دوائر كهربية نظري

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١١١
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ?  ?  ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 
،KKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKK،‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Introduction ١J ١
‫א‬The International system of units ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KElectric Quantities‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
،‫א‬KMetric Prefixes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KScientific Notation ‫א‬‫א‬
 KMeasurements Units Conversion‫א‬‫א‬

The International System of Units‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The Measurement Units‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ١
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
Unit‫א‬
Unit Symbol Quantity Symbol  Basic Quantities
 m Meter L Length‫א‬
 kg Kilogram‫א‬ M Mass‫א‬
 A Ampere I Current‫א‬
 s Second t  Time‫א‬
 K Kelvin T Temperature‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 cd Candle LI
Luminous Intensity
 The Measurement Units‫א‬‫א‬E١-١F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Luminous Intensity‫א‬Temperature‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NForce‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
kg
Watt‫א‬Electric Power‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
s2
Nm
Electric Energy‫א‬‫א‬K W
s
 K Nm  JJoule‫א‬

Electric Quantities‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Electric Quantities‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Quantity‫א‬
Unit Symbol Quantity Unit Quantity Symbol
‫א‬‫א‬
 V Volt V
 Electrical Voltage
 J Joule WE Energy‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 A Ampere I
Electrical Current 
 W Watt‫א‬ P Power‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 c Coulomb qQ
 Electrical Charge
F Farad‫א‬ C Capacitance‫א‬
H Henry L  Inductance‫א‬
Ω Ohm R Resistance‫א‬
Ω Ohm z Impedance‫א‬
 Ω
Ohm X Reactance‫א‬
 Hz Hertz F Frequency‫א‬
 Electric Quantities‫א‬‫א‬E٢-١F
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Complex Number‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 z = R + iX E ١J ١F

Scientific Notation‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١
‫א‬Large and Small numbers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KPowers of ten١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 A * 10 ± n   E٢J ١F

‫א‬‫א‬، 105 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 10 − 5

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Power of ten is positive Power of ten is negative
 101 = 10  10 −1 = 0.1
 10 2 = 100  10 −2 = 0.01
 10 3 = 1000  10 −3 = 0.001
 10 5 = 100000  10 −5 = 0.00001
 Scientific Notation‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F

 W
1.5 * 10 6 15 *10 7 150000000Ω ‫א‬ K١
 0.3 *10 −6  3 * 10 −7  0.0000003 F  K٢

-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١
 The summation‫א‬ •
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
 E١J ١F
 n>m
A * 10 n + B * 10 m = A * 10 n − m * 10 m + B * 10 m 
= (A * 10 n − m B )* 10 m

The subtraction‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 E٢J ١F
 n>m
 (
A * 10 n − B * 10 m = A * 10 n − m − B 10 m )
The multiplication‫א‬ •
WK‫א‬‫א‬
(A * 10 n )* (B * 10 m ) = ( A * B ) * 10 n+ m
The division‫א‬ •
W K‫א‬J ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 (A *10m ) =
n
A
*10 n − m
(B *10 ) B
 E٣J ١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 a. (2 * 10 6 ) + (5 * 10 7 ) b. (5 * 10 7 ) − (2 * 10 6 )
c. (5 *1012 )* (3 *10 −6 ) d. 
(50 * 10 ) 8
(25 * 10 ) 3
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬

(a )(2 *10 6 ) + (5 *10 7 ) = 2 *10 6 + 50 *10 6 = 52 *10 6
(b )(5 * 10 7 ) − (2 * 10 6 ) = (50 * 10 6 ) − (2 * 10 6 ) = 48 * 10 6
(c )(5 *1012 )* (3 *10 −6 ) = (5 * 3) *1012=(−6 ) = 15 *10 6
(d )(50 * 10 3 ) = 50 * 10 8−3 = 2 * 10 5
8
(25 * 10 ) 25
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ١
Power of ten units, prefixes, which attached to the measurement units
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .Prefixes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬power of ten‫א‬The International System of Units
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Power of ten Symbol Prefixes to the Units
 1 * 10−18  a  Atto
 1 * 10−15  f  Femto
 1 * 10−12  p Pico
 1 * 10−9  n  Nano
 1 *10−6  µ Micro
 1 * 10−3  m Milli
 1 * 10−2  c  Centi
 1 * 10 −1  d Deci
 1 *101  da  Deka
 1 *102  h Hecto
 1 * 103  k Kilo
 1 *106  M Mega
 1 *109  G Giga
 1 * 1012  T Tera‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٤J ١F
  5kΩ  5 * 10 3 Ω ‫א‬

Measurement units Conversion‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ١F
 6Z‫א‬WGiga kilo 
 9Z‫א‬WPico ‫א‬milli  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، •
 W
  A * 10 + ( difference) E٣J ١F
 E٦J ١F
 3Z‫א‬، kΩ ← 5MΩ 
 ⇒ 5MΩ = 5 *10 3 kΩ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، •
 W
 A * 10 − ( difference) E٤J ١F
 E٧J ١F
 6Z‫א‬، mF ← 6nF 
 ⇒ 6nF = 6 * 10 −6 mF
 E٨J ١F
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
µA  0.15mA 

 A * 10 + ( difference) ⇐  
 Q micro = 10 −6 Q milli = 10 −3
 3Z‫א‬ 
 ⇒ 0,15mA = 0.15 * 10 3 µA = 150 µA
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

Convert the following  K١
 (a)4500mV → mV
(b)5000nA → mA
(c )47000 pF → mF
(d )1800 fΩ → mΩ
 (e )15mA → A
 ( f )0.1ns → s
 (g )800µA → mA

:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 29000 kWE
 Ω 7000E
 0.0003 msE
0.05 AE
0.00009 VE
7000000 VE
0.000000008 sE
9000 kWE
W‫ א‬K٣
 µA 800H15mAE
 13 msH0.1 nsE
1A+  µA 800E
 7000 µA+13 nAE
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

WA - B، K٤
 µA B=800,A=15mAE
 B=13 ns A=0.1 msE
B= 1000 nA,  µA A=800E
 B=7000 µV,A=13mVE

A
W ‫א‬، K٥
B
 µA B=800,A=15mAE
 B=13 ns A=0.1 msE
B= 1000 nA,  µA A=800E
 B=7000 µV,A=13mVE
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Introduction١J ٢
‫א‬{Current‫א‬{Charge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KPower‫א‬Energy‫א‬‫א‬Electrical Resistance‫א‬‫א‬{Voltage
{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KAtoms‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{EH‫א‬FProtons‫א‬{EJ ‫א‬FElectrons‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FNeutrons
Electrical Charge‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K e = 1.6 * 10 −19 C ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Q = N * e  E١J ٢F

 N = ±0,1,2,3,....... W

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬ N = 50 * 1019 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Q = N * e = 50 * 1019 * 1.6 * 10 −19 = 80.1C
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 
K ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬
 K
 
،?Electrical Field ‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F


{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬Coulomb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC

 Electrical Voltage ‫א‬‫ א‬٣J ٢
 KV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Voltage‫א‬ ١J  ٣J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬Work‫א‬‫א‬
{
 W‫א‬Volt
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
J
V≡ E٢J ٢F
C
 
dW
 V=            E٣J ٢F
dQ
 ‫א‬
W
 V=           E٤J ٢F
Q
 W
 KV‫א‬WV 
 KJ‫א‬WW 
 KCCharge‫א‬WQ
 E٢J ٢F
،B‫א‬A‫א‬50C‫א‬600J‫א‬
 KBA‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W،BA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W 600 J
 V= = = 12V
Q 50C

Voltage Sources‫א‬ ٢J ٣J ٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
Batteries‫• א‬
Solar Cells‫א‬‫• א‬
Electrical Power Supplies‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Electrical Generator‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
Wind Power Station‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Thermal Stations‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
Nuclear Stations‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 Electrical Current ‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٢
{I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Current‫א‬١J ٤J ٢
،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WKCurrent‫א‬‫א‬
dQ
I= E٥J ٢F
dt
 W‫א‬{Ampere‫א‬
C
A≡ E٦J ٢F
s
 W
 KA‫א‬:I
 KCCharge‫א‬WQ
 Kstime‫א‬Wt

Electrons‫א‬{ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
Free ‫א‬‫א‬Semi–Conductive ‫א‬‫א‬Conductive
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Electrons
 E٣J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬WEF‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٢J ٢F
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{voltage source‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 I

E Load



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F
 
 WE٤J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F

Current Types‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pure D.C. Current  K١
 KE٥J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Current (I)
time (t)
 E٥J ٢F
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Pulsating Current K٢

 KE٦J ٢F،‫א‬
current ( I )
time ( t )

current ( I )
time ( t )

current ( I )
time ( t )

 Pulsating CurrentE٦J ٢F
Alternating Current K٣
sin wave‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KAlternating Current‫א‬‫א‬
current ( I )
time ( t )

Alternating CurrentE٧J ٢F

- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Resistance ‫ א‬٥J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

Resistor‫א‬١J ٥J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،RK‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
R 

Resistor‫א‬E٨J ٢F

‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Electric Power‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
Ohm{Ohm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ Ω 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬{ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Current (I)
Resistance (R)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F
Resistance of a wire‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٢
 W‫א‬Wires‫א‬
 KL{Length‫א‬ K١
KA{Cross-section Area‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬K{ ρ {MaterialE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٣
K
KTTemperature,‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ.L
R= E٧J ٢F
A
 W
 K Ω Resistance‫א‬ WR
 K Ω.m ‫א‬‫א‬ Wρ
 m{Length‫א‬ WL
 K m 2 ‫א‬{Cross-section Area‫א‬ WA
 E٤J ٢F
‫א‬K5m‫א‬،5mm‫א‬‫א‬
1.72 * 10 −8 Ω m ‫א‬‫א‬، 20o C ‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 W،E٧J ٢F‫א‬R‫א‬
ρ.L
R=
A
⎛ 5 ⎞
∴ R = 1.72 ∗ 10 −8
∗ ⎜ ⎟ = 4.38 Ω
⎜
( −3
⎝ π 5 ∗ 10 2 ⎠
2 ⎟
)
 Types of Resistors‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٢
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Opt-photo-ResistorsW‫א‬‫א‬ K١
{‫א‬{‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Thermal-ResistorsW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10000
1000
100
‫أوم‬
10
1
0 40 80 120 160 180 200
‫درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WVoltage Dependent Resistors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{VDR
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLinear Resistors‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 KW‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 Potentiometer‫א‬W
{Voltage Divider‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{EE،F١١J ٢F٣{٢{١‫א‬
 KMega Ohm‫א‬
 RheostatW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{(Kilo OhmF‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KEEF١١J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
1
+
2
2 V13 +
1 3
V23
2
- -
 EFEF    EF 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬K

K ‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Conductance‫א‬٤J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{Ampere per Volt‫א‬‫א‬SiemensG
 W‫א‬
1
G= E٨J ٢F
R
 WKSiemens
1
R=  E٩J ٢F
G
 K‫א‬‫א‬G‫א‬.Ohm

Energy and Power ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
،Power‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Energy‫א‬
،KEnergy‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEtF‫א‬EWF‫א‬‫א‬Energy‫א‬
W
P=  E١٠J ٢F
t
 W
 Kwatt‫א‬Energy‫א‬ P
 KJouleWork‫א‬ W
 Ksectime‫א‬ t

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1 JouleF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 WattF

- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٥J ٢F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬(5 secF(100 J)‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Erergy W 100 j
 P= = = = 20W
time t 5s
 Units of Energy‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Energy‫א‬،‫א‬
 Kilo Watt – hour (KWh )‫א‬ K١
 Watt – hour (Wh )‫א‬ K٢
 Watt – second (Ws )‫א‬ K٣

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KKilo Watt – hour (KWh )‫א‬
KKWh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

Watt – hour (Wh )‫א‬ Kilo Watt – hour (KWh )‫א‬ K


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 E1hF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(1 KWh )  K

 WKKW
 1KWh = 3.6 MJ .

- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٦J ٢F
8،250 W‫א‬EKWhF–‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
 Energy = W = P.t = (250W ) * (8h ) = (0.25 KW ) * (8h ) = 2 KWh

 E٧J ٢F
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
(a) 2500w for 2h
 W = (2.5 KW ) * (2h ) = 5 KWh
(b) 100 000w for 5h
W KWh = (100 KW ) * (5h ) = 500 KWh
 W Joule = (100000W ) * (5 * 3600 s ) = 1800000000 Joule = 18 * 10 8 J = 1.8GJ
 W
Second ‫א‬Walt ‫א‬‫א‬،Joule ‫א‬ J
(KW)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،KWh‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K(hour)‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Summary‫א‬
{Voltage‫א‬{Current‫א‬{Charge‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
KPower‫א‬Energy‫א‬‫א‬Electrical Resistance‫א‬‫א‬
 K Q = N * e ،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬Work‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
{
dW
KV = W ‫א‬Volt
dQ
،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K I = dQ WKCurrent‫א‬‫א‬
dt
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Energy‫א‬ K٥
K P = W WK‫א‬،Power
t
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

-٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Introduction١J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬Fundamental Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
George Simon ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K١٨٢٦Ohm’s LawOhm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ 
W‫א‬
V
I R
  
Slope = R + − 
V

I
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F
 Ohm’s Law ٢J ٣

‫א‬Voltage ‫א‬
 ‫א‬Current ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  KResistor ‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬George OhmK‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
I

A 
+ 
VS R V 

 -
 E٢J ٣F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Current Formula‫א‬EF ١J ٣J ٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS V
E١J ٣F I= , I=
RT R
 KA‫א‬IW
 KVVoltage Source‫א‬ VS 
 KV{Voltage Drop‫א‬‫א‬V
-٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١J ٣F
،50V‫א‬{100Ω ‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I 
A


100Ω V



 E١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V 50
I= = = 0.5A
R 100
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R •
KI ‫א‬V‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ⇐ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

-٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Resistance Formula‫א‬ ١J ٣J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V V
E٢J ٣F R= , RT = S
I IT
 W
 Ω {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W R T
 KA‫א‬I
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I T
 KV‫א‬E
 KV‫א‬‫א‬V
 E٢J ٣F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬{ 75µA ‫א‬{150mV ‫א‬
I = 75µA 
A

+

V 150mV 

-
 E٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V 150 * 10 −3
R= = − 6
= 2 * 10 3 Ω = 2KΩ
I 75 * 10
 WNote
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٣J ٣F
K30V‫א‬‫א‬0.5 mA‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
VS 30
RT = = = 60 * 10 3 Ω = 60 kΩ
I T 0.5 * 10 −3
 E٤J ٣F
‫א‬{10mAR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،25 V‫א‬
V = 25 V
V
I = 10 mA
A 

R1

 E٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F
 ‫א‬
V 25
R1 = = − 3
= 2.5 * 10 3 Ω = 2.5 kΩ
I 10 * 10
Voltage Formula ١J ٣J ٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
-٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Voltage Drop‫א‬ ١J ٣J ٢J ٣
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E٣J ٣F V = I.R
Voltage Source‫א‬ ٢J ٣J ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 { R T ‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٣F V S = I T .RT
 E٥J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬ 500 Ω ‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 0.1A‫א‬
 ‫א‬
V S = I T .RT = 0.1 * 500 = 50 V
 E٦J ٣F
 3mA‫א‬‫א‬ 27KΩ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
V S = I T .RT = 3 * 10 −3 * 27 * 10 3 = 81 V
-٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٧J ٣F
 0.8mA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 28 kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
V = I * .R = 0.8 *10−3 * 28 *103 = 22.4 V

 WNote
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V 
I R 
 
 E٦J ٣F

 W‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V = I*R       E٥J ٣F

V
 R =          E٦J ٣F
I
V
 I =            E٧J ٣F
R
 K‫א‬K
-٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
I 
A 
+

VS R V 

-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F

 W،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F
 E٨J ٣F
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  V = 100VandR = 22Ω K

100V R= 22Ω
‫א‬
 I
100V
 I= = 4,55 A
22Ω
 V = 50V and R = 1kΩ K
-٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
50V
 I= = 50 *10 −3 A = 50mA
1 *10 3 Ω
 V = 50kV and R = 100 NΩ K
 ‫א‬
50 * 10 3
I= = 0,5mA
100 *10 6

 
‫א‬Ampere 
 ‫א‬ •
Metric Prefixes ‫א‬‫א‬KOhm ‫א‬Volt 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬
Ampere‫א‬Volt‫א‬ •
Ohm ‫א‬

 E٩J ٣F
 100Ω 5A‫א‬‫א‬
I =5A

V R= 100Ω 

 ‫א‬
 I = 5 A, R = 100Ω
 V = (5 A) * (100Ω ) = 500V
 E١٠J ٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 R = 50Ω, I = 5mA K
-٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 V = (5 * 10 −3 A) * (50Ω ) = 250mV
 R = 3.3kΩ, I = 10mA K
 ‫א‬
 ( ) (
V = 10 * 10 −3 A * 3,3 * 10 3 Ω = 33V )

 E١١J ٣F
3A‫א‬‫א‬12V‫א‬‫א‬
 
3A

12V R


 ‫א‬
 V = 12V , I = 3 A
12V
 R= = 4Ω
3A
 E١٢–٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 I = 68,2µA and  V = 150v
 ‫א‬
150v
  R = = 2.2MΩ
68,2µA
-٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ، ‫א‬Current‫א‬ K٢
{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬
V
KI = W
R
W{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
V = I*R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬، R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

W
 K‫א‬ K١
K75%‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K35%‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

W‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 V = 5V , R = 1Ω K١
V = 15V , R = 10Ω K٢
 V = 50V , R = 100Ω K٣
 V = 30V , R = 15KΩ K٤
 V = 250V , R = 5.6MΩ K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{12V10KΩ  K٣
{
 J J J W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K12V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{25V K٥
KJ J J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 8Ω ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
Fuse 
120V V 100V



{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fuse‫א‬
 ‫؟‬100 V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 I = 2A , R = 18Ω EF
 I = 2.5A , R = 680Ω EF
I = 5A , R = 56Ω EF

‫א‬{3A 27Ω ‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬K
W‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬{V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 I = 2A , V = 10V EF
 I = 45A , V = 90V EF
 I = 5A , V = 50V EF

-٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
  R = 100Ω ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬Variable Voltage Source
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100 V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KI‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬
K V = 1V   ‫א‬ I = 5mA ‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V = 1.5V EF
V = 2V EF
 V = 3V EF
 V = 4V EF
 V = 10V EF
K‫א‬‫א‬{I‫א‬V‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
K

R = 3.3kΩ R = 3.9kΩ 

50V 75V 
R = 4.7 kΩ
100V
-٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction
١J ٤
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
KPower‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Energy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Power ‫ א‬٢J ٤
KWatt‫א‬ Watt‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
t‫א‬‫א‬KP
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Energy
E١J ٤F Power =
time
E
E٢J ٤F P=
t
 W
 ‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬
 W
 KWatt‫א‬Power‫א‬ WP
Watt
 K ‫א‬‫א‬JEnergy‫א‬ WE
sec ond
 Ksecondtime‫א‬ Wt

 WNote
WattW{ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬Joule‫א‬
Joule
E٣J ٤F Watt =
sec ond
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١J ٤F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬{5 sec‫א‬100 J‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Energy E 100 J
Power = = = = 20 Watt
time t 5 sec
 E٢J ٤F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬Kt = 30 sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{P = 100 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Energy
Power = ⇒ Energy = Power * time
time
E = P * t = 100 * 30 = 3000J = 3 kJ
 WNote
 KWEEnergy‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣J ٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.045 W EF
0.000012 W EF
3500 W EF
 10, 000, 000 W E
F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KMWkWWmW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKMW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،P=0.045 W EF
 W
P = 0.045 W = 0.045 * 10 3 * 10 −3 W = 45 * 10 −3 = 45 mW
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،P=0.000012 W E
F
‫א‬، µW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W
P = 0.000012 W = 0.000012 * 10 6 * 10 −6 W = 12 µW
W‫א‬kW،P=3500 W EF
P = 3500 W = 3500 * 10 −3 * 10 3 W = 3.5 kW
WMW‫א‬،P=10,000,000 W EF
P = 10,000,000 W = 10,000,000 * 10 −6 * 10 6 W = 10 MW
 WNote
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

E٤J ٤F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F1400 WEF
 KEF2500 WEF
 KEF1,000,000 WEF
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1400
 a. 1400 W = = 1.4 kW
10 3
W = P * t = 1.4 kW * 1h = 1.4 kWh
2500
2500 W = = 2.5 kW b.
10 3
W = P * t = 2.5 kW * 2h = 5 kWh
1000000
1000000 W = = 1000 kW c.
10 3
W = P * t = 1000 kW * 5h = 5000 kWh
Power in Electric Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٤

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Power‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KOhm’s Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٤F P = V.I
 W
 KWatt‫א‬{Power‫א‬ WP
 KA‫א‬ WI
 KV{‫א‬ WV
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
I

+ 

 R V


 ‫א‬E١J ٤F

‫א‬ V = I.R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
E٥J ٤F P = V.I = I.R.I = I 2 .R

V
‫א‬ I = ‫א‬،
R
 W‫א‬
V V2
E٦J ٤F P = V.I = V. =
R R
V E
E٧J ٤F R = , RT =
I IT
E٥J ٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬{10Ω ‫א‬‫א‬
I=0.7AEF
 I=1.4AEF
 I=2.1AEF
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
a. P = I 2 .R = (0.7) 2 * 10 = 4.9W
b. P = I 2 .R = (1.4) 2 *10 = 19.6W
P = I 2 .R = (2.1) 2 *10 = 44.1W c.
IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WK
E٨–٤F           P α I 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = 4.9 Watt ← I = 0.7 A EF
 P = 16.6Watt ← I = 1.4A EF
 KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬EF

 E٦J ٤F
‫א‬،15 V10 kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬12 kΩ ‫א‬

12 kΩ I 
+ - 
V +
 15V
10kΩ
 −
 E٦J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V 15 15
I= = 3
= 4 = 1.5 mA
R 10 * 10 10
V = I*R
= 1.5 * 10 −3 * 12 * 10 3 = 18 V
 KV=18 V ‫א‬

 E٧J ٤F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬120v100w
 ‫א‬
p
 Q P = V .I ⇒ I =
v
100w
 ∴I = = 0.83 A
120v
 E٨–٤F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2A I
2A

 10V R V 50Ω 5V 10Ω

 (a) (b ) (c)
 ‫א‬
 (a )l = VI = (10V ) * (2 A) = 20w
 (b )L = I 2 * R = (2 A 2 )* (50Ω ) = 200W 

2
( )
(c )L = V = 5v 25 = 2,5W
2

R 10Ω 10

- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Power Rating of Resistors‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٤

 Definition١J ٤J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬Power Rating of Resistors‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF،

 W
WPower Rating‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
1 1 1
W , W , W ,1W , and 2W
8 4 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Surface Area
K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،The Power RatingE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

 E٩–٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬،10v‫א‬ 62Ω 
 ‫א‬
 QV = 10VandR = 62Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v 2 100
 P= = = 1.6w
R 62
 K 2W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1wF1.6w‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Resistor Failures‫א‬EF٣J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Power Rating
 KOhmmeter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Summary‫א‬
Joule
K Watt = W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
sec ond
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
Kopen circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫• א‬
K
KAmpere. Hourx‫א‬ •
K١١x‫א‬‫• א‬








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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ 350 j s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫؟‬ 5h  7500 j ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫ ؟‬50ms 1000 j ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 kw ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  3750w EF   1000w EF
 500 w EF  50000 w EF

 Kx‫א‬Ex‫א‬ 5 *106 F‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ 2A  75V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ‫؟‬ R L ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 3A ‫א‬120V  K٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬100µA 10kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨


- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction ١J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Conductor ‫א‬،Capacitor‫א‬،Resistor ‫א‬K
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Series Connection‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Parallel Connection‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Series-Parallel Connection‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Series Connection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٥
 Series Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

R1 R1 
a a R1
a

R2
R2 R2
I
R3
R3
R3
b  b
R4
b  I
I
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١J ٥F
Total Resistance (RT)‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٢J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + K + Rn E١J ٥F

 E١J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
R 1 = 56 Ω R 2 = 100 Ω 

I 
VS R3 = 27 Ω 
R 5 = 5.6 Ω R 4 = 10 Ω 

 E١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = 56Ω + 100Ω + 27Ω + 10Ω + 5.6Ω = 198.6Ω
∴ R T = 198.6Ω
 E٢J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 22 Ω
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q R T = nR            E٢J ٥F
 ∴ R T = 8 * 22 = 176 Ω
 K‫א‬ n W
Ohm's Law in Series Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E٣J ٥F
،12.6 kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3.9 kΩ ‫א‬Voltage Drop‫א‬
R1 R2 

+ 
Vs = 20 V R3 =3.9 kΩ V=? 
_ 

 E٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
I‫א‬ ،‫א‬ R2،R1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS 20
I= = = 1.59mA
R T 12.6 * 103
V3 = I * R3 = 1.59 * 10 −3 * 3.9 * 10 3 = 6.19V
 6.19 VR3‫א‬‫א‬∴

 E٤J ٥F
KVs،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 5mA Fuse‫א‬ Vs‫א‬
5 mA Fuse R 1 = 1 kΩ R 2 = 3.3 kΩ
+
I = 1mA
VS R 3 = 4.7 kΩ
−


 E٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V1 = IR 1 = (1mA ) ⋅ (1KΩ ) = 1 * 10 −3 * 10 3 = 1V
( )
V2 = IR 2 = (1mA ) ⋅ 3.3 * 10 3 = 3.3V
V3 = IR 3 = (1mA ) ⋅ (4.7 * 10 Ω ) = 1 * 10
3 3
* 4.7 * 10 3 = 4.7 V
 KRTVS‫א‬
∴ R T = 1 + 3.3 + 4.7 = 9KΩ
VS = 1 * 10 −3 * 9 * 10 3 = 9V
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 WVSV1،V2 ،V3 

VS = V1 + V2 + V3 = 9V
EKirchhoff’s Voltage LawF‫א‬

 VS‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WNote
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKVLF

5mA‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
VS = 5mA * 9KΩ
VS = 5 * 10 −3 * 9 * 10 3 = 45V
 E٥J ٥F
 ‫؟‬VS‫א‬،1mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

− VS + 



1.5 kΩ 1.2 kΩ 
I


1.2 kΩ 5.6 kΩ
 E٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٥F
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
RT‫א‬‫א‬،VS‫א‬
R T = 1.2 + 5.6 + 1.2 + 1.5 = 9.5kΩ
∴ R T = 9.5kΩ
 VS‫א‬
VS = IR T = (1mA ) ⋅ (9.5kΩ ) = 1 * 10 −3 * 9.5 * 10 3
 ∴ VS = 9.5V

Voltage Sources in Series‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E٦J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E2،E1‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRT‫א‬

+

30 V 
V S1
+− R T = 200 Ω 
20 V
VS 2 
− 

 E٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٥F
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E1،E2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V ST = V S1 + V S 2
V ST = 30 + 20 = 50V
 W
V ST 50
∴I = = = 0.25 A
RT 200
∴ I = 0.25A
‫א‬‫א‬،ESeries–OpposingF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧J ٥F‫א‬

 E٧J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

+
25V 
−
+
V S1
RT 
15V VS2


− 

 E٧J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٥F
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VS1 , VS ‫א‬
2
‫א‬–H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
V ST = V S 2 − V S 2
V ST = 25 − 15 = 10 V
 E٨J ٥F
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
− E1 + − E 2 + − E3 + − E 4 +
1.5V 1.5V 1.5V 1.5V
ET
 E٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٥F
 ‫א‬
V ST = 4 * 1.5 = 6 V 
E Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL ٥J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
 W
Voltage Drops‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Voltage Drops‫א‬‫א‬  K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R2 R3 R4 

− V1 + − V2 + − V3 + − V4 + 



VS 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٥F
W،‫א‬‫א‬
v s = v1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4
‫א‬Voltage Drops‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
v s = v1 + v 2 + v 3 + ..........

 E٩J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ VS ‫א‬


+ + 5V - + 
VS
10V
− 
−


 E٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٥F
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 K
v s = v1 + v 2
v s = 5 + 10 = 15v
∴ v s = 15v
 E١٠J ٥F
‫א‬، I = 200mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ R 4  R 3 ، R 2 ، R1 ‫א‬

R 3 = 100 Ω R 2 = 47 Ω 


R4 R1 = 10 Ω



I = 200 mA 
E=100 V

 E١٠J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٥F
 ‫א‬
Ohm’s Law
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
 Voltage Drops‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
V1 = IR 1 = 200 * 10 −3 * 10 = 2V
V2 = IR 2 = 200 * 10 −3 * 47 = 9.4V
V3 = IR 3 = 200 * 10 −3 * 100 = 20V
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 WE R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬F v 4 

v s − (v 1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4 ) = 0
100 − 2 − 9.4 − 20 − v 4 = 0
68.6 − v 4 = 0
∴ v 4 = 68.6V
Voltage Divider ‫א‬ ٦J ٥

Voltage Divider Law‫א‬١J ٦J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Voltage Dividers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− V1 + 

+
R1 I
+ 
VS R2 V2 
− _ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ، R1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V1 = IR 1
V2 = IR 2
 K R1, R 2  V2 ، V1 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W R 2 = 100Ω ، R1 = 50Ω ، VS = 10V ‫א‬،
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R T = 50 + 100 = 150Ω
10 V 1
I= = A
150 Ω 15
1 1
V1 = IR 1 = * 50 = * 10 V
15 3
1
∴ V1 = (10) V
3
1 1
V2 = IR 2 = * 100 = (20) V
15 3
2
∴ V2 = (10) V
3
‫א‬K ‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬ V1 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Voltage Divider Formula ‫اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬ ٢-٦-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R1 R2 R3 R4

V1 + − V2 + − V3 + − V4 + − 
I 


VS + −

 ‫א‬E١٣J ٥F
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W،‫א‬ X  VX ‫א‬‫א‬
VX = IR X           E٣–٥F
  4 ، 3، 2،1‫א‬ x W
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS
 I =     E٤–٥F
RT
 E٣J ٥F‫א‬ I ‫א‬
⎛ VS ⎞
 VX = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟R X  E٥J ٥F
R
⎝ T⎠
 W VX ‫א‬
⎛R ⎞
VX = ⎜⎜ X ⎟⎟VS   E٦J ٥F
⎝ RT ⎠

 E١١J ٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬ V1 ‫א‬


+ 
R 1 = 100Ω
V1 
+
−
VS = 10 V 
− + 
R 2 = 56 Ω
V2

−


 E١١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٥F
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 E٦J ٥F‫א‬ V2 ، V1 
⎛R ⎞
VX = ⎜⎜ X ⎟⎟VS
⎝ RT ⎠
  R T ‫א‬‫א‬
R T = 100 + 56 = 156Ω
⎛R ⎞ 100
V1 = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟VS = * 10 = 6.41V
⎝ RT ⎠ 156
∴ V1 = 6.41V
 W، V2 
⎛R ⎞ 56
V2 = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟VS = *10 = 3.59V
⎝ RT ⎠ 156
 W، V2 ،‫א‬‫א‬
V2 = VS − V1 = 10 − 6.41 = 3.59V

 E١٢J ٥F
 E١٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C to D (e) B to D (d) B to C (c) A to C (b) A to B (a)
 W‫א‬
 VCD (e) VBD (d) VBC (c) VAC (b) VAB (a)
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

R1 = 1kΩ
A  B

 R2 = 8.2kΩ

VS = 25V C

 R3 = 3.3kΩ

D

 E١٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٥F
 ‫א‬
 R T ‫א‬‫א‬
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3
RT = 1 + 8.2 + 3.3 = 12.5kΩ
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WA,B‫א‬‫א‬ •
⎛R ⎞
VAB = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟VS
⎝ RT ⎠
1
VAB = * 25 = 2V
12.5
∴ VAB = 2V
 A,C‫א‬‫א‬ •
⎛ R + R2 ⎞
 V AC = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟VS
⎝ R3 ⎠
 VAC = ⎛⎜
9.2 ⎞
⎟ * 25 = 18.4V
⎝ 12.5 ⎠
∴ VAC = 18.4V
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 B،C‫א‬‫א‬ •
⎛R ⎞
VBC = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟VS
⎝ RT ⎠
⎛ 8.2 ⎞
VBC = ⎜ ⎟ * 25 = 16.4V
⎝ 12.5 ⎠
 ∴ VBC = 16.4V
 B،D‫א‬‫א‬ •
8.2 + 3.3 ⎞
 VBD = ⎛⎜ ⎟ * 25
⎝ 12.5 ⎠
⎛ 11.5 ⎞
VBD = ⎜ ⎟ * 25 = 23V
⎝ 12.5 ⎠
∴ VBD = 23V
 VCD ‫א‬ •
⎛ 3.3 ⎞
VCD = ⎜ ⎟ * 25 = 6.6
⎝ 12.5 ⎠
∴ VCD = 6.6V
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ { ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 E١٣J ٥F
 V3 ,V2 ,V1 EF
 C, A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 D, B ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
A 
1kΩ
V1 
R1
B 
Vs V2

10kΩ
R2

C

R3 3.3kΩ
V3 
D 

 E١٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٥F

 ‫א‬
 RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 14.3hΩ
R1 1hΩ
(1)V1 = = Vs = * 25V = 1,75V
RT 14.3hΩ
R1
V2 = = Vs = 17,5V
RT
R
V3 = 3 Vs = 5,75V (or : V3 = Vs − V1 − V2 )
RT
R + R2 11hΩ
(2)V AC = 1 * Vs = * 25V = 19.25V
RT 14,3hΩ
R +R
  (3)V BD = 2 3 * Vs = 23.25V
RT
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 
W‫א‬‫א‬Potentiometer‫א‬‫א‬ 

1 R13

3
Vs  Vs
2  R23

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٧J ٥F

Power in a Series Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
PT = P1 + P2 + ........... + Pn E٧J ٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PT 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1) PT = VS I       E٨J ٥F
  2) PT = I 2 RT         E٩J ٥F
V S2
 3) PT =  E١٠J ٥F
RT

- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١٣J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 = 10 Ω R2 = 18 Ω
R3 = 56 Ω
VS = 15 V
R4 = 22 Ω
 E١٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٧J ٥F

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
R T = 10 + 18 + 56 + 22 = 106 Ω
 W‫א‬E١٠J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS2 (15)2
∴ PT = = = 2.12 W
RT 106
 EJ ١٤J ٥F

 ،0.5 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 = 1kΩ R2 = 2.7kΩ 

R3 = 910Ω 
VS = 120 V 
R4 = 3.3kΩ
 

 EJ ١٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٨J ٥F
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4
R T = 1 + 2.7 + 0.91 + 3.3 = 7.91 kΩ
R T = 7.91 kΩ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS 120
I= = = 15.2 mA
R T 7.91
 W‫א‬
P1 = I 2 R 1 = (15.2 mA )2 (1 kΩ ) = 231 mW
P2 = I 2 R 2 = (15.2 mA )2 (2.7 kΩ ) = 624 mW = 0.62 W
P3 = I 2 R 3 = (15.2 mA )2 (910 Ω ) = 210 mW = 0.21 W

762
 P4 = I 2 R 4 = (15.2 mA )2 (3.3 kΩ ) = 762 mW = = 0.762 W
1000
 
‫א‬‫א‬ R 4 ، R 2 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،15.2mW
P2 = 0.62 W > 1 W
2
P4 = 0.762 W > 1 W
2
 K‫א‬1w‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 EJ ١٤J ٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1= 10Ω 
I

Vs=15V R2= 100Ω 


R3=1k 
 E١٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٨J ٥F
 ‫א‬
 RT W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 RT = R1 + R2 + R3 ⇒ RT = 110Ω
 W PT ‫א‬
2
V
 PT = s = 0.2W 
RT
 W
 P1 + P2 + P3  ‫א‬ 
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W،I‫א‬‫א‬
Vs 15v
 I= = = 13,5mA
RT 1110Ω
 W،‫א‬
 P1 = I 2 * R1 = 1.8mW
 P2 = I 2 * R2 = 18mW
 P3 = I 2 * R3 = 180mW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = 0.2W

- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Voltage With Respect to Ground ‫א‬ ٨J ٥

E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Reference Point.
‫א‬،100V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCircuit Ground‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬Ground‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE١٩J ٥F


+ 
R1 V1
+

−
V2 
a
− 
+
R2 V2 V 
− 


Ground‫א‬E١٩J ٥F
 
 Ka‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١٥J ٥F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K25 VVoltage Dropped ‫א‬‫א‬

+ − + − + − + −
a c a    c
b b 
+ + + +
100V 100V 
− − + − − − + −
e d e d

 (a) (b)

+ − C
c
a
b
+ +
100V
− − + −
e d
(c)

 E١٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫(א‬a-b-c)E٢٠J ٥F
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬
 Va ‫א‬،a‫א‬‫א‬، Va ‫א‬
 K‫א‬a‫א‬‫א‬a‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬
Ve = 0
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Vd = +25V
Vc = +50V
Vb = +75V
Va = +100V
 W‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬Eb F‫א‬‫א‬
Ve = −25V
Vd = 0V
 Vc = +25V
Vb = +50
 Va = +75V
 W‫א‬‫א‬،c‫א‬،EcF‫א‬‫א‬
Ve = −50V
Vd = −25V
Vc = 0V
Vb = +25V
Va = +50V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ke ← ،d،c،b‫א‬
KJ ،H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W VA EaF‫א‬‫א‬
Va = VS = 100V
Vb = 100 − 25 = +75V
Vc = 100 − 25 − 25 = +50V
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Vd = 100 − 25 − 25 − 25 = +25V
 ‫א‬e‫א‬
Ve = Vs + Vb + Vc + Vd + Ve
Ve = 100 − 25 − 25 − 25 − 25 = 0
∴ Ve = 0
 WNote  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W R1 ‫א‬
Vb = Vs − IR 1
 Kc،b،a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Troubleshooting ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOpen Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١F
KShort Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Open Circuit‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
V = IR = 0
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Cheek For Burned Resistor‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0V 0V 
+ 10V −


R1 R2 R2

VS = 10V

Open Circuit‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٥F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬KShort‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١٦J ٥F
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬، VS = 100V 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ a, b ‫א‬Short‫א‬E

10Ω 18Ω 
c
b

−

VS = 100V 33Ω 
+
39Ω 

a
 E١٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٥F
 ‫א‬
 K R T ‫א‬W 
R T = 10 + 18 + 33 + 39 = 100 Ω
100
I= =1A
100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬a , b‫א‬ShortW 
 E٢٣–٥FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A, B 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R T = 18 + 10 = 28 Ω
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 10Ω 18Ω
b 
C
−   
VS = 100V I 33Ω 
+  
a 
39Ω

 E١٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٥F

VS 100
I= = = 3.57 A
RT 28
 W‫א‬
 K 3.57 A 
 1 A ‫א‬‫א‬، A, B ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A, C ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬18 Ω ، 33 Ω ، 39 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R T = 10 Ω
VS 100
I= = = 10 A
R T 10
 K10 A ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Summary ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKVL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Series-Opposition‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Voltage Drops‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ground‫א‬
K‫א‬Negative Ground‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Positive Ground‫א‬‫ א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Open circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

K A, B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
A
R1
A B 
R2 
R1 R2 R3 
R3
B 

 
A
R2

B

R1 R4
R3
R5



12V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
120Ω ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، 5mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A 
R3 
+ 5 mA
A 
VS

−

R1


A

R2
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 1000 Ω ، 500 Ω EF
 56 Ω ، 47 Ω EF
 10 kΩ ، 2.2 kΩ ،1.5 kΩ EF
 2.2 MΩ ،1 kΩ ، 470 kΩ ،1 MΩ EF

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
R 2 = 10 Ω 

R 2 = 10 Ω R1 = 4.7 Ω

R 3 = 12 Ω
R 1 = 25.6 kΩ 
R4 =1Ω


R 3 = 2.2 kΩ

(a ) ( b)




R 1 = 1 MΩ R 5 = 10 M Ω 
R1 = 1 MΩ 


R 2 = 560 kΩ 

R 3 = 5.6 MΩ


(c)
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

‫א‬، 100 mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 1 = 45 Ω
+
VS R 2 = 15 Ω
−
R 3 = 90 Ω
A
، 25V   R 2 ‫א‬، 25mA  R1 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 ‫؟‬ R 2 
A
R1
+
VS R2 V
−
R3
، R1 = 10Ω ‫א‬، VS = 48V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ ؛‬R 3 = R 4 = 47Ω ، R 2 = 96Ω
، VS = 24V ‫א‬ R 2 = 5.6 kΩ ، R 1 = 4.7 kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

‫؟‬‫א‬



- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 W‫؟‬ VS
R 4 = 220Ω , R 5 = 47Ω & V5 = 1.124V  R 1 = 100Ω , R 2 = 56Ω , R 3 = 330Ω ,

R1 R2 

I 

R3 
VS
R5 R4 

V 

، V1 = 4.69 V   R1 ‫א‬‫א‬ VS = 15 V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١١
‫؟‬ R 1 = 1.5 kΩ  R 2 
R 1 = 1.5 kΩ, V1 = 4.69 V


V 

+ R1 R2

VS = 15V 
−


 I = 1.43mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
، V2 = 2V3 ، V1 = 2V2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، VS = 15V 
‫؟‬ R 3 ، R 2 ، R1 
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
R 1 = 15KΩ , R 2 = 10KΩ ,
R 3 = 6.8KΩ , R 4 = 2.2KΩ
R1 R2 
a

VS1 = 24V
R3

VS2 = 12V 
R4


 VS1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،a
 ‫א‬‫א‬

W 2.16V  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 WK،E R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬F V3 ‫א‬،E V1 = 2.16V F
R 4 = 220KΩ & R 3 = 560Ω , R 2 = 1KΩ , R 1 = 390Ω

VS2 
R 1 = 390 Ω R 2 = 1 kΩ 
A

I 
R 3 = 560 Ω
VS1 

R 4 = 220 Ω



- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ VS2 ، VS1 = 15V   ‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٦ 

KE V1 = 3.77V FW 3.77V  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬‫א‬ VS2 ‫א‬ K١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VS2 ‫א‬EE١٥F‫א‬‫א‬F R 2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V4 ، V3 ، V2 ، V1 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
F
‫؟‬ A, B, C, D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬
 W
R 1 = 12 kΩ, R 2 = 22 kΩ, R 3 = 47 kΩ & R 4 = 15 kΩ 
d 
c

R4

R3

b 

+
R2 
VS = 48V
− a 
+
R1 
V1
− 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 560 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٩
‫؟‬ R = 27 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠


A 
100 Ω

+ 
12V 56 Ω

−

B 

a
1kΩ
+ 2.2kΩ
8V
−
3.3kΩ
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction ١J ٦
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KVoltage Drop‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KVoltage Divider‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KCL 
‫א‬ Current Divider‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Parallel Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
 Parallel Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
E١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
A 
I I1 I I1 I2
I2

R1 R1 R2 
R2

B B

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ٦F
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R1  A
A I
I I1

I1 I2
R2 
I2 R1 R2 

B B 

I1 
R1 A
I2
I I1
A R1 R2
I
R2
B
I2 R3 I2
B
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F

Total Resistance (RT)‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٥
‫א‬،Parallel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 1
E١J ٦F = + + ..... +
R p R1 R2 RN
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
E٢J ٦F       RT =
1 1 1
+ + ....
R1 R2 RN
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K I T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RT ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RT ‫א‬‫• א‬
R1 R2
  RT = E ٣J ٦F
R1 + R2


+
 R1
VS R2
− 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ٦F

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RT  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
R
RT =
N



R1 R2 R3


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ٦F
 ، R1 \ \ R2 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 R1 \ \ R2 \ \..... \ \ R N W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Voltage Drop in Parallel Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١J ٦F
 E٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬

VS = 
25V

R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 =
1.8kΩ
F
1kΩ 2.2kΩ 2.2kΩ 3.3kΩ 
 

 KE١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٦F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = VS = 25V

 Kirchhoff’s Current Law٤J ٦

W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
K? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 W‫א‬‫א‬



- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 EJ ٣J ٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑ I Entering = ∑ I Leaving  EJ ٤J ٦F
 I (in ) + I in + I in3 + ..... + I inN
1 2
= I out 2 + I out 2 + .....I outN       EJ ٤J ٦F
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Node
K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE-F‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EJ ٢J ٦F
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R1

R2


R3


It

 + -
Vs

 KEJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٣J ٦F
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، I T ‫א‬‫א‬
Q ∑ I Entering = ∑I Leaving ⇒ I t = I 1 + I 2 + .. I 3 + I N 
 EJ ٢J ٦F
،E٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
I1 = 5mA
  I 2 = 12mA
IT
+ 
VS R1 R2

− IT 

B
 KEJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٣J ٦F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 5mA ‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬12mA
 I T = I1 + I 2
 = 5mA + 12mA = 17mA

 E٣J ٦F
 KE٤J ٦F‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IT = 100mA 
A
I 3 = 20mA 
I1 = 30mA
+  I2
VS R1 R2 R3

−
IT 
B 
 KE٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬{ I T  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3
 ∴ 100mA = 30mA + I 2 + 20mA ⇒ I 2 = 100mA − 50mA = 50mA
 E٤J ٦F
‫א‬ A1 , A 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
5A x I3
A1 
y

+   A2 
VS R1 R2 R3 
−
I1 = 1.5A I 2 = 1A 
IT

 KE٤J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F
‫א‬
 W 5A  x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5A = 1.5A + I A1
 K A1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I A1 W
∴ I A1 = 5 − 1.5 = 3.5A
 K 3.5A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y ‫א‬‫א‬
 ∴ 3 .5 A = 1 A + I A 2 ⇒ I A 2 = 3 .5 − 1 = 2 .5 A
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
 I A1 = 3.5A
 I A 2 = 2.5A
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Total Parallel Resistors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I1 R1 

I2 R2 
 
IT 

+ VS −
 
R1, R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ R1, R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ R T E‫א‬
 W‫א‬،
 I T = I1 + I 2 E٥J ٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
VS VS VS
 = + E٦J ٦F
R T R1 R 2
 K VS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1
  = + E٧J ٦F
R T R1 R 2
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1 R + R2
  = 1 E٨J ٦F
R T R1 ∗ R 2
 W
R1 ∗ R 2
  RT = E٩J ٦F
R1 + R 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R T 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬W
I1 R1 


I2 R2


I3 R3


IT


+ VS − 
 R1, R 2 , R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦F
 W
 IT = I1 + I2 + I3 E١٠J ٦F
 W‫א‬
VS VS VS VS
  = + + E١١J ٦F
R T R1 R 2 R 3
 W‫א‬ VS 
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
1 1 1 1
 = + + E١٢J ٦F
R T R1 R 2 R 3
 W
R1 ∗ R 2 ∗ R 3
 RT = E١٣J ٦F
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1
 RT = E١٤J ٦F
1 1 1 1
( ) + ( ) + ( ) +K+ ( )
R1 R2 R3 Rn
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٥J ٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬
A 
R 1 = 100Ω R 2 = 47Ω R 3 = 22Ω



B
 KE٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٦F
 ‫א‬
 WE١٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 ∗ R 2 ∗ R 3
 RT =
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3
 
100 ∗ 47 ∗ 22
 RT = = 13Ω
100 ∗ 47 + 100 ∗ 22 + 47 ∗ 22
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Q R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = K = R n = R E١٥J ٦F
1
 ∴ R T = R E١٦J ٦F
n
R
 or R T = E١٧J ٦F
n
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R W
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٦J ٦F
 K R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8Ω 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
R 8
 RT = = = 2Ω
n 4

 Determining an unknown Parallel Resistor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٦

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEE٩J ٦FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1R 2
RT =
R1 + R 2
‫א‬ R X ‫א‬ R A ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
RA 

RX 


RT

 K‫א‬E٩J ٦F
 R X ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R AR X
 RT = E١٨J ٦F
RA + RX
 R T (R A + R X ) = R A R X E١٩J ٦F
 R T R A + R T R X = R A R X E٣٠J ٦F
 R T R A = (R A − R T ) E٢١J ٦F
RTRA
 ∴R X =  E٢٢J ٦F
RA − RT
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٧J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150Ω ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 330Ω ‫א‬

R A = 330Ω


 RX

 KE٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٦F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ 330Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RA RX 330 R X
RT = ⇒ 150 =
RA + RX 330 + R X
150(330 + R X ) = 330 R X ⇒ 150 * 330 = 330 R X − 150 R X
150 * 330
 ∴R X = = 275Ω
180
 E٨J ٦F
 KE١١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10mA 

+ 
VS R 1 = 220Ω R 2 = 560Ω R 3 = 1kΩ

−


 KE٨J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٦F
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 R T ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
R1 ∗ R 2 ∗ R 3
RT =
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3
220 ∗ 560 ∗ 1000

RT = = 136Ω
220 ∗ 560 + 220 ∗ 1000 + 560 ∗ 1000
 ∴ V = IT * R T = 10mA * 136Ω = 1.36V
 E٩J ٦F
  ‫א‬،1kΩ ‫א‬ R 3 = 680Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K IT = 10mA
 ‫א‬
 W R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 ∗ R 2 ∗ R3 220 ∗ 560 ∗ 680
RT = ⇒ RT = = 128Ω
R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R 2 R3 220 ∗ 560 + 220 ∗ 680 + 560 ∗ 680
 ∴ V = I T * R T = 10mA * 128Ω = 1.28V
 Current Division in Parallel Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{
‫א‬KBranches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Current Divider Law‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،E١٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
I1 R1 
I2 R2
+ VS −

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٦F
 W I ‫א‬ I1 , I 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V = I * R T E٢٣J ٦F
 V = I1 * R 1 E٢٤J ٦F
 V = I 2 * R 2 E٢٥J ٦F
 W،‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٤J ٦F‫א‬E٢٣J ٦F‫א‬
  I * R T = I1 * R 1 E٢٦J ٦F
RT
 I1 = I E٢٧J ٦F
R1
 W،‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٥J ٦FE٢٣J ٦F‫א‬

RT
 I2 = I E٢٨J ٦F
R2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Node ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
RT
 IX = I E٢٩J ٦F
RX
 K X = 1,2,3,K, n W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W RT
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W RX
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X ‫א‬ X ‫א‬‫א‬ W IX
 K‫א‬
 EJ ١٠J ٦F
 KE١٣J ٦F‫א‬Branch‫א‬
I1 R1 = 680Ω 

I2 R 2 = 330Ω
I3 R 3 = 220Ω
10A

 KE١٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٦F
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 10A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬
R1 ∗ R2 ∗ R3
RT =
R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3
680 ∗ 330 ∗ 220

RT = = 111Ω
680 ∗ 330 + 680 ∗ 220 + 330 ∗ 220
RT 111
I1 = I T = 10 ∗ = 1.63A
R1 680
RT 111
I2 = IT = 10 ∗ = 3.36A
R2 330
RT 111
I3 = IT = 10 ∗ = 5.05A
R3 220
 W I 3 ‫א‬ I1 , I 2 
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3
10 = 1.63 + 3.36 + I 3
I 3 = 10 − (1.63 + 3.36)
∴ I 3 = 5.05A
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K I1 = 1.63A  R1 = 680Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬K I3 = 5.05A  R 3 = 220Ω ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
IT


I1 I2
 
R1 R2 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٦F
WE٩J ٦F‫א‬E٢٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
RT
 I1 = I T
R1
 
R 1R 2
 RT =
R1 + R 2
 WE٢٧J ٦F‫א‬ R T 

R1
 I1 = I T E٣٠J ٦F
R1 + R 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ I 2 
R2
 I2 = IT E٣١J ٦F
R1 + R 2
 I1 , I 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١J ٦F،E٣٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ I1 , I 2 , I 3 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ R1, R 2 , R 3 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I1 R1

I2 R2 -
- ١١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  










 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٥J ٦F
 W‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬‫א‬ I1 ‫א‬
RT
 I1 = IT
R1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬
R1 ∗ R 2 ∗ R 3
 RT = E٣٢J ٦F
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬ R T 
R2 ∗ R3
 I1 = IT . E٣٣J ٦F
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3
 W I 2 , I 3 
R1 ∗ R 3
 I2 = IT . E٣٤J ٦F
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3
R1 ∗ R 2
 I3 = IT . E٣٥J ٦F
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3
 EJ ١٠J ٦F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1=680Ω


R2=330Ω
- ١١١ -
R2=220Ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  







 ‫א‬EJ ١٥J ٦F
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬
1
 RT = = 111Ω
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟
⎝ 1
R R 2 R 3 ⎠
RT
I1 = I T = 1.63 A
R1
R
 I 2 = T I T = 3.36 A 
R2
R
 I 3 = T I T = 5.05 A
R3
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F I T ‫א‬‫א‬
 I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 10 A = I T

Power in Parallel Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٦
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + K + Pn E٣٦J ٦F

IT 
I2

I1 I3 In

PT R1 R2 R3 Rn
P1 P2 P3 Pn 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٦F
V2
 PT = V.I = I T2 .R T =  E٣٧J ٦F
RT
 W‫א‬
 P1 = I12 .R 1 E٣٨J ٦F
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 P2 = I 22 .R 2 E٣٩J ٦F
 P3 = I 32 .R 3 E٤٠J ٦F
 PT = P1 + P2 + P3 E٤١J ٦F
 KWatt‫א‬

 E١١J ٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



R 1 = 68 Ω R 2 = 33 Ω R 3 = 22Ω



 KE١١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٦F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
R1 ∗ R 2 ∗ R 3
RT =
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3
68 ∗ 33 ∗ 22
= = 11.1Ω
68 * 33 + 68 * 22 + 33 * 22
Q PT = I T2 .R T
= (2) 2 * 11.1 = 44.4W
 ∴ PT = 44.4W
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
VS = I.R T = 2 * 11.1 = 22.2V
VS2 (22.2) 2
P1 = = = 7.25W
.R 1 68
VS2 (22.2) 2
P2 = = = 14.9 W
.R 2 33
VS2 (22.2) 2
P3 = = = 22.4 W
.R 3 22
Q PT = P1 + P2 + P3
= 7.25 + 14.9 + 22.4
 ∴ PT = 44.6W
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Summary‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 R1 \ \ R2 \ \...... \ \ R N
 R1 + R2 + .....RN
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
RT =
1 1 1  W‫א‬‫א‬
+ + ....
R1 R2 RN
 RT = R1 + R2 + ......R N
R .R
RT = 1 2  RT = R1 + R2 
R1 + R2
 RT = R  RT = NR W‫א‬
N
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + .....PN  PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...PN W‫א‬‫א‬
2
 2 V s V 2S
PT = Vs I T = I T RT =
RT
 PT = VS I = I 2 , RT =
RT
   
 I T = I 1 + I 2 + ...... + I N  VS = V1 + V2 + ....V N

 Current Divider Voltage Divider
Rx
 Ix =
RT
IT  VX = V3
Rx RT
 ‫א‬ I x  ‫א‬ Vx

- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
 EF‫א‬EF

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 100Ω ‫א‬1.2kΩ ‫א‬E٢F
  R T ‫א‬
 1.2kΩ 100Ω EF 1.2kΩ EF
 90Ω EEF 90Ω 100Ω EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ 68Ω ، 270Ω  330Ω E٣F
 47Ω EF 668Ω EF
 22Ω EF 68Ω EF

{،1kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 1kΩ EF 8kΩ EF
  500Ω EF1kΩ EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EFEF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
 EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 EFEF
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K 3A ‫א‬، 5A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF 2A EF
 K‫א‬EF 8A EF

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 390 Ω, 560 Ω, 820 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
 
 560Ω EF 390Ω EF
 K‫א‬EF 820Ω EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
 ‫א‬EF EF
 EFEF‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
 4W EF1W EF
 16W EF 0.25W EF

- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R3 ‫א‬E١٢F

R1 R2
I
680Ω 1kΩ
VS I R3=?

R4 R5
I =10mA 
320Ω 1.5kΩ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
5.6KΩ


Vs 5.6KΩ
5.6 K Ω 

 B,A ‫א‬ 10V  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F

A
10V
R1
Vs B
R2 100Ω
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
V1 ?
V2 ?

V3 ? R
V4 ?
 V1
V2
100V 
V3 
V4

4R 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F

7.5mA

1mA 2mA 0.5mA 
+ R1 R2

R4
50Ω ٣R



  R2 , R3 , R4 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
10mA
R3
3.3kΩ
R1 R4
1kΩ R2 5.6kΩ
2.2kΩ
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F

10mA 


R3
3.3kΩ 
R1 R4
1kΩ R2 5.6kΩ 
2.2kΩ 
- 

W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F


+ R1 R2
33Ω
10V Ω33
-
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
E‫א‬-‫א‬F ‫א‬
 E‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
  Introduction ١J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K RT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EJ ١J ٧F
 KEJ ١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

R2 
R1 
R3 

R6 R5 R4 
R8

R7

R9

 KEJ ١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R 1 , R 7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( R8 // R9 ), ( R4 // R5 // R6 ), ( R2 // R3 )

R T = R1 + R 2 // R 3 + R 4 // R 5 // R 6 + R 7 + R 8 // R 9

 W
R 2R 3 R 4R 5R 6 R 8R 9
R T = R1 + + + R7 +
R 2 + R 3 R 4R 5 + R 4R 6 + R 5R 6 R8 + R9

- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 EJ ١J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


R1
A 

-
Vs R2
R3

+

D

 EJ ١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ٧F
 ‫א‬
A , D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ R3 , R2
RT = R1 + (R2 \ \ R3 )
 A → D ⇒  R 2 R3 
= R1 + (
R 2 + R3
 EJ ١J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬A,B‫א‬، RT ‫א‬‫א‬


R1 R2 

C D
E 
R3 R4 

B 
 EJ ١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ٧F
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 RT = (R1 // R2 ) + (R3 // R4 )

 E٢J ٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



R1

IT A
+
I3 I2 
VS R3 R2 
− R4 
IT B

 KE٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٧F
 ‫א‬

  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬، R 2 ، A ‫א‬
 R1, R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬K R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬ B ‫א‬ 
‫א‬، R 2 // R 3 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 , R 3 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W R T ‫א‬
R T = R1 + R 2 // R 3 + R 4
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٣J ٧F
 
 KE٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 


+ R2 R3

VS
−

R4 R5 


 KE٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 KE٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 


+ R2 R3

VS

−
R5

R4 



 KE٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ R T ‫א‬
RT = R1 + ( R2 // R3 ) + ( R4 // R5 )
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٤J ٧F
 KE٥J ٧F‫א‬ A, D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R2 R3  
R1

A

R4
R6 
D 
R5

 KE٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٧F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ R 2 , R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R T1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(R 2 + R 3 ) ⋅ R 4
R T1 =
(R 2 + R 3 ) + R 4

 KE٦J ٧F R 5 ‫א‬‫א‬ R T1 ‫א‬‫א‬

A 
R1 R T1

R6

R5 
D

 KE٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ D, A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R T = R1 + R 6 //( R T1 + R 5 ) 
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٥J ٧F
 K A, B, C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٧J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B 

R2 R1 


A C 
R3

 KE٥J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٧F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 , R 3  A, B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W R T ‫א‬‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 fromA → B : R1 \ \ (R2 + R3 )
R 1 * (R 2 + R 3 )
R TAB =
R 1 + (R 2 + R 3 )
 W B, C  A, C ‫א‬‫א‬
 fromA → C : (R1 + R2 ) \ \ R3
(R 1 + R 2 ) * R 3
 R TAC =
(R 1 + R 2 ) + R 3
fromB → C : (R1 + R3 ) \ \ R2
(R 1 + R 3 ) * R 2
R TBC =
(R 1 + R 3 ) + R 2




- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٧

Total Resistance ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 EJ ٦J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ RT ‫א‬‫א‬
R1
A 
10Ω 
Vs
-
R2 
R3
+ 100Ω 100 Ω 

B
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ RT ‫א‬‫א‬
 R1 + (R2 \ \ R3 )
  R2−3 = R = 50Ω ⇐ ‫א‬‫א‬ R3 , R2 W‫א‬

2
 ∴ RT = R1 + R2 −3 = 60Ω W R2−3 ‫א‬ R1 
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 EJ ٦J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RT ‫א‬‫א‬


R3
R1 
30Ω
10Ω


A R2 C
20Ω

 (1) fromAtoB
 (2) fromAtoC 
 (3) fromBtoC
 ‫א‬
WBA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
R1 B

A



R2 C R3
R1 .(R2 + R3 )
R1 \ \ (R2 + R3 ) ⇒ R AB = = 8.33Ω
R + R + R2
WCA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
A R2 C 


R1 B R3

R2 * (R1 + R3 )
R 2 \ \ (R1 + R3 ) ⇒ R AC = = 13.33Ω
R2 + R1 + R3
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
WCB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
B R3 C 



R1 A R2

R3 (R1 + R 2 )
R3 \ \ (R1 + R2 ) ⇒ R BC = = 15Ω
R3 + R1 + R2

‫א‬‫א‬ (R AB ) B,A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K (RCB ) C,B (R AC ) C,A

 EJ ٦J ٧F
 KE٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 2 = 47Ω R 3 = 47Ω
A B
R 4 = 68Ω 
R 1 = 100Ω R 6 = 75Ω
+
VS
R 5 = 39Ω
−
 KEJ ٦J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 , R 3 ‫א‬
R T2,3 = 47 + 47 = 94Ω

- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 R 6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 4 , R 5 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
68 * 39
R T4,5, 6 = + 75 = 99.8Ω
68 + 39
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 99.8Ω , 94Ω ‫א‬
99.8 * 94
R TA , B = = 48.41Ω
99.8 + 94

94Ω
A B 
100Ω 
+
99.8Ω 
VS
− 
 EJ ٦J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F
∴ R AB = 48.41Ω
 ∴ R T = 100Ω + 48.41Ω = 148.41Ω
 EJ ٦J ٧F
 KE٢٠J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 3 = 50Ω R 5 = 50Ω 
R 2 = 100Ω R 4 = 100Ω R 6 = 100Ω R 7 = 100Ω
R1 = 50Ω

 KEJ ٦J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 Q R 6 // R 7
100 * 100
∴ R 6, 7 = = 50Ω
100 + 100
 W‫א‬ R 6,7 ‫א‬‫א‬ R 5
R 5 + R 6,7 = 50 + 50 = 100Ω
 R 4 //(R 5 + R 6 // R 7 ) = 100 // 100 = 50Ω
 K‫א‬‫א‬ R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 3 + R 4 //( R 5 + R 6 // R 7 ) = 50 + 50 = 100Ω
 W، R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 * 100
R 2 //[R 3 + R 4 //(R 5 + R 6 // R 7 )] = = 50Ω
100 + 100
  R T ‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R T = 50 + 50 = 100Ω
 Current‫א‬W
Total Current‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W، I T ‫א‬‫א‬ RT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vs
 IT = 
RT
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٧J ٧F
 KE١١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IT Rc
A B
Ra 
VS
R b Rd RL


C D
 KE٧J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٧F
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K R d // R L ‫א‬‫א‬ R d , R L 
  R C + R d // R L  R C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ R b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
R b //[R C + (R d // R L )]
‫א‬، R a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R T = R a + R b //[R C + (R d // R L )]
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R T ‫א‬‫א‬


IT
A 
Ib Ic 
Ra Rc
B 
+

VS Rb Rd RL
− Id IL 
C 

D

 KE٧J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ia = IT
IT = Ib + IC
IC = Id + IL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬
 W I T ‫א‬
IT = I b + Id + I L

Branch Current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 EJ ٨J ٧F
 KEJ ١٣J ٧F I1 , I 2 , I 3 .I 4 ‫א‬‫א‬
IT I2

A
R2=330 Ω 
I1
-
B 
R1
Vs 
560 R3 R4=
+
Ω I3 560 Ω
50V
330 
I4
C


 EJ ٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٣J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R1 \ \[R2 + (R3 \ \ R4 )]
 W R1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 : .V1 = VS
 ‫א‬‫א‬
VS 50V
 I1 = = = 89mA
R1 560Ω
W I 2 E٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W{ R2−3− 4 ‫א‬
R 3 .R 4
 R 2 + ( R3 \ \ R 4 ) ⇒ R 2 − 3 − 4 = R 2 + = (330Ω ) + (207.6Ω ) = 538Ω
R3 + R 4
 W،
 
V2 50V
 ⇒ I2 = = = 93mA
R2−3− 4 538Ω
 W RT ‫ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R1 .R 2 −3− 4 560 * 538
 R1 \ \ R 2 −3− 4 ⇒ RT = = = 274.4Ω
R1 + R2 −3− 4 560 + 538
 W I T ، RT 
 W I T ‫א‬‫א‬
VS 50
 IT = = = 182mA
RT 274.4
 W I 2 
 ∑ I Entering = ∑ I Leaving
∴ I T = I 1 + I 2 ⇒ I 2 = I T − I 1 = (182 − 89)mA = 93mA
 W I 3 , I 4 E٣F
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
R3− 4 R
I3 = I 2  and I 4 = 3− 4 I 2
R3 R4
R3 R4 ⎧ I 3 = 58.5mA.⎫
R3− 4 = = 207.6Ω ⇒ ⎨ ⎬
R3 + R 4 ⎩ I 4 = 34.5mA ⎭
 
 W I 4 = I 2 − I 3 ‫א‬ I 4  I 3 

 Voltage divider‫א‬ R4 , R3  VCB ‫א‬K
R3− 4 207.6Ω
 ⇒ V BC = * VS = * 50 = 19.3V
R 2 + R3 − 4 (330 + 207.6Ω )
  I 3 , I 4 
V BC
 I3 = == 58.5mA
R3
V
 I 4 = BC = 34.5mA
R1
 W،‫א‬ V AC K
 ( )
V 2 = V AB = I 2 * R 2 = 93 * 10 −3 * 330 = 30.7V W R2  V AB 
 V BC = V S − V AB = 50 − 30.7 = 19.3V W
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W، I 4 , I 3 ‫א‬
VCB
= 58 .5 mA  and I 4 =
V CB
I3 = = 34.5mA
R3 R4

 EJ ٨J ٧F
 KE١٠J ٧F R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IT R1 = 1kΩ 

I2 I3
+ R 2 = 2.2kΩ R 3 = 3.3kΩ
VS = 22V
−
 KEJ ٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٣J ٧F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ R 3  R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K A ‫א‬‫א‬
 K R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 2R 3
R T = R1 +
R2 + R3
(2.2kΩ)(3.3kΩ)
R T = 1kΩ +
2.2kΩ + 3.3kΩ
∴ R T = 1kΩ + 1.32kΩ = 2.32kΩ
∴ R T = 2.32kΩ
VS 22V
IT = = = 9.48mA
R T 2.32kΩ
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3.3kΩ
I 2 = 9.48mA * = 5.69mA
5.5kΩ
W
2.2kΩ
I 3 = 9.48mA * = 3.79mA
5.5kΩ
 EJ ٨J ٧F
  VS = 50V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I2 
I1
R2 
+ R1
330Ω A 
VS = 50V 560Ω
I3 I4 
−
R3 R4
330Ω 560Ω
 KEJ ٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٣J ٧F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 50V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K R 3 , R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬ I 4 ‫א‬
 K R 2 , R 3 , R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K R 2 , R 3 , R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I 2 W
 K‫א‬ I 4 ‫א‬ A ‫א‬ I 2 W
R T2,3, 4 = R 2 + R 3 // R 4
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R 3R 4
= R2 +
R3 + R4
330 * 560
= 330 + = 538Ω
330 + 560
∴ R T2,3, 4 = 538Ω
 W
50
I2 = = 93mA
538
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ R3 ⎞
I 4 = I 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 34.5mA
⎝ R3 + R4 ⎠
∴ I 4 = 34.5mA
Voltage Drops‫א‬‫א‬W

 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩J ٧F
‫א‬،EJ ١٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K R1 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

R1 = 150Ω 

A

+ R 2 = 560 Ω R 3 = 560 Ω 
VS = 80V

− B

 KE٩J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٤J ٧F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 , R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
560 * 560
R T2,3 = = 280Ω
560 + 560
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
RTAB = (560) = 280Ω
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 280Ω ‫א‬


R1 = 150Ω
A 

+ 
280Ω
VS = 80V 
− 
B

 KE٩J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٤J ٧F
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R T = 150 + 280 = 430Ω
  V AB ‫א‬‫א‬
⎛R ⎞
V AB = ⎜⎜ AB ⎟⎟V S
⎝ RT ⎠
 K‫א‬‫א‬ R AG 
⎛ 280 ⎞
V AB = ⎜ ⎟ * 80 = 52.1V
⎝ 430 ⎠
  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 V S = V1 + V AB
 V1 = V S − V AB = 80 - 52.1 = 27.9V
∴ V1 = 27.9V
 E١٠J ٧F
 EJ ١٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 = 1kΩ  

IT = 1mA I1

I2
+ 
VS R 2 = 2.2kΩ 
− I3 R 4 = 1.5kΩ

I4
R 3 = 3.9kΩ R 5 = 560Ω 


 KE١٠J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٤J ٧F
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 R1 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R1, R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ R2 ⎞
I1 = I T ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 + R 2 ⎠
⎛ 2.2kΩ ⎞
= 1mA⎜ ⎟ = 688µA
⎝ 1kΩ + 2.2kΩ ⎠
∴ I1 = 688µA
  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V1 = I1 .R 1 = 688µA * 1kΩ
V1 = 688mV
 W‫א‬ R 3 ‫א‬ I 3 ‫א‬
⎛ R 4 + R5 ⎞
I3 = IT ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
R
⎝ 3 + ( R 4 + R )
5 ⎠
 W‫א‬ I T 
I3 = 346µA
 W R 3 , R 4 , R 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V3 = I 3 .R 3 = (346µA)(3.9kΩ)
∴ V3 = 1.35V
 W، R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬ V4 
I 4 = I5 = IT − I3
= 1mA - 346µA
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 = 1mA - 0.346mA
 ∴ I 4 = 0.654mA
 V4 = (0.654mA)(1.5kΩ) = 0.981V
∴ V4 = 981mV
 V5 = I 5 * R 5 = 366mV
 E١١J ٧F
 KE١٥J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
R 1 = 3.3kΩ 
A B 
+ R 3 = 1kΩ 
VS = 8V R 2 = 6.2kΩ C 
− 
R 5 = 680Ω

R 4 = 1kΩ 
R 6 = 390Ω

D 
 KE١١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٧F
 ‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٧F‫א‬
 W A, B ‫א‬‫א‬RAB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1R 2
R AB = = 2.15kΩ
R1 + R 2
 W C, D ‫א‬‫א‬RCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R 4 (R 5 + R 6 )
R CD = = 517Ω
R4 + R5 + R6

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١٦J ٧F
R AB = 2.15kΩ

+ R 3 = 1kΩ 
VS = 8V 
− R CD = 517Ω 

 KE١١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٧F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛R ⎞
VAB = ⎜⎜ AB ⎟⎟VS = 4.69V
⎝ RT ⎠
⎛R ⎞
VCD = ⎜⎜ CD ⎟⎟VS = 1.13V
⎝ RT ⎠
⎛R ⎞
V3 = ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟VS = 2.18V
⎝ RT ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛R ⎞
VAB = V1 = V2 = 4.69V⎜⎜ AB ⎟⎟VS = 4.69V
⎝ RT ⎠
 K (R 5 + R 6 ) ‫א‬‫א‬ R 4 ‫א‬ VCD ‫א‬
⎛ R5 ⎞
V5 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟VCD = 718mV
⎝ R5 + R6 ⎠
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
⎛ R6 ⎞
V6 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟VCD = 412mV
⎝ R5 + R6 ⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٧
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧F

 E١٢J ٧F
 W‫؟‬‫א‬،E١٧J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V1 = 12V, V2 = 8V, V3 = 8V, V4 = 5V

R1


+ 
R2 R3
VS

− R4 

 KE١٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 VS ‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VS = V1 + V2 + V4
= 12 + 8 + 5 = 25V

- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١٣J ٧F
 W، VS  V4 = 28.2V ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 = 2.7kΩ, R2 = 2.2kΩ, R3 = 5.6kΩ, R4 = 10kΩ, R5 = 15kΩ, R6 = 820Ω
R1 
IT
I1 
I2 IT
+
VS R2 I3 I5
I4
−
R3 R4 R5
IT 
R6

 KE١٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
I T = I3 + I 4 + I5
، R 3 , R 4 , R 5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ V4 = 28.2V 

W I 3 , I 4 , I 5 ‫א‬‫א‬
28.2
I4 = = 2.82mA
10k
28.2
I5 = = 1.88mA
15k
28.2
I3 = = 5.04mA
5.6k
∴ I T = 5.04mA + 1.88mA + 2.82mA = 9.74mA
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 R eq ‫א‬‫א‬ I T 

 W I T  R 3 , R 4 , R 5 
V4
IT =
R eq
 W
R 3R 4 R 5
R eq = = 2.896kΩ
R 3 R 4 ,+ R 3 R 5 + R 4 R 5
28.2
∴IT = = 9.74mA
2.896 * 10 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  R1 // R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V1 = V2 = I T (R 1 // R 2 )
R 1R 2
 = IT ( )
R1 + R 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V1 = V2 = 11.8V
  R 6 ‫א‬‫א‬
V6 = I T .R 6 = 9.74 * 10 −3 * 0.82 * 10 3
 ∴ V6 = 7.99V
  VS ‫א‬
VS = V1 + V4 + V6
 = 11.8 + 28.2 + 7.99 = 48V
 ∴ VS = 48V
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬ VS E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  VS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VS E٢F
‫א‬
 W
VS = IT * R T

















- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
⎛R ⎞
VX = VS ⎜⎜ X ⎟⎟
⎝ RT ⎠

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W R X 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W VX 
 ‫א‬W VS 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W R T 

‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٥F
 K‫א‬Common Reference Point
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١

R1 = 56Ω


+ 
R 2 = 100Ω R 3 = 100Ω
VS = 1.5V

−
R 4 = 27Ω 

(a) 

R1

+
680Ω 
VS = 3V
− 
R2 R3 R4
680Ω 180Ω

330Ω


(b)


R 2 = 6.2kΩ


+ R 3 = 3.3kΩ

R 1 = 1kΩ 5V
R 4 = 10kΩ 
−

R 5 = 5.6kΩ

 
(c )

- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 2 = 1kΩ 

− 
1V R 1 = 1kΩ R 3 = 2.2kΩ R 4 = 3.3kΩ
+
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (A, B) ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤


R1 = 1kΩ R 2 = 330Ω

+ R 3 = 470Ω R 5 = 1kΩ R 6 = 1.5kΩ

100V A B
R 4 = 560Ω R 7 = 680Ω
− R 8 = 100Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

P = 20 W R2 
4A R1 P = 2W
20V
+ 5V
R3 R4 R5 R6 1V
40V
− 1A R8
R7 
1A
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬، R L = 10kΩ ‫א‬KE (A, B) ‫א‬FNo Load‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


+ R 1 = 10kΩ

22V A

− R 2 = 5.6kΩ
RL
R 3 = 2.7 kΩ
B

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
  R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 I T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
  910Ω ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K VA , VB  A, B ‫א‬EF

+ 56Ω 56Ω 
60V
910Ω

−

560kΩ 
1kΩ 1kΩ
560kΩ
A 1kΩ B 1kΩ
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 WLadder Network‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 R T ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 VA ،A‫א‬‫א‬EF
 VB ،B‫א‬‫א‬
R 3 = 1kΩ 
R1 = 5.6kΩ R 5 = 1kΩ
A B


R 2 = 2.2kΩ R 4 = 2.2kΩ R 6 = 1kΩ

18V

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  A, B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 W‫א‬
R1 = 100Ω R 3 = 220Ω 
R 5 = 100Ω
A
IT I2 I3 I4 I5
+
R 2 = 820Ω 
R 4 = 820Ω R 6 = 680Ω
− 
R 9 = 100Ω

B
IT R 8 = 220Ω R 7 = 100Ω 
‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 ‫؟‬ VS = 10V ،10V A, B ‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 1 = 10kΩ, R 2 = 20kΩ, R 3 = 60kΩ, R 4 = 15kΩ, R 5 = 5kΩ
 

R3 A R5
+
R2
100V
VA R4 VC
B −
R1 VB

C 
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction  ١J ٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEAlternating Current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٨
Voltage Source‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Current Source
 K‫א‬
Constant Voltage Source ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RS ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١

+ RS
VS 
RL 
−



 E١J ٨F
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 R S ،Ideal Voltage Source ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
E١J ٨F   R L >> R S
 Constant Current Source  ٢J ٢J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R S
 KE٢J ٨F،
A 

iS A RS 

B 
 EJ ٢J ٨F
 A

iS A RS RL 

B 
 EJ ٢J ٨F
 R S ،Ideal Current Source ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ٨F   R S >> R L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Source Conversions ‫א‬ ٣J ٢J ٨

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣J ٨F‫א‬
A 
A
+ RS iL i L
VS
−
RL ≡ iS I RS RL



B B 
 KE٣J ٨F
 W IL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS
 E٣J ٨F   IL =
RS + R L
 W IL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ RS ⎞
 E٤J ٨F   I L = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟iS
R
⎝ S + R L⎠
 WE٤J ٨FE٣J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٨F   VS = R S ⋅ i S
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١J ٨F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(a )R L = 100Ω  (b)R L = 560Ω  (c)R L = 1KΩ
A
iL


iS
I RL
1A
RS 
10kΩ 
B 
 KE١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٨F
 ‫א‬
 R L = 100Ω 
 IL ،E٣J ٨F
⎛ R ⎞
 I L = ⎜⎜ S ⎟⎟iS
R
⎝ S + R L⎠
10kΩ ⎞
 I L = ⎛⎜ ⎟ * 1 = 990mA = 0.99A
⎝ 10.1kΩ ⎠
 W، R L = 560Ω 
10kΩ ⎞
 IL = ⎛⎜ ⎟ *1 = 0.947 A
⎝ 10.56kΩ ⎠
 W{ IL  R L = 1KΩ 
10kΩ ⎞
 IL = ⎛⎜ ⎟ *1 = 0.909A
⎝ 11kΩ ⎠
 R L  iS ٪١٠ IL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R S ‫א‬

- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٢J ٨F
 K I L = 750mA ‫א‬ R L ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A 
iL 

i S = 1A I R S = 10kΩ RL


B

 KE٢J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،E٣J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ R ⎞
 I L = ⎜⎜ S ⎟⎟iS
R
⎝ S + R L⎠
 W‫א‬ iS ، R S ‫א‬
 0.75(10 + R L ) = 10 ⇒ 7.5 + 0.75 R L = 10

2.5
 0.75 R L = 2.5 ⇒ R L = = 3.33kΩ
0.75

 E٣J ٨F
 K‫א‬E٦J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A 
+ R S = 50Ω 
VS = 100V

−

 B
 KE٣J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٨F
- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
VS 100
 iS = = = 2A
R S 50
 W،E٧J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A 

i S = 2A I R S = 50Ω 

B 
 KE٣J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F
٣J ٨
Superposition Theorem ‫א‬
?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ١J ٣J ٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Superposition Theorem ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣J ٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Superposition Theorem‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ K١
- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Open Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬،Short Circuit

A 
A A A
 
Vs As

B B B B
- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ٣J ٣J ٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ R S ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 KShort Circuit‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، R S ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
Open-Circuit‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R2 
a

+ +
VS1 VS2 
R3 
− −

b

 K‫א‬E٨J ٨F
- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E R 3  ‫א‬Fab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I 2 ، I1 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٩J ٨F‫א‬
،‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

I1 I2
a 
a
+ R1 R2 R1 +
+
R2
VS1 VS2
R3 R3


b  b
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٨F
 EJ ٤J ٨F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
a
R1 = 100Ω R 3 = 100Ω

+
+
10V 
R 2 = 100Ω 5V
− 
−

b 
 KEJ ٤J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٨F
- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WE١١J ٨F10 V‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a
+ R1 = 100Ω R 3 = 100Ω
10V
R 2 = 100Ω
−
b
 KEJ ٤J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 V‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٨F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬
R 2 * R3 100 * 100
RT = + R1 ⇒ RT = + 100 = 150Ω
R 2 + R3 100 + 100
VS 10
IT = = = 66.7mA
R T 150
 W‫א‬‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100
 Iab = 66.7 * = 33.3mA
100 + 100
WE١٢J ٨F5 V‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

a 
R1 = 100Ω R 3 = 100Ω 
+

R 2 = 100Ω 5V
− 

b
 KEJ ٤J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 V‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٨F
- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R 2 100 * 100
RT = R3 + ⇒ RT = 100 + = 150Ω
R + R21 100 + 100
VS 5
 IT = = = 33.3mA
R T 150
 Wab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ R1 ⎞ 100
I ab = I T ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ I ab = 33.3 * = 16.7 mA
⎝ R1 + R 2 ⎠ 100 + 100
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ITab = 33.3 + 16.7 = 50mA
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EJ ٤J ٨F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K R3 ‫א‬‫א‬ I T ‫א‬

Vs1 
20v

R1

1KΩ

A
 R3
R2
2.2KΩ
1KΩ
Vs2
15v
B
- ١٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 W VS ‫א‬‫א‬W١‫א‬
1
 VS 2 = o ⇒ ShortCircuit



Vs1
 20v

 R1
1KΩ

A
Replace Vs2
with a short

R3
 R2
2.2KΩ
1KΩ


 B


 W VS ‫א‬
1
 R T = R 1 + (R 2 \ \ R 3 ) 
R 2 R3
 RT (S 1 ) = R1 + = 1.69kΩ
R 2 R3
VS1 20v
 ⇒ I I ( S1 ) = = = µA
RT (S11 ) 1069kΩ
 WA,B‫א‬
R2 −3
 ⇒ I 3(S1 ) = * I T( S )
R3 1
R 2 R3
 R 2 −3 = = 687.5Ω ⇒ I 3( S ) = 3.69mA
R 2 + R3 1
- ١٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W VS ‫א‬‫א‬W٢‫א‬
2
 VS 1 = o ⇒ ShortCitcuit
 Replace Vs1
with a short

Vs1 
20v


R1

1KΩ
A
R2
 R3
2.2KΩ

1KΩ
Vs2

15v

B

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R3 R1

A
C 
R3 
Vs2


 W VS ‫א‬
2
R1 R3
 RT = R 2 + (R1 \ \ R3 ) ⇒ RT ( S 2 ) = R 2 + = 1.69 KΩ
R1 + R3
VS 2
 I T (S2 ) = = 8.88mA
RT (S s )
R1−3
 I 3( S 2 ) = I T ( S1 )
R1
RR
 R1−3 = 1 3 = 687.5Ω ⇒ I 3( S 2 ) = 2.78mA
R1 + R3
- ١٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٣‫א‬
I 3 = I 3( S1 ) _ I 3( S 2 ) = 3.69mA − 2.78ma

⇒ I 3 = 0.91mA
 I 3( S1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I

 EJ ٤J ٨F
 K R2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R2 
12Ω 
I2 
Vs R2
Is = 9A 
6Ω
36 V 

 ‫א‬
 W، VS ‫א‬ K١
 Q Is = o ⇒ Open Circuit
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐
R1 
I =0

I2(vs)

R2
Vs 


 ‫א‬‫א‬ R2 , R1 ‫א‬
 RT = R1 + R 2 ⇒ RT = 12 + 6 = 18Ω
V 36
 ∴ I 2 (Vs ) = I T = S = = 2A ↓
RT 18
- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W، I S ‫א‬ K٢
 QVs = o ⇒ Short Circuit
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐
R1=12 Ω 
I2 
Is = 9A 
R2
6Ω 


 K I s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R2 , R1 ‫א‬
 W I 2 ،CDL‫א‬‫א‬
R1,.2
 Current Divider Law ⇒ I 2(Is ) = IS
R2
R1 * R 2 6Ω * 12Ω
 Q R1, 2 = = = 4Ω
R1 + R 2 6Ω + 12Ω
4Ω
 ∴ I 2(I S ) = * 9A = 6A ↑
6Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W R2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫∴א‬
 I 2 = I 2( I S ) − I 2(VS ) = 4 A ↑
 K I 2(I ) ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
 E٥J ٨F
 KE١٣J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a 
+ R1 = 220Ω
10V
R 2 = 100Ω A i S = 100mA
−
b
 KE٥J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٨F
- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤J ٨F10 V‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a 
+ R 1 = 220Ω

10V
R 2 = 100Ω 
−


b

 KE٥J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٨F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R T = 220 + 100 = 320Ω
10
 iT = i ↓R2 = = 31.2mA
320
 31.2mA 10V ‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴

KE١٥J ٨F100 mA‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

a
R1 = 220Ω 

R 2 = 100Ω A i S = 100mA


b 
 KE٥J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٨F
- ١٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬
 i ↓R = iS ⎛⎜ ⎞
220
⎟
2 220 + 100
⎝ ⎠
‫א‬ i s ،‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ i ↓ R 2 

 W‫א‬،‫א‬
⎛ 220 ⎞
i ↓ R 2 = 100⎜ ⎟ = 68.8mA
⎝ 320 ⎠
 ∴ i ↓ R 2 = 68.8mA
 K 68.8mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i = 31.2 + 68.8 = 100mA


 Thevenin's Theorem ٤J ٨
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Thevenin's Theorem
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KThevenin's EquivalentEF

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ RTh ‫א‬‫א‬  VTh 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R Th ‫א‬‫א‬ VTh 
 KE١٦J ٨F
- ١٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R Th
A
VTh 
I r 

B
 K??‫א‬E١٦J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R Th ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬ I ‫א‬
VTh
 E٦J ٨F  I =
R Th + r
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Open Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K VTh ‫א‬‫א‬
EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 F R Th ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Short Circuit‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R Th 
 R Th ‫א‬‫א‬ VTh E‫א‬F E٣
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ KE١٦J ٨F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VTh
 I=
R Th + r
 ‫א‬‫א‬KComplex Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬Output‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬Open E١
 K VTh ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ R Th 
Series Circuit‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F E٣
K‫א‬ R L  R Th ، VTh 

 E٦J ٨F
 K‫א‬a،b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a
+ R 1 = 4Ω R 2 = 8Ω
+
10V
R 3 = 6Ω 5V
−
−
b

 KE٦J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٨F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬Open‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K VTh ‫א‬b،a‫א‬
a 
+ R 1 = 4Ω R 2 = 8Ω
+ 
10V
5V 
− I − 
b
 Kab‫א‬E٦J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٨F
- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10 − 5 = I(4 + 8)
10 − 5 5
 ∴I = = A
12 12
 W‫א‬‫א‬ Va 
∴ Va = 10 − I * 4
5
Va = 10 − * 4 = 8.33V
12
 ∴ VTh = 8.33V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ a‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5V  ‫א‬ ‫א‬a‫א‬

 W Va ‫א‬‫א‬
Va = 5 + I * 8
8
Va = 5 + *8
12
 Va = 5 + 3.33 ≈ 8.33V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Va ‫א‬‫א‬

 R Th = R ab K‫א‬Short R Th W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R 1 = 4Ω R 2 = 8Ω

a

b 

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٨F
- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 KE٢٠J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R 1 = 4Ω R 2 = 8Ω

a

b 

 KE١٩J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٨F
 WRTh‫א‬
4*8
∴ R Th = R ab = = 2.66Ω
4+8

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١J ٨F
R Th = 2.66Ω 
A 

VTh = 8.33V
I 6Ω 

B 
 KE٦J ٨FE٢١J ٨F
 Wab‫א‬‫א‬
VTh 8.33
 I ab = = = 0.96A
R Th + 6Ω 2.66 + 6
- ١٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٧J ٨F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ٨F، Vs1 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IT1

a 
+ R 1 = 4Ω R 2 = 8Ω

10V
Iab1 R 3 = 6Ω 
−


b
 KE٧J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 V‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٨F
 WIab1‫א‬
8*6
RT = 4 + = 7.43Ω
8+6
10 8
iT 1 = = 1.345 A ⇒ i ab1 = 1.345 * = 0.77 A
7.43 8+6
 KE٢٣J ٨F، Vs 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


IT2
a 
R 1 = 4Ω R 2 = 8Ω 
+
Iab2 R 3 = 6Ω 5V 
− 

b

 KE٧J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 V‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٨F
- ١٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 WIab2‫א‬
4*6
RT = 8 + = 10.4Ω
4+6
5
 iT = = 0.48A
10.4
4
 i ab = 0.48 * = 0.192A
4+6
،‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i ab = 0.77 + 0.192 = 0.962A
 K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨J ٨F
 W‫א‬E٢٤J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF
 KEF

a 12kΩ

 
R L = 8kΩ
2mA I   10kΩ 

b 
 KE٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٨F
- ١٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬12KΩ ، 8KΩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K10KΩ ‫א‬‫א‬
10 1 2
∴i ↓ = 2 * ⇒ i ↓ = 2 * = mA
RL 10 + 20 RL 3 3
 K‫א‬W 
 KEJ ٢٥J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬ VTh  R L ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

a 12kΩ 

I=0 VTh

2mA I 10kΩ
⇐ 

b
 KRLE٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢٥J ٨F
∴ VTh = 2mA * 10KΩ = 20V

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEJ ٢٥J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

a 12kΩ 

I=0 R Th
open 10kΩ
⇐ 


b
 K‫א‬E٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢٥J ٨F
- ١٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 WRTh
 ∴ R Th = 10 + 12 = 22KΩ
 KE٢٦J ٨FW‫א‬‫א‬
R Th = 22kΩ 
A 

VTh = 20V
R L = 8kΩ 
I


B

 KE٨J ٨FE٢٦J ٨F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VTh
∴I =
R TH + R L
20 20V 2
I= = = mA
22 + 8 30KΩ 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤J ٨
،Bridge Circuit‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Thevenin's Theorem،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٧J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 K R L ‫א‬D،COutput‫א‬B،A‫א‬
- ١٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬D،C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSource‫א‬B،A‫א‬
A


R1 R2

 RL
VS C  D

R3 R4


B
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٨F
 E٩J ٨F
 W‫א‬،E٢٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KD،C‫א‬ R L ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K R L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

A

R 3 = 330Ω R 2 = 680Ω

R L = 1kΩ 
VS = 24V C D 

R 3 = 680Ω R 4 = 560Ω


B
 KE٩J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٨F
- ١٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D،C‫א‬ R L ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W VTh D،C
VTh = VC − VD
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ R ⎞
 E٧J ٨F      VTh = ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟VS − ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟⎟VS
⎝ R1 + R 3 ⎠ ⎝ R2 + R4 ⎠
،K ‫א‬‫א‬ R L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WKE٢٩J ٨F
VS VS
 VC = I1R 3 , I1 = , VD = I 2 R 4 , I2 =
R1 + R 3 R2 + R4

I1 I2

R 1 = 330Ω R 2 = 680Ω
+
24V
− C VTh D

R 3 = 680Ω R 4 = 560Ω
VC VD 


 KRL‫א‬E٩J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩J ٨F
 WVTh
⎛ 680 ⎞ ⎛ 560 ⎞
∴ VTh = ⎜ ⎟ * 24 − ⎜ ⎟ * 24
⎝ 330 + 680 ⎠ ⎝ 680 + 560 ⎠
 VTh = 16.158 − 10.838 = 5.32V
- ١٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 R Th  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣٠J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D،C‫א‬‫א‬
R1
A
C
R3
R Th
R2 ⇐
B R4 D
 KE٩J ٨FRTh‫א‬E٣٠J ٨F

 WRTh
R 1R 3 R 2R 4
 E٨J ٨F   ∴ R Th = +
R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4
330 * 680 680 * 560

RTh = + ⇒ R Th = 222.178 + 307.096 = 529.27Ω
330 + 680 680 + 560

 KE٣١J ٨FW‫א‬‫א‬

R Th = 529.27Ω
C 

VTh = 5.32V
I R L = 1kΩ 

D 
 KE٩J ٨FE٣١J ٨F
- ١٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W،‫א‬CD‫א‬‫א‬
VTh 5.32
∴ I CD = ⇒ I CD = = 3.5mA
RTh + R L 529.27 + 1000
 3.5 mACD‫א‬‫א‬‫ ∴א‬


Maximum Power Transfer‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٤J ٨

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬
A

Circuit

RL


B 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬Circuit ‫א‬
 W‫א‬B , A 

Rth A


VTH  RL


B

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣J ٨F
- ١٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ ، RTh  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ R L ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 PL = I 2 T * RL
VTh RL
: .I T = ⇒ PL = *V
RT + RL (RT + RL )2 Th
  RL ‫א‬
RL
 RL = 
VTh
2
(RTh + RL ) 2
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Power ‫א‬

  RTh ‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬Maximum
 RL = RTh ⇒ PLmak EFW

 
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
VTh
 PL max = 
4 RTh
 RTh ‫א‬ RL ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ RTh = RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EB, A F R L 
A RTh

A

Circ
RL
VTh RL 

B B 
 RTh = R L ‫א‬E٣٤J ٨F
- ١٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١٠J ٨F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1=30Ω
A 
IT I1

-
Vs R2 RL 
+
150Ω 
18V

B
 E١٠J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥J ٨F

K (RL ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL  K١
 PL max ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ RL B , A ‫א‬‫א‬W
 W RL
R1
A



R2
Vs


 B
 R L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦J ٨F
 W VTh 

R2 150Ω
 VTh = V AB = V2 = VS = * 18 = 15V
R1 + R2 180Ω
 ∴VTh = 15V
- ١٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W RTh W
 WShort Circuit‫א‬ VS 
R1

A 

R2 


B

  VS = O ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧J ٨F
R1 * R 2
 ⇒ RTh = R AB = = 25Ω
R1 + R 2
 ∴ RTh = 25Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬W

RTh
A 
25Ω

-
Vs RL 
+

15V

B
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨J ٨F
PL max ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Maximum RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R L = RTh = 25Ω
2
VTh 15 2
 PL max = = = 2.25W
4 RTh 4 * 25
- ١٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
 W‫א‬ K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬

-
Vs 
+


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬


Is



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
E ∞ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J

Open Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤١J ٨F
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

Short Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢J ٨F

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٨
Mesh Current Analysis
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬MeshK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬b،a‫א‬‫א‬،E٤٣J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R1 R2  K
a b d

V1 V2 
R3 b
a 

c
e 
R5 R4 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٣J ٨F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMesh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬KCL‫א‬ Meshes ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVL‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
Meshes.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 E١٣J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١J ٨F‫א‬

I1 I2 I3
b d 
a
10Ω c 30Ω 20Ω 
10V 20V 15V
20Ω 
I1 I2 10Ω
I4
I3 
I5

f 
 KE١١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٤J ٨F
- ١٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K I 5 ، I 4 ، I 3 ، I 2 ، I1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I 3 ، I 2 ، I1 
 EbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I 5 ، I 4 
(a)      I5 = I1 + I2
(b)     I 4 = I3 − I 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I 3 ، I 2 ، I1 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Mesh E1F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

(c)     10 = 10I1 + 20I 5
 I1 + I2 EaF I 5 
  I 2 ، I1  I 5 KW
∴10 = 10I1 + 20I1 + 20I 2
(d)     10 = 30I1 + 20I2
 KEdF

 Mesh E2F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(e)     20 = 30I2 + 20I5 − 10I4
WEeF I 5 ، I 4 ‫א‬
- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
20 = 30I 2 + 20(I1 + I 2 ) − 10(I 3 − I 2 )

20 = 30I 2 + 20I1 + 20I 2 − 10I 3 − 10I 2
(f)      20 = 20I1 + 60I 2 − 10I3

 Mesh E3F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(g)     15 = 20I3 + 10I4
 WEbF I 4 
15 = 20I 3 + 10(I 3 − I 2 )
15 = 20I 3 + 10I 3 − 10I 2
(h)     15 = 30I3 − 10I2
‫א‬ I 3 ، I 2 ، I1 EhF،EfF،EdF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(I)     10 = 10I1 + 20I 2 − (0)I3
 (II)     20 = 20I1 + 60I 2 − 10I3
 (III)     15 = (0)I1 − 10I2 + 30I3
 W(III, II, I)‫א‬

⎡10 ⎤ ⎡30 20 0 ⎤ ⎡I1 ⎤
(IV)    ⎢20⎥ = ⎢20 60 − 10⎥ ⎢I ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣15 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 − 10 30 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣I3 ⎥⎦

 WEIVF‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩J ٨F   [V ] = [R ] ⋅ [I]
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W [V ] ‫א‬J
MeshE3F،MeshE2F،MeshE1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F I 3 ، I 2 ، I1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
- ١٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W [R ] ‫א‬J
⎡R11 R12 R13 ⎤
 E١٠J ٨F    [R ] = ⎢⎢R 21 R 22 R 23 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣R 31 R 32 R 33 ⎥⎦

  R 33 ، R 22 ، R11 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KMeshE1F‫א‬‫א‬ R11
 KMeshE2F‫א‬‫א‬ R 22
 KMeshE3F‫א‬‫א‬ R 33

 R12   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMeshE2F،MeshE1F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬MeshE3F‫א‬،MeshE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 23 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬MeshE3F‫א‬MeshE1F‫א‬
 K‫א‬R13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K I 3 ، I 2 ، I1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١
R 11 R 12 R 13
 E١١J ٨F     ∆ = R 21 R 22 R 23
R 31 R 32 R 33
 K‫א‬∆
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆ = R11{R 22 R 33 − R 32 R 23} − R12 {R 21R 33 − R 31R 23} + R13 {R 21R 32 − R 31R 22 }
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W I1 ‫א‬
- ١٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
V1 R12 R13
1
 E١٢J ٨F  I1 = V2 R 22 R 23
∆
V3 R 32 R 33
 W I 2 ‫א‬
R11 V1 R13
1
 E١٣J ٨F   I2 = R 21 V2 R 23
∆
R 31 V3 R 33
 W I 3 ‫א‬
R11 R12 V1
1
 E١٤J ٨F   I3 = R 21 R 22 V2
∆
R 31 R 32 V3
 ‫א‬ I 3 ، I 2 ، I1 ‫א‬ ∆ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬  ∆ ‫א‬
30 20 0
 ∆ = 20 60 − 10
0 − 10 30
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ∆ = 30(60 * 30 − 10 * 10 ) − 20(20 * 30 − 0 ) + 0(KK) ≈ 39000
 W‫א‬، I1 
10 20 0
1
 I1 = 20 60 − 10
∆
15 − 10 30
 W‫א‬
1
∴ I1 = {10(60 * 30 − 100) − 20(20 * 30 + 15 * 10)} ≈ 0.05128A
39000
- ١٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
30 10 0 30 10 0
1 1
 I 2 = 20 20 − 10 = ⋅ 20 20 − 10
∆ 39000
0 15 30 0 15 30
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I2 = 0.423A
 W
30 20 10
1
 I3 = 20 60 20
∆
0 − 10 15
 ‫א‬ ∆ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I3 = 0.641A
  I 5 ، I 4  I 3 ، I 2 ، I1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I 4 = I 3 − I 2 = 0.218A
I 5 = I1 + I 2 = 0.05128 + 0.42300 = 0.47428A

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 'Summary'‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KCL  E١F
‫א‬‫א‬ KVL  E٢F
 K‫א‬
 K E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٦F
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R Th ‫א‬‫א‬ VTh 






- ١٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K R S = 50Ω ، VS = 300V E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

100Ω 2 .2 Ω 
5kV 12V




 K R S = 1.2KΩ ، iS = 600mA ‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F


0.01A I 2.7 kΩ 10mA I 4.7 kΩ 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
R1 = 1kΩ R 3 = 1kΩ 

2V 
R 2 = 2.2kΩ R 4 = 1kΩ
R5 

3V 
- ١٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
R 3 = 330Ω

R 1 = 680Ω R 2 = 220Ω 
100mA I R 4 = 470Ω 

20V


 K R L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧F

1kΩ 8.2kΩ 560Ω 
40V

I R 5 = 1.5kΩ
0 .5 A

60V
1kΩ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ R L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
A
R 1 = 1kΩ R 2 = 820Ω
R L = 1kΩ
VS = 12V C D
R 3 = 2.2kΩ R 4 = 1.2kΩ
- ١٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A, B‫א‬E٩


R 1 = 10Ω R 2 = 15kΩ 
+ 
10V 
A B
−

R 3 = 12kΩ R4
I = 0.2mA 


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B , A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F

R1

22Ω
100Ω

78Ω 
Vs
25V



 KB , A ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F

R1 A

4Ω

-
Vs
Is
R3=4Ω 
+
2A

20V R2
 B
8Ω
- ١٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KB , A ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F


R3=10Ω
R1 
20Ω

Vs
24V 

Ru=50Ω
R2 
120Ω 

 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

R1 R3 A 
3Ω
R2
2Ω 
Vs RL
18V 
6Ω

B


- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Introduction١J ٩
‫א‬،Resistor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Inductor‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،Capacitor
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Capacitor Characteristics ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩

 Basic Structure‫א‬١J ٢J ٩
EF
 ‫א‬ 
 KE١J ٩F،Dielectric ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١J ٩F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

How Capacitors Store charges‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
- ١٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

e e

e e

e e

e e

e e

A B ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٩F

A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
W‫א‬‫א‬KDielectric‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
+ - 
+ - 
+ - 
e e
+ - 
e e
+ - 
e e
A B 
e e

e e


V
s
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٩F
- ١٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
B‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬، VS ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q Q

+ _

+ _

+ _

+ _

+ _

A B

d
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٩F

 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 W= CV 2            E١J ٩F
2

- ١٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Capacitance‫ א‬٣-٢-٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Capacitance ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ K1V 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،V  ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬،Q
Q
 C=     EJ ٢J ٩F
V
 Q = C.V    EJ ٢J ٩F
Q
 V=   E٣J ٩F
C
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬C
 K‫א‬Q
 K‫א‬V

 KFarad‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1C 1Farad 

 K1V 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1µF = 10 −6 F
1nF = 10 −9 F
 1 pF = 10 −12 F
 E١J ٩F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  10V  ‫א‬، 50µC 
 W
Q 50µC
 C= = = 5µF
V 10V
- ١٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Voltage Rating‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤-٢-٩

، ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVoltage Rating‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 Temperature Coefficient‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥-٢-٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTemperature Coefficient‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ( parts millian) C o      E٤J ٩F
 K ppm Co W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢J ٩F
 K − 150 ppm \ C o ‫א‬‫א‬1µF ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ ‫א‬
١٥٠ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ ⇐ א‬1C o ‫א‬
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
150 150
 * 1µF = 6 * 10 − 6 F = 150 * 10 −12 F = 150 pF
1000000 10
 ‫א‬  150 pF ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ 1C o ‫א‬

 K1µF − 150 pF 
- ٢٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Dielectric Strength‫א‬ ٦-٢-٩

 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Volt mil lim eter
‫א‬ 1000V \ mm ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K V \ mm ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 1000V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،Paraffin paper‫א‬،Teflon‫א‬،Mica‫א‬،Glass‫א‬
 KAir‫א‬‫א‬،Oil‫א‬،Ceramic

 Leakage‫ א‬٧-٢-٩
KIdeal Dielectric،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬Dielectric

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬



R leakage



 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٩F

 K‫א‬‫א‬ R Leakage W

- ٢٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Physical Characteristics of Capacitors‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ٨-٢-٩

 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 Plate Area‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Plate Separation‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







d
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٩F






 d
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٩F
- ٢٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Dielectric Constant ε r ‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬W
 K V0 { ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬}
‫א‬،EFW
 W، V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V < Vo
 KC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، C = Q ‫א‬W
V

 δ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dielectric Constant‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬
C
 εr =        E٥J ٩F
Co
 K‫א‬CW
 K‫א‬ Co 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ε r ‫א‬
 Dielectric Material Dielectric Constant
 Air (Vacuum) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  1
 Teflon  2
 paper ( paraffin)  2 .5
 Oil ‫א‬
 4
 Mica ‫א‬  5
 Glass ‫א‬  7 .5
 Ceramic ‫א‬‫א‬  1200
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٩F
- ٢٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C=
A
d
(
* ε r * 8.85 * 10 −12 )     E٦J ٩F
 K m 2 ‫א‬ PlateArea ‫א‬‫א‬ A W
 K m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d 
 K‫א‬ ε r 
 K F / m ،Vacuum Permittivity‫א‬‫א‬ 8.85 * 10 −12 ‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣J ٩F
K d = 8mm  ‫א‬، A = 0.04m 2 Mica ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
2
0.04m
C= * 5 * 8.85 * 10 −12 = 2.2 * 10 −10 F = 2.2 * 10 2 * 10 −12 F
 0.008m
⇒ C = 220 pF

 Types of Capacitors ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩

 W،‫א‬
 Fixed Capacitors‫א‬‫ א‬١-٣-٩
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ 
Mica Capacitors‫א‬ K١
،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬،
- ٢٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٨J ٩F

 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، 0.1µF → 1 pF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Voltage E
 K − 20 ppm / C o → 100 ppm / C o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1000V → 2500V ‫א‬Rating
 Ceramic Capacitor‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬، ε r = 1200 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، 1 pF → 2.2µF ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 6000V ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 200000 ppm\ oC ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤J ٩F
 ‫א‬ 1o C ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1µF 
‫א‬
200000
 K 0.2µF ‫א‬، * 1µF
1000000
 Plastic Film Capacitor‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Poly Carbonate‫א‬ J 
Propylene‫ א‬J 

 Polyester‫ א‬J 

 100µF ‫א‬
- ٢٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Electrolytic Capacitors‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬، 200000µF ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
 ، 350V  ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Variable Capacitors‫א‬‫ א‬٢-٣-٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٩F
 W
 Air Capacitor‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Trimmers‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Varactors ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Connection Types of Capacitors ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩

Series‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Parallel‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Series – Parallel‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Series Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬ ١-٤-٩
  
C2 C1 C N 

 V1  V2  VN 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٩F

 ‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬B,A
 V S = V1 + V2 + ...... + V N       E٧J ٩F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 CT =        E٨J ٩F
1 1 1
+ + ....
C1 C 2 CN
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 C1  C 2 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١Z٩F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ CT ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
C1C 2
CT =       E٩J ٩F
C1 + C 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬،C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
C
 CT =      E١٠J ٩F
N
 E٥J ٩F
 C1 = 10µF , C1 = 3µF , C1 = 8µF ،‫א‬
 K CT ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1 1
 CT = = = 2.35µF
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
C1 C 2 C 3 10 * 10 − 6 5 * 10 − 6 8 * 10 − 6

 Parallel Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬ ٢-٤-٩
‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEFA,B‫א‬‫א‬
 I T = I c1 + I C 2 + ....I CN




- ٢٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 C1


C2

 CN

A B

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٩F

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F
 CT = C1 + C 2 + ..... + C N      E١١J ٩F
 
 W،C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CT = N * C       E١٢J ٩F
 E٦J ٩F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، CT ‫א‬‫א‬



1µF 2µF 3µF


 ‫א‬
 CT = 1µF + +2 µF + 3µF = 6 µF

- ٢٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Charging & Discharging of Capacitors ‫א‬٥J ٩

‫א‬K‫א‬DC‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W،
 Charging Capacitors‫א‬ ١-٥-٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C

_ 
+
+ I 
_
+ 
VR R 

- + 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٩F

 W‫א‬‫א‬،  VS = VC + V R ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، VC = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K XC = 0Ω 
 V S = VC + V R ، V R = V S W،‫א‬ V R  ⇐
VR Vs
 I= =   R ‫א‬‫א‬‫⇐ א‬
R R
‫א‬Short Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K X C = 0 ‫א‬

  Vc 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
K VS ‫א‬ VR + VC ‫א‬ VR ‫א‬‫א‬
  I = VR ‫א‬ ⇐
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
R
 K OpenCircuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 VC = VS ‫א‬ VC ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  V R = 0 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
، X C = ∞ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،Open Circuit‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 Discharging Capacitors‫א‬ ٢-٥-٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

C
_ 
+
+ 
_ 
+
I VC
I 

R

VR

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٩F
 VC = VR W

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K I = VR ‫א‬‫א‬
R
WK‫א‬ VR  VC ‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
↓ I ⇐  ↓ V R , ↓ VC

 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K I = 0 ‫א‬

 RC Time Constant‫א‬ ٣-٥-٩
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W،Time Constant‫א‬‫א‬
τ = R *C
 W
T: second
R: ohm
C: farad
 W
‫א‬‫א‬، 63% 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W τ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ τ ‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬ 63% ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 63%

Charging and Discharging Curves ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥J ٩
،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KExponential Curve‫א‬
⎡ t⎤
 V = V F + (V I − V F ) * exp ⎢− ⎥          E١٣J ٩F
⎣ τ⎦
 Exponential Function‫א‬‫א‬ exp W
- ٢١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٩F
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vi
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VF 
VF > Vi W
W‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vi
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VF
 V F < Vi W
W‫א‬ K٤
 Charging from Zero‫א‬‫א‬ K
، Vi = 0 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ ⎡ t ⎤⎞
V = V F ⎜⎜1 − exp ⎢− ⎥ ⎟⎟       E١٤J ٩F
⎝ ⎣ τ ⎦⎠
 Discharging to Zero‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، V F = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
⎛ ⎡ t ⎤⎞
 V = Vi ⎜⎜1 − exp ⎢− ⎥ ⎟⎟           E١٥J ٩F
⎝ ⎣ τ ⎦⎠
- ٢١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E٧J ٩F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R=8.2kΩ 
50V C=0.01µF


 E٧J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٩F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ 50µs ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Qτ = R.C = 82µs
⎛ ⎡ t ⎤⎞ ⎛ ⎡ 50 µs ⎤ ⎞
 QVC = V F ⎜⎜1 − exp ⎢− ⎥ ⎟⎟ ⇒ VC = 50⎜⎜1 − exp ⎢− ⎥ ⎟⎟ = 22.8V
⎝ ⎣ τ ⎦ ⎠ ⎝ ⎣ 82 µs ⎦⎠
 VC = 22.8V ‫א‬‫א‬ 50µs 

 E٨J ٩F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


+
10V R=10k

- C=2µF


 E٨J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٩F
 ‫؟‬ 6ms ‫א‬‫א‬
 τ = R.C = 10 * 10 3 * 2 * 10 −6 = 20ms
 W‫א‬‫א‬، t = 6ms 
⎡ t⎤ ⎡ 6ms ⎤
 VC = Vi * exp ⎢− ⎥ = 10V * exp ⎢− ⎥ = 7.41V 
⎣ z⎦ ⎣ 20ms ⎦
- ٢١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫ א‬K

 W‫א‬W 
K V = 10V  Q = 50µC ‫א‬،Capacitance‫א‬ K١
K Q = 2mC ، C = 200µF Capacitance‫א‬‫א‬،Voltage‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ 0.0008m ‫א‬ A = 0.001m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬Mica K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬، − 200 ppm \ o C ‫א‬‫א‬ 25 o C ‫א‬‫א‬ 1000 pF  K٤
‫ ؟‬75 o C ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
C1= 100 pf 


100 v C2= 500pf 



C3= 400 pf




100 v 5µ 3µ 2µ


- ٢١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


10µ 2µ 
5µ 3µ 


100 µ
500µ 


5v 1000µ 

100 µ 200µ 
500µ 


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 (a )10µs(b )20µs(c )30µs(d )40µs

 R= 10 k

 V C=0.001µF





- ٢١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬، 25V ‫א‬ K٧

(a) 1.5ms (b) 4.5ms (c) 6ms (d) 7.5ms


25 v
++++
------+ R= 1 k
 C=1.5µf


- ٢١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction١J ١٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،Inductor‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 Inductance Characteristics E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠
 Basic Structure‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 KE١J ١٠F
‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ 
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬


‫ﺑﻄﺎرﻳﺔ‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KFaraday ‫א‬‫א‬KInduced‫א‬
Voltmeter‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

S N

Voltmeter 
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬

 ‫א‬E٢J ١٠F
- ٢١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KInductance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

Inductance ‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺛﺔ‬٢-٢-١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Inductance‫א‬
‫א‬KHHenry ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
mH = 10 −3 H

µH = 10 −6 H
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٠F

١F، 1A / sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1H 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 1V  ‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
 K1H ‫א‬

How Inductors Store charges‫א‬  ٣-٢-١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 W= * LI 2    E١J ١٠F
2
 W
 KJoule‫א‬W
 KHenry‫א‬L
 KAmpere‫א‬A
- ٢٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١٠
 Formula of Inductance in terms of its Physical Characteristics
‫א‬‫א‬،Core‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCobalt ‫א‬،Iron‫א‬Ferromagnetic

PermeabilityE‫א‬F‫ א‬١-٤-٢-١٠
‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬Permeability
 K µ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢-٤-٢-١٠
 ،A‫א‬‫א‬،N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬، µ ‫א‬، l ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٠F

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W
N2 *µ* A
 L=    E٢J ١٠F
l
 
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١J ١٠F
 WInductance‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 E١J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٠F

 µ = o.25 * 10 −3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
N 2 µ . A 4 2 * 0.25 * 10 −3 * 0.1
 L= = = 40mH
e 0.01

Winding Resistance and Capacitance‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١٠ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، RW Winding Resistance‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 WEF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١٠F

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬KWinding Capacitance CW
- ٢٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
CW 



R
 L
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٠F

 Inductors TypesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 KFixed Inductors‫א‬ K١
 KVariable Inductors‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،Air- Core‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١٠F
W‫א‬،Ferrite - Core‫א‬‫א‬ K٢


‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٠F
W‫א‬،Iron - Core‫א‬‫א‬ K٣


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١٠F
- ٢٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Connection Types of Inductors‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١٠

Capacitors‫א‬Resistors‫א‬Inductors‫א‬
 W
 Series Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١٠ 
 L2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L1 L2 Ln


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١٠F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ LT ‫א‬‫א‬
 LT = L1 + L2 + .... + L N    E٣J ١٠F

 Parallel Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬



L1 L2 Ln



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١٠F

- ٢٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬ LT ‫א‬‫א‬
1
 LT =    E٤J ١٠F
1 1 1
+ + ... +
L1 L2 LN

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Inductors in DC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KOpen Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
I

I 
It 


t 
t

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١٠F
- ٢٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
،Short Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬
 K
- ٢٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Summary ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Inductance‫ א‬K٢
KHHenry ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 W= * LI 2
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬Formula‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
N2 *µ* A
L=
l
Capacitors‫א‬Resistors‫א‬Inductors‫א‬ K٥
W
‫א‬ •
LT = L1 + L2 + .... + L N
‫א‬ •
1
 LT =
1 1 1
+ + ... +
L1 L2 LN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬،Open Circuit‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ٢٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬K A = 10 *10 −5 m 2 ‫א‬  L = 0.05m  (Core) K٤

 ‫א‬K µ = 1.2 * 10 −6 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ؟‬L = 30mH ‫א‬

W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 L1 = 3H , L2 = 5H , L N = 2 H

 L1 L2 Ln


 K LT ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 L1 = 3H , L2 = 6 H , L N = 2 H


 L1 L2 Ln
 K LT ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction١J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEDCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EACFAlternating Current ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ESinusoidal F‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSine wave
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Magnetic Effects of Electrical Current ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١١

Generation & Concentration of Magnetic Field‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Magnetic Field)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Eφ،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE١J ١١F
I
ϕ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١١F

- ٢٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KE٢J ١١F

ϕ1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١١F


 ‫א‬، ‫א‬EφF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

A B
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١١F
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬Eφ1F‫א‬‫א‬(φ2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ١١F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ϕ
 KE٤J ١١F
 W
 ϕ1<ϕ2<ϕ3        E١J ١١F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Basic Concepts of Electrical Generator‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤J ١١F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE٥J ١١F،‫א‬
- ٢٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
S

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١١F
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Generation of Sine Wave‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٦J ١١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
N
B
C ω A
x
D φ
S

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١١F
- ٢٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
BA‫א‬‫א‬،E٦J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،ADC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬ E١F
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬ E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
KE٦J ١١F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬ E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬ (٤)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٧J ١١F
 L
1
‫א‬‫א‬ 
0.5
0
0 90 180 270 360
-0.5
‫א‬‫א‬
-1
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١١F

 Evaluation of Sine Wave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ١١
،E٨J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

- ٢٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬
0 90 180 270 360
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١١F

Representation of Sine Wave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ١١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ω‫א‬ Em‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωt‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩J ١١F
0.5
ωt 0
ωt π 2π
-0.5
-1

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١١F
- ٢٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Mathematical Representation of Vectors‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ١١

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WA
 A = a 1 + ja 2          E٢J ١١F
 
  − 1 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Wj
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ١١F‫א‬
 
to - ∞ 0 to ∞

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١١F

j‫א‬‫א‬،X ‫א‬
 W
  X ⋅ j ⋅ j = −X 
 KEE–FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، j‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬j‫א‬،90
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
j 

a2 

⎟A⎢


θ

a1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١١F
 
A = (a 12 + a 22 )       E٣J ١١F

⎛a2 ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟       E٤J ١١F
⎝ a1 ⎠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EACF‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١١
 Alternating Current and Voltage as a Sine Wave.
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١١
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١١F
- ٢٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


+ 
- 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢



Vs



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١١F

- ٢٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE١٥J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١١F‫א‬


+ 
R
- 
 I

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EEJ F‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE١٦J ١١F

 I
- 
R

+


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،
- ٢٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Sine wave Voltage Sources E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ١١
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Rotating Electrical machines‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١ 
 AC Generator‫א‬‫א‬  
 Electronic Oscillator Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 Signal Generators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬EACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١١
 Alternating Current & Voltage Values of a Sine Wave
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Instantaneous Value ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
Peak ValueE‫א‬‫א‬F K٢
Root Mean Square (RMS Value)‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Average Value‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

- ٢٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Instantaneous Value ‫א‬‫ א‬٢-٥-١١

،‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧J ١١F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ١١F

Peak ValueE‫א‬‫א‬F ٣-٥-١١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
 K
 
Peak Value = Amplitude =Magnitude
 E١J ١١F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ١١F
- ٢٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 V P = 8V

Peak to Peak Value‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤-٥-١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 V PP = 2V P  I PP = 2 I P E٥J ١١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ١١F

Effective value of sine wave‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬٥J ٥J ١١
ERoot Mean Square (RMS Value ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R.M.S ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Root Mean Square‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  (VP , I P ) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W (V PP , I PP ) ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Vrms = 0.707V P  I rms = 0.707.I P     E٦J ١١F

 V P = 1.414Vrms  I P = 1.414 I rms     E٧J ١١F
 V PP = 2.828Vrms  I PP = 2.828I rms     E٨J ١١F
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Effective value‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

Average value of sine wave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KZ‫א‬‫א‬،(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T/2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T/2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،E٢٠J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬T/2‫א‬‫א‬
 KZ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Im
1
0.75
0.5 Iav
0.25
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ١١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
 V avg = 0.637V P = 0.9V rms  I avg = 0.637 I P = 0.9 I rms    E٩J ١١F
- ٢٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ١١F

 E٢J ١١F
W‫א‬‫א‬ V P , V PP , Vrms , Vavg 
 E٢J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ١١F

 ‫א‬
 V p = 5V
VPP = 10V
 Vrms = 0,707 * VP = 3.535V
 Vovg = 0,634VP = 3.535V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١١
 Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws in AC Circuits
 ١J ٦J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬AC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،DC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٢٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Ohm's Law in AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١١

،‫א‬Current‫א‬،  
‫א‬KResistor‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬Voltage‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V V
 I= ⇒ V = I .R ⇒ R = E١٠J ١١F
R I



+ 
Vs R V
- 
 I

 E٢٣J ١١F
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Same Phase angleE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
RMS ValueAverage ValuePeak Value ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K
 E٣J ١١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R1= 1kΩ

Vs 
Vp=100V R2= 560Ω

E٣J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ١١F
- ٢٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 ‫א‬
 RT = R1 + R2 = 1.56kΩ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vs (rms )
 I rms = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V S (rms ) = 0.707V P = 70.7V
 W
 ⇒ I rms = 45.3mA
 W R2 , R1 ‫א‬
 V1(rms ) = I rms R1 = 45.32V
 V2(rms ) = I rms R2 = 25.38V 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ١١
 Kirchhoff's Voltage & Current Laws in AC Circuits
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?K?‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 vs = v1 + v2 + v3 + ..........   E١١J ١١F
 W
 ∑ I Entering = ∑ I Leaving    E١٢J ١١F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٦J ١١
 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law in AC Circuits
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R2 Rn 

V2 Vn
V1

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ١١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Vs ( rms ) = V1( rms ) + V2( rms ) + ..... + VN ( rms )        E١٣J ١١F
 
  Vs ( P ) = V1( P ) + V2( P ) + ..... + VN ( P )        E١٤J ١١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٦J ١١
 Kirchhoff's Current Law in AC Circuits
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
A

I I1 I2 In

R1 R2 R1 

B 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦J ١١F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I ( rms ) = I 1( rms ) + I 2( rms ) + .... + I N ( rms )        E١٥J ١١F
 
 I ( PP ) = I 1( PP ) + I 2 ( PP ) + .... + I N ( PP )       E١٦J ١١F
- ٢٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤J ١١F
 ‫ ؟‬R3 ‫א‬Peak Value‫א‬‫א‬
 KR.M.S Value‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

R1

12V 
VS 
8V R2
24V
R3 

V3 
 E٤J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ١١F
 ‫א‬
 W V3 ‫א‬
 VS = V1 + V2 + V3
 RMS‫א‬ V S ( rms ) = V 1 ( rms ) + V 2 ( rms ) + V 3 ( rms ) 
  V3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V3( rms ) = 4V
 W V3 ‫א‬‫א‬∴
 V3( P ) = 1.414V3( rms ) = 5.66V
- ٢٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٥J ١١F
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Itotal

3A
 10A

Vs R3



 E٥J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ١١F
 I avg ‫א‬‫א‬،RMS‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W I tot ( rms ) ‫א‬
 I Τ( rms ) = I 1( rms ) + I 2 ( rms ) = 10 + 3 = 13 A
 E I Τ( P ) F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴ 
 I Τ( P ) = 1.414 × I t ( rms ) = 18.382 A
 I t ( avg ) EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I Τ( avg ) = 0.637 * I Τ( P ) = 11.7 A
- ٢٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E‫א‬F٧J ١١
 Superimposed DC and AC voltage
 ١J ٧J ١١
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،


Vs 
V=Vs+Vdc

VDC 

 E٢٩J ١١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  VDC > VP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢-٧-١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 V DC > VP E٣٠J ١١F

 K VDC + V p W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K VDC − VP W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  V DC < V P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-٧-١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 V DC < V P E٣١J ١١F


 K VDC + V p W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K VDC − VP W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦J ١١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Vp= 10V R=1k

VDc= 12V



 E٦J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢J ١١F
- ٢٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 W R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vmax = VDC + VP = 12V + 10V = 22V
 W R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vmin = VDC − V p = 12V − 10V = 2V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣J ١١F

 E٧J ١١F
 R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Vp= 10V
R 
VDC= 6V 


 E٧J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤J ١١F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Vmax = VDC + V p = 16v
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Vmin = VDC − VP = −4V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥J >>F

 Non Sinusoidal Wave Forms‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١١
 ١J ٨J ١١
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Repetitive Pulse Wave Form E‫א‬F K١
Square Wave ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
Triangular Wave Form‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 Saw tooth Wave Form‫א‬ K٤
Harmonics‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬،

 Repetitive Pulse Wave Form E‫א‬F ٢-٨-١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Tw 

T

 ‫א‬E٣٦J ١١F

- ٢٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
، T ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K Period
‫א‬‫א‬  (Baseline )
 W‫א‬

Amplitude
Baseline

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧J ١١F
 K‫א‬

 
،E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KPractical Pulse Wave Form‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨J ١١F
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬ 90% 10% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRise Time (Tr ) ‫א‬ K١
KAmplitude‫א‬
- ٢٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬10%  90% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WFall Time (TF ) ‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬
 50% ‫א‬N, M ‫א‬‫א‬WPulse Width  (TW ) ‫א‬ K٣
KA‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 The duty Cycle‫א‬ K٤


Tw

T

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩J ١١F
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛T ⎞
 P.D.C = ⎜ w ⎟ *100%         E١٧J ١١F
⎝T ⎠
 KPercent Duly Cycle‫א‬‫א‬E P.D.C F

Average Value‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

Amplitude
V

baseline



T

 Tw
Vavg = Vbaseline + = Amplitude
 T
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠J ١١F
- ٢٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Tw
Vovg = Vbaseline + * Amplitude E٨J ١١F
T

 E٨J ١١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬E٤١J ١١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬، P.D.C ‫א‬‫א‬،F‫א‬،T‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1 1
 Q T = 10µs ⇒ F = = = 100kH Z 
T 10µs
⎛T ⎞ 1
 Percent duty Cycle= ⎜ W ⎟100% = * 100% = 10%
⎝ T ⎠ 10
 
 K‫א‬ 10% ‫א‬
TW
V avg = Vbaseline + * amplitude
 T
1µs
= 1V + * (5V − 1V ) = 1.4V
10 µs

 Square Wave‫א‬‫ א‬٣-٨-١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،T‫א‬Z‫א‬ ⇐ 50%
T
 TW =           E١٩J ١١F
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢J ١١F
 W
T
 TW =
2

Triangular Wave Form‫א‬‫ א‬٤-٨-١١
 W‫א‬ 

T



 EJ ٤٣J ١١F


V avg 

 EJ ٤٣J ١١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬

V 

t
t 
Slope = V\t Slope =- V\t

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٤J ١١F
- ٢٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٩J ١١F
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

V V


10 v 10 v

2v

5 sec t 3 sec t
 E٩J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥J ١١F

 ‫א‬
v 10v
slope = = = 2V / s
t 5s
v 10v − 4v
slope = − = −
 t 3ms
6
= − V / ms
3
= −2kV / s
Saw tooth Wave Form‫א‬ ٥-٨-١١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
V 
T


t 

 ‫א‬E٤٦J ١١F
- ٢٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Harmonics‫א‬‫ א‬٦-٨-١١
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K Fo ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K١
‫א‬،W‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬
 2 F0 ,3Fo ,4 Fo ,5Fo .....          E٢٠J ١١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Odd Harmonics‫א‬ K
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 3F0 ,5 Fo ,7 Fo ,9 Fo .....          E٢١J ١١F
Even Harmonics‫א‬ K

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2 Fo 4 Fo 6 Fo 8Fo .....          E٢٢J ١١F
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 KEF‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  





To 
Fo =1/To
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٧J ١١F
  Fo ‫א‬‫א‬
 3Fo ١‫א‬‫א‬
1 T
 T1 = = o 
3Fo 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣، To ‫א‬
To
 T2 = ⇐ 5 Fo ٢‫א‬‫א‬
5
T
 T3 = o ⇐ 7 Fo ٣‫א‬‫א‬
7


 ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٨J ١١F


 ٣،٢،١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٩J ١١F
- ٢٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Kω‫א‬Em‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
Instantaneous Value ‫א‬‫• א‬
Peak ValueE‫א‬‫א‬F •
Root Mean Square (RMS Value)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Average Value‫א‬‫• א‬
 vs = v1 + v2 + v3 + .......... W K٥
∑I Entering = ∑ I Leaving W K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
W،‫א‬ K٩
Repetitive pulse wave form E‫א‬F •
Square Wave ‫א‬‫• א‬
Triangular Wave Form‫א‬‫• א‬
 Saw tooth Wave Form‫א‬ •
Harmonics‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
- ٢٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬ K

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 W‫א‬W 
12V ‫א‬‫א‬ .١
  V AVG ‫א‬‫א‬ V PP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RMS ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R1 R2 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
RMS

R1=470


R3= 1kΩ
R2 V4=65V
Vs 
Vf=110V R4

V4=30V


 RMS  R3 ‫א‬‫א‬K٣
R1

 12V
VS 
8V R2
24V
R3
V3
- ٢٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬


- ٢٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction١J ١٢
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Transformers‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Mutual InductanceE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
The Basic Transformer ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
Step up – Transformer‫א‬ K٣
 Step –down Transformer ‫א‬ K٤

 Mutual Inductance ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٢
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،Inductor ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ 
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬


‫ﺑﻄﺎرﻳﺔ‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ١٢F

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
The Basic Transformer‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٢

 Structure١J ٣J ١٢ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬


Primary Secondary
Source winding winding Load


 ‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ١٢F
 W
‫א‬Primary Winding‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬Secondary Winding ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬The Core ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  
- ٢٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬٢J ٣J ١٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬Air Core ‫א‬ K١





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٤F
W‫א‬Ferrite Core K٢





 ‫א‬E٣J ١٢F
W‫א‬Iron Core  K٣






 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٢F
- ٢٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
،High Frequency Applications ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Power Applications ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Iron Core ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAudio Frequency Applications‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣J ٣J ١٢
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬،Core –type ‫א‬‫א‬،W
 ‫א‬E٥J ١٢F
W‫א‬،Shell – type ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬E٦J ١٢F
 
KVarnish ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 Turns Ratio‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٢
 ‫א‬ N sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬E N F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬، N pri ‫א‬‫א‬
N Sec
 N=            E١J ١٢F
N Pr i

- ٢٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١J ١٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬





100: 400

‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺔ‬
 E١J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١٢F
 N Pr i = 100 
 N sec = 400 
 W
N Sec 400
 N= = =4
N Pr i 100
 W‫א‬‫א‬

١:٤





 ‫א‬E٨J ١٢F

 K‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Direction of Winding‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬KPrimary and Secondary are in phase ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬


+ +


- -


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١٢F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١٢F

 W‫א‬، T = 180 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬


+ -

- +

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١٢F

- ٢٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Inductance Voltage and Current Relationship ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١٢ 
Primary and Secondary Voltage Relationship
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
V SEC N SEC
 = =N         E٢J ١٢F
V PRI N PRI
 W
⎛N ⎞
 ⇒ V SEC = ⎜⎜ SEC ⎟⎟V PRI = N * V PRI         E٣J ١٢F
⎝ N PRI ⎠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١٢
Primary and Secondary Current Relationship
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Ipri

Isec


Vpri
Vsec 



Npri Nsec
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١٢F

 W I sec ‫א‬‫א‬ I PRI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I sec N 1
 = PRI =          E٤J ١٢F
I PRI N sec N
- ٢٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
⎛N ⎞ I
 ⇒ I sec = ⎜⎜ PRI ⎟⎟ * I PRI = PRI         E٥J ١٢F
⎝ N sec ⎠ N
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ step − up  K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ step − down  K٢

Transformer Types ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٢
 Step–up Transformer١J ٦J ١٢
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N SEC > N PRI           E٦J ١٢F
 N > 1   ،١‫א‬
 V SEC > V PRI            E٧J ١٢F
 W
 V SEC > V PRI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  I SEC < I PRI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Step–down Transformer٢J ٦J ١٢
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 N SEC < N PRI           E٨J ١٢F
 N < 1 ،١‫א‬
- ٢٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 V SEC < V PRI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  I SEC > I PRI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 E٢J ١٢F
‫א‬،٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ipri = 6A Isec



Vsec R
Vpri
12Drms 


 E٢J ١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١٢F

 ‫א‬
⎛N ⎞ 600
 V SEC (rms ) = ⎜⎜ SEC ⎟⎟ * V PRI (rms ) = * 120 = 360V
⎝ N PRI ⎠ 200
 = N *V PRI (rms ) = 3 *120 = 360V 

⎛N ⎞ 200
 I SEC (rms ) = ⎜⎜ PRI ⎟⎟ * I PRI (rms ) = * 6 = 2A
⎝ N SEC ⎠ 600
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KStep– up Transformer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٣J ١٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ipri= 6A Isec



Vsec R 
Vpri
120rms 

50 : 10
 E٣J ١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١٢F
 ‫א‬
N SEC 10
 V SEC (rms ) = * V PRI ( rms ) = * 120 = 24V
N PRI 50
N 50
 I SEC (rms ) = PRI * I PRI (rms ) = * 6 A = 30 A
N SEC 10
 ‫א‬KStep– down Transformer ⇐ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
 
 Transformer Current Direction ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١


+ + 
+ R
_ _ _ 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٧J ١٢F
- ٢٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


+ + + R
_ _ _


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٧J ١٢F

W‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢


+ + 
+ R
_ _ _ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٨J ١٢F



+ + R
+
_ _ _


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٨J ١٢F
- ٢٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬Primary Winding‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬Secondary Winding ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ N sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬E N F‫א‬ K٥
K N pri
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
V SEC N SEC
 = =N
V PRI N PRI
 W I sec ‫א‬‫א‬ I PRI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
I sec N 1
 = PRI =
I PRI N sec N
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٨
W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ step − up  K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ step − down  K

- ٢٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١


W‫א‬ K٢
Irms = 20A
 1 : 10

Vpri  R

10Vrms



 Vsec(avg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬ K٣
2 : 1 

R 
30Vrms

I =100mArms


‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction١J ١٣
، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، AC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K µs 
‫א‬Frequency‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KCapacitance

 Capacitive Reactance X C ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬، X C ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F V 

I

C 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ١٣F
 ‫א؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬EJ ١J ١٣F
- ٢٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬،‫א‬E١F‫א‬،EJ ١J ١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t ،
 K V2 > V1
Q
 K I 2 > I 1 ،‫א‬ ⇐ ‫א‬ ⇐ Q = CV ⇐C = 
V
‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
،Capacitive Reactance X C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Ohm(Ω) W X C ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

Fo V


I

C 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١J ١٣F

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ ‫א‬،‫א‬،
K
 W،Capacitive Reactance Formula‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 XC =            E١J ١٣F
2π .F .C
- ٢٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E١J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

C=0.005µF 


 E١J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٣F

 K F = 1kHz ‫א‬‫א‬، X C ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
1 1
 XC = = = 31.8kΩ
2πF .C 2π * 1 * 10 * 0.005 * 10 − 6
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٣
 Ohm's Law in Capacitive AC Circuits

،‫א‬‫א‬
،E٣J ٣F‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Q ∝ V           E٢J ١٣F
 Q = CV           E٣J ١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Farad‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

i

++++ Q 
E 
----


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٣F

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W،
 V = I * XC            E٤J ١٣F
V
 I=            E٥J ١٣F
XC
V
 XC =            E٦J ١٣F
I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


V

I R 

 ‫א‬E٤J ١٣F

 
 Peak  RMS ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Peak − to − Peak
- ٢٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٢J ١٣F
 W،5V‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


C=0.005µF
Vs
1kHz



 E٢J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١٣F
 K I P  Peak ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W، I P ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ X C ، I P  K١
1 1
 XC = = − = 3.18kΩ
( ) (
2πFC 2π 10 * 10 * 0.005 * 10 −6
3
)
W I r .m.s  K٢
V rms 5
I rms = = = 1.57 mA
X C 3.18 * 10 3
 W I P  I r .m.s ‫א‬ K٣
 I P = 1.414 * I rms = 2.22mA

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٣
Current & Voltage Relationship in Capacitive Circuits

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KEE VR and I R )are in Phase)،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 90 o ‫א‬Leads
 KEPhase Shift)
- ٢٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٣F
 Power in Capacitor Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٣

‫א‬DC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬، P = V .I ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Instantaneous Power‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١٣
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١٣F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 True Power Ptrve ‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٥J ١٣

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ptrue = 0             E٧J ١٣F
،‫א‬Leakage‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Pr Reactive Power‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ١٣
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pr = Vrms * I rms           E٨J ١٣F
V rms 2
 Pr =           E٩J ١٣F
XC
 Pr = I rms
2
* C         E١٠J ١٣F

 W
 Kwatt‫א‬‫א‬ Ptrue ‫א‬‫א‬K١
 VAR‫א‬‫א‬Volt – Ampere –Reactive Pr ‫א‬‫א‬K٢

- ٢٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٣J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Vrms= 2V
C=0.01µF

F2=2kHz


E٣J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٣F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Ptrue = 0W
2
Vrms
 Pr =
XC
1
 XC = = 7.96kΩ
2π .FC
22
 ⇒ Pr = = 503 * 10 −6 VAR = 503µVAR
7.96 * 10 3

Series & Parallel Capacitive AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬
Series Capacitors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


V1 V2 VN
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١٣F
- ٢٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 CT =          E١١J ١٣F
1 1 1
+ + ....
C1 C 2 CN
 W،
 X CT = X C! + X C2 + X C N E١٢J ١٣F

 Parallel Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C1 

C2


CN


B

A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C T = C1 + C 2 + L + C N          E١٣J ١٣F
 W،
1
 X CT =          E١٤J ١٣F
1 1 1
+ + ....
X C! X C 2 X CN
- ٢٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Series RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٣
 Characteristics of RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I C 
R

VR
Vs
VC

F



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١٣F

‫א‬‫א‬ I C 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ VR ‫א‬ I R  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K VC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ VC  I C ،‫א‬

 ‫א‬K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ VC ‫א‬ VR ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١٣F
 K VC + V R ‫א‬‫א‬ VC  V R 

 
 K VC  VR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I ‫א‬
 ، θ  VS  VR E١٢J ١٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VR  I  θ  VS 
- ٢٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
،Phase angle‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬

Impedance Z‫ א‬٢J ٧J ١٣
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬، RT ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ، CT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOhmZ
 W‫א‬Series R – C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١٣F

 WPythagoras‫א‬‫א‬
 Z 2 = R2 + X C
2
          E١٥J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬
  Z = R2 + X C
2
          E١٦J ١٣F

 θ Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ١٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ 
 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١٣F
- ٢٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E tan θ F θ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬
VC ⎛V ⎞
 tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ C ⎟⎟ EJ ١٧J ١٣F
VR ⎝ VR ⎠
 
XC ⎛X ⎞
 tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan −1 ⎜ C ⎟ EJ ١٧J ١٣F
R ⎝ R ⎠

 (tan ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (tan −1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬W
⎛ VC ⎞
 K VC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ‫א‬
VR ⎝ VR ⎠

 Voltages Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧J ١٣
 VC ‫א‬‫א‬ VR ‫א‬‫א‬ VS ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬Rc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١٣F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١٣F
 WPythagoras‫א‬
 2
V S = V R + VC
2 2
           E١٨J ١٣F
- ٢٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VS = VR + VC
2 2
          E١٩J ١٣F
 VS = VS − VC
2 2
          E٢٠J ١٣F
 VC = V S − V R
2 2
          E٢١J ١٣F

Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧J ١٣
،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
C

I R


 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬E١٧J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ VR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V R = I .R            E٢٢J ١٣F
، X C ‫א‬‫א‬، VC 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W VC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VC = I . X C            E٢٣J ١٣F
،E‫א‬‫א‬F V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬Z‫א‬
 V = I .Z            E٢٤J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V
 I=            E٢٥J ١٣F
Z
V
 Z=            E٢٦J ١٣F
I
- ٢٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ١٣F

 Frequency Effect on RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧J ١٣
K ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ⎛⎜ X C =
1 ⎞
⎟ ، X C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
⎝ 2πFC ⎠
 W
⎛⎜ Z = R 2 + X 2 ⎞⎟ W‫א‬ ⇐

⎝ C
⎠
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F I = V WEF‫⇐ א‬
Z
  KVL  VR ‫א‬ ⇐

 K (VS 2 = VR 2 + VC 2 ) VC ‫א‬ ⇐

 ↑ VC ↓ VR ⇐↓ I  ↑ Z ⇐↑ X C ⇐ F ‫ א‬K٢

 E٤J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، R = 2.2kΩ, C = 0.02µF , I rms = 0.2mA, f = 1.5kHz ‫א‬
I C

R

Vs
VR VC

F


 E٤J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ١٣F
- ٢٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 X C ‫א‬‫א‬ K
1 1
XC = = = 5.3kΩ
2nf .c 2n * 1.5 * 10 * 0.02 * 10 −3
−3
 Z ‫א‬ K

2
Z = R 2 + X C = 5.73kΩ
V R ‫א‬ K

V R = I .R = 0.2 * 10 −3 * 2.2 * 10 3 = 0.44V
VC ‫א‬ K

VCrms = I rrms X C = 0.2 * 10 −3 * 5.3 * 10 −3 = 1.06V
V S ‫א‬ K
(a )  VS rms
= V R2( rms ) + VC2( rms ) = 0.44 2 + 1.06 2 = 1.15V
(b )  VS rms
= I rms * Z = 0.2 * 10 −3 * 5.73 * 10 3 = 1.15V
 θ ‫א‬‫א‬ K
⎛ VC
⎞
 (a )  θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 67.45 o
⎝ VR
⎠
(b )  θ = tan −1 ⎛⎜ C ⎞⎟ = 67.45 o

X

⎝ R ⎠
Parallel RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١٣
 Characteristics of RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


VS C

F R


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ١٣F
- ٢٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
VC = VR = VS  •
‫א‬ VR  I R •
K 90 o ‫א‬ I P  I C ⇐ ، 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ VC  I C •
‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ١٣F

 I R  K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ I R  I C ‫א‬
‫א‬ VR  I R ، θ ‫א‬‫א‬ I T  VR 
 ، θ   I T
‫א‬‫א‬ I T ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K θ Phase Angle

Impedance Z‫ א‬٢-٨-١٣
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬KOhmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ١٣F
VC
 IC = W
XC
- ٢٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ،Parallel R – C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WAdmittance triangle‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ١٣F
 
، 1 ، 1
، 1 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬admittance‫א‬
Z XC R
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1
 2
= 2 + 2
          E٢٧J ١٣F
Z R XC
2
1 X C + R2
 =           E٢٨J ١٣F
Z 2 R2 * X C2
 W
2
R2 * XC R*C
 Z = 2
2
⇒Z =         E٢٩J ١٣F
R + XC
2
R2 + X C
2

Phase Angle θ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ 
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ١٣F
- ٢٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
،‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E tan θ F θ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W
IC
 tan θ = E٣٠J ١٣F
IR
 (tan ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (tan −1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬W
IC ⎛ IC ⎞
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ‫א‬
IR ⎝ IR ⎠

 Currents Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٨J ١٣
 I C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I R ‫א‬ I T ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

IT
IC 
θ

IR 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ١٣F
 W،‫א‬
 I T 2 = I R 2 + I C 2           E٣١J ١٣F
 W
 IT = I R + IC
2 2
          E٣٢J ١٣F
 I R = IT − IC
2 2
          E٣٣J ١٣F
 IC = IT − I R
2 2
          E٣٤J ١٣F
 
- ٢٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٨J ١٣
 W‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
C 

I


R
 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬E٢٦J ١٣F
 W
 V = I *Z            E٣٥J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V
 I=            E٣٦J ١٣F
Z
V
 Z=            E٣٧J ١٣F
I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ١٣F

 ‫א‬ RC ‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٨J ١٣
Conversion From Parallel to Series Form
 RC ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ RC ‫א‬
 RC ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

Ceq
Req 

VS VS 
R C 


 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ١٣F
 
 W C eq  X ceq  Req ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Req = Z . cos θ            E٣٨J ١٣F
            E٣٩J ١٣F
x ceq = Z . sin θ
1
 ⇒ C eq =           E٤٠J ١٣F
2πFZ . sin θ

 E٥J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


VS(rms)=10v
R
C=0.01uF 
F=10kHz 1k 

 E٥J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩J ١٣F
 X C ‫א‬‫א‬ K
1
XC = = 1.6kΩ
2π .F .C
Z ‫א‬ K

R. X C
Z= = 843.5Ω
2
R2 + X C
- ٣٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
I R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

V S ( rms )
I R ( rms ) = = 10mA
R
I C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

V S ( rms )
I C ( rms ) = = 6.25mA
XC
 I T ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 (a )I T ( rms ) = I R2 ( rms ) + I C2 ( rms ) = 11.8mA
V S ( rms ) 10
(b )I Trms = = = 11.8mA
Z 843.5
θ ‫א‬‫א‬ K
⎛ R ⎞
 (a )θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 32 0
⎝ XC ⎠
⎛I ⎞
 (b )θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ C ( rms ) ⎟⎟ = 32 0
⎝ I R ( rms ) ⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 Req = Z . cos θ = 843.5 * cos 32 o = 715.3Ω
 X Ceq = Z . sin θ = 843.5 * sin 32 o = 452.3Ω

1
 ⇒ C eq = = 0.035µF
2πF * X Ceq

Req=7153 

VS Ceq=0.035uF 



- ٣٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Summary

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮازي‬ RC ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‬ RC ‫داﺋﺮة‬
 2
IT = I R + IC
2
‫א‬  2
V S = V R + VC
2
‫א‬
R. X C
 Z=
2
‫א‬  Z = R2 + X C
2
‫א‬
R2 + X C
⎛ XC ⎞ ⎛ XC ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
⎛I ⎞ ⎛V ⎞
θ = tan ⎜⎜ C
−1
⎟⎟ θ = tan ⎜⎜ C
−1
⎟⎟
⎝ IR ⎠ ⎝ VR ⎠

- ٣٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Series-Parallel RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1=1k 

VS(rms)=10v C1=0.1uF 
R2
F=5kHz C2=0.05uF
680 

 E٦J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠J ١٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ (1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (2
 I ‫א‬ VS ‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬ (3

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
1
 X C1 = = 318Ω
2πF .C1
1
 X C2 = = 637Ω
2πF .C 2
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ RC F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬W
Ceq
Req
R C
- ٣٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
R2 * C 2
 Z2 =
2 2
= 465Ω W‫א‬‫א‬
R2 + X C2
⎛ R2 ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 46.9 o W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎟
⎝ XC2 ⎠
 ⇒ Req = Z 2 cos θ = 318Ω W‫א‬‫א‬
 X Ceq = Z 2 sin θ = 340Ω W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Xceq 
R1 Req


VS Xc1

F


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 RT = R1 + Req = 1.32kΩ W‫א‬‫א‬
 X CT = X C1 + X Ceq = 658Ω W‫א‬‫א‬
Rt=1.32k 

VS Xct=658 ohm 



 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Z T ‫א‬‫א‬ K
2 2
Z T = RT + X CT = 1.47kΩ
I T ‫א‬‫א‬ K

 W
V Srms 10V
 I rms = = = 6.8mA
ZT 1.47 kΩ
θ ‫א‬‫א‬ K

X CT
 θ = tan −1 = 26.50 o
RT
 E٧J ١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 

VS C1
V2 R2 
F V1 C2


 E٧J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١J ١٣F
 Z 1  C1  R1 ‫א‬K
 I rms = 6.8mA ‫א‬‫א‬
 V 1rms= I rms * Z 1
 2 2
Z 1 = R1 + X C! = 1050Ω
 ⇒ V1rms = (6.8mA) * (1.05kΩ ) = 7.13V

 W Z 2 ‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬K
 V2 rms = I rms * Z 2 = (6.8mA) * (465Ω ) = 3.16V
 C1 ‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬K
 V Rrms = I rms * R1 = 6.8V
 VCrms = I rms * X C1 = 2.16V
- ٣٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 C 2 ‫א‬ R2 ‫א‬K
V2 3.16
 I R2 = = = 4.64mA
R 2 680
V 3.16
 IC2 = 2 = = 4.9mA
X C2 340
Power in RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١٣
Power Triangle‫א‬١J ١٠J ١٣
،‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬، 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬
C 
R 

VS Vr Vc 


 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬E٣٢J ١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W I rms ‫א‬‫א‬

 I rms ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣J ١٣F
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VR C I rms rms
 K‫א‬‫א‬ VC C I rms

rms
 KApparent Power‫א‬‫א‬ VS C I rms rms
- ٣٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 W‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤J ١٣F

 Powers Relationship‫א‬٢J ١٠J ١٣
 WApparent Power‫א‬‫א‬
2
V Srms
 Pa = V Srms * I rms = = I rms
2
*Z       E٤١J ١٣F
Z
  WTrue Power‫א‬‫א‬
 Ptrue = Pa . cos θ         E٤٢J ١٣F
 WReactive Power‫א‬‫א‬
 Pr = Pa . sin θ        E٤٣J ١٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ١٣
 (W )  Watt W‫א‬‫א‬
 (VAR )  Volt − Ampere − Re active W‫א‬‫א‬
 (VA)  Vott − Ampere W‫א‬‫א‬

The Significance of apparent Power‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ١٣
،EFApparent Power‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
- ٣٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PF : thePowerFactor ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 EThe Power Factor (PF‫א‬٥J ١٠J ١٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Power Factor‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ptrue
 PF = = cos θ         E٤٤J ١٣F
Pa
 W
 PF = cos θ          E٤٥J ١٣F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W θ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
 K θ = 0 o ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 cos(0 o ) = 1 ، sin(0 o ) = 0
 W
Ptrue = Pa = V S ( rms ) * I rms

Pr = 0
 PF = 1 W ،
- ٣٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬W
 K θ = 90 o ،٩٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 cos(90 o ) = 0 ، sin(90 o ) = 1
 W
Ptrue = 0

Pr = Pa = V S ( rms ) * I rms
 PF = 0 W،

RC‫א‬W
K 0 < PF < 1 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨J ١٣F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥J ١٣F
‫א‬
1
 XC = = 3.18kΩ
2πF .C
 Z = R 2
+ X C
2
= 3 . 33 k Ω 
2
V srms
 Pa = = 67.5 * 10 −3 VA = 67.5mVA
Z
⎛ XC ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 72.5 o W‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ R ⎠
 Ptrue = Pa . cos θ = 20.3mW W‫א‬‫א‬
 PF = cos θ = 0.301 W‫א‬
- ٣١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KEE VR and I R )are in Phase)
‫א‬Leads‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K٢
 KEPhase Shift)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 90 o 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ptrue = 0
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pr = Vrms * I rms
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
1
 CT =
1 1 1
+ + ....
C1 C 2 CN
 W،
 X CT = X C! + X C2 + X C N
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 C T = C1 + C 2 + L + C N
 W،
1
 X CT =
1 1 1
+ + ....
X C! X C 2 X CN
- ٣١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 Z = R2 + XC
2
⎛ VC ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ VR ⎠
2 2
VS = VR + VC
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
R *C
 Z=
2
R2 + X C
⎛ IC ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ IR ⎠
 IT = I R + IC
2 2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬ K١٠

Req = Z . cos θ

x ceq = Z . sin θ
1
 ⇒ C eq =
2πFZ . sin θ

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Summary  K١١

‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬
 2
IT = I R + IC
2
‫א‬  2
V S = V R + VC
2
‫א‬
R. X C
 Z=
2
‫א‬  Z = R2 + X C
2
‫א‬
R + XC
2
⎛ XC ⎞ ⎛ XC ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
−1 ⎛ I C ⎞ −1 ⎛ VC ⎞
θ = tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ θ = tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ IR ⎠ ⎝ VR ⎠
- ٣١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

(b)
(a) C1 C2 
C=0.047µF

1H2
F= 1kH2 

C1=10µF
C2=15µF 
(c) 


60H2

C1=1µF
C2=1µF


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Irms= ImA


C=0.0047µF

F= 10kH2 


‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٣١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣


W‫א‬‫א‬، I Tavg ‫א‬‫א‬ I Trms ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
- ٣١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 (
I T ‫א‬‫א‬ o 1
 I : C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 2
c1 1
o
 I : C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 3
C2 2
o
 I : R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 4
R
o

W‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
V R2 , V R1 , θ , I T , VC , V R3  K٨
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I 2 , I 1 ،‫א‬‫א‬ I T  K٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
- ٣١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W RC ‫א‬ K١٠
 Ptrue = 2W W TruePower ‫א‬‫א‬
  Pr = 3.5V . A.R W Re activePower ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ ApperentPower  Pr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Power Factor‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

 W‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction١J ١٤
، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،Open Circuit‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬KE ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬،Short Circuit‫א‬‫א‬

 Inductive Reactance X L ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬، X L ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F 
N I




L 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٤F
- ٣١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א؟‬K‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، X L ↔F ‫א‬ X L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Inductive Reactance X L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K Ohm(Ω) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

F 

N I




L



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٤F
 F0 
- ٣١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ X L ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W،Inductive Reactance Formula
 X L = 2πF .L    E١J ١٤F

 E١J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I 

L 
Vs 5mH
F=1kHz 


 E١J ١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٤F
  X L ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 X L = 2πF .L = 2π *1*10 3 * 5 *10 −3 = 31.4Ω

 Ohm's Law in Inductive AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٤

‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬،E٤J ١٤F‫א‬
 K Henry‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
I

L XL



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٤F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 W،
 V = I . X L    E٢J ١٤F
V
 I=    E٣J ١٤F
XL
V
 X L =    E٤J ١٤F
I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




XL


 ‫א‬E٥J ١٤F

 
 Peak  RMS ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Peak − to − Peak

- ٣٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٢J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I

 L
Vs 100mH
F=10k Hz



 E٢J ١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٤F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
X L = 2πF .L = 6.3kΩ
V srms
 I rms = = 796µA
X1
I avg = 0.9 I rms = 716.4µA.

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٤
Current & Voltage Relationship in Inductive Circuits

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KEE VR and I R )are in Phase)،‫א‬
 KEPhase Shift)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 90 o ‫א‬Lags

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١٤F
- ٣٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K 90 0 ‫א‬EF‫א‬

Power in an Inductor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٤

‫א‬DC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬، P = V .I ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Instantaneous Power‫א‬‫ א‬١-٥-١٣
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٤F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W
- ٣٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫ א‬Ka
K‫א‬‫ א‬Kb
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 W
 K‫א‬‫ א‬Ka
 K‫א‬‫ א‬Kb
 True Power Ptrue ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Ptrue = 0             E٥J ١٤F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K RW ‫א‬
 W،
 Ptrue = I rms
2
RW            E٦J ١٤F

 Pr Reactive Power‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-٥-١٤
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pr = Vrms * I rms            E٧J ١٤F
2
Vrms
 Pr =            E٨J ١٤F
XL
 Pr = I rms
2
* XL           E٩J ١٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Vrms W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W I rms 
 K(VAR) Volt- Ampere – ReactiveW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pr 
- ٣٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٣J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I


L=10mH
Vrms=10V 
F=1k Hz


 E٣J ١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
2
V
 Pr = rms
XL
2
V
 X L = 2πF .L = 62.8Ω ⇒ Pr = rms = 1.59VAR
XL
 E٤J ١٤F
‫א‬‫א‬K RW = 5Ω ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ Ptrue ‫א‬


 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vrms
 I rms = = 159mA
XL
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ⇒ Ptrue = I rms
2
* RW = 126mw
 
- ٣٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Series & Parallel Inductive AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 Series Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L1 L2 Ln


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١٤F

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LT = L1 + L2 .... + L N    E١٠J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 X LT = X L1 + X L2 + ... X LN          E١١J ١٤F


 Parallel Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



L1 L2 Ln



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١٤F
- ٣٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 LT =           E١٢J ١٤F
1 1 1
+ + ....
L1 L2 LN
 W،
1
 X LT =          E١٣J ١٤F
1 1 1
+ + ... +
X L1 X L 2 X LN
- ٣٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 WSummary‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

InductorsE‫א‬F‫א‬ Capacitors‫א‬
 Inductance‫א‬ Capacitance‫א‬
N µ. A
( )
2
A
 L=  C= * ε r * 8.85 * 10 −12
l d
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K
1 2 1
 W = LI  W = CV 2
2 2
Inductive Reactance‫א‬‫א‬ Capacitive Reactance‫א‬‫א‬
1
 X L = 2π .F .L  XC =
2π .F .C
 K  K
 V = I .X L
 V = I .X C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬  90 o ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1
 CT =
 LT = L1 + L2 + ...LN 1
+
1
+ ...
1
C1 C 2 CN
 X LT = X L1 + X L2 + ... + X LN
 X CT = X C1+ X C2 + ..... X C N
- ٣٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
InductorsE‫א‬F‫א‬ Capacitors‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 LT =
1  CT = C1 + C 2 + .....C N
1 1 1 1
+ + ... +  X CT =
L1 L2 LN 1 1 1
+ + ...
1
 X LT =
X c1 X C2 X CN
1 1 1
+ + ... + 
X L1 X L2 X LN
 ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
LT = L1 + L2 C1C 2
  CT =
X LT = X L1 + X L2 C1 + C 2
  X CT = X C1 + X C2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
LT =
L1 .L2  ‫א‬‫א‬
L1 + L2 CT = C1 + C 2

X LT =
X L1 . X L2  X C1 . X C2
X l1 + X L2 X CT =
X C1 + X C2

C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C
LT = N .L  CT =
 N
X LT = N . X L
 X CT = N . X C
L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
L
LT = CT = N .C
 N
 XC
XL X CT =
X LT N
N

- ٣٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Series RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٤
 Characteristics of RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ١٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IL

R XL 
VR VL 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١٤F

K V L ‫א‬‫א‬ I L 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ VR ‫א‬ I R   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ V L  I L ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ V L ‫א‬ VR ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
VL 
VS 

θ

I VR

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١٤F
 K V L + V R ‫א‬‫א‬ V L  VR 

 
 K V L  VR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 VS  I ‫א‬
 ، θ  VS  VR 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ VR  I  θ 
،Phase angle‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬RL‫א‬
. θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬
 
Impedance Z‫ א‬٢-٧-١٤
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، 
‫א‬، RT ‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، LT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  F
 KOhmZ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Series R – L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VS = I.X S Z 
VL = I.X L XL

θ θ
R
VR = I.R 
 ‫א‬E١٤J ١٤F
 WPythagoras‫א‬‫א‬
 Z 2 = R2 + X L
2
           E١٤J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬
 Z = R2 + X L
2
         E١٥J ١٤F

- ٣٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 θ Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-٧-١٤

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ 
VS VS 
VL XL 
θ θ
VR R 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١٤F
 W
⎛ XL ⎞ −1 ⎛ V ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ and  θ = tan ⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟       E١٦J ١٤F
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ VR ⎠
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E tan θ F θ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
VL
 tan θ = E١٧J ١٤F
VR
 (tan ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (tan −1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬W
VL ⎛ VL ⎞
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ‫א‬
VR ⎝ VR ⎠
 Voltages Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤-٧-١٤

 ‫א‬ VR ‫א‬‫א‬ VS ‫א‬
 V L ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VL 
VS

θ
VR 
 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١٤F
- ٣٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VS
θ

VR 
 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ١٤F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 WPythagoras
 2 2
Vs = V R + V L
2
   E١٨J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VS = VR + VL
2 2
   E١٩J ١٤F
 VR = VS − VL
2 2
   E٢٠J ١٤F
 VL = VS − VR
2 2
   E٢١J ١٤F

Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٧J ١٤
،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
I 

R XL

VR VL
‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬E١٨J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ VR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V R = I .R            E٢٢J ١٤F
- ٣٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
، X L ‫א‬‫א‬، V L 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W V L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VL = I .X L            E٢٣J ١٤F
،E ‫א‬‫א‬F V ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬Z‫א‬
 V = I .Z            E٢٤J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V
 I=            E٢٥J ١٤F
Z
V
 Z=            E٢٦J ١٤F
I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬E١٩J ١٤F

 Frequency Effect on RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦-٧-١٤
K ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK ( X L = 2πFL ) ، X L ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
⎛⎜ Z = R 2 + X 2 ⎞⎟ W‫א‬ ⇐

⎝ L
⎠
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F I = V W‫⇐ א‬
Z
  KVL  VR ‫א‬ ⇐

 K (VS 2 = V R 2 + V L 2 ) V L ‫א‬ ⇐

↑ V L ↓ V R ⇐↑ I  ↓ Z ⇐↓ X L ⇐ F  K٢
- ٣٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
↑ VL  ↓ VR  ↓ I  ↑ Z  ↑ X L WF‫א‬
 ↑ VL  ↓ VR  ↓ I  ↑ Z  ↑ X L WF‫א‬

 E٥J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R L
I= 200µA

10 K Ω

100 mH
VS VR VL 
F =10KHZ 

 E٥J ١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ١٤F
X L ‫א‬‫א‬ K
X L = 2πFL = 6.28kΩ
 ‫ א‬K

 Z = R 2 + X L = 11.8kΩ
2
‫א‬ K

V R = I .R = 2V
 ‫א‬ K

V L = I * X L = 1.256V
 ‫א‬ K
2 2
(a)V S = V R + V L = 2.36V
(b)V S = I .Z = 2.36V
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
⎛ XL ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 32 0
⎝ R ⎠

⎛ VL ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 32 0
⎝ VR ⎠
- ٣٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Parallel RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١٤
 Characteristics of RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IT 
IR IL 
Vs R 
L


 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬E٢١J ١٤F
 W
V L = V R = V S  •
‫א‬ VR  I R •
K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ I R  I L •
K θ ‫א‬‫א‬ I L ‫א‬‫• א‬

IR
θ
Vs 
IT 

RL 
 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ١٤F

Impedance Z‫ א‬٢-٨-١٤
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬KOhmZ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

IR= VR/R 
θ

IT= VS/Z 
IL= VL/XL 
 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ١٤F
 W
VR
 IR =    E٢٧J ١٤F
R
‫א‬،Parallel R – L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Admittance triangle‫א‬‫א‬، VS = VR = VL
1/R 
θ

1/Z 

1/XL 
 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
1/R 
θ 
1/XL
1/Z 
 ‫א‬E٢٥J ١٤F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬admittance‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬، 1 ، 1
، 1 
Z XC R

- ٣٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Z‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 W
1 1 1
 2
= 2 + 2
   E٢٨J ١٤F
Z R XL
1 X L2 + R 2 RX L
 = ⇒Z =    E٢٩J ١٤F
Z 2 R 2 * X L2 R 2 + X L2
 θ Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-٨-١٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ 
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

IR 1/R 
θ
IL
θ 
1/XL
1/Z 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦J ١٤F
 W
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛I ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and  θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟        E٣٠J ١٤F
⎝ XL ⎠ ⎝ IR ⎠
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E tan θ F θ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
IL
 tan θ = E٣١J ١٤F
IR
 (tan ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (tan −1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬W
IL ⎛ IL ⎞
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ‫א‬
IR ⎝ IR ⎠

- ٣٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Currents Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٨J ١٤

 I L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I R ‫א‬ I T ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
IR 
θ 

IL IT

 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ١٤F
 W،‫א‬
 2 2
IT = I R + I L
2
          E٣٢J ١٤F
 W
 2 2 2 2
IT = I R + I L ⇒ I R = IT − I L ⇒ I L = IT − I R
2 2
     E٣٣J ١٤F
Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٨J ١٤
،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

R

I
XL 

Z 

 V
 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬E٢٨J ١٤F
 W
 V = I *Z            E٣٤J ١٤F
- ٣٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V V
 I= ⇒Z =           E٣٥J ١٤F
Z I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬E٢٩J ١٤F

 ‫א‬ RL ‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٨J ١٤
KConversion From Parallel to Series Form
 ‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬،‫א‬
 RL ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ RL ‫א‬
 RL ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R eq XL eq 
Vs R
XL

VS


 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠J ١٤F
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X Leq  Req 
 Req = Z cos θ    E٣٦J ١٤F
X Leq Z . sin θ
 X Leq = Z sin θ ⇒ Leq = =    E٣٧J ١٤F
2πF 2πF

- ٣٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٦J ١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IT

IR IL

R L
Vs
10 v
2.2 KΩ
150mH 


 E٦J ١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١J ١٤F

 X L ‫א‬‫א‬ K
X L = 2π .F .L = 1.41kΩ
Z ‫א‬ K

RX L
Z= = 1.19kΩ
2
R2 + X L
I R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

V S ( rms )
I R ( rms ) = = 4.54mA
R
I L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

V S ( rms )
I L ( rms ) = = 7.1mA
XL
 I T ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 (a )I T ( rms ) = I R2 ( rms ) + I L2( rms ) = 8.42mA
V S ( rms )
 (b )I Trms = = 8.42mA
Z
θ ‫א‬‫א‬ K
⎛ R ⎞
 (a )θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 57.3 0
⎝ XL ⎠
⎛I ⎞
 (b )θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ L ( rms ) ⎟⎟ = 57.3 0
⎝ I R ( rms ) ⎠
- ٣٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬ K


R eq XL eq 
Vs




X Leq
 Req = Z . cos θ = 643Ω And X Leq = Z . sin θ = 1kΩ ⇒ Leq = = 106.25mH
2πF
 Series -Parallel RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IT 
١R L1 
Vs 4.7 KΩ mH٢٥٠
10 v
R2 L1 
KΩ٣٫٣ mH١٠٠

F = 5KHZ

 E٧J ١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢J ١٤F
 K Z T ‫א‬‫א‬ (1
 K I T ‫א‬‫א‬ (2
 I ‫א‬ VS ‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬ (3
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
X L1 = 2πFL1 = 7.85kΩ

X L2 = 2πFL2 = 3.14kΩ
- ٣٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

R eq XL eq 
R2
2

XL2
XL 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R2 . X L 2
Z2 = = 2.28kΩ
⎧ Req = Z 2 cos θ 2 = 1.57kΩ
2 2
R2 + X L
  ⇒ ⎪⎨
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎪⎩ X Leq = Z 2 . sin θ 2 = 1.65kΩ
θ 2 = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 46.4 0
⎜ XL ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R1 XL 1 R eq XL eq 
Vs



 ‫א‬‫א‬
 RT = R1 + Req = 6.27kΩ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 X LT = X L1 + X Leq = 9.5kΩ
، RT = 6.27 kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬ X L = 9.5kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T
 W
2 2
Z T = RT + X LT = 11.4kΩ
⎛ X LT ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 56.6 o
⎟
⎝ RT ⎠
VS
IT = = 877 µA.
ZT
- ٣٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Power in RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١٤
Power Triangle‫א‬ ١J ١٠J ١٤
،‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬
I R XL 

Vs VR VL 



 ‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬E٣٣J ١٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W I rms ‫א‬

VS rms VS rms . I rms
VL rms 
θ θ Pa 
VR rms VS rms . I rms

Ptrue 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤J ١٤F
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VR C I rmsrms
 K‫א‬‫א‬ V Lrms C I rms

 KApparent Power‫א‬‫א‬ VS C I rms rms
- ٣٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬،Power Triangle‫א‬

Pa 
Pr
θ

Ptrue

 ‫א‬E٣٥J ١٤F

 Powers Relationship‫א‬ ٢J ١٠J ١٤
 WApparent Power‫א‬‫א‬
2
V Srms
 Pa = V Srms * I rms = = I rms
2
*Z       E٣٨J ١٤F
Z
 WTrue Power‫א‬‫א‬
 Ptrue = Pa . cos θ        E٣٩J ١٤F
 WReactive Power‫א‬‫א‬
 Pr = Pa . sin θ         E٤٠J ١٤F


Power Units‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ١٤
 (W )  Watt W‫א‬‫א‬
 (VAR )  Volt − Ampere − Re active W‫א‬‫א‬
 (VA)  Vott − Ampere W‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
The Significance of apparent Power‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١٠J ١٤

،EFApparent Power‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، PF : thePowerFactor ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 (PF) The Power Factor ‫א‬ ٥J ١٠J ١٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Power Factor‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ptrue
 PF = = cos θ         E٤١J ١٤F
Pa
 W
 PF = cos θ          E٤٢J ٤>F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W θ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٨J ١٤F
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

I = 0.24 A Ptrue = 20 w 


١ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ 
Vs
110 v
PF=0.75 




I = 0.196 A  Ptrue = 20 w


 ١ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬
Vs
110 v  PF=0.95



 E٨J ٤>F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦J ١٤F

‫א‬ 20w ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2,1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (PF = 0.75) ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (PF = 0.95) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٣٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Summary

RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
 θ ‫א‬
 θ ‫א‬
 Z = R2 + X L
2
‫• א‬
 Z = R2 + XC
2
‫• א‬
⎛X ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ L ⎟
−1
⎛ XC ⎞
⎝ R ⎠ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
 ‫א‬‫א‬ • ⎝ R ⎠
⎛V ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
⎛V ⎞
⎝ VR ⎠ θ = tan ⎜⎜ C ⎟⎟
−1
⎝ VR ⎠
2 2
VS = VR + VL
2
• 2 2
V S = V R + VC
2
•
- ٣٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ RC ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
 θ ‫א‬
 θ ‫א‬ RX C
R. X L  Z= ‫• א‬
 Z=
2
‫• א‬ R2 + XC
2
R2 + X L
⎛ R ⎞
⎛ R ⎞ θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
Q = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ XC ⎠
⎝ XL ⎠  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ • −1 ⎛ I C ⎞
θ = tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎛I ⎞
Q = tan −1 ⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟ ⎝ IR ⎠
⎝ IR ⎠ 2 2
IT = I R + IC
2
•
2 2
IT = I R + I L
2
•
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
Req = Z . cos θ Req = Z . cos θ
 X Leq = Z . sin θ  X Ceq = Z . sin θ
1 1
X Leq Z . sin θ C eq = =
Leq = = 2π .F . X Ceq 2π .F .Z . sin θ
2πF 2πF


- ٣٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 100mH  K١
W‫א‬‫א‬،B,A ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
١L

A
1H 
L2 L3 
10 H 5H

B
L2= 50 mH 
A


L1 L3 L4
100m H m H ٦٠
 40 H

B 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
١L

50m H

Vrms L2 L3
10 v 20m H 40m H

F= 2.5KHZ


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K L3 , L2 ‫א‬‫א‬ K


- ٣٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

R XL


Vs 100 Ω 50 Ω
10 v 


R1  L1 L2

Vs 47 Ω  50mH 100mH
10 v

F= 100HZ


R

470 Ω
Vrms L1 L2
 5m H 8m H
10 v
F= 20KHZ 



Vrms R1 L1 L2
560 Ω
10 v
 5m H 8m H
F= 20KHZ 
R2 330 Ω 


 KImpedance‫א‬
- ٣٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

I‫א‬‫א‬ K
θ ‫א‬‫א‬ K

V L , V R  K

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 I L , I R , I T ،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 ‫א‬ K

 IT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
I R2 , I L ‫א‬ K
Pr ‫א‬‫א‬ Ptrue ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 PF ‫א‬ Pa ‫א‬‫א‬ K
- ٣٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Introduction١J ١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 Series RLC Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
Parallel RLC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KResonance Circuits‫א‬

 Series RLC Circuit RLC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٥

 RLC Circuits Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬RLC‫א‬E١J ١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٥F
- ٣٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬ VR , I W
 K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ VL  I WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ VC  I W‫א‬
180 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢J ١٥F‫א‬
0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VC , V L ‫א‬‫א‬
Total Reactance‫א‬‫ א‬٢-٢-١٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٥F
 W
 XT = Xl − XC   E١J ١٥F
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ X L > X C
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ X C > XL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X C = XL
- ٣٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Total Impedance‫א‬‫ א‬٣-٢-١٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 


 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Z T = R 2 + X T2 = R 2 + ( X L − X C ) 2    E٢J ١٥F
Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬ ٤-٢-١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ XT ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟   E٣J ١٥F
⎝ R ⎠
K θ ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ X L < X C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K θ ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ X C < X L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 E١J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١٥F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1
XC = = 3.18Ω
 2πF .C
X L = 2πF .L = 6.28Ω
- ٣٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ X C < XL

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 X T = X L − X C = 3.1Ω
 W‫א‬
 2
Z T = R 2 + X T = 6 .4 Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ XT ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 29
0
⎝ R ⎠
 29 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X C < X L 






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٥F
‫א‬‫א‬ VLC ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VLC ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K θ = 29 o ‫א‬ I  VS ، θ = 90 o



 

 


- ٣٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Analysis of Series RLC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RLC‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬ V L , VC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K180 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 





 E٢J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K VLC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬
 W،‫א‬ K
 Z = R 2 +( X L − X C )2 = 82.8Ω
 W
VS
I= = 121mA
Z
W،‫א‬ K

V R = I .R = 9.08V
VC = I . X C = 7.26V
V L = I . X L = 3.03V
- ٣٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W، VL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
C

 V LC = VC − VL = 4.23V
 K VC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ XT ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 25 0
⎝ R ⎠
 K 250 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X L < X C ‫א‬

 W




 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٥F

 Series Resonance‫א‬‫א‬ ٦-٢-١٥
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ X L > X C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X L < X C
 X C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ X L ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١٥F
 W
1
 XC =   E٤J ١٥F
2πF .C
 X L = 2πF .L   E٥J ١٥F

W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ↑ X L , ↓ X C ⇐↑ F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، X C = X L ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K Fr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 X L = X C ⇒ V L = VC   E٦J ١٥F
 Z r = R    E٧J ١٥F
- ٣٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١٥F

 Series Resonant Frequency Fr ‫א‬‫א‬ ٧-٢-١٥
 W،‫א‬
 X L = X C   E٨J ١٥F
1
 ⇒ 2π .Fr .L =   E٩J ١٥F
2π .Fr .C
1
 ⇒ Fr =
2
  E١٠J ١٥F
(2π )2 .L.C
1
 ⇒ Fr =   E١١J ١٥F
2π L.C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 Fr = E١٢J ١٥F
2π L.C
E٣J ١٥F
- ٣٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 







 E٣J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١٥F
 ‫א‬
1
 Fr = = 318kHz
2π LC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X C = X L ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬، 180 0 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١٥F

 X T ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 E٤J ١٥F
 W‫א‬ Z , X C 

 

 



 E٤J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١٥F
 X C = X L = 50Ω ‫א‬
 Z = R = 100Ω ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٢J ١٥
 Voltage, Current and Impedance Variation with Frequency
 W Fr >F ‫א‬W
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، F = 0 Hz ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E DC
، X C − X L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
 F ↑⇒ X C ↓⇒ X L ↑⇒ ( X C − X L ) ↓⇒ Z ↓⇒ I ↑
 W
 ⇒ V R ↑⇒ V L ↑⇒ VC ↑
 W
 ⇒ V L − VC ↓
- ٣٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 F = Fr ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬، X L = X C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، VC = VL ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 F = Fr ⇒ X L = X C ⇒ VC = V L ⇒ VCL = 0
 W
VS
 ⇒Z =R⇒I = ⇒ VS = VR
R

 W F > Fr ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Fr ↑⇒ X L ↑⇒ X C ↓⇒ X L − X C ↑⇒ Z ↑⇒ I ↓⇒ V R ↓, VC ↓, V L ↓⇒ V L − VC ↑

 VR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، VS ‫א‬‫א‬ VC ‫א‬





- ٣٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  



 ‫א‬RLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١٥F

 Phase Angle Variation with Frequency‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩-٢-١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 Fr > F ⇒ X C > X L   E١٣J ١٥F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W، F = Fr ‫א‬

- ٣٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، θ = 0 0 ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 F = Fr  F〉 Fr 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١٥F
 W
XT =
X L .X C  E١٤J ١٥F
XL − XC
 
، X T = ∞ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ X L = X C 
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ١٥F

- ٣٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Parallel RLC Circuit RLC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٥

 RLC Circuits Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬RLC‫א‬E١٨J ١٥F
 W
 VR = VC = VL = VS
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ VR , I R W
 K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ VL  I L WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 K 90 o ‫א‬‫א‬ VC  I C W‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ١٥F
 I C , I L ‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ 180 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 I LC = I L − I C   E١٥J ١٥F

Total Reactance‫א‬‫ א‬٢-٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1 1 1 X L .X C
 = − ⇒ XT =   E١٦J ١٥F
XT XL XC XL − XC

Total Impedance‫א‬‫ א‬٣-٣-١٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ RLC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
R. X T
 ZT =
2
  E١٧J ١٥F
R + XT
2
Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬ ٤-٣-١٥

 W، θ ‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ R ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟    E١٨J ١٥F
⎝ XT ⎠
 E٥J ١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 E٥J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ١٥F

- ٣٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
X L .X C 5 * 10
XT = = = 10Ω
XL − XC 5

R. X T 10 * 10
ZT = = = 7.07Ω
R 2 + X T2 10 2 + 10 2
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ R ⎞
 θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 45 o 
⎝ XT ⎠
Parallel Resonance‫א‬‫א‬ ٥-٣-١٥
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 XL = XC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، 180 0 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K I LC = 0 A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ١٥F
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I LC = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Open Circuits‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
XLXC
 XT =   E١٩J ١٥F
XL − XC

- ٣٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬،، X T = ∞ ‫א‬ X L = X C 
 W،‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ١٥F
، θ = 0 o ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، X L = X C W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

The Parallel Resonant Frequency‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣J ١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Fr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 Fr =   E٢٠J ١٥F
2n LC
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ < W F < Fr W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
XC XL
K‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ 1 = 1 W F = Fr W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

XC XL
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ⇐ 1 < 1  F > Fr W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

XL XC

⎧ 1 1 1 1 ⎫
  ⎨ >  > ⎬ 
⎩XL XC XC XL ⎭
 ‫א‬RLC‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ١٥F
- ٣٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W
1
 XC =   E٢١J ١٥F
2πF .C
 X L = 2πF .L   E٢٢J ١٥F
 E٦J ١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 E٦J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ١٥F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1
 Fr = = 2.25kHz
2π LC
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Fr = 2.25 Hz
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 XT = ∞
 ‫א‬
 Z = R = 100Ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬
VS
 IT = = 0 .1 A
R


- ٣٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١






 R = 10Ω ، L = 5mH ، C = 0.05µF ، F = 5kH 2 W

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢



 



 
 

 I T ‫א‬‫א‬ K
(Ptrue
2
= I rms * R ) Ptrue ‫א‬‫א‬ K

(P r
2
= I rms * X T )  P ‫א‬‫א‬ K
r
(Pa = VS rms .I rms )  P ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

a 
 R2 ‫א‬‫א‬ R1 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
- ٣٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ L2 ‫א‬‫א‬ L1 ‫א‬‫א‬ R2  R1 ‫א‬‫א‬ K

 C 2 ,C1 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F θ ‫א‬‫א‬ K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K٣



 


K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ I ‫א‬ Z , X C , X L  •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤





 





- ٣٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 K Z T ‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 K I LC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I C , I L , I R ‫א‬ K


- ٣٧٤ -
  ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
EReferencesF‫א‬‫א‬

[1] Thomas L. Floyed, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Prentice, Inc, sixth
edition, 2000.
[2] B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, " Electrical Technology", published by Ninja
Construction development Co. Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 110055, 1995.
[3] M. A. PAI, "Introduction to Electric Circuits and Machines", Affiliated east west
presses private limited, 1975.
- ٣٥٣ -
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ١
 ٢K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K The International System of Units‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-2
 ٢K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K The Measurement Units‫א‬‫א‬1-2-1
 ٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Electric Quantities‫א‬‫א‬1-2-2
 ٤K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Scientific Notation‫א‬‫א‬1-3
 ٥K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
 ٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-5
 ٧K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Measurement units Conversion‫א‬‫א‬1-6
 ٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ٢
 ١٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Electrical Charge‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 ١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Electrical Voltage‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
 ١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
 ١٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Sources‫א‬2-3-2
 ١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Electrical Current‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 ١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Current‫א‬١J ٤J ٢
 ١٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Current Types‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
 ١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Resistance‫א‬٥J ٢
 ١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Resistor‫א‬١J ٥J ٢
 ١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Resistance of a wire‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٢
 ٢٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Types of Resistors‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٢
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Conductance‫א‬٤J ٥J ٢
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Energy and Power‫א‬‫א‬6-2
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
 ٢٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Units of Energy‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢
 ٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ٣
 ٢٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Ohm’s Law٢J ٣
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٢٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Current Formula‫א‬EF2-3-1
 ٣٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Resistance Formula‫א‬2-3-1
 ٣١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Formula2-3-1
 ٣٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Drop‫א‬3-2-3-1
 ٣٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Source‫א‬3-2-3-2
 ٣٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction4-1
 ٤٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power‫א‬4-2
 ٤٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power in Electric Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4-3
 ٥٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power Rating of Resistors‫א‬‫א‬4-4
 ٥٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Definition١J ٤J ٤
 ٥٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٤
 ٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Resistor Failures‫א‬EF٣J ٤J ٤
 ٥٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٥٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction5-1
 ٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series Connection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-2
 ٥٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Total Resistance (RT)‫א‬‫א‬5-2-1
 ٥٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Ohm's Law in Series Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-3
 ٦٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Sources in Series‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-4
 ٦٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL5-5
 ٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Divider‫א‬5-6
 ٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Divider Law‫א‬١J ٦J ٥
 ٧٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power in a Series Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-7
 ٧٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage With Respect to Ground‫א‬5-8
 ٧٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Troubleshooting‫א‬‫א‬5-9
 ٨٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٨٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ٦
 ٩٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٩٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Total Resistance (RT)‫א‬5-2-2

 ٩٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Drop in Parallel Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
 ٩٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Kirchhoff’s Current Law٤J ٦
 ٩٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Total Parallel Resistors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦
 ٩٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٦
 ١٠٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٦
 ١٠٣ K K K K K K K K K K Determining an unknown Parallel Resistor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٦
 ١٠٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K Current Division in Parallel Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٦
 ١١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power in Parallel Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٦
 ١١٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ١١٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ٧
 ١١٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
 ١٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
 ١٤١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
 ١٤٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ١٤٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction8-1
 ١٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8-2
 ١٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Constant Voltage Source‫א‬‫א‬8-2-1
 ١٥٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Constant Current Source٢J ٢J ٨
 ١٥٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Source Conversions‫א‬8-2-3
 ١٥٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Superposition Theorem‫א‬8-3
 ١٥٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬8-3-1
 ١٥٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬8-3-2
 ١٥٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٣J ٣J ٨
 ١٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Thevenin's Theorem٤J ٨
 ١٧٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬8-4-1
 ١٧٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Maximum Power Transfer‫א‬‫א‬8-4-2
 ١٨٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8-5
 ١٩١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 'Summary'‫א‬
 ١٩٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ١٩٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ٩
 ١٩٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Capacitor Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩
 ١٩٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Basic Structure‫א‬١J ٢J ٩
 ١٩٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K How Capacitors Store charges‫א‬٢J ٢J ٩
 ١٩٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Capacitance‫א‬٣J ٢J ٩
 ٢٠٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltage Rating‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٩
 ٢٠٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Temperature Coefficient‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٩
 ٢٠١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Dielectric Strength‫א‬٦J ٢J ٩
 ٢٠١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Leakage‫א‬٧J ٢J ٩
 ٢٠٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K Physical Characteristics of Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٢J ٩
 ٢٠٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Types of Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩
 ٢٠٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Fixed Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٩
 ٢٠٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Variable Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٩
 ٢٠٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Connection Types of Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩
 ٢٠٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٩
 ٢٠٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٩
 ٢١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Charging & Discharging of Capacitors‫א‬٥J ٩
 ٢١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Charging Capacitors‫א‬١J ٥J ٩
 ٢١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Discharging Capacitors‫א‬٢J ٥J ٩
 ٢١٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K RC Time Constant‫א‬٣J ٥J ٩
 ٢١٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Charging and Discharging Curves‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥J ٩
 ٢١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ١٠
 ٢١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Inductance CharacteristicsE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠
 ٢١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Basic Structure‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠
 ٢٢٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Inductance‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٠
 ٢٢٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K How Inductors Store charges‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٠
 ٢٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١٠
 ٢٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K PermeabilityE‫א‬F‫א‬١J ٤J ٢J ١٠
 ٢٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢J ١٠
 ٢٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Winding Resistance and Capacitance‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١٠
 ٢٢٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Inductors TypesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٢٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Connection Types of Inductors‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠

 ٢٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١٠
 ٢٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١٠
 ٢٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Inductors in DC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٠
 ٢٢٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٢٢٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ١١
 ٢٣١ K K K K K K K K K K K K Magnetic Effects of Electrical Current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١١
 ٢٣١ K K K K K K K Generation & Concentration of Magnetic Field‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١١
 ٢٣٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Basic Concepts of Electrical Generator‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١١
 ٢٣٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Generation of Sine Wave‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١١
 ٢٣٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Evaluation of Sine Wave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ١١
 ٢٣٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Representation of Sine Wave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ١١
 ٢٣٧ K K K K K K K K K K K Mathematical Representation of Vectors‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ١١
 ٢٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EACF‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١١
 ٢٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١١
 ٢٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١١
 ٢٤١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Sine wave Voltage SourcesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ١١
 ٢٤١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬EACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١١
 ٢٤١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١١
 ٢٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Instantaneous Value‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١١
 ٢٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Peak ValueE‫א‬‫א‬F٣J ٥J ١١
 ٢٤٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Peak to Peak Value‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥J ١١
 ٢٤٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Effective value of sine wave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥J ١١
 ٢٤٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Average value of sine wave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥J ١١
 ٢٤٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١١
 ٢٤٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١J ٦J ١١
 ٢٤٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Ohm's Law in AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١١
 ٢٤٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ١١
 ٢٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٦J ١١
 ٢٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٦J ١١
 ٢٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬F٧J ١١
 ٢٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١J ٧J ١١
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٢٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K V DC > VP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ١١

 ٢٥٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K V DC < V P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ١١
 ٢٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Non Sinusoidal Wave Forms‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١١
 ٢٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١J ٨J ١١
 ٢٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Repetitive Pulse Wave FormE‫א‬F٢J ٨J ١١
 ٢٥٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Square Wave‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ١١
 ٢٥٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Triangular Wave Form‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٨J ١١
 ٢٥٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Saw tooth Wave Form‫א‬٥J ٨J ١١
 ٢٦٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Harmonics‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٨J ١١
 ٢٦٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٢٦٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ١٢
 ٢٦٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Mutual Inductance‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٢
 ٢٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K The Basic Transformer‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٢
 ٢٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Structure١J ٣J ١٢
 ٢٦٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٢J ٣J ١٢
 ٢٦٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٣J ٣J ١٢
 ٢٦٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Turns Ratio‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٢
 ٢٧١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Direction of Winding‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٢
 ٢٧٣ K K K K K K K K K K K Inductance Voltage and Current Relationship‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٢
 ٢٧٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١٢
 ٢٧٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١٢
 ٢٧٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Transformer Types‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٢
 ٢٧٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Step–up Transformer١J ٦J ١٢
 ٢٧٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Step–down Transformer٢J ٦J ١٢
 ٢٧٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Transformer Current Direction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٢
 ٢٧٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٢٧٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ١٣
 ٢٨٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Capacitive Reactance X C ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٣
 ٢٨٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٣
 ٢٨٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٣
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٢٨٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power in Capacitor Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٣

 ٢٨٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Instantaneous Power‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١٣
 ٢٨٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K True Power Ptrve ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١٣
 ٢٨٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Pr Reactive Power‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ١٣
 ٢٨٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K Series & Parallel Capacitive AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٣
 ٢٨٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١٣
 ٢٩٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel Capacitors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١٣
 ٢٩١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٣
 ٢٩١ K K K K K K K K K K K K Characteristics of RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ١٣
 ٢٩٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Impedance Z‫א‬٢J ٧J ١٣
 ٢٩٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K θ Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ١٣
 ٢٩٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltages Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧J ١٣
 ٢٩٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧J ١٣
 ٢٩٥ K K K K K K K K K K K Frequency Effect on RC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧J ١٣
 ٢٩٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١٣
 ٢٩٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K Characteristics of RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١٣
 ٢٩٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Impedance Z‫א‬٢J ٨J ١٣
 ٢٩٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Phase Angle θ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ١٣
 ٢٩٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K Currents Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٨J ١٣
 ٣٠٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٨J ١٣
 ٣٠٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬ RC ‫א‬ RC ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٨J ١٣
 ٣٠٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Summary
 ٣٠٤ K K K K K K K K K K Series-Parallel RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١٣
 ٣٠٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power in RC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١٣
 ٣٠٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power Triangle‫א‬١J ١٠J ١٣
 ٣٠٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Powers Relationship‫א‬٢J ١٠J ١٣
 ٣٠٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ١٣
 ٣٠٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K The Significance of apparent Power‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ١٣
 ٣٠٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EThe Power Factor (PF‫א‬٥J ١٠J ١٣
 ٣١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Summary‫א‬
 ٣١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣١٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ١٤
 ٣١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Inductive Reactance X L ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٤
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٣٢٠ K K K K K K K K Ohm's Law in Inductive AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٤

 ٣٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٤
 ٣٢٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power in an Inductor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٤
 ٣٢٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Instantaneous Power‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١٣
 ٣٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K True Power Ptrue ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١٤
 ٣٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Pr Reactive Power‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ١٤
 ٣٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series & Parallel Inductive AC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٤
 ٣٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١٤
 ٣٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel Inductors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١٤
 ٣٢٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WSummary‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٣٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٤
 ٣٣٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K Characteristics of RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ١٤
 ٣٣١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Impedance Z‫א‬٢J ٧J ١٤
 ٣٣٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K θ Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ١٤
 ٣٣٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Voltages Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧J ١٤
 ٣٣٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧J ١٤
 ٣٣٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K Frequency Effect on RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧J ١٤
 ٣٣٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١٤
 ٣٣٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K Characteristics of RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١٤
 ٣٣٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Impedance Z‫א‬٢J ٨J ١٤
 ٣٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K θ Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ١٤
 ٣٣٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K Currents Relationships‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٨J ١٤
 ٣٣٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Ohm's Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٨J ١٤
 ٣٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬ RL ‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٨J ١٤
 ٣٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K Series -Parallel RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١٤
 ٣٤٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power in RL Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١٤
 ٣٤٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power Triangle‫א‬١J ١٠J ١٤
 ٣٤٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Powers Relationship‫א‬٢J ١٠J ١٤
 ٣٤٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Power Units‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ١٤
 ٣٤٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K The Significance of apparent Power‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ١٤
 ٣٤٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EPFFThe Power Factor ‫א‬٥J ١٠J ١٤
 ٣٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Summary
 ٣٥٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ٣٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction١J ١٥
 ٣٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series RLC Circuit RLC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٥
 ٣٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K RLC Circuits Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Total Reactance‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٥٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Total Impedance‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٥٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٥٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K Analysis of Series RLC Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٥٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Series Resonance‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٦٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K Phase Angle Variation with Frequency‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٢J ١٥
 ٣٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel RLC Circuit RLC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٥
 ٣٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K RLC Circuits Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١٥
 ٣٦٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Total Impedance‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ١٥
 ٣٦٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Phase Angle‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ١٥
 ٣٦٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Parallel Resonance‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣J ١٥
 ٣٧٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K The Parallel Resonant Frequency‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣J ١٥
 ٣٧٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EReferencesF‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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دوائر كهربية نظري

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

µA  0.15mA 

Pulsating Current K٢

 Resistance ‫ א‬٥J ٢

 Kilo Watt – hour (KWh )‫א‬ K١

 Watt – hour (Wh )‫א‬ K٢

 Watt – second (Ws )‫א‬ K٣

Watt – hour (Wh )‫א‬ Kilo Watt – hour (KWh )‫א‬ K

 W Joule = (100000W ) * (5 * 3600 s ) = 1800000000 Joule = 18 * 10 8 J = 1.8GJ

 Ohm’s Law ٢J ٣

V S = I T .RT = 0.1 * 500 = 50 V

V = I*R       E٥J ٣F

 R = 3.3kΩ, I = 10mA K

K V = 1V   ‫א‬ I = 5mA ‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬Kt = 30 sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{P = 100 W‫א‬‫א‬

mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،P=0.045 W EF

W‫א‬kW،P=3500 W EF

P = 3500 W = 3500 * 10 −3 * 10 3 W = 3.5 kW

WMW‫א‬،P=10,000,000 W EF

Power in Electric Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٤

b. P = I 2 .R = (1.4) 2 *10 = 19.6W

P = I 2 .R = (2.1) 2 *10 = 44.1W c.

Power Rating of Resistors‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٤

Total Resistance (RT)‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٢J ٥

Ohm's Law in Series Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٥

 E٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F

 WVSV1،V2 ،V3 

EKirchhoff’s Voltage LawF‫א‬

 E٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٥F

Voltage Sources in Series‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٥

 E٧J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٥F

1.5V 1.5V 1.5V 1.5V

E Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL ٥J ٥

 WE R 4 ‫א‬‫א‬F v 4 

Voltage Divider ‫א‬ ٦J ٥

 K R1, R 2  V2 ، V1 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬ V1 ‫א‬

 W،‫א‬ X  VX ‫א‬‫א‬

Power in a Series Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧J ٥

 E١٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ١٧J ٥F

 EJ ١٤J ٥F

P2 = I 2 R 2 = (15.2 mA )2 (2.7 kΩ ) = 624 mW = 0.62 W

P3 = I 2 R 3 = (15.2 mA )2 (910 Ω ) = 210 mW = 0.21 W

 EJ ١٤J ٥F

Voltage With Respect to Ground ‫א‬ ٨J ٥

، 25V   R 2 ‫א‬، 25mA  R1 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

، VS = 24V ‫א‬ R 2 = 5.6 kΩ ، R 1 = 4.7 kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

R 1 = 1.5 kΩ, V1 = 4.69 V

‫א‬ VS2 ، VS1 = 15V   ‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٦ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠

 ، R1 \ \ R2 W

Voltage Drop in Parallel Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦

 Kirchhoff’s Current Law٤J ٦

 = 5mA + 12mA = 17mA

 ∴ 100mA = 30mA + I 2 + 20mA ⇒ I 2 = 100mA − 50mA = 50mA

 K 3.5A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y ‫א‬‫א‬

 Total Parallel Resistors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦

R 1 = 100Ω R 2 = 47Ω R 3 = 22Ω

 Determining an unknown Parallel Resistor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٦

‫א‬ R X ‫א‬ R A ‫א‬‫א‬

150(330 + R X ) = 330 R X ⇒ 150 * 330 = 330 R X − 150 R X

220 ∗ 560 ∗ 1000

 ∴ V = IT * R T = 10mA * 136Ω = 1.36V