMH (KOJIeCa C THTaHOBDIMHJIC ~ naTKaMH, aacaacenasre na 06m;HM Ban). Ilocne aroro nOTOK C)f(aTOrO H YCKopeE aoro soanyxa OKa3DIBaeTCHB xasrepe cropaaaa, rne CMelIIHBaeTCSIC TOllllHBOM sosropaerca, PeaKTHBHaH CTPYH spantaer TYp6HHY, KOTOPaH npHBO,Il,HTB ,ll.eMCTBHeBCaCh aaiomae xosmpeccoper H BbI6pachIBaeTcH aapyxy -repes peaKTHBHOe COOJIO.31 CTpyH H C03,Il,aeTT~Ty ,ll.BHfaTeJIH.Ha ssrxone H3 conna B CTpYlO MO)f(eT ,Il,OnOJIH TeJIhHO BnpDIcKHBaThc}J TOnJIHBO, qTO BDI3bIBaeT erne O,n.HOsosropaaae C asrnene HHeM 3HepfHH H Ha3bIBaeTC}J "rpopcazc". 3TH ,Il,BHraTeJIHoneas MOruHDI, HO qy,Il,C B1111(HO He3KOHOMHqHbI H rpOMOrJIaCHhI. Hanpaxep, CaMOJIeT Ty-l 04 B csoe BpE Mil Mor 3anpOCTO 3BYKOMnsrcamrrs OKHa B crpoenaax no xypcy asnera.
XVI. Ilepesennre 6eceAY:

it wasn't a 1.3,Il,paBcTByMTe,focnO,Il,HH 1. Hello, yes, indeed. Fortunately, THMMaH. 51 XOTen 6hI Y3- fatal accident, but one of the plane's engines aars Y sac, nOHBHJIIICh JIll was badly damaged. pe3YJIhTaTbI paCCJIe,Il,OBaHMH no nOBO,n.y He,n.aBHeM asapaa? 2. KaKOBbI 6bInH npaxanu mnraneara? 2. The engine damage was caused by multiple strikes of small birds weighing two to four ounces. Hitting many small birds in a very short time resulted in bending the blades, which eventually broke. 3. To make turbine engines bird-proof, two approaches have been tried: firstly to prevent birds from reaching the engine, and secondly, change the engine design itself. 4. In the case of a turboprop engine, the chances of engine damage from a bird strike are less than for a turbojet or a turbofan engine. This is because of the relatively small air intake and the presence of a propeller rotating in front of it, which. tends to chop up or knock away birds that might strike the air intake.

3. MO)f(HO JIH 6bIJIO rrpe,Il,OTBpaTHTh TaKoe Pa3BHTHe C06hITHM? 4. Kaxas zce KOHCrpYKUHH ,n;BllfaTeJ1H60JIee 6e30nacaa C TOqKH 3peHHH nona,n;aHHHB Hero nOCTopOHHHX npeznreroa?

66

Unit 6.
I. UP0'lUTaHTe

US FIGHTERS
CJIeJlYIOUJ;ue CJIOBa BCJIYX, aKlleHTHpYH BHHMaHHe ua HX npaBHJlbHOM npOH3HeceHUU:

escort to escort versatility Malaysia approximately

[' esko.t] [tu r'sko.t]

L va.so trlrtr]
[ma'Ierja]
[a'proksrmrth]

adversary equation aperture cathode sidewinder

l'redvas( a)n]
[r' kweI3( a)n]
['repatJa] ['kreeaud] ['saId wamdo]

CJIOBAPb YPOKA close air support twin engine escort MUX (multiplexer) bus multiplexed bus ratio [' rerjrou]
nerrocpezrcrsennaa B03,l(YIIlHaH noztnepaxa

cnapeaasrii

,lJ,BMraTeJIb

COIIpOBOJK,lJ,eHMe

1. YCTPOHCTBO yrrJIOTHeHIDI
rroB)2.MYJIbTMrrJIeKCOp IIlMHa MyrrbTHrrJIeKCHaH IIlMHa

(CMfHBnOB, xaaa-

1. oTHoIIIeHHe;CooTHoIIIeHHe;nponopUHH
2. K03CPCPHIJ,HeHT; creneas: KpaTHOCTb qaCTHOe

3. 4. thrust-to-weight ratio sustainability equation mission profile organic assets cathode ray tubes versatility availability high-speed anti-radiation missiles infrared imaging missile sites pod

rrepe,l(aTOqHOe OTHOIIIeHHe IIepe,l(aTOqHOe qHCJIO

5. uam.

THfOBoopYJKeHHOCTb YCTOHqHBOCTb ypaBHeHHe

(pafiorsr,

<PYHKQHoHHpOBaHHlI)

nporpasora nonera
IIITaTHble Cpe,lJ,CTBa TPy6KH

KaTO,l(HbIe JIyqeBble

YHHBepCaJIhHOCTb;Pa3HOCTOPOHHocTb;rH6KOCTh B rrpHMeHeHHH patiorocnocofiaocrs, TOBHOCTh BbICOKOCKOPOCTHaHTIP JIP q,OpMHpoBaHHe ,lJ,eHHe 3KCrrJIyaTaU:HoHHaJI ro-

.
TenJIOBH-

HK-H306paJKeHHH,

craprossre
mlJKeM)

rr03HU:MH (IIJIOIIJ;a,l(KH) paxer KPbIJIOM, <pI03e-

rrO,lJ,BeCHOH KOHTeHHep (non

67

to acquire target to track target head-up display Raster Lighting Weapon station compatibility avionics system

06HapY)KHBaTb uem, CJIe,n:HTba uensro; COnpOBO)K,lJ,aTb, s orcne sars nens, ocyntecranart, npOBO,lJ;KY nem

1. HH,ll;HKau;lUI npoenaposaaae nOKa3aHIi ( npatiopos) na JI060BOM crexne (casronert noaneuerrnrsra, pacrpoasra 1. ocseureaae; IIo,n;CBeTKa 2. cBeTOCHfHaJIbHOeo6opy,n;oBaHHe
TOqKa nonsecxa BoopY)KeHHH COBMeCTHMOCTb

(60pTOBaa) aBHaIl.HOHHaa(panao )3JIeKTpOHHaacHcTeMa,aBHaIJ;HOHHOe3JIeKTpoH ooopyzosaaae, aBllOHHKa, EP30

Cockpit instruments pulse-Doppler ground clutter dogfight heading engine throttles control stick pylon windscreen fly-by-wire ance (control-by-wire) radar system

asaanpafiopsr

HMUYJIbCHo-,n:ollJIepOBCKHH pa)J,HOJIOKaIJ HMB KOMrrJIeKC MellIaIOID;HeOTpa)KeHHHOT 3eMHoH nosep HOCTHHJUI Ha3eMHhlX npezeaeros B03)J,YIlIHbIB60H

xypc
psrsara ynpaBJIeHIDI zmararenesr

nrrypsan CaMOJIeTa
llHJIOH JI060BOe CTeKJIO,xosupex Ka6HHbI

guid-

3JIeKTpO)J,HCTaHUHOHHoe ynpasnenne CHHTe3HpOBaHHaa. aneprypa BbIJIeT

synthetic aperture sortie contractor

68

II.

Ilpo-nrranre

nepeaemrre aa

PYCCKHU H3bIK OCHOBHOH TeKCT

ypoxa:

F/A-18 Hornet

The FIA-18 "Hornet" is a single- and two-seat, twin engine, multi-mission fighter/attack aircraft that can operate from either aircraft carriers or land bases. The F/A-18 performs a variety of roles: air superiority, fighter escort, suppression of enemy air defenses, reconnaissance, forward air control, close and deep air support, and day and night strike missions. The F/A-18 has a digital control-by-wire flight control system, which provides excellent handling qualities, and allows pilots to learn to fly the airplane with relative ease. At the same time, this system provides exceptional maneuverability and allows the pilot to concentrate on operating the weapons system. A solid thrust-toweight ratio and superior tum characteristics combined with energy sustainability, enable the FI A-I8 to hold its own against any adversary. The power to maintain evasive action is what many pilots consider the Hornet's finest trait. In addition, the F/A-I8 was also the Navy's first tactical jet aircraft to incorporate a digital, MUX bus architecture for the entire system's avionics suite. The benefit of this design feature is that the F/A-18 has been relatively easy to upgrade on a regular, affordable basis. The F/A-18 has proven to be an ideal component of the carrier based , tactical aviation equation over its 15 years of operational experience. The only F/A-18 characteristic found to be marginally adequate by battle group commanders, outside experts, and even the men who fly the Hornet, is its range when flown on certain strike mission profiles. However, the inadequacy is managed well with organic and joint tanking assets.
F/A-18A/B

Hornet

While the general configuration of the YF -17 was retained, the F-18 became a completely new airplane. To meet the single-place fighter and attack mission capability, full use was made of new technology in digital computers. Coupled with cathode ray tubes for cockpit displays and appropriate controls based on thorough pilot evaluations in simulators, a single airplane and subsystems configuration for both missions was evolved. During development, two-place trainer versions were added, to be built in limited numbers as TF/A-I8s, intermingled with the basic F/As. Minimum changes were made to incorporate the second cockpit, with the two-seat airplanes retaining the ability to perform combat missions. While much attention was focused on development problems, these were largely typical of those in any new program, with their resolution being part of the
69

development process. For the most part, these occurred in the basic aircraft hardware rather than in the digital electronic systems. The original FIA-18A (single seat) and FIA-18B (dual seat) became operational in 1983 replacing Navy and Marine Corps F-4s and A-7s. It quickly became the battle group commander's mainstay because of its capability, versatility and availability. Reliability and ease of maintenance were emphasized in its design, and FIA-18s have consistently flown three times more hours without failure than other Navy tactical aircraft, while requiring half the maintenance time. The Hornet has been battle tested and has proved itself to be exactly what its designers intended: a highly reliable and versatile strike fighter. The FI A-18 played an important role in the 1986 strikes against Libya. Flying from USS CORAL SEA (CV 43), F/A-18s launched high-speed anti-radiation missiles (HARMs) against Libyan air defense radars and missile sites, effectively silencing them during the attacks on Benghazi facilities. F/A-18CID Hornet Following a successful run of more than 400 A and B models, the US Navy began taking fleet deliveries of improved FIA-18C (single seat) and F/A-18D (dual seat) models in September 1987. These Hornets carry the Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) and the infrared imaging Maverick air-toground missile. Two years later, the C/D models came with improved night attack capabilities. The new components included a navigation forward looking infrared (NAVFLIR) pod, a raster head-up display, night vision goggles, special cockpit lighting compatible with the night vision devices, a digital color moving map and an independent multipurpose color display.
F/A-18Cs have synthetic aperture ground mapping radar with a Doppler beam

sharpening mode to generate ground maps. This ground mapping capability permits crews to locate and attack targets in adverse weather and poor visibility or to precisely update the aircraft's location relative to targets during the approach, a capability that improves bombing accuracy. On the first day of Operation Desert Storm, two F/A-18s, each carrying four 2,000 lb. bombs, shot down two Iraqi MiGs and then proceeded to deliver their bombs on target. Throughout the Gulf War, squadrons of U.S. Navy, Marine and Canadian F/A-18s operated around the clock, setting records daily in reliability, survivability and ton-miles of ordnance delivered. Throughout its service, annual upgrades to F/A-18 weapon systems, sensors, etc. continued. The latest lot of the F IA-18C/D has grown to be far more capable . (night attack, precision strike, low observable technologies, etc.) than the original F/A-18A1B; however, by 1991, it was becoming clear that avionics cooling, electrical, and space constraints would begin to limit future growth. Additionally, another operational deficiency was beginning to develop. As the F/A-18CID empty weight increased the aircraft were returning to the carrier with less than optimal reserve fuel and/or unexpended weapons. The additional range and "bring back" is
70

not as essential to shore based operations. F/A-18AIBIC/D aircraft will fly for years with the U.S. Marine Corps and eight international customers: Australia, Canada, Finland, Kuwait, Malaysia, Spain, Switzerland and Thailand. Although the F/A-18C/D's future growth is now limited, it will also continue to fill a critical role in the U.S. Navy's carrier battle group for many years to come and will be an excellent complement to the larger, longer range, more capable FIA18E/F Super Hornet. SPECIFICATIONS:
Contractor Power Plant Boeing [McDonnell Douglas Aerospace] and Northrop Grumman (Airframe), General Electric (Engines), and Hughes (Radar)
FIA-18C/D Hornet FIA-18E/F Super Hornet

Accommodations

Performance

Armament

Mission and Capabilities

Two F404-GE-402 afterburning engines, Twin F414-GE-400 engines, each in the 18,000 pound thrust class, which each in the 22,000 pound thrust class. On an interdiction results in a combat thrust-to-weight ratio greater than I-to-l. Depending on the mismission, the ElF will fly up to sion and loading, combat radius is greater 40 % further than the CID. than 500 nautical miles. • The FIA-18C and FIA-18E are single seat aircraft. • The D and F models are flown by two crew members. • The aft seat in the D and F may be configured with a stick and throttle for the training environment (or without when crewed with a Weapons System Officer). • FIA-18C maximum speed at level flight in • FIA-18E maximum speed at level flight in altitudes 'of altitudes of 36,089 ft. Mach 1.7 36,089 ft. Mach 1.6 • FIA-18CID can carry up to 13,700 pounds • F/A-18EIF can carry up to of external ordnance. 17,750 pounds of external ordnance; two additional wing • Weapon stations include: two wingtip stastore stations have been added tions for Sidewinders; two outboard wing ·stations for air-to-air or air-to-ground weapons; two inboard wing stations for fuel tanks, air-to-air, or air-to-ground weapons; two nacelle fuselage stations for AMRAAMs, Sparrows, or sensor pods; and one centerline station for fuel or air-to-ground weapons. M61 Vulcan 6-barrel rotary cannon with 520 rounds of20mm ammunition is internally mounted in the nose AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-7F Sparrow, AIM-120 AMRAAM, AGM-65E Maverick, AGM-84 Harpoon, AGM-88A HARM, MK82,10CBU-87, 10 CBU-89, GBU-12, OBU-24, JDAM, B-57 or B-61 Nuclear bomb • The FIA-18 Hornet can perform both air• The ElF model will be able to perform a strike tanker misto-air and air-to-ground missions. • Cockpit displays and mission avionics are sion while carrying a selfprotection air-to-air missile thoroughly integrated to enhance crew situloadout. ational awareness and mission capability in 71

Unit cost $FY98

high threat, adverse weather/night environments. • Cockpits are night vision goggle compatible. • Multi-Sensor Integration and advanced data link capabilities further enhance situational awareness. $39.5 million.

• The ElF model will also have greater payload flexibility, increased mission radius, survivability, payload bring back, and a substantial avionics growth potential. $60 million

External Dimensions
Wing span Width, wings folded Length overall Height overall
III.

11.43 m 8.38 m 17.07 m 4.66m

HaU~HTe B TeKCTe ypOKa aHrJlHUCKHe 3KBHBaJlCHTbI CJle~YIOW;HX BLlpa~eHHH:

Jl.BYXMOTPPHbIHIlITYpMOBHK; MHOrOn;eJIeBOH HCTPe6HTeJIb;no,n:aBJI5ITb openeraa fIBO npoTHBHHKa; MaHesp YKJIOHeHmI; ssrcrynars B HeCKOJIbKHXponax; no,ll.aBJUITb cpencrsa nBO npoTHBHHKa, MallHHa nocnymaa B ynpasneaaa, cpasaaTeJIbH9 nerxo HayqHTbCH, OK83b1BaTbaenocpencrsenayio B03)J.YllIHYIDnonnepscKY, MCTpe6HTeJIbHOecOnpOBO)K.n;eHHe, oanyunras nO,1U(ep)KKaaa 60nhmyID rJIYa 6IlHY, cocpenoroaarsca na npIlMeHeHHH OPYX(M.H, tiecneaaaars HCKmOQHTeJIho HyIO MaHeBpeHHocTb, HCrrOJIb30BaThC MaKCHMaJIhHOH 3$QJeKTHBHOCTbIO, THOCHO rensao nerxo MO)l,epHH3IlpoBaTb, BHellIHlIH sxcnepr, 3TOT He,l(OCTaTOK KOMneHCHpyerca, :meKTpO,ll,HCTaHl(HoHHOe ynpasneaae, YCToiiqHBOCThpa60TbI, HH)J.HKan;HH na JI060BOM CTeKJIe, coaaecrasrocrs, aaaoaaxa, aenocrarosao a,l(eKBaTHbIH, onesxa npa pafiore C .rpeaaacepou, COXpaH}{Tb06bIQHYIO KOHQJHrypa~Hlo, npoasBO,UlITbMIlHHMaJIbHbIe ztopaoorxa, nO}{BHThCHaa BoopY)KeHMH, paxerasre ycraROBKM,npnfiopsi HOQHOrOsnzrenas, 3apeKOMeH,l(OBaTb cefia, aa perynspnoti OCHOBe, coxparars BpeMH aa 06CJIY)l(IlBaHHe B zrsa pasa, 06HapY)I(HTb Il aTaKOBaTh nens, B He6JIaronpmITHhIX nOrO)l,HbIX YCJIOBHHX npa nnOXOH BR,[(HMOCTIl,60eIl KOMnJIeKT BbICOKOTOqHbIX60enpMnaCOB, Y3nbI rrO,lJ;BeCKH. 3aKOHlJ,OBKe na KphIJIa, uyurxapaanemeaa, TOQHOYKa3bIBaTE.MeCTOHaXO)l(,neHIlecaaonera B mo60H MOMeHT speaesa, HeH3paCXO)J.OBaHHhIe 60errpMnaCbI, npa saxozte na nens.
IV.
~a"Te KaK MHHHMyM )J.Baaapaaara nepesona CJle~lOlUHX clJpa3:

1. The power to maintain evasive action is what many pilots consider the Hornet's finest trait. 2. Additionally, another operational
cnenysounre

deficiency

was beginning

to develop.

v.

Ilepeeenare

CJlOBOCO'leTaHHH:

From the outset; multi-mission fighter aircraft; to perform a variety of roles; twin engine attack aircraft; to suppress enemy air defenses; to perform combat missions; to provide close air support; control-by-wire flight control system; to learn to fly the airplane; to consider it its finest trait; to hold its own against any
72

adversary; evasive action; easy to upgrade; energy sustainability; avionics suite; the benefit of this design feature is that; on a regular basis; found to be marginally adequate; coupled with; the inadequacy is managed well with; to become commander's mainstay; to retain the general configuration; to make full use of new digital technology; cockpit displays; evaluations in simulators; highly reliable; to make minimum changes; to become operational in; night vision goggles; missile sites; while requiring half the maintenance time; to locate and attack targets; it has proved itself to be; to carry air-to-ground missiles; new components included; navigation pod; to generate ground maps; in adverse weather and poor visibility; to precisely update the aircraft's location relative to targets; operational deficiency; during the approach; to deliver bombs on target; throughout the war; upgrades to the systems continue; the constraints can limit future growth; for many years to come; air-to-ground ordnance; a complement of "smart" weapons; external load; wing tip stations; a cannon is mounted in; recovery payload; survivability enhancements.
VI.
06pa3YHTe MHO)KCCTBCHHoe 'IHCJIO OT cneayioumx cyIUCCTBHTeJlLHbIX.

Station, cannon, chief, vehicle, mission, commander-in-chief, serviceman, objective, facility, bomb, force, series, designer, service, rank, AMRAAM, headquarters, control, cargo, policy, target, display, pylon, servicewoman.
VII. Ilepeaemrre
Ha3BaH"" 3MepHKaHCKOU 3BH31J,HOHHOU TeXHHKU C JIUCTa:

Hornet, Longbow Apache, Sentry, Raptor, Chinook, Falcon, Iroquois, Lancer, Maverick, Talon, Hawk, Nighthawk, Harrier, Nightingale, Tweet; Sparrow, Eagle.
VIII.
Pacwml)pyitTe H nepeaemrre a66peBuaTYpLI:

AWACS, DOD, Pt Off, SFOR, LTC, HQ, BIITI, AMRAAM, Maj, ATe, ICBM, IIPJIP, COS, AFIC, RAF, LT, STOL, FIt Lt, Col, AFB, AFSC, C1;lBII, JIA, Bn, Wg Cdr, ABS, GPS, CO, LTA, Sqn Ldr, AH, VTOL, OKE, Air Cdre, JCS, lb., HK, MUX, USS, Gp Capt, NA VFLIR, ops, T/O (weight).
IX.
Bbl6epuTe npSBUJ1bHLIC BSpU3HTLI:

1. At/On the first day of Operation Desert Storm, two F/A-18s, each carrying four 2,000 lb. bombs, shoot/shot down two Iraqi fighters and then proceeded/pro ceded to deliver their bombs on/to target. 2. Throughout/Through its service, annual upgrades to/in F/A-18 weapon systems, sensors, etc. was/were continued. 3. The F/A-18E/F aircraft is/are 4.2 feet longer/long then/than early/earlier Hornets. 4. It quickly had/hasl? become/became the battle group commander's manestay/mainstay because of its ability/capability, versatility and availability.

73

X.

Ifepeaemrre eonpecsi

U nonromavre

OTBeTbI ua HUX C onopoii

na

OCHOBHOiiTeKCr.

1. KaKaH KOMrraHH.H ssrcrynaer

OCHOBHbIM IIO,nP.H,lJ;qHKOM MlIHHcTepcTBa

060pOHbI

ClIlA 2. 3. 4. 5.
KaKHe

B npoasaozrcrse

HC'I'pe6lITeJI.H F-18? HC'I'pe6lITeIDI

OCHOBHble xasecrsa

F -18

BbI,neJIIDOT ero

psny

cospe-

MeHHbIX acrpetiarenea? CKOJIbKO pa3llHqHI~IX Mo,nlI(pHKan;HM F -18 BbI MO)l(eTe Ha3BaTb? 3TOT

acrpeoarens

.HBll.SIeTC.SI zmyxaecrasra

lIJIM onaouecrasea?

MO)l(HO· nil Ha3BaTb HCTpe6HTeJIb

F -18

peMOFITOnpHrO,LtHbIM CaMOJIeToM?

6. Ilpasna
nnoxyio

JIll, qTO nJIOXHe IIOrO,lJ;Hble YC1l0BH$:[nanaraior 3a,lJ;aq ,ll,JI.H sroro norony aa HeM JIYlJme He JIeTaTb? HJIH onpoaeprayrs

cepsesasre

orpaaaxeaaa rOBOp.H, B

aa BbITIOJlHeHHe 60eBbIx

HCTpe6llTeJI.H, T.e. npome

7.

MO)J(eTe JIH BbI nozrrsepaars

TOT ..paKT, -rro HOlJbIO sxananpH60PbI HOqHOrO BH,n;eHH.H,TaK

JKy F -18 8.
XI.

HeT He06xo,lJ;HMOCTH HCnOllb30BaTb npnfiopa

KaK B POnl1 TaKoro

ssrcrynaer

JI060BOe CTeK1l0 Ka6HHbI?

I1cnOJIb3YIOTC.H JIH B KOHCTPYKU11HF -18 TeXHOJlOrHll, CHlI)J(alOIIWe 3aMeTHOCTb sroro Hcrpe611TeJI.H, 11eCJIH zra, TO KaKHe?

nOBTOpUTe .a:OCJIOBHOJIe.a:YIOIUue C npe.llJIOiKeHHSIH8 aHrJIuiicKOM Sl3b1Ke:

1.The head-up display projects on the windscreen all essential flight information gathered by the integrated avionics system. 2. This display, visible in any light condition, provides the pilot information necessary to track and destroy an enemy aircraft without having to look down at cockpit instruments. 3. Although the F/A-18C/D's future growth is now limited, it will also continue to fill a critical role in the U.S. Navy's carrier battle group for many years to come.
XII.
npO'lHTaiiTc CJIe.a:YIOUluiia63au. H nepeexaaerre ere nO-aHrJIUHCKH KaK MO:lKHO MH:lKe K TeICCTY.IIoCJIenoaropaorc 'iTeHHH, H3J10~HTe erOCOjlep*aHHe no-pyecxa:

Aircraft in the flight test programme have completed over 790 sorties (658 hours). Full carefree handling and a speed of Mach 2.0 have been achieved as have air to air refuelling and weapons firings of Sidewinder' and AMRAAM. Pilots have described the aircraft as 'exhilarating' to fly.
XIII. Ilepeeemrre
nHChMeHHO:

ITocne,[(HIIM. H HaH60JIee seproro

coaepureaasni no

60PTOBOMY 060py,nOB8HHIO

(B MOMeHT KOH-

npHHHTH.H ero aa soopyzceaae) CTPYKTHBHbIX npopafiorox, npHIIIlIOCb ['saId,wamda]

113aMepHKaHCKHX peaKTHBHbIX HCTpe611TeJIeii xernpomen ,ll,JIHTenbHbIii H CJIO)J(HbIHnyrs

110KOJIeHHHCaMOJIeT F/A-18

HaqaBmHHCH sa

12

ner ,lJ;0 ero nepsoro (.pHPMbI

nonera. aa

HCIIbITaTE. CMeHY OCHOBHoro pa3pa60TQHKa

Hoprpon

EMY MaK-

74

noaaenn -,[zyrrrac), ero cy)l,b6a ,IJ,Ba)K)l,bI aaxonanacs nozt BorrpOCOM (rrocrre npoarpsnna B KOHKYpce casronery F-16 H aa naaansaore erane excnnyaranaa nOCJIe BbDlBJIeHHR pR,IJ,aHe,IJ,OCTaTKOB), npescte qeM OR cran caMbIM MaCCOBbIM 60eBbIM CaMO)leTOM BMC H xopnyca MOPCKOH neXOTbI (KMIl) CIlIA. HeCMO'TpR COKpam;eHH5.I. na BoeHHbIXpaCXO.l1.0B rrOCrre,IJ,HHX F/A-18 OCTaeTner C5IB cepaaaosi npOH3BO)l,CTBe BoopYJKeHHbIX ,IJ,JIR CHJICIlIA H (B OTJIH'fHeOTF -16 - aroporo aaepaxaacxoro raxrnsecxoro fioeaoro CaMOJIeTa,npOH3BO,IJ,CTBO KOTO~ poro npo'[(OJI)KaeTC5I) nozrsepraerca fJIy6oKOH MO)l,HcpHKa:U;HH B HOBbIH saasarensHO ycoaepnreacraoaaaasra BapHaHT F/A-18EIF, KOTOPbIH)l,OJI)I(eHH3rOTaBJIHBaTbC51epaiiao no 2015 r. c
XIV. Hepeaemrre
CJletlYlOlllHii TeKCT C JlHCTa

necne

HenpOtlOJl3l:HTeJJbHoii

nOtlrOTOBKH:

The F-15's versatile pulse-Doppler radar system can look up at high-flying targets and down at low-flying targets without being confused by ground clutter. It can detect and track aircraft and small high-speed targets at distances beyond visual range down to close range, and at altitudes down to treetop level. The radar feeds target information into the central computer for effective weapons delivery. For close-in dogfights,the radar automatically acquires enemy aircraft, and this information is projected on the head-up display. An inertial navigation system enables the Eagle to navigate anywhere in the world. It gives aircraft position at all times as well as pitch, roll, heading, acceleration and speed information. The F -15's electronic warfare system provides both threat warning and automatic countermeasures against selected threats. The "identification friend or foe" system informs the pilot if an aircraft seen visually or on radar is friendly. It also informs U.S. or allied ground stations and other suitably equipped aircraft that the F-15 is a friendly aircraft. A variety of air-to-air weaponry can be carried by the F-15. An automated weapon system enables the pilot to perform aerial combat safely and effectively, using the head-up display and the avionics and weapons controls located on the engine throttles or control stick. When the pilot changes from one weapon system to another, visual guidance for the required weapon automatically appears on the head-up display. The Eagle can be armed with combinations of four different air-to-air weapons: AIM-7F/M Sparrow missiles or AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles on its lower fuselage comers, AIM-9LIM Sidewinder or AIM-120 missiles on two pylons under the wings, and an internal 20mm Gatling gun (with 940 rounds of ammunition).
75

xv.

Ilepesenure

C JlHCTa

nocae npejtaaparensaon

nO,[lrOTOBKH:

F/A-18 Hornet - caMhIH MaCCOBhIH 6oeBoH CaMOJleT BMC H KMTI CIIIA. OrHOCMTca K peaKTMBHbIM HCTpe6HTenaM -reraeproro IIOKoneHIDI. Ha FIA-18C/D ycTaHOBneHa MYJIhTHIIneKCHaa mana nanasrx, cooraercrsyroutas craanaprau MILSTD-1760, H 6opToBaa CMCTeMa perHCTpaU:HH H KOH1pomI OTKa30B FIRAMS. Ha F/A-18C H D "HaHT ATT3K", cIIoco6HhIX BhIIIOJIHaTh aTaKH B TeMHoe BpeMR CYTOK H B CnO)KHhIX MeTeoYCJIOBHRX, HCIIOJIh3YIOTca TeIIJIOBH3HOHHaR (thermal imaging) HaBHraIJ;HOHHaa CHCTeMa XbI03 AN/AAR-50 (TINS), 11K CHCTeMa IIepezmero ofisopa Jlopan AN/AAS-38 NITE, OqKH HOQHOrO BH,ll.eH1UIH COBMeCTHMoe C HX HCIIOJIh30BaHHeM ocseureaae Ka6HHbI, U:BeTHbIe HH,ll;HKaTOpbI H CHCTeMa oroopaacenas u:mPPOBOH ,ll.BH)I()'ru;eHC.H xaprsr MeCTHOCTH. KOHCTpYKIJ;HR casronera COCTOHT aa 49,6% H3 anIOMHHHeBbIX CIIJIaBOB, 16,7% - CTaJIh, 12,9% - THTaHOBhIe CIIJIaBhI, 9,9% - KOMII03Hll.HOHHbIe If ,IJ,p.MaTepHaJIhI. CaMOJIeT o6opY,IJ,OBaH MHOrOpe)l{HMHOH 1l.1l<PPOBOH HMnyJIhCHo-,IJ,OIIJIepOBCKoH P JIC XhI03 ANI APG-65, KOTOPrui II03BOJI.HeT COIIpOBO)l{,ll.aTh,IJ,O10 u:eneH:, BKJIIOqaTh peJKHM xaprorparpaposaaas 3eMHOH nosepxaocra, ocymecransrs ofixon Ha3eMHbIX IIpeII.HTCTBllH, IIOliCK Ha,n;BO,lJ;HhIX u:eJIeH H COIIpOBO)l{,lJ;eHlle,lJ;BHJKyIIl;HXC5IHa3eMHbIX ueneti. P JIC ofiecnevaaaer IIpHu:eJUmaHHe IIpH crpenstie H3 rryunca, rrycxe YP H 60M6oMeTaHHH. Ha 60PTY paCIIOJIO)f(eHbI zme u:eHTPaJIhHhIe 16-P83p.H,lJ;HhIe EIJ;BM KOHTPOJI j.:(eiiTa AN/A YK-14, anrraparypa CIIYTHHKOBOHHaBHraU:HoHHoH CHCTeMhI, Pa,lJ,HOHaBHraU:llOHHruI CHCTeMa KOJIJIHH3 AN/ARN-118 TACAN, aBTOMaTHqeCKa.H CHCTeMa IIOCa,IJ,KHaa asaaaocen, CTaHU:HH npenynpexneaas 0 panaonoxamroaaoa 06JIy-qeHHH Maraasoxc AN/ALR-50, YCTPOHCTBO,n;nRp336pachIBaHH5I,n;llnOJIhHhIX orpazcarenea, CTaHU:H5lYBO,ll.51ru;HX IIOMex H zrpyrae CHCTeMbI.
XVII. Flepesemrre
):I3HHblH TeKCT H3

enyx

nOCJle,[lOB3TeJ1bHO

C 33nHCblO,

06p3Ul,3H

BHHM3HHe

H3 TO'IM

HOCTb nepenasn

npeUH3HOHHOH

HH$OpM3UHU:

A few words about the background

of the fighter:

The first F -15A flight was made in July 1972, and the first flight of the two-seat F15B (formerly TF-15A) trainer was made in July 1973. The first Eagle (F-15B) was delivered in November 1974 to the ss" Tactical Training Wing, Luke Air Force Base, Ariz., where pilot training was accomplished in both F-15A and B aircraft. In January 1976, the first Eagle destined for a combat squadron was delivered to the 1 st Tactical Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, Va. Other units equipped with F-15s include the 36th Fighter Wing, Base, Germany; 32Sth Fighter Wing at Tyndall Air Force Base, Fla.; Wing, Eglin Air Force Base, Fla.; 32d Fighter Squadron, Soesterberg lands; and the 3d Fighter Wing, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. th 1982, the 48 Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Langley Air Force Base first Air Force air defense squadron to transition to the F-15.
76

Bitburg Air 33d Fighter AB, NetherIn January became the

The single-seat F-15C and two-seat F-15D models entered the Air Force inventory beginning in 1979. KadenaAir Base, Japan, received the first F-I5C in September 1979. These new models have the so called Package improvements (PEP 2000), including 2,000 pounds (900 kilograms) of additional internal fuel, provision for carrying exterior fuel tanks and increased maximum takeoff weight of up to 68,000 pounds (30,600 kilograms). F-I5C's, D's and E's were deployed to the Persian Gulf in 1991 in support of Operation Desert Storm where they proved their superior combat capability with a confirmed 26:0 kill ratio.
XVII. Ilepesemrre
CJ1eilYlOUJ;HH TeKCT

us

py~CKHH

B]bIK

nHCbMeHHO:

A multi-mission avionics system sets the F-15 apart from other fighter aircraft. It includes a head-up display, advanced radar, inertial navigation system, flight instruments, UHF communications, tactical navigation system and instrument landing system. It also has an internally mounted, tactical electronic-warfare system, "identification friend or foe" system, electronic countermeasures set and a central digital computer. Through an on-going .multistage improvement program the F-15 is receiving extensive upgrade involving the installation or modification of new and existing avionics equipment to enhance the tactical capabilities of the F -15. Low-drag, conformal fuel tanks were especially developed for the F-15C and D models. Conformal fuel tanks can be "attached to the sides of the engine air intake . trunks under each wing and are designed to the same load factors and airspeed limits as the basic aircraft. Each conformal fuel tank contains about 114 cubic feet of usable space. These tanks reduce the need for in-flight refueling on global missions and increase time in the combat area. All external stations for munitions remain available with the tanks in use. AIM-7F/M Sparrow and AIM-120 missiles, moreover, can be attached to the comers of the conformal fuel tanks.
XVIII. Ilepeaemrre
CJleilYIOlIlHit TeKCT

us

aUrJlHitcKHii

H]bIK

nHCbMeHUO:

npOeKTHpOBaHH5I aMOJIeTa NACF 6bIJIO 06'b.sIBJIeHO C 22 HHBap511976r., nepssra TIOJIeTnepsoro OIIbITHoro CaMOJIeTa COCT05IJIC5I 18 H05l6p51 1978r. Bnasane rrpennonaranacs paspafiorxa )1,ByX O)1,HOMeCTHbIX napaaaroa: Hcrpe6HTeJI.SI -18A H Y)1,apHOrO F CaMOJIeTa A-I8. Ho o6a napaanra no KOHCTPYKll.HM H BHyrpeHHeMY60PTOBOMY 060py,n,oBaHHIO oxasanacs nOJIHOCTblO O,Z:(HHaKOBbIMH H OTJIHQaIOTC51 TOJ1bKO COCTaBOM nO)1,BeCHOro 06opy,n,oBaHH5I I I BoopY)I(eHM5I, Bpe3YJIbTaTe,n,JI.SI otieax xoarparypanan 6bIJIOIIpIlH5ITO enaaoe 0603HaQeHHeF/A-18. DpM paspafiorxe CaMOJIeTa ero Ha)1,e)l(HOCTb 3KCnJIyaTall.HOHHO-peMOHTHa5I H TeXHOJIOrHQHOCTb 6I:.InHBKJllOqeHbI QHCJIO B rapaarapoaaaasrx xapaKTepHCTHK Hap5l)1,Y JIeTHbIMH C MMaCCOBbIMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMM.
aasane pafioxero 77

K MapT)' 1980 r. aasepnnoracs IIOc1'poHXaH Ha~aJIHCbnerasre HCIIbITaHIHIcex s 11 OilbITHbIXCaMOJIeTOB, anpene 1980 r. COCTOHJICR B IIepBbIH nOJIeT nepsoro cepHHHoro CaMOJIeTa,a B Mae sroro )Ke rona OR 6bIJI IIOCTaBneHBMC CIlIA .u;mI Ha~arrbHOH 3KCIIJIyaTaUMoHHoHo~eHKH. TIocne,ll,HRRcepllH 3KcnnyaTaUHoHHoOueH01fHbIX HCIIbITaHMH 3aBepIIIHJIaCbB KOHue 1982 r. H 7 RRBapH1983 r. caxoner oqmIJ;HaJIbHO IIOCryUHJIaa soopyaceaae.
XIX. Ilepeaemrre
CJIe~yiOmHii ~H8J]Or H3 CJIyx:

Chairman: Ladies and gentlemen, please meet Jim "Hornit" Campisi, a former
Naval aviator who has flown hundreds of missions aboard aircraft such as the A7E, T-2 (trainer) and F/A-18C. Jim is also a veteran PC simulation gamer and has been working with our development team in Baltimore to create a virtual F/A-I8. Currently, Jim is flying for Delta Airlines out of the Southeastern United States where he lives with his wife and three children.

?:

YBa",aeMblu

rocnOJJ:HH KaMnuCH,

Rbi COBepmUJIH 60JIee

250

BbIJIeTOB C

aBUaHOCIJ,eB .KaKOU 83 3THX BbIJIeTOB 3anOMHHJICH BaM 60JIbme •

aeero?

JC: I think the one which stands out above all the others would have to be the night I made my first night trap-what we call "landing" on the deck. I still remember that dark, moonless night south of Pensacola.

It was for the most part a beautiful night, with calm seas and little or no deck motion. We were qualifying at the ship for the first time in the A-7E Corsair II. It was not the most forgiving aircraft to fly around the ship. The USS Lexington was the smallest deck the Navy had at the time, used for training only. The short catapult stroke made for a thunderous catshot! Your first trap at nightis not something easily described. You descend down into a black velvety void, straining to pick up the lineup and meatball as soon as possible. The level of concentration and skill are things many people never get to experience. All the while your focusing on the fact that if you screw it up more than once or twice you know you will never get the chance to do it again, period (or you'll be dead!). Before you know it you have trapped! Training and repetition take over and you find your way forward to do it again. Plain and simple it takes guts ... I'm proud to be one of the few. Later, when you shutdown though, it takes a few minutes for the adrenaline rush to wear off so your knees aren't shaking so bad that you can't climb out of the jet! But man ... what a feeling of accomplishment once you have slammed 30,000 pounds of airplane onto 700 feet of dark slippery steel sliding through the ocean waves. You have flown your machine successfully in one of the most challenging tasks that exist in all of aviation! Yeah, I had some other moments around the ship, but the first one is still the most vivid.
78

?: rOBOpSIT, qTO B3J1eT C naJIy6bl COBepmeHHO

Kopa6JIH

npa

nOMOmO K3T3nYJIbTbl-

3TO

ueaepoarnoe

C06bITHe. "liTO Bbl qYBCTByeTe

B 3TOT MOMenT?

I agree with that assessment! I'll give it a try though. For one thing, you never really get used to the catshot. During the daytime it pretty much pure fun! Night is another story altogether.

is

As the moment approaches, you review all that could go wrong and finger the ejection handles one more time. Once hooked up to the cat, you make a final check . look at the "shooter" and await the signal. Full power and a final control check . then YOU tell the shooter your ready with a salute. He looks and clears the deck then leans forward and touches the deck with his hand and points to the front...then, Boom!...shaking ...slammed back in the seat...G's ...you feel it in your gut, like a roller coaster ride ...and then ...you're flying! Zero to about 150 miles an hour in about two seconds! A lot of guys (me included) let out a big yeeeehaaaa! as we leave the deck. Better than any "E" ticket ride I've ever been on! At night it's another story. The deck is dark and the water darker. You know when you go off the end you will not have the SA you do during the day, this is what makes it so bad. It's just so dark there in your little cocoon of a cockpit. Very little depth perception if any at all once your ass leaves the pointy end. You might have about three to four seconds to get out if something is wrong. You probably won't figure it out at night because you are so sensory deprived. At night you scream because it's bad. Once you leave the deck at night ... you don't settle down until you are above about 3,000 feet. Night cat shots were worse than night traps for me, you never get used to those. ?: Coepesrenaste TeXHOJIOrHO naCTOJlbKO eoaepurenasr, qTO nexoropsre J]:Hnerarrrsr C"lfHTaIOT, MOJl, MaCTepCTBO nHJlOTa eeronna He arpaer oco6oii poJIO. HaCKOJlbKO 3TO cnpaBeJ]:JIHBO?

JC: I don't think that's a very valid assumption. True, the modem fly-by-wire aircraft is probably a bit easier to fly. That's only part of the equation though. Evidenced by how well guys at Topgun and the Air Force Fighter Weapons School do against modern technology with aircraft like the F-5 and A-4! The pilot makes the machine ...not the other way around! Also today's pilot must be a master in a multi-role environment. Knowledge of systems/weapons/threats/and tactics is more complicated in modern aircraft, requiring more oftoday's pilot than previously.

79

?:

HCTpeOHTeJlH

F-15E

F-18

BblnOJlHBeT

anancraxasre

3a~aQH. KaKOBa

na

. Bam B3r JlH~ paannua

Meamy 3THMH M3mHH3MB?

JC: I always hesitate to compare tactical aircraft. First I would say they are not truly similar duties. The F-15E is pretty much a long range interdiction aircraft. Yes I know, it has other capabilities! Yes I know it does them very well! Remember though that the F-15E is a derivative of the F-15AJC. That aircraft was designed from the ground up as an air superiority machine. The Hornet and SuperHomet however have been developed from the outset as true multi-role aircraft, jack-of-all-trades, if you will. For this reason I think a comparison is difficult at best. .. . My opinion is that the Hornet was the first "true" multi-role aircraft. By this I mean it does both air to air and air to ground extremely well. The Strike Eagle is king when it comes to long range interdiction and strike. The Hornet is the best naval multi-role airplane in our inventory today.
?: ,l1;3J1eKO He ace oaJlYoy

aoeansre JleTIfHKH BMelOT JJ:OOYCK OOJleTaM C OOC3J),KOH H3

B HOQHOe BpeMB. 3TO J),eiicTBHTeJlbHO TaK CJlO~HO?

It is the ultimate test of the naval aviators courage, resolve, and skill. In my aviation career nothing else I have done has come close to provoking the anxiety or tension one feels prior to commencing out of the marshal stack on a dark and stormy night. It's like a very bad case of butterflies. It is something that most ifnot all carrierpilots can never get used to. I did not like night traps. I did not look forward to them. I learned how to channel the anxiety into performance in order to get the job done. You have no choice, it comes with the territory. I was and still am a very patriotic individual and felt it was part of my duty. Most guys who have done it will tell you that if someone says they enjoy night traps then they are liars or they are insane. I think that pretty much sums it up.
?: CKa~HTe, p3~enHIO Op3B.lI.a JIB, If TO COBpeMeHHblH B03JJ:ymublH 60H CBOJ),HTCB 00* K HJlB TO, qTO OPOTHBHHKa sa J1HHHeii ropH30HTa

uaasrsmo'r BVR,

beyond visual range, -

«33 Ope,LJ:eJI3MH J),3JIbBOCTHnpBMoii

BH.lI.HMOCTU»?

JC: Well, good question! Mostly I have to say that the answer is not so cut and dried. If I answered the above it would be no, then yes. Let me elaborate a bit though. Much of where air-to-air combat takes place is driven by ROE. Huh? What's that you ask. .. Rules Of Engagement!
80

Where the "fight" takes place is all driven by ROE. ROE comes from the battlefield commanders and often National Command Authority. They tell you whether BVR is ok or you have to visually ID the bad guys. Ideally, fighter pilots want to be able to use as big (long range) a stick as we can to reach out and touch someone. In an ideal fight we use our technological advantage to kill the bad guy at long range. If we make it to the merge without killing, we have done something very wrong. I want the bad guys eating my slammer as they figure out who to lock up on their scope. Whatever is left over at the merge we kill with superior tactics, training, and numbers because we morted more than half of them prior to the merge! I guess what I'm saying is you want to kill BVR, that is the ideal. Does that happen in reallife ...yeah, sometimes, but not always. You want to be ready for, and good at both. ?: CooTBeTcTBYIOT JIH peaJILHOCTH fiJUJILMLI xae KaK Top Gun, JAGu UnderSiege?
0 aa13HD MOPCKDX JIeT'IHKOB, Ta-

JC: Do I have to answer this one? Funny you should ask! Suffice it to say that the only similarities between real life and Hollywood are the fact that you can see guys/girls in uniforms, they have planes flying around and sometimes we get to see them land on ships. Chairman: Thanks, Jim, for talking with us. See you in the skies!

J!onOIlHUmeJlbllble MamepUaJllll K yp01<y:

The F-15 Eagle Mission The F-15 Eagle is an all-weather, extremely maneuverable, tactical fighter designed to gain and maintain air superiority in aerial combat. Features The Eagle's air superiority is achieved through a mixture of unprecedented maneuverability and acceleration, range, weapons and avionics. It can penetrate enemy defense and outperform and outfight any current or projected enemy aircraft. The F-15 has electronic systems and weaponry to detect, acquire, track and attack enemy aircraft while operating in friendly or enemycontrolled airspace. Its weapons and flight control systems are designed so one person can safely and effectively perform air-to-air combat. The F -15's superior maneuverability and acceleration are achieved through high engine thrnst-toweight ratio and low wing loading. Low wing-loading (the ratio of aircraft weight to its wing area) is a vital factor in maneuverability and, combined with the high thrust-to-weight ratio, enables the aircraft to turn tightly without losing airspeed. General Characteristics Primary Function: Tactical fighter. 81

Contractor: McDonnell Douglas Corp. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney FI00-PW-I00 Length: 63 feet, 9 inches (19.43 meters). Height: 18 feet, 8 inches (5.69 meters). Wingspan: 42.feet, 10 inches (13.06 meters) Speed: 1,875 mph (Mach 2.5-plus at sea level). Ceiling: 65,000 feet (19,697 meters). Maximum Takeoff Weight: (C/D models) 68,000 pounds (30,600 kilograms). Range: 3,450 miles (3,000,nautical miles) ferry range with conformal fuel tanks and three external fuel tanks. Armament: One M-61AI 20mm multibarrel gun mounted internally with 940 rounds ofammunition; four AIM-9LIM Sidewinder and four AIM-7FIM Sparrow missiles, or a combination of AIM-9LIM, AIM-7-FIM and AIM-l 20 missiles. Crew: F-15A1C: one. F-158ID: two. Unit cost: $15 million. Date Deployed: July 1972 Inventory: Active force, 403; ANG, 126; Reserve, O. turbofan engines with afterburners. Thrust: (C/D models) 25,000 pounds each engine (11,250 kilograms).

F-22 Raptor
The F-22 program is developing the next-generation air superiority fighter for the Air Force to counter emerging worldwide threats. It is designed to penetrate enemy airspace and achieve a first-look, first-kill capability against multiple targets. The F-22 is characterized by a lowobservable; highly maneuverable airframe; advanced integrated avionics; and aerodynamic performance allowing supersonic cruise without afterburner. Stealth: Greatly increases survivability and lethality by denying the enemy critical information required to successfully attack the F-22 . Integrated Avionics: Allows F-22 pilots unprecedented the fusion of on- and off-board information awareness of enemy forces through

Supercruise: Enhances weapons effectiveness; allows rapid transit through the battlespace; reduces the enemy's time to counter attack.

1Hffrnan VIf.WS The military

in the media

The F-22ts engine is expected to be the first to provide the ability to fly faster than the speed of sound for an extended period of time without the high fuel consumption characteristic of aircraft that use afterburners to achieve supersonic speeds. It is expected to provide high performance and high fuel efficiency at slower speeds as well. For its primary air-to-air role, the F-22 will carry six AIM-120C and two AIM-9 missiles. For its air-to-ground role, the F-22 can internally carry two 1,000 pound-class Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM), two AIM-120C;

82

and two AIM-9 missiles. With the Global Positioning System-guided JDAM, the F-22 will have an adverse weather capability to supplement the F-117 (and later the Joint Strike Fighter) for airto-ground missions after achieving air dominance. The F-22's combat configuration is "clean"; that is, with all annamerit carried internally and with no external stores. This is an important factor in the F-22's stealth characteristics, and it improves the fighter's aerodynamics by dramatically reducing drag, which, in turn, improves the F-2zis range. The F-22 has four under wing hardpoints, each capable of carrying 5,000 pounds. A single pylon design, which features forward and aft sway braces, an aft pivot, electrical connections, and fuel and air connections, is used. Either a 600-gallon fuel tank or two LAU-128/A missile launchers can be attached to the bottom of the pylon, depending on the mission. There are two basic external configurations for the F-22: • Four 600 gallon fuel tanks, nQ external weapons: This configuration is used when the aircraft is being ferried and extra range is needed. A BRU-47/A rack is used on each pylon to hold the external tanks. Two 600 gallon fuel tanks, four missiles: This configuration is used after air dominance in a battle area has been secured, and extra loiter time and firepower is required for Combat Air Patrol (CAP). The external fuel tanks, held by a BRU-47/A rack are carried on the inboard stations, while a pylon fitted with two LAU-128/A rail launchers is fitted to each ofthe outboard stations.

An all-missile external loadout (two missiles on each of the stations) is possible and would not be difficult technically to integrate, but the Air Force has not stated a requirement for this configuration. Prior to its selection as winner of what was then known as the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) competition, the F-22 team conducted a 54-month demonstration! validation (dem/val) program. The effort involved the design, construction and flight testing of two YF-22 prototype aircraft. Two prototype engines, the Pratt & Whitney YF119 and General Electric YF120, also were developed and tested during the' program. The dem/val program was completed in December 1990. Much of that work was performed at Boeing in Seattle, Lockheed (now known as Lockheed Martin) facilities in Burbank, Calif., and at General Dynamics' Fort Worth, Texas, facilities (now known as Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems). The prototypes were assembled in Lockheed's Palmdale, Calif., facility and made their maiden flight from there. Since that time Lockheed's program management and aircraft assembly operations have moved to Marietta, Ga., for the EMD and production phases. The F-22 passed milestone II in 1991. At that time, the Air Force planned to acquire 648 F-22 operational aircraft at a cost of $86.6 billion. After the Bottom Up Review, completed by DOD in September 1993, the planned quantity of F-22s was reduced to 442 at an estimated cost of S71.6 billion.
A $9.55 billion contract for Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) of the F-22 was awarded to the industry team of Boeing and Lockheed Martin in August 1991. Contract changes since then have elevated the contract value to approximately $11 billion. Under terms of the contract; the F-22 team will complete the design of the aircraft, produce production tooling for the program, and build and test nine fiightworthy and two ground-test aircraft.

A Joint Estimate Team was chartered in June 1996 to review the F-22 program cost and schedule. JET concluded that the F-22 engineering and manufacturing development program would require additional time and funding to reduce risk before the F-22 enters production. JET estimated that the development cost would increase by about $1.45 billion. Also, JET concluded that F-22 production cost could grow by about $13 billion (from $48 billion to $61 billion) unless offset by various cost avoidance actions. As a result of the JET review the program was restructured, requiring an additional $2.2 billion be added to the EMD budget and 12 months be added to the schedule to ensure the achievement of a producible, affordable design prior to' entering 83

production. The program restructure allowed sourcing within F-22 program funds by deleting the three pre-production aircraft and slowing the production ramp. Potential for cost growth in production was contained within current budget estimate through cost reduction initiatives formalized in a government/industry memorandum of agreement. The Defense Acquisition Board principals reviewed the restructured program strategy and on February 11, 1997 the Defense Acquisition Executive issued an Acquisition Defense Memorandum approving the strategy. The Quadrennial Defense Review Report which was released in mid-May 1997, reduced the F22 overall production quantity from 438 to 339, slowed the Low Rate Initial Production ramp from 70 to 58, and reduced the maximum production rate from 48 to 36 aircraft per year. The F-22 EMD program marked a successful first flight on September 7, 1997. The flight test program, which has already begun in Marietta, Georgia, will continue at Edwards AFB, California through the year 2001. Low rate production is scheduled tobegin in FY99. The aircraft production rate will gradually increase to 36 aircraft per year in FY 2004, and will continue that rate until all 339 aircraft have been built (projected to be complete in 2013). Initial Operational Capability of one operational squadron is slated for December 2005. The F-15 fleet is experiencing problems with avionics parts obsolescence, and the average age of the fleet will be more than 30 years when the last F-22 is delivered in 2013. But the current inventory ofF-ISs can be economically maintained in a structurally sound condition until20lS or later. None of the 918 F-15s that were in the inventory in July 1992 will begin to exceed their expected economic service lives until 2014.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Function Air superiority fighter Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems: F-22 program management, the integrated forebody (nose section) and forward fuselage (including the cockpit and inlets), leading edges of the wings, the fins and stabilators, flaps, ailerons, landing gear and final assembly of the aircraft. Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems: Center fuselage; stores management, integrated navigation and electronic warfare systems (!NEWS), the communications, navigation, and identification (CNI) system, and the weapon support system. Boeing: wings, aft fuselage (including the structures necessary for engine and nozzle installation), radar system development and testing, avionics integration, the training system, and flighttest development and management. Pratt & Whitney: FI19-PW-IOO engines that power the Raptor. (partial list): Northrop Grumman, Texas Instruments, KiddeGraviner Ltd., Allied-Signal Aerospace, Hughes Radar Systems, Harris, Fairchild Defense, GEC Avionics, Lockheed Sanders, Kaiser Electronics, Digital Equipment Corp., Rosemount Aerospace, Curtiss-Wright Flight Systems, Dowty Decoto, EDO Corp., Lear Astronics Corp., Parker-Hannifin Corp., Simmonds Precision, Sterer Engineering, TRW, XAR, Motorola, Hamilton Standard, Sanders/GE Joint Venture, Menasco Aerospace. two Pratt & Whitney F 119-PW -100 engines 35,0001bst 62.08 feet, 18.90 meters 16.67 feet, 5.08 meters

Contractors

Major Subcontractors

Propulsion Thrust Length Height 84

Wingspan Wing Area Horizontal tailspan Maximum takeoff weight Ceiling Speed Crew Armament First flight Date Deployed

44.5 feet, 13.56 meters 840 square feet 29 feet, 8.84 meters

Mach 1.8 (supercruise: Mach 1.5) one Two AIM-9 Sidewinders, six AIM-120C Advanced MediumRange Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAM) one 20mm Gatling gun two 1,000-pound Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) September 7, 1997 deliveries beginning.in 2002 operational by 2004
HOBOI'O

F-22

"Raptor"

HCYpc6HTeJIL

nOKOJICHHSI

I. Ileararoa O.n;06pHJInporpasery naxana npoaaaoztcrsa HCTpe6HTeJIeit aosoro rrOKOJIeHHgF -22 "Raptor'', coofimaer I1HTEP<l>AKC. 3TOT HCTpe6HTeJIb paspacoran aMepHKaHcKoit asaacrpoaTeJIbHOit KOMrIaHlleH "J10KXH,Zl; apTHHiI c npaueaeaaea cospesreaasrx TeXHOJIOrHH, BKlIIO'tfWl M "CTeJIC". O)lHaKO BMeCTO3aIIJIaHHpOBaHHbIX panee 311 CaMOJIeTOBaMepHKaHCKOe soeaaoe Be,lOMCTBOHaMepeHO npaofipecra 295 B CBH3HC TeM, 1fI'O paCXOJ.I.bI a nporpaseay npeesrcar BbIn .ueJIeHH)'lO Cj'MMy B $60 MJIP'u., cooomaer TeJIeKOMIIaHUg CNN. 3aMeCTUTem. MUHHC'Ipa ofiopoHbI CIlIA Ilar OJ}).l.PH,D)K 006m:HJI, sro ynpaaneaae 3aKYIIoK Ilenraroaa )laJIO ,Uo6po na npaotiC perenae IIepSbIX 10 acrpefiarenea aa Cj'MMy B $2, I Mrrp,U. HCTpe6:~iTeJIb F-22 "Raptor" IIpU3BaH saxeaars HaXOMm:lleCH na BoopYJKeHHll BHC CIlIA CaMOJIeTbI F-15. IIpH KOHCTPynPOBaHliH aosoro CaMOJIera HCnOJIb30BaJIHChnepenoasie TeXHOJIorHH, B TOM 'tfHCJIe "CTeJIC", HOBble CHCTeMbI ynpasneaaa nonerou H aoopyaceaaeu. MaKCHMaJIhHru! CKOPOCTbF-22 COCTaBJIHeT 2335 KM/lJ, onepauaoaaas ,UaJIbHOCTbIIOJIeTa 3704 KM. 3KHna)l( HCM"\,~fn'TP'THr -

1 lJeJIOBeK.

F-22 paspatioraa KOMIlaHHHMU Lokheed Aeronautical Systems Lockheed Fort Worth Company H Boeing. IIpH KOHCTJ)YJ:lPC.BaHHH aMOJICTallCIlOJIb30SaJIHCb nepenossre .rexaonoC , B TOM lJllcrre "stealth", HOBbIe CHCTeMbI yrrpaaneaaanoneH BoopY)l(eHlleM, a TaK)I(e YCTaHOBJIeHaPJ1C C aKTHBHOHq,a3HPOBaHHOii aHTeHHOH pemerxoa. TeXHWleCKWI xapaxrepacraxa: Max. Macca CaMOJIeTa26.308 xr, Max. CKOPOCTb2.335 KM/lJ, onepauaonnaa ,llaJIbHOCTbIIOJIera 3.704 KM, neperoaosnaa nansHOCTb 19.810 KM. ,lJ,rrHHa19,55 M, BbICOTa5,39 M, pasxrax xpsina 13,10 M. 3KHIIIDK 1 lJeJIOBeK. BooPY)I(eHHe: 20 MM aBHaI(HOHHWI nymxa Bynxaa (6oeKOMIIJIeKT 480 CHapH,UOB),YP xnacca B03.lzyX-B03.lzyXAIM-9 Sidewinder, 6 AIM-120 AMRAAM, 4 AIM-120A, yrrpaansesrsre annauaomrsre 60M6bI 2 OBU-30 JDAM. Bee soopyaceaae pasnenraerca so BHyrpeHHHX orcexax+ rrsa 60KOBhIX H O,l.J,ilH6oJIbmoH B HHJKHeit xacra q,103eJIHJKa.B03MO)l{HO TaKJKe paasremeaae soopyaeaaa aa 4-x·BHemHHx Y3JIaXIIO)],BeCKU- 8 AIM-120A UJIH 4 TOIIJIHBHbIX 6aKa. CIDIOBruI YCTaHOBKaCOCTOliTH3 nsyx HOBhIX TPM Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-IOO, na xoropue YCTaHOBJIeHaCHCTeMa OTKJIOHeHH}IBeKTopa THfll B BepTllKaJIhHOM HanpaBJIeHHH B IIpe,l.J,errax +20-20 rpanycos. Oco6eHHocTb1O )J.aHHhIX naararerrea gBJIHeTCHTO, lJTO CBepX3BYKOBruICKOPOCTh ,llOCTHraeTCH B 6ecq,opCIDKHOM pe)l{lIMe. 3TO 3HalJHTeJIhHO noasnnaer BpeMH nonera B CBepX3BYKOBOM pe)l{HMe.

85

Typhoon EF-2000 Eurofighter Eurofighter is a single-seat, twin-engine, agile combat aircraft which will be used in the air-toair, air-to-ground and tactical reconnaissance roles. The design of Eurofighter Typhoon is optimised for air dominance performance with high instantaneous and sustained tum rates, and specific excess power. Special emphasis has been placed on low wing loading, high thrust to weight ratio, excellent all round vision and carefree handling. The use of Stealth technology is incorporated throughout the aircraft's basic design. In September 1998 the Eurofighter was also designated the Typhoon, though this nomenclature is intended only for use in export markets outside Europe. Eurofighter remains the official name in Europe, and Typhoon will not automatically be the EF2000s name with the four partner air forces when it enters service in 2002/3. Eurofighter's air dominance supremacy and versatility as a multi-role combat aircraft is marked by its highly potent and comprehensive air-to-surface attack capability: • Air Interdiction - capable of delivering a large payload over long distances, by day or night. Multiple, flexible sensors coupled with passive modes of delivery, and the retention of a full air-to-air fit ensure a formidable weapon system Close Air Support - ability to remain on task for long periods. Its sophisticated sensor suite allows close co-ordination with ground commanders, and the identification of individual targets Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD) - the combination of pinpoint navigational accuracy, highly sophisticated onboard sensors and dedicated 'fire and forget' weapons, ensure effective targeting of enemy air defences Maritime Attack - dedicated radar modes and datal ink enable Eurofighter Typhoon to operate autonomously, or as part ofan offensive force

Eurofighter's high performance is matched by excellent all round vision and by sophisticated attack, identification and defence systems which include the ECR 90 long range radar and Infra Red Search and Track (IRST) system, advanced medium and short range air-to-air missiles and a comprehensive electronic warfare suite to enhance weapon system effectiveness and survivability. Eurofighter Typhoon is intentionally aerodynamically unstable to provide extremely high levels of agility, reduced drag and enhanced lift. The unstable design cannot be flown by conventional means and the pilot controls the aircraft via a computerised 'fly bywire' system. The Eurojet EJ200 military turbofan was designed specifically to match Eurofighter Typhoon's mission requirements. The overall design ensures a small lightweight engine with the thrust and strength to match the typically on demand reheat temperatures generated during combat. The EJ200 engine combines high thrust with low fuel consumption. To reduce ownership cost over Eurofighter Typhoon's in-service life of 25 years or 6,000 flying hours, and to ensure maximum availability, the important areas of Reliability, Maintainability and Testability have been given equal priority to performance and flight safety. Since Eurofighter first flew in Germany on 27 March 1994 all seven development aircraft have flown. Aircraft in the flight test programme have completed over 790 sorties (658 hours). Full carefree handling and a speed of Mach 2.0 have been achieved as have air-to-air refuelling and weapons firings of Sidewinder and AMRAAM. Pilots have described the aircraft as 'exhilarating' to fly. Eurofighter production will make use of several innovations in production engineering. These include the use of a modern integrated design, manufacturing and management. sys-

terns and the introduction of automated processes for the production of a number of aircraft components. " Production contract for the first batch of 148 aircraft were placed. by the Eurofighter management agency NETMA (NATO Eurofighter 2000 and Tornado Management Agency) on behalf of the partner nations. Fixed prices were agreed prior to the commitment of each contract. The contracts were signed by NETMA, Eurofighter GmbH and Eurojet GmbH. British Eurofighter aircraft will be assembled at British Aerospace sites in Lancashire from components manufactured by companies in the four partner nations. Rolls Royce will manufacture the engines, mainly in Bristol and Derby. In the other nations the respective partner companies will have their own assembly lines in Munich, Turin and Madrid. Some 200 UK companies, including GEC Marconi, Dowty, Lucas, Martin Baker. Nonnalair Garrett, Pilkington Thorn Optics, Smiths Industries, Computing Devices and Ultra Electronics, are involved in the development of a range of equipment for Eurofighter, including the radar and defensive aids subsystem. In the UK, over 6000 jobs depend on the Eurofighter development phase and this is expected to rise to some 14000 at the peak of production. The UK intends to procure 232 aircraft to replace the Tornado F3 and the Jaguar. Deliveries to the Royal Air Force are scheduled to begin in June 2002 and run until the year 2014. The current estimated total procurement cost of the programme to the UK is 0 15.9Bn. SPECIFICATIONS: WingSpan 1O.95m Length 14.96m Height 5.28m Wing Area 50rnO Empty Weight 9750 kg (approx) Internal Fuel Load 4000 kg (approx) 6500 kg (approx) External Store Load Max T/O Weight 21000 kg 2 EJ200 turbofan engines 20,000 lbf (90 kN) each with afterburner Power 13,500 lbf (60 kN) each without afterburner Maximum Speed 2125krn1hr Time to l0670m 2.5 minutes Runway Requirement 700m T/O run 300m in an air combat mission ground attack, 10-10-10: 601 km ground attack, hi-lo-hi : 1389 km Combat Radius air defence with 3hr CAP : 185 km air defence with 10-min loiter: 1389 Ian +91-3 wi int fuel and two AIM-120 G-Limits Internally mounted 27mm Mauser gun Total of 13 external stores stations: 5 (inel. one wet)-under fuselage and 4 (incl. one wet) under each wing. Mix of Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missiles (BVRAAM) and Weapons & Stores Short-Range Air-to-Air Missiles (SRAAM) carried externally Four BVRAAM under fuselage in semi-conformal carriage configuration Laser guided bombs Advanced anti-armour weapons Casroner EF-2000 Typhoon SIBJUleTCSI HCTpe6HTerreM nsroro IIOKorreHIDI. ~eBpane 1987 r. B IIpH HATO 6bIDOOpraHH30BaHO ynpasneaae NEFMA no P)'KOBO,ll;CTBY nporpaseaoa 3aII8,llHO87

eaponeacxoro HCTpe6HTeJIJI. COBMeCTHble rrpoexrnsre pa60Thl aasarsr B HIOJIe 1984 r. Ilnaaapyerca nOCTYIIJIeHHe na soopyaeaae B 2000 rom'. KOHCTp)'KnHJI CaMOJIeTa npencrannaer co60ii O.llHOMeCTHbIH aapnaar cxesrsr 1tYTKa1t(canard airplane) C HH3KOpaCnOJIO)I(eHHbIM rpeyrOJIbHbIM KPbIJIOM H O,llHOKHJIeBbIM(single-fin) BePTHKaJIbHbIM onepeaaesr. CrpeJIOBH,llHOCTb KPbIJIa no nepe.llHeil xpoaxe 53 rpan, y,llJIHHeH:He- 2,2. <l>103eJIIDK THna nOJI)'MoHoKOK, c raprpOTOM (fuselage spine fairing). liPOHJI Ka6HHbI 3aIIJ;HIII.aeTJIe~Ka OT ITOpIDKeHIDI oruex H3 CTpeJIKOBOrOOpyx<HJI MaJIOro 11cpeztaero xanafipa, Ilpe.llIIOJIaraeTCJI, ~o .llOJIJIITOMacce MaTePUaJIOB B KOHCTp)'KnIlH CaMOJIeTa COCTaBHT, yrJIenJIaCTHK - 40%, aJlIOMHHHeBO-JIHTHeBbIH CIIJIRB1tlIHTaJIb" A (AI-Li 8090) - 19%, THTaHOBbIe CIIJIaBbl- 12%. EF-2000 Typhoon (panee Eurofighter) ITOcTYIIaeT aa aoopyaeaae BBC BeJIHK06pHnuuIH (232 CaMOJIeTa, BKJIlOqaJI 37 .llByxMeCTHbIX), HTWIIIII (121 CaMOJIeTOB,BKJIlOqWl 15 ,[(ByxMeCTIlbIX), Fepuanaa (180 CaMOJIeTOB,BKJIlOqaJI40 yztapnsrx 1133 .llBYXMecTHbIX) H HCITaHHH (87. BKJIlOqaJI 15 ;D;sYXMecTHbIX).

88

Unit 7.
I.

RUSSIAN FIGHTERS
CJJeJlytoUlHe CJJOBa8CJJyX, ascuesrrupya BHHMaHHe

Jlpossrrarrre

aa

HX npaOUJIbHOM npOH1HeCeHHU:

fulcrum agile simultaneously

[Tolkram, 'fxl-]

[' red3aIl] [SIm( o)!' temrosh] CJIOBAPb YPOKA

inferior capabilities experimental

[m'fI(a)na] LkeIpa'bdltIz]

[rkspen'rnentl]

target search and track system air intake thrust vector control g-limit hardpoint pulse-Doppler radar flight performances test flight multi-role laser range finder trailing edge specifi cation
II. Ilpe-nrralrre
H nepeeeaare

CHCTeMa o6HapY)l(eHH}I H COIIpoBo)K)J,eHH}I uenea, IIOHCKOBO-CJIe.z:VIIUaH CHCTeMa B03)l,YX03a6opHHK ynpasneaae BeKTopOM T}lnI

orpamrseaae no IIeperpY3Ke; rrpenensaaa (npeziensao norrycrasraa) IIeperpY3Ka TOQKa IIO)l,BeCKH BoopY:>KeHH}I HMnYJIbCHo-,noIIJIepOBCKHH pa,[(HOJIOKaTOp JIeTHbIe xapaxrepacrmca HCIIhITaTeJIhHhIH IIOJIeT MHOrOn;eJIeBOH

nasepasra nansnossep
3a,ZJ;IDUI KpOMKa; 3a,nHHH Kpaii

aa PYCCKHH HlblK

OCHOBHOii TeKCT yposea:

Sukhoi-27 "Flanker-B"
. The Sukhoi-27 is without doubt one of the most powerful fighters in the world. It was built as a reply to the American F-15, and is superior in many aspects. As an air superiority fighter and holder of numerous world records, a participant in spectacular air shows and unparalleled non-stop flights, the Su-27 is often called the Russian enigma. It is an aircraft which still continues to amaze the world with its top flight performances. This aircraft opened the door to the 21 st century for our tactical aviation. The story of the aircraft dates back to 1969, when the then Sukhoi Experimental Design Bureau (EDB)l won a governmental contract to design a long-range interceptor superior to western fighters.

Currently AVPK.

89

The grand project turned out to be one of the most challenging in the history of combat aviation. It has materialized in the whole Su family, which currently comprises the Su-27UB, Su-30, Su-33, Su-32FN, Su-35, and, finally, the Su-37 aircraft. The new multi-role all-weather super-agile Su-37 fighter with the thrust vector control (TVC) represents a logical step forward in the steady implementation by the Sukhoi EDB of a development program of fourth and fifth generation of tactical aircraft from the basic Su-27 fighter for the Russian Air Force. As its General Designer Mikhail Simonov has announced, the new fighter can be regarded as "the fourth with two pluses" generation. The first prototype made its first flight in 1977, but after a few tests flights it became clear that the prototype (called T-I0-l) was inferior to the F-15 and the designers had to completely redesign the plane. The new plane was called T-1OS. The test flights showed its superiority to the F-15 in many respects. Serial production of the plane began in 1982 and the first Su-27 entered service in the Russian Air Force in 1985. The Russian Air Force today operates about 400 of these incredible aircraft. Its radar is a jam-proof pulseDoppler radar that can detect targets at a distance of 240 km and can simultaneously track up to 10 targets at a distance of 185 km. It can fire at two of these targets simultaneously. In case of radar failure, the plane is equipped with an electro-optical system that contains a laser range finder and infrared search and track system. The electro-optical system can be attached to the pilot's helmet mounted target designator to allow the pilot to target by moving his head.
<

Specifications:

90

_.._._ ._._._ ._._ _.. ._._ _. __ _ ___._._._._".__ _.... ..__ _ _._. __ . __ __ _~J 1*30 mm gun + 10 hardpoints for AAMs, AGMs, ombs, rockets, d~tanks and ECM po~s.

Mikoyan-Gurevich-29 "Fulcrum-A"
As the Su-27 fighter, the MiG-29 was also designed as a reply to the American fighter F-15. It is a medium-sized air superiority fighter with great maneuverability and armament. One advantage that the MiG-29 has it that it is able to use rough airfields, thanks to the two upper air intakes on the top of the wing. During take-off and landing the lower air intakes are closed to prevent dust and other things from getting inside the engines. Although the plane was built as a reply to the F-15, the plane is often compared to the F-16 and has a lot of advantages over that plane. One weak point however is range, and later models were modified to carry more fuel. The specification' of the aircraft was issued in 1972 and the design of the plane was started in 1974. The first prototype (called 9-10) made its first flight in 1977 and the first plane entered service in 1984. The Russian Air Force today operates about 300 MiG-29s. The Russian Air Force prefers the Su-27 and its derivatives to the MiG-29, but the current MiG-29's in service are about to be upgraded with more advanced avionics and equipment (MiG-29SMT and MiG-29UBT).
I------J

1 7.3_~_!!!._._.

.._...__~._._._..._..

...__.~._.

. ._._.._..__._...._..._.... . _.

._....__. ..._.. .__. ._.

..

.J

Cu. KOMMEHT API1.H

91

Normal weizht '1 "000 kg vlax _weigh!_ '18500 k_g. 2450 km/h (2.3M) \:fax speed ,Ceiling 18000 m , ~t

....... -+--

.-

--

!Armament

~100 km ? -_. .-1*30 mm gun + 6 hardpoints for AAMs, ASMs, bombs, rockets, drop tanks and ECM pods
~~ ~_ rim

KOMMEHTAPHH: 1. HYlKeH JIll aprmors? Y norpefineane

apTHKJIH nepezt IIH,n:eKCHDIM 0603Ha"tleHHeM scex 06pa3IJ;OB 6m

BOH TeXHIIKH II BoopY)I(eHHH B IIIICbMeHHOH II YCTHOH pesa HBJIJleTCHofiasarem HoIM. 3TO IIpaBIIJIO ,n:eHcTByeT H B Tex qeHIIH carry ... ;

cnysaax, xorna

IIOCJIe HH,n;eKCHoro o603m

CJIe,[(yeT HaHMeHOBaHHe CIICTeMbI BoopY)I(eHHH:

The F-22

Raptor

wi

The SU-27 is often called ... ; The AIM-9X missile was launched from f! FIA-18 ... ; The upgraded T-72 MBT weighs ... 2.

Ha3BaHHH II IIH'[(eKCHbIe 0603HaqeHHJI, BXO,[(H~He B COCTaBMHOrOKOMTIOHeH

H3hIKe HeT soofime, qTO BOCIIpHHHMaeTC5I OCHTeJI5IMH H 513bIKaKaK aneuenr CKOH3K30THKH.

PYC-

51BJ1HeTC5I Ba)KHeHIIIeii -racrsio mofioro npoexra, TexHHqeCKOesanaaae oIIpe,n,eJ151eT }J,JIH KOHCTPYKTOPOB, KaKHMH HMeHHO xapaxrepnCTHKaMH 11 cl>YHKl(H.HMH nonacea ofinanars KOHel.JHbIHnponyxr, Ha ero OCHOBe KOHCTPYKTOPbI (designers) paapafiarsrsaror npoexr (design). Or He3HaHlUI TepMHHa TeXHHIJeCKOesanamre nocrpaztana MHOf11e nepeso,ZpUIKH.TIonhITKH nepesecra ero nOCJ10BHO (TeXHHQeCKOe- technical, 3a,n,aHHetask) MOMeHTaJIhHOBbI3hIBaIDT nonnekuree nenoyaenae y aHfJIOH3hIQHOHCTOPOHhI, H nocnenyromee paaapaacenae POCCHHCKll.X TeXHlIQeCKHX3KcIIepToB, TaK KaK )J;JHl HHX IIOH5ITHeTeXHHIJeCKOe 3a)J.3HHe- T3 - 51BJIHeTCH ro6YQHbIM, eacezmesno YIIoTpe6mleMbIM, H TOT cpaKT,qTO HeKOTOphIeryMaHHTapHH He 3HalOT, qTO TaKoe T3, Bhl3bIBaeT Y HHX Maccy 3MOUHH,H3 KOTOPhIX)l(aJIOCTh- canoe ryssaaaoe. CJIOBapb onpe,n,emleT TeXHHIJeCKOe saaaaue KaK specification, performance specification, requirements speclflcation'', HJIH design specification, work specification, conceptual study", IIpHqeM, ofiparnre BHUMaHHe, CJIOBatechnical, KaK H task, HeT HH B O,lI.HOM TaKHX TepMHHoB. Ha IIpaKTHKe Hau60JIee qaCThIM sapHaHTOM nepeaoaa TepMHHa TeXHHIJeCKOe aananne HBJIHeTCH the statement of work, SOW, XOTX ace npnaeneaasre ssune BapHaHThI nepesona TaK)Ke 51BJIHlOTCH npaBHJIhHhIMH. Hexoropue aaocrpanasre CrreUHaJIHCThI,TeCHO otimaiomaeca C poccaticxaaa KOJIJIeraMH, HCnOJIh3YlOT B profOBOPHOM: pexa coxpatneane TZ [ti:'zi:].
III. Ilepesemrre CJIetl.YlOllI,Ue
"a3BaHUH CHCTeM Boopy~eHHii:

3. TeXHnIJeCKOe saaauae

The 5Ib. Dragon Eye unmanned ground vehicle; TaHK T -34; the Chinook heavy lift helicopter; cauoner Ha6nlO)l,eHHHAH-30E; the RAH Comanche helicopter; a3podxrroarmaparypa A <P A 41110; the Rafale combat aircraft; aBTOMaTHqeCKllH . rpaaaroxier ArC-30, the advanced 30-mm gun; K)'MyJIHTllBHo-<pyracHbIH aapan K<I>3-1, the new URX-3000 survival radio; TpaHIIIeHHruI MaIIIHHa ETM-4M «Tyrrztpa», the advanced medium-range air-to-air missile (AMRAAM); 155MM Mo,n,epHH3HpOBaHHaH casioxozmax rayfiana «McTa-C», the Mirage-2000 combat aircraft; 3eHllTHo-paKeTHbIH KOMnJIeKC«CTpeJIa-IO»; the UK's Challenger-2 main battle tank; HOqHO:Hseproner MI1-8MTO; the Mistral 2 surface-to-air missile; aBHaIl.MOHHaHnpOTMBOJIo,n;OQHa51 paxera ATIP-33; the Tactical Air-Launched Decoy (TALD); nefKHH MHOrOl(eJIeBOH CaMOJIeT aM<pw6wH Ee-2000; a C-130 transport aircraft.
IV. V.
061.SICHHTe, 06H38TeJlbHO JlO

ynorpedaenae

8pTHKJUI

nepen

CJI0BOCOQeTaHHHMH:

F-22 subcontrac-

tors; Su-17 production.

Ilpoeemrre
apTUKJlU eM He

caMOCTOHTeJlLHblH

aHaJlH3 0pHrHH8J1LHbIX (nanpasrep

HCTO'lHHKOB Raptor,

H BLUlCHUTe, Falcon),

ynorpetinaercs

JIM

C H83BaHHHMH

CHCTeM BoopymeHHH,

eCJIu sa TaKHM

H83BaHH-

cneayer
lUlU

HX HHtJ,eKCHoe 0003H8QeHHe,

'r.e,

K8K npaBHJIbHO

CK83aTb:

The Flanker is a superior

fighter,

Flanker is a superior fighter?

3 «flHHrBO 4

8»,

Multilex 2.0

VI.

Hananre

B TeKCTe

YPOKa aHrJIHitcKue

3KBUBaJleHTLI

cnenyieunsx

CJlOBOCO'leTaHuit:

KOHCTPYKTopCKoe 1pe611TeJIb;

6ropo;

npeaocxonars

sananasre

MCTPe6HTeJIM;

cpenaaa

MCIIO-

fiecnocanoaasre nepenersr;

MHOrOI(eJIeBOH; nOMeXOYCTOHqllBbIH; I(eJIeYKa3aTeJIh;

HCKOBO-CJIe,llJIIIJ;ruICMCTeMa, .naJIbHOMep; HallIJIeMHhIH C06JIeHHbIH asponpov; BOH BeJIMKOJ1enHOH sraaespeaaocrsro;

aenpncno-

HMnYJIbCHo-.n;onJIepOBCKHH pa.n;HOJIOKaTOp; o6na.n;aJOII(HH HCTpe6HTeJIh ocaamea; YCTaHaBJIHBaTh MHpOxasecrsa; ynpaaneaae nee; penocanOJIeT; BblCOqaHIIlHe nsararens;

pexopzt;

6ecnpHMepHbIH

nernsre
noronox;

BeKTopOM T.sIrM; OTKa3 HOBneHHhIH na; 3YJIbTaToM. npoexr Hcrpc6HTCJIeH; crynars

P J1C;

na paCCTmIHMH AO ... ; JIa3epHbIH: ,lJ;aJIhHOMep; ycranpe,ll,eJIhHhIH c ,nByMH IIJIrocaMH» rexaa-recxoro IIOKOJIeHHe

Typ60peaKTMBHhIH: crano

C03,ll,aHHe; «xerseproe noner; pasaax

acnsrrarensnsra
.nonYCTMMruI

paspafiorxa

saztamra;
Bee nycroro

na soopyaceaae;

KPbIJ1a; BepTHKarIbHbIH pa3Mep;

MoneTa; npeztensao VII. Ilepesemrre

neperpysxa.

cJ1eJJ.ylOlIJ,He CJlOBOCO'leTaHUH:

Superior to western fighters; air shows; multi-role; jam-proof; range finder; infrared search and track system; helmet mounted target designator; rough airfields; air intakes; prevent dust from getting inside; to prefer smth to smth; medium-sized; with great maneuverability; the plane is equipped with; pulse-Doppler radar; simultaneously track up to 10 targets; search and track system; flight performances; non-stop flights; medium-sized fighter; can be attached to the pilot's helmet; empty weight; unparalleled flights; the project has materialized in the Su family; test
• ~ • • ~ •• • 'II

6. KaKHe TaKTHKO-TeXHHqeCKHe xapaxrepacraxa Te uaafionee BaJKHbIMH?

HCTpe6HTeJIH Cy-27BbI

cxarae-

7. Bepao JIH TO, qTO MHr-29 OTJIIrqaeTCH OC060H Ha,lJ,e)KHOCTbIO cpezta npyrnx HCTpe6HTerreH? KaKHe KOHCTPYKTHBHbIeoco6eHHOCTH 06'bHCHHIOT,3TO rrpeHMym;ecTBo? 8. KaKHe He,n;OCTaTKM HMerrHCb y nepssrx Mo,n;erreH 3THX CaMOJIeToB? 9. B KaKOM rony 6blJlO saaepmeno TeXHHQeCKOe sananae aa C03,l(aHHe ncrpefiaTeJIH MHr-29, H xorna 6blJ10 3aKOHQeHOero npoexrapoaaaae? 10.KaKHe nnanu csasaasr C Mo,n;epHH3aIJ,HeHHCTpe6HTeJUI MH.r -29? XI.
Ilponaranre
CJle.llYIOIUHA ai'i:Jau II

nepeexaacirre

ero no-aHrJIHHcKH no-pYCCKH:

KaK MomHO 6J1H,ge K TeKCTY.

CJ1enoaropaoro

'fTeHHSl. H3JlOa:HTC ero

conepacauae

no-

Under the agreement, Russia will start delivery of about 40 the jets to China between 2000 and 2002. The Sukhoi Design Bureau developed state-of-the-art Su30MKK (modernized, commercial for China) especially for the specific requirements of the Chinese military. At the same time, negotiations began for Moscow to grant a license for the production of another 250 Sukhoi-30 fighters, though it is unclear whether this production would be in addition to or instead of the licensed production of the SU-27. XII.
Ilepesemrre
ell: CJle.llYIOIUHii TeKCT

aa

PYCCKHH H3blK U3

enyx,

npHMeHHH CHCTeMY COKpaIUeHHOH

sana-

On December 25, the two first MiG-29 fighters of the batch of eight aircraft procured from Russia arrived in Bangladesh. Another two MiG-29s arrived on December 28. The rest of the aircraft (four) will be delivered in February, 2000. The new fighters will be adopted by the Air Force of Bangladesh. The US$ 125 million MiG-29 delivery contract was signed in Moscow in June, 1999. In. compliance with the contract, the aircraft are being delivered with a set of spares. As of today, the Air Force of Bangladesh operates 16 Chinese F-7M, 8 Czech L39ZA and two Russian MiG-21 U aircraft. XIII.
Ilepesemrre
CJle.llYlOlU"H .TeKCT aa aHrJIHHCKllii 1I31.1K""CbMeHHO:

CTaHIJ,HH MHr-31EM cnocofiaa 06HapY)KHBaTb TMIIoBhle B03,l1,YIIIHbIeIJ,eJIH na nOQnI szrsoe 60JIbmeH nansnocrn. ,ll;arrbHocTh o6HaPY:)KeHHH B03,n;YIIIHhIXneneil KJIaCCa «HcTpe6MTeJIb» ztoaeneaa ,l1,0320 KM, a zransaocrr, HX nopaaceaas - )1,0 280 KM. B xone HCnhITaHHH nponexroacrpaponana B03MOJKHOCTbYHHLfTO)l(eHIDI aaoc JIeTOB npoTHBHMKa B ,n;aJIbHeMpaKeTHOM 6010 na ,l1,HCTaHIJ;HH IIOpH,l1,Ka 80 KM, LfTO 2 B HaCTOHmee BpeW! He,l1,OcTYITHO O,l(HOMY3apy6e)KHoMY HCTpe6HTeJIIO. J11rH HH cpaBHeHHH, JIyqllIHH aMepHKaHcKHH nepexsar-nrx HOPTPOII-rpYMMaH F-14D «TOMK3T» cnocofiea nopazcars nosnynraue uena na ,l1,aJIbHOCTH 60JIee 180 KM. He liOPTOBOH pa,n;H.OJIOKaUHOHHhIM KOMnrreKCMnr-31EM cnocofiea O,l1,HOBpeMeHHO COIIpOBOJK,n;aTh o 10 B03,n;YIIIHbIX n ueneti, 6 H3 KOTOPbIXMOryT 6bITh onaospeMeHHO 06CTpemIHbI paxerasra P-33C flJIM P-37 (nocnennae - aa nansaocrs no 280
95

KM). )].OCTllrHYTa B03MO)KHOCTh nepexsara BeTCTBYIOmeH XIV.

u,eJIeii, neranmx

co

CKOPOCThIO, COOT-

M=6, yny-nneau
cJJe,llYlOm"" TeKCT

ztpyrae

xapaKTepHCTHKH

xosmnexca.
nO,llrOTOBKH:

Ilepeseaare

C JJHCT3 nOCJJe Henp0,llOJJ*HTeJJbHOH

In summer 1977, the Gorky based aircraft production plant built two first MiG-31s of the first development batch coded 'Product 01' (registration numbers 011 and 012). They had a number of design features different from experimental aircraft #831 and 832: • an increased flaps' span (from 1.93 to 2.68 m);

• reduced area of horizontal control surfaces (from 10.12 down to 9.8 sq.m, due to the removal of the trim strip from the trailing edge), smaller sweep angles, rotation axes and stabilizer deflection angles; . • • increased vertical tail length; modified brake flaps - their area was reduced from 1.94 to 1.4 sq.m with the deflection angle increasing from 40 to 44 degrees, the brake flaps moved in the plane parallel to the aircraft symmetry plane; the underbelly fins were the same as those of aircraft #832;

• the aircraft was equipped with the standard KN-25 navigation set featuring an inertial navigation system and a new computer; • the weapons suite' included the GSh-6-23 23 mm integral six-barrel cannon.

Boprosoe ofiopynosaaae CaMOJIeTa Mal" -31EM ofiecne-rasaer B03MO)KHOCTb 3cpcpeKTlfBHoro B3aMMo,n:eMcTBH.SI 3eHMTRhlMH paKeTHbIMH KOMIIJIeKCaMH IIBO. C Kposre 60pI:.6I:.1 C B03,n:ymHblMH H H83eMRbIMH l(emlMlf 3TOT CaMOJIeT MO:>KeT HCIIOJII:.30BaTbC.SIlfB KaQeCTBe csoeotipaaaoro B03,n:YIIIHoro KOMaH~Horo nyaxra, KOopnaaapyiouiero ,l.I,eiiCTBH}! crpefiarenea npyrnx TlfIIOB, OCHameHHhlX MeHee a MOmHblMH panapaxra.
XVI. Ilepeaemrre
nOCJle,ll,OBaTeJlbHO

na CJlYX:

Su-32 Could Hit the Market Next Year "Sukhoi's Su-32 tactical bomber
year," the Russian Show in the UK. will be available on the export market next design bureau director-general revealed during Famborough Air

The first stage of the state-acceptance tests of the Su-32 will be completed this year, after which the aircraft will be commissioned into service equipped. with the basic armaments package. Subsequent work to extend the design's combat capabilities will include the integration of cruise missiles with a range of more than 1,OOOkm, following the receipt late last year of additional funding to support the aircraft's test programme. The Russian Air Force is believed to have already ordered 10 Su-32s probably to include some of the test aircraft already manufactured for delivery next year. The Su-32 all-weather aircraft is intended to conduct day and night missions against ground and naval surface targets in the face of heavy defensive fire and extensive use of electronic countermeasures usage.
XVII. Ilepeaeaare
CJle,ll,YIOIIJ,HH TeKCT

ua aHrJlHHCKHH

H3blK

nHCbMeHHO:

OR nO}!BHJICRB aefie san JIeTHhlM IIOJIeM aeponpona B )l{YKOBCKOMCOBepIlIeHRO HeO:>KH,n;aHHO. 3TO 6bIn CIOpIIpH3 Mesorynaponaoro a3POKOCMHQeCKoro. canoaa (MAKC) B 1999 rozty. Caxoner npOHeCC}! aan 3pHTeJI}!MH, onacan xpyr, nponeren na HH3KOHBbICOTe, QTo6bI ero see xoponrensxo pacCMOTpeJIH, BbIllOJIHHJI HeCKOJIbKOHeCJIO:>KHbIX BHpIDKeMH cxpsrnca. HOBa}! MamHHa HMeJIa KPbIJIMI He06hlQHOH CPOPMbI.OHH 6bIJIH ssrrayrsr errepen. 3HaToKH aBHal(HH CP83Y nOHRJIH, QTO nepen HlfMH BnOJIHe ynaxaaa MaIlIHHa c o6paTHoM crpeJIOBH)J,HOCTbIO xpsrna, HOBYIO KOHCTPYKl(HlO CaMOJIeTa npencranano 3pHTenRM OKE Cyxoro, OKOHQHnaCb, HMrrepHR COBeTOB nana, HO B POCCHH pa60TaJOT HaJ.(HOBblM Hcrpe6HTeJIeM, KOTOPbIM,IIO oueaxe nexoropsrx axcnepros, fiyzter nporasocroars JIy-qmHM CaMOJICTaMnaurax BBC. ITo MHeHHIO 060POHHbIX axcrrepros, paspaticrxa C-37 oaaasaer, 'ITO B XXI sexe axtepaxanCKHe IIHJIOTbIMOryT cTonKHYTbcR C nparosr eme 60JIee rposasoa, QeM 3TO O:>KH,1l;aJIOCb paasure,

Xonozmaa BOMHa, XOQeTCjlsepars,

97

Su-27 FLANKER
XVIII. BhlcTY"HTe
B

POJIH nepeeonanea: BhI

. 1.

npe- 1. In February 1996 Moscow and Beijing reached billion agreement for Chinese coxpacao OCBe,D,OMneHbI 0 co- a $2.2 CToaHHH POCCHHCKO-KM- production of the Sukhoi Su-27. Under the initial raacxoro BoeHHO-TeXHH'tleagreement China would produce up to 200 aircxoro COTPY,[(HMIIeCTBa.Kaxo- craft-without the right to reexport the jets to third BbI ero 06beMbI B aacrosmee countries-from Russian-made components over three to five years. Eventually China might seek BpeMa? to obtain as many as 300 Su-27s.
aa Barn B3rJUI,D" OC-

r ocncznra

Jla,

2. KaKHe,

HOBHbIe TPY,[(HOCTH,xoropsre

npnxonarca rrpeononesars
COBMecTHbIMH YCHJIH.sIMH?

2. The integration of the Su-27 into the Chinese Air Force has proven difficult, particularly with respect to training and maintenance costs. Russia delivered parts and assemblies for 2 fighters, which were assembled in 1998, bringing China's total inventory to some 50 aircraft. However, these initial airframes proved unsatisfactory, and no additional production had been completed by late 1999. 3. Last year the PLA Air Force and other PLA elements conducted joint-service exercises in the Taiwan Strait. During these exercises the JL-ll (or what you call Su-27) fired a variety of air-toground rockets, and also dropped four deceleration bombs similar to the US MK82 Snake-Eye, the first time that such bombs have been shown

3. KaK npoaanaror cefia

rOToBKM?

HaIIlH

CaMOJIeTbI B xone 6oeBoH non-

98

publicly.

4.

KaKMe BbIBO,1..(bI 6bIJIM C,1..(eITO peaynsraraa 3TMX

nama

ysenati?

4. These exercises clearly showed the need to make some improvements to its air-to-surface attack capacities. The plane's radar and' computer software need to be upgraded to the level of the advanced SU-35 fire control equipment to provide higher accuracy. 5. Thank you very much, General. Let me reciprocate and present to you, as a memento of our meeting, the crest' of my headquarters.

5. YBa)l(aeMbIH
Paspeunrre
qReHOB rraM.SITb 0 MoeH

rOCnO,1..(HH JIM. OT HMeHH BCTpeqH

6

MHe HaIIleH

,1..(errera~HM B

spy-rare

BaM 3TOT He60rrbIIlOH BbIMITerr CMR BoeHHOPOCCHH, H 3TOT aa-

CYBeHMp B03.nyIIIHbIX

odnniepcxyro xoxapzry,
1pa,1..(HllHOHHbIH

npererer

pO,UHoro npOMbIcrra - qaHHbIH

cepsas
BCTpeq!

«rJKerrb».)J,o

HOBblX

pendant 7 crest .: nnaurxa B $opMe 111l1T3 yspenneaasta C

sa Hell rep60M

99

Unit 8.
I. Ilpo-mraare

BOMBERS
CJ1eAYIOUJ,He CJ10Ba BCJ1yX,

axnearapys

BHHM8HHe

na

survivability composite precrsion suite robust Dyess lethality precision

[sa, varva' brlm ] ['kompazlt] [pn'sI3(a)n] [swi:t] [ra'bxst, 'roobsst]

l'daiis]
Ii:' 9rehtI]

subsequently synthetic decoy lethality miniature aeronautic fiber

r sxbsrkwenth]
[li: Oeelttr]
f

HX npaBHJ1LHOM

"pOH:meCeHHU:

[smGenk] [drkor, 'di:k:JIl [,mmI(a)tfa] [e( a)ra' no.nk] ['falba]

CJlOBAPb. YPOKA weapons (smart weapons) BhlCOKOTOqHOe oopyacenne s 06bIQHhle CHCTeMbIBoopY)J(eHIDI xoppexrapyexoe opyxcae (60M6hI) non-precision weapons near-precision on short notice robust weapons

C MHHHMaJIbHbIM epexeaea na rro.n:rOTOBKY 1) 3.n:OPOBhIH, pemcaa, CHJIbHblii; x 2) rrpOQHbIH;YCTOHl:JHBbIH, Ha.n:e)l(HbIH 3KCB IIJIyaTaU;HH Komlmrypau;ml «necyutee KPbIJIO» MaKCHMaJIbHruI petlcepcxas CKOPOCTb x YCTaHOBKaxpsma c MHHHMaJIbHbIM yrnoM crpeJIOBH,LI,HOCTH YCTaHOBKaKPbIJIa c MaKCHMaJIbHbIM yrJIOM crpeJIOBHJJ;HOCTM rrOJIeT aa )J;03BYKOBOH cBepx3BYKoBQHCKOH POCTRX xapaxrepacrnxa ynpaBJUleMOCTH rrOJIe3HruIaarpysxa strike force ueneaas orreparaanas rpyrrrra
P30

blended wing/body maximum cruise

configuration

forward wing setting aft wing setting subsonic handling payload joint/composite offensive synthetic and supersonic characteristics flight

avionics aperture radar

aacrynarensnoe

(ynapnoe)

PJIC cIfHTe3HpoBaHHoH arrepTYpbI

ground moving target indicator terrain-following radar

HH.n:HKaTOpro)J;BM)I(HOH a3eMHOHu;eJIH r H nonera C orM6aHHeM pensedia MeCTHOCTM CIICTeMayrrpannenaa rrOJIeTOM panaon oKaU;lIoHHbIHssrcorosrep
101

PJIC ofiecneseaaa

avionics control unit complex radar altimeter

features navigation aids precision bombing electronic jamming equipment infrared countermeasures low-radar cross-section penetratiori of hostile airspace radio frequency surveillance/electronic countermeasures system tail warning function expendable countermeasures system Towed Decoy System

TeXHIflJeCKIfe xapaKTepIfCTHKH; HaBHra:U;HOHHbIe cpencrsa

rrapaxerpsr

aaaecenae eMBTO

60M6oBbIX aKTHBHoro

yztapos c rrpnaeaeaa-

cpencrsa

panaononaaneaas
B HI( -naanasoae

3JIeKTpOHHoe

noztaaneaae

CHH)KeHHaH 3Q?<jJeKTHBHaH nnomans HHH

orpaxe-

IIPOHHKHOBeHHe B B03,l(YIIIHoe npocrpaacrso rrpoTHBHHKa· CHCTeMa panaoanexrpoaaoro IIo,[(aBJIeHHH Ha6mo,[(eHHH 06 yrpose na ,1:(0-

(P3TI) If paztaoxacrornoro
CHCTeMa npezryrrpeactenaa rOHHOM xypce CHCTeMa

ctipacsrsaaaa PJ1 orpaacareneii

MHmeHb; CHCTeMa 6YKCHPOBKH CHCTeMa fiyxcapyeuoji JIO-

6YKcHpyeMaH BymKH;

rrO)KHbIX neneti;

comprehensive electronic countermeasures package electronic jamming dispensing expendable chaff flare radar-homing heat-seeking missiles

6JIOK KOMIIJIeKCHOro pa,n;H03JIeKTpOHHoro npoTHBo.n;eficTBHH 3JIeKTpoHHoe IIo,n;aBJIeHHe c6poc (O,l.(HOPa30BbIX) ,1:(HrrOJIbHbIXnporaso-

pa.n,HOJIOKall,HOHHbIX orpazcarenea

ocserarem.aaa

(caraansaaa)

paxera

p~HOJIOKall,HOHHOeCaMOHaBe,[(eHHe aaseneaae aaseneaaeno HaBe,[(eHHe no TerrJIOBoMY If3JIy-qeHHlO HK-H3nYQeHHlO (irena),

(uena), 11K~

RF threats radar-absorption materials radar signature defensive suite electronic countermeasures suite standoff weapons weapons interface
102

panaoaanysaionrae yrpossr
pamronornomaromae caraarypa MaTepHaJIbI

nenn, KOMIIJIeKCHaH xapaxrepnCHCTeM nporasonea-

crnxa uena
KOMrrJIeKT 06opOHHTeJIhHbIX KOMIIJIeKC CTBHH

panaonoxauaonaoro

opyxae,

IIpHMeHHeMoe

BHe 30HM ,!(OCRra-

eMOCTH cpencrs

nOpa)KeHHR rrpoTHBHHKa

B3aHMO,l(ei1cTBHe c CHCTeMaMH BoopY)KeHHR

joint direct attack munition handling characteristics secure radios wind-corrected munitions dispenser

e)J;I1HhIll 0errpHIJac npaxoro yzapa 6 IIHJIOTa)KHhle Kal1eCTBa

cxpsrrrrsre Cpe,lJ;CTBa B.H3lf; O,lJ;HpOBaHHa.H C K

miniature munitions system upgrade situational fiber optic towed decoy electronic (control) package offensive systems officer weapons bay general purpose cluster munitions unit cost
II. Ilpo-urranre
H

pa)J,HOCB.H3h «accernsra fioenpanac, oCHameHHhIH CHCTeMOMKOppeKU:HH B03,lJ;eMcTBH.H serpa MHHHaTlOpHhlefioenpanacsr MO,lJ;HCPHKaU:H.H CHCTeMhl BJIa,lJ;eHHe ticraaosxoa o BOJIOKOHHO-OIITHLIeCKIill 6YKcHpyeMa.HJIO)KHa.H uens 3JIeKTpOHHhIll: 6JIOK· npaBJIeHH.H y CTpeJIOK OTceKBoopY)KeHlHI 1) ofiniero Ha.3HaQeHH.H) YHIiBepCaJIhHbIM 2 xaccerasie 60eIIpHIIacbI CTOHMOCTb e)J,HHMUbI nponyxnna

awareness

nepeaemrre na

PYCCKHU H3hlK OCHOBHOii TeKCT

ypoxa:

B-IB Lancer
Mission The B-1 is the backbone of America's longrange bomber force providing massive and rapid delivery of precision and non-precision weapons against any potential adversary anywhere around the globe on short notice. Features The B-1B's blended wing/body configuration, along with variable-geometry design and turbofan engines, combine to provide greater range and high speed with enhanced survivability. Forward wing settings are used for takeoff, landings and high-altitude maximum cruise. Aft wing settings are used in high subsonic and supersonic flight, enhancing the B-IB's maneuverability. The B-1B's speed, superior handling characteristics, and large payload make it a key element of any joint/composite strike force.
103