VOCAB

Vocab#49
1.Protobionts- systems that are considered to have possibly been the precursors to prokaryotic
cells
2.Ribozymes- an RNA molecule possessing a well defined tertiary structure that enables it to
catalyze a chemical reaction
0.stromatolites- layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping,
binding and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, especially
cyanobacteria
3.Endosymbiosis- any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism
4.Pangaea- the supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250
million years ago

Vocab#50
1.Photoautotroph- organisms (usually plants) that carry out photosynthesis to acquire energy
0.Chemoautotroph- organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donating
molecules in their environments
1.Photoheterotroph- heterotrophic organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon
dioxide as their sole carbon source
2.chemoheterotroph- organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron, donating
molecules in their environments
3.Obligate anaerobe- anaerobic organisms that fail to grow in the presence of oxygen
4.Symbiosis- long-term interactions between different biological species
5.Mutualism- a biological interaction between two organisms, where each individual
derives a fitness benefit
6.Commensalism- a class of relationship between two organisms where one organism
benefits but the other is unaffected
7.Parasitism- a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where
one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host
0.Endo/exotoxin- toxin excreted by a microorganism, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and
protozoa

Vocab#51
1. Mixotroph- a (micro)organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and
carbon

2.Euglenid- one of the best-known groups of flagellates, commonly found in freshwater

especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and endosymbiotic members
3.Dino flagellate- a large group of flagellate protists
4.Ciliate- a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia,
which are identical in structure to flagella but typically shorter and present in much larger numbers
with a different undulating pattern than flagella
5.Diatom- a major group of eukaryotic algae, and are one of the most common types of
phytoplankton
6.Kelp- large seaweeds (algae) belonging to the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae) and are
classified as the order Laminariales
7.Alternation of generation- the life cycle of plants, fungi and protists
8.Heteromorphic-self compatibility
0.Slime mold- ftingus-like organisms that use spores to reproduce
0.Red algae- one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae,[21 and also one of the largest, with
about 5,000-6,000 species 31 of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable
seaweeds
1.Green algae- are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged

Vocab#52
1.Sporopollenin- major component of the tough outer (exine) walls of spores and pollen grains
0.Gametophyte- the multicellular structure, or phase, that is haploid, containing a single set of
chromosomes
1.Sporophyte- generation of a plant or alga that has a double set of chromosomes
2.Sporangia- a plant, fungal, or algal structure producing and containing spores
2.Archegonia- a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants
producing and containing the ovum or female gamete
3.Antheridia- a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes

Vocab#53
1.Vascular tissue- a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in
vascular plants
2.Bryophyte- all embryophytes (land plants') that are non-vascular
3.Pterophyte- A fern

4.Seedless vascular plant- produce neither flowers nor seeds, and are hence called vascular
cryptogams
5.Gymnosperm- a group of seed-bearing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo and
Gnetales
6.Angiosperm- the most diverse group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms
are the only extant groups of seed plants
7.Peat- an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter
Vocab# 54
1.Xylem- one of the two types of transport tissue, phloem being the other
2.Phloem- is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), particularly
sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed
3.Tracheid- elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of
water and mineral salts
4.Lignin- a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part
of the secondary cell walls of plants[11 and some algae
5.Megaspore- a type of spore that is present in heterosporous plants
6.Microspore- a small spore as contrasted to the larger megaspore

Vocab# 55
1.Integuments- the organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its
appendages
2.Pollination- the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling
fertilization and sexual reproduction
3.Conifer- one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae
4.Sepal- a part of the flower of angiosperms
5.Petal- one member or part of the corolla of a flower
6.Stamen- is the male organ of a flower
7.Anther- top of the filament
8.Carpel- structure from which the gynoecium is fashioned
9.Stigma- part of the female reproductive part of a flower
0.Ovary- an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate
female reproductive system

Vocab# 56
1.Fruit- a structure of a plant that contains its seeds
2.Double fertilization- a complex fertilization mechanism that has evolved in flowering
plants, known as angiosperms
3.Cotyledon- a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant
4.Endosperm- the tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of
fertilization
5.Monocot- one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally
recognized, the other being dicotyledons or dicots
6.Dicot- a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or
cotyledons
7.Eudicot- one of the two largest clades of angiosperms, monocots being the other

Vocab # 57
1.Cleavage- The repeated division of a fertilized ovum, producing a cluster of cells with the
same size as the original zygote
2.Blastula- The multicellular embryo formed as a result of cleavage
3.Gastrula- The early embryonic stage following the blastula stage during which cell migrations
form distinct germ layers
4.Larva- active, immature stage of development
5.Bilateral symmetry- an organism which is divisible into equal mirror halves in one plane only
6.Dorsal- The back of an animal
7.Ventral- Pertaining to the belly or to any venter
8.Anterior- Near or toward the head or forward end
9.Posterior- Situated behind or toward the rear of
0.Cephalization- the differentiation of the anterior (front) end of an organism into a definite head

Vocab # 58
1.Endoderm- Innermost layer of the root cortex surrounding the stele
2.Ectoderm- forms tissues associated with outer layers: skin
3.Mesoderm- middle of the three germ layers
4.Coelomate- An internal fluid-filled body cavity within an organism
5.Pseudoceolomate- The pseudocoelomates include the nematodes, rotifers, gastrotrichs, and
introverts. Some members of some other phyla are also, strictly speaking, pseudocoelomate.
These four phyla of tiny body size are placed together in part because they lack mesoderm on
the inner side of the body cavity
6.Acoelomate- Animals that do not have a coelom or body cavity
7.Protostome- An organism in which the blastopore develops into the mouth and the coelom
arises by schizocely and whose embryo has determinate cleavage
8.Deuterostome- A group of Metazoans that exhibit indeterminate, radial cleavage and that
develop a mouth independent of, and at some distance from, the blastopore
9.Determinate cleavage- A type of cleavage on the basis of the potentiality of blastomeres
in which the blastomeres are not qualitatively equipotential and each has a specific
developmental fate set early
0.Indeterminate cleavage- A type of cleavage on the basis of the potentiality of blastomeres in
which the blastomeres are qualitatively equipotential and each has the ability to develop into a
complete embryo when isolated since its developmental fate is not determined in the early
embryonic stage

Vocab#59
1.Hermaphrodites- An organism (plant or animal) having both male and female reproductive
organs.
2.Medusa- freeswinnimg stage of certain coelenterates, jellyfish
3.Polyp- growth, usually benign, protruding from a mucous membrane
4.Gastrovascular cavity- The body cavity of the coelenterates, which has one opening
functioning both as mouth and anus
5.Planarians- any of a group of widely distributed, mostly free-living flatworms of the class
Turbellaria
6.Parthenogenesis- is a particular form of asexual reproduction in which females produce eggs that
develop without fertilization
7.Mantle- To unfold and spread out the wings
8.Cephalopod- The most advanced class of molluscs, containing the squids, cuttlefishes,
octopuses, and the extinct ammonites
9.Gastropod- a member of the largest class of phylum mollusca
10.Open circulatory system- blood actually meets the oxygen
11.Closed circulatory- pressurized system where blood never leaves veins

Vocab #60
1.Exoskeleton- skeleton on the outside of the body
2.Incomplete metamorphosis- A partial metamorphosis in insects in which there is no complete
physical change in insects
3.Complete metamorphosis- A change in the form and often habits of an animal after the
embryonic stage during normal development
4. Tube feet- Extensions of the water-vascular system of echinoderms, protruding from the body
and often ending in suckers
Vocab # 61
L Pharyngeal slits- characteristic of both hemichordataril and chordataln, are used by organisms in
feeding
2.Notochord- Characteristic of chordates, the notochord is a stiff rod of tissue along the back of
the body
3.Neural crest- A group of embryonic cells that separate from the neural plate during neurulation
and migrate to give several different lineages of adult cells
4.Placoderm- any of various extinct jawed fishes of the class Placodermi, dominant in seas and
rivers during the Devonian Period
5.Viviparous- producing living young instead of eggs from within the body
6.Operculum- most posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the brain
7.Swim bladder- helps fish deal with pressure in the ocean
8.Tetrapods- vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages
9.Amniotes- Any of a group of vertebrates that have an amnion during embryonic development,
including reptiles, birds, and mammals.
10.Endoderm- is one of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis. Cells migrating
inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the
endoderm.
11.Ectoderms- the outermost of the three primitive germ layers of the embryo

Vocab#62
1.Placenta- an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake
2.Monotreme- are mammals that lay eggs (Prototheria) instead of giving birth to live young like
marsupials
3.Marsupial- animals that give birth to live young
4.Eutherian- Of or belonging to the infraclass Eutheria, a division of mammals to which all the
placental mammals belong
5.Opposable thumb- developed in primates and used for many functions
6.Hominoid- any of a superfamily of primates including recent hominids, gibbons, and
pongids together with extinct ancestral and related forms
7.Mosaic evolution- is the concept that major evolutionary changes tend to take place in stages, not
all at once