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awG& JU tEÅ&m,fudk umuG,fwGef;vSe fMu&r,fhw m0ef[ m uRefa wmfw kdYr sKd;qufopf
awGr jzpfrae xrf;aqmif&r,fh orkdi f;ay; wm0efy Jjzpfy gw,f/
uRefawmfwkdY a&TjrefrmawG pGJpGJjrJjrJ rSwfxm;&rSmu tckvkdrsKd; orkdif;wpfacwf&JU
ay;tyfwJhwm0efukd tJ'Dacwfu vlawG[m ausyGefatmif rxrf;aqmifEkdifMubl;qkd&if
tJ'DEkdifiH&JUorkdif;[m ajymif;jyefpD;aomjrpfvkdyJ aZmufxkd;rkd;arQmf jzpfoGm;rSm aocsmw,f
qkdwJhtcsufyJ/ 'gaMumifh cspfpGmaom pm&Iol toiftaeeJY...
trdjrefrmEkdifiHawmf&JUAk'¨bmomrsKd;jrefrmqkdwJh ESpfaygif;axmifcsDjyD; wnfwHh
vmwJho rkdif;a&pD;aMumif;ukd ajymif;jyefjzpfr oGm;atmif xde f;odr f;apmifha&Smufcsif
ygw,fq kdvQif jrefrmajray:rSm Ak' ¨b momukd t&Sn fc kdi fc Hhw nfw Hha pcsify gw,fqkd
vQif jrefrmvlrsKd;eJYjrefrmEkdifiHu dk urÇmwnfo a&GU wnfw Hha tmif xde f;odr f;apmifh
a&Smufc sifygw,fqkdvQif þpmtkyfü azmfjyvwåHUaom trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f
&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk atmifjrifatmif vufawGUtaumiftxnfaz: aqmif&Gufyg/
þpmtkyfü az:jyxm;onfhenf;vrf;rsm;onf rjzpfEkdifavmufatmif cufcJonfh
enf;vrf;rsm; r[kwfyg/
tm;MudK;rmefwuf MudK;pm;vkyfaqmifMuygu jzpfvmrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udkom az:
jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ þenf;vrf;rsm;uko d m atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfaz:aqmif
&GufMurnfqkdygu jrefrmvlrsKd;eJYjrefr mEkdi fi Ho nf urÇmwnfo a&GU wnfw Hhr nfjzpf
aMumif; tmrcHygonf/ ax&0g'Ak' ö moemawmfMuD;onfv nf; bmomjcm;wkdY
zsufq D;í ysufpD;vdrfhrnfr[kwfa Mumif; vkH;0tmrcHy gonf/
7
enf;vrf;(1)
trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&Smufa&; owday;onfph mayrsm;
xkwaf 0jzefcY s&D ef/
tpövmrfbmom0ifrlqvifukvm;wkdY\aoG;aESmrsKd;zsufonfh ]]vlr sKdu kdv kde Dp epf}
taMumif;a&&SnfwGif Ak'¨bmomESifhwuG wkdif;jynfa &m vlrsKd;yg aysmufu G,foGm;Ekdif
onft xd tEÅ&m,fMuD;aMumif; owday;xm;onf]h ]trsKd;aysmufr Sm pkd;aMumufp &m?
ukd, fha wmfu&kPm}}paom pmtkyfrsm;udk tkyfa&odef;csDxkwfa0í oHCmawmfrsm; Mum;
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;Mum;okdY a&muf&Sdatmif jzefYcsD&ef/
rlqviftEÅ&m,fukd umuG,&f rnft h a&;rSm wpfO;D wpfa,muf wpfjrKd Uwpf&mG wnf;
jzifh umuG,f&rnfhta&;r[kwyf g/ jrefr mEkdi fi Hw pf0 ef;vkH;&Sd Ak' ¨b mom0ifr sm;tm;vkH;
pkp kp nf;pnf; nDnDnGwfnGwfjzifh umuG, f& rnfht a&; jzpfygonf/
tEÅ& m,fwpfckudk umuG,f&mü tEÅ&m,fu dk tEÅ& m,fr Sef;odz kdYonf yxrqkH;
vkdtyfcsufjzpfygonf/
rlq viftEÅ&m,fudk umuG, f& mü rlq vifw kdYo nf Ak' ¨b momESi fhw uGw kdif;
jynfv lr sKd;twGuf tMuD;rm;qkH;aomtEÅ& m,fa umifr sm;jzpfa Mumif;udk Ak' ¨b mom
0ifjrefr mwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; od&Sdem;vnfo abmaygufx m;MuzkdYo nf yxrqkH;vkd
tyfc sufjzpfygonf/
xkdokdYodMurSom tEÅ&m,fudk umuG,fEkdifrnf a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨bm
om0iftrsm;pkrSm rlqviftEÅ&m,fudk rod&SdMuojzifh rlq vifu dk twGi f;vlt jzpf ,kH
Munfu kd;pm;aeolrsm;? ukd,fhorD; rlq vifE Si fhe D;pyfa eonfu dk rwm;qD;Muolr sm;?
rlqvifukvm;qkdifrsm;wGif 0,f,ltm;ay;aeaom awm&Gmausmif;xkdifbkef;MuD;rsm;?
oHC mawmfrsm; vlyk*¾Kdvfrsm;jym;pGm &Sdy gonf/
xkadY Mumifh rlqviftEÅ&m,fudk jrefrmEkdifiw
H pf0ef;? awma&mjrKd Uygrusef Ak'b
¨ mom
0ifrSeforQ od&SdMuzkdYtwGuf trsKd;aysmufrSm pkd;aMumufp&m paompmtkyfrsm;ukd tkyfa&
odef;csDxkwfí jzefYcsD&ef vkdtyfonf[k ,lqygonf/
pmtkyfodef;csDxkwfEkdifzkdY&eftwGuf pmtky fr a&mufa o;onfhjrdKU&Gmrsm;okdY oGm;
a&mufjzefYcsDa&mif;csay;rnfh]]rsKd;cspfjzefYcsDa&;orm;rsm;}}trsm;tjym; &SdzdkYvkdygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf xkwfa0olrsm;taejzifh yxrwpfMudrfukefvQif aemufwpfMudrf
xyfxkwf&ef cJ,Of;onfhudpö r[kwfyg/
0,f,lolrsm;taejzifhvnf; tjyifpmtkyfrsm;ESifhpmvQif tvGefcsKdomonfhaps;EIef;
jzifh 0,f,l&ojzifh tcuftcJr&Sdyg/ vkdaeonfrSm ]]rsKd;cspfjzefYcsDa&;orm;rsm;}}omjzpfyg
onf/
8
xkYad Mumifh trsKd;ç bmomç omoemudk umuG,fvkdpdwf&Sdaom oHCmawmfrsm;?
vly k* ¾Kdv frsm;onf pmtkyfxGuf&Sdv mygu pmtky fr a&mufa o;onfh rdr du Rrf;0if&m
jrdKU&Gmrsm; pmtkyfrzwfzl;ao;aom rdrdvufvSrf;rD&m yk*¾Kdvfrsm;xHodkY a&muf&Sdatmif
jzefYc sD& ef vkdtyfygonf/
jzefYcsDolrsm;taejzifh tjrdKUjrdKUte,fe ,f& Sd pmoifw kdu fr sm;? ausmif;xkdi fbkef;
MuD;rsm;? &yfuGufaus;&GmOuú|rsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;? a*gyuvlMuD;rsm;? rsKd;cspfpdwf
&Sdo nfhv li,frsm;? trsKd;raysmufa tmif apmifha &Smufv kdp dw f xufo efo lr sm;xHodkY
OD;pm;ay;jzefYcsDvQif ykdí xda&mufy gonf/
&yfa0;okdY oGm;a&mufjzefYcsDaom oHCmawmfrsm; vrf;p&dwftcuftcJ&Sdygu wpf
tkyfvQif (5)usyf (10)cefY vrf;p&dwfausatmif wifa&mif;oifhygonf/ aps;wifra&mif;
vkdygu oDwif;uRwf&Gmjyefcsdef aEG&moDc&D;xGufcsdefrsm;wGif pmtkyfrsm; ,laqmifoGm;í
jzefYcsDoifhygonf/
tcsKyftm;jzihf þtrSwf(1)enf;vrf; atmifjrifzkdYtwGuf xkwfa0olrsm;uvnf;
wpfOD;wnf; rwwfEkdifygu tcsif;csif;pkpyfí csKdomonfh aps;EIef;jzifh xkwfa0jcif;? jzefY
a0olrsm;uvnf; te,fe,ft&yf&yfokdY a&muf&Sdatmif jzefYcsDjcif;? 0,f,lolrsm;uvnf;
rdrdaiGaMu;rsm;udk taysmftyg; tavmif;tpm;paom r[kwfonfhae&mrsm;ü tokH;rjyK
yJpmtkyf0,f&mü tokH;jyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuygu atmifjrifrnfjzpfygonf/
tm;rmef
vlUbkHxkH;pH uJh&JU'Pfjzifh
&efrmefydwfoJ c&D;cJü
pdwfZGJoefoef aemufrjyefyJ
&Jrmef&Jaq; &JpdwfarG;vsuf
&JaoG;eDeD pD&&Djzifh
OD;wnfrysuf a&SUodkYqufavmh/
(t&SifZeumbd0Ho? r[m*E¨m&kHq&mawmf/)
9
enf;vrf;(2)
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;ykdifaomqkdifrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rlqvifwkdYESifhtjydKif
xlaxmif&ef/
rlqvifwkdYonf Ak'¨bmom0iftrsKd;orD;rsm;udk 0g;rsKdodrf;ydkuf&mü t"dutm;jzifh
pD;yGm;a&;udk rufvkH;ay;í 0g;rsKdjcif;jzpf&m ¤if;wkdY\pD;yGm;a&;xkd;ppfukd wm;qD;aomtm;
jzifh Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ykdifaom aps;qkdifrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rlqvifwdkY
ESifhtjydKiftqkdif xlaxmif&ef/
þae&mü Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;[lonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmif&ef
aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; tqifhoifh&Sdaom b@maiGaomif;odef;csD&Sdonfh jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;
rS wefcdk;MuD;bk&m; a*gyutzGJUrsm;? rEÅav;y&d,wådomoe[dwtoif;uJhokdY Ak'¨bmom
a&;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm; pmoifwkdufrsm; ausmif;wkdufrsm; &dyfomrsm;ukd qkdvkdjcif;jzpf
ygonf/
xkdtzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwkdYxdefodrf;xm;onfh b@maiGrsm;udk t&if;tESD;
jyKum wefckd;MuD;bk&m;ykdif rsufrSefqkdifMuD;rsm; a&TqkdifMuD;rsm;? ukefrmqkdifMuD;rsm;? vkdif;
um;rsm;? pwkd;qkid Mf u;rsm; ponfjzifh bk&m;twGuf ausmif;twGuf toif;twGuf 0ifaiG
rsm;pGmwkd;rnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifMuzkdYjzpfygonf/
þudpöudk trsm;vufcHatmif &Sif;jyygOD;rnf/
rlqvifwkYdonf Ak'¨bmomESifhwuG jrefrmvlrsKd;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHudk aoewfwpfcsuf
rS razmuf&yJ atmifjrifpGm 0g;rsKdodrf;ydkufEkdif&eftwGuf pDrHcsufMuD;(5)csuf csrSwfaqmif
&Gufaeygonf/ xdkpDrHudef;MuD;(5)csufrSm...
1/ ajryxAsmudk ,lrnf/
2/ aiGtojymudk ,lrnf
3/ arunmudk ,lrnf/
4/ a&Tjrefrmudk ,lrnf/
5/ jynftmPmudk ,lrnf/
qkdonfh pepfwuspDpOfxm;aom pDrHudef;MuD;(5)csuf jzpfygonf/
(1) ajryxAsmukd ,lrnf

xkdpDrHudef;MuD;(5)csufwGif eHygwfwpf ajryxAsmudk ,lrnfqkdonfrSm jrefr mEkdifiH
wpf0 ef; tjrdKUjrdKU te,fe,f&SdpD;yGm;a&;tcsuftcsmusaom ajrEkae&mrsm;? vlpnf
um;onfhae&mrsm;? jrdKUv,facgifajrae&mrsm;ukd yxrOD;qkH;enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh 0g;rsKdodrf;
ykdu f& ,lr nf jzpfonf/
10
(2) aiGtojymukd ,lrnf
'kwd,aiGtojymudk ,lrnfqkdonfrmS xkpd D;yGm;a&;t& tcsuft csmusaomae
&mrsm;wGif aps;qkdifrsm;? ukefrmqkdi fr sm;? rsufr Sefq kdi fr sm;ponfjzifh jrefr mvlrsKd;wkdY
\aiGa Mu;rsm;udk 0g;rsKdrnfh yg;pyfa ygufr sm;pGm zGi fhx m;Murnf/
a&Tjrefrmtrsm;pkuvnf; rlqviftEÅ&m,fudk rodMujcif;? odygaomfvnf; teD;
tem;ü tjcm;0,fp&m a&Tjrefrmydkifqkdifrsm;r&Sdjcif;? qufqHa&;aumif;jcif; paomt
aMumif;rsm;aMumifh ukd,fhvlrsKd;udk 0g;rsKdr nfh rlq vifu kv m;wkdY\qkdifr sm;wGi fomaps;
0,fr sm;Muonf/ þenf;jzifh a&TjrefrmwkdY\aiGt ojymrsm;udk &,lo dr f;ydku fr nfjzpf
onf /
(3) arunmukd ,lrnf

eHygwfokH; arunmudk ,lrnfqkdonfrSm eHy gwfE Sp fp Dr Hu de f;t& 0g;rsKdx m;aom
aiGtojymrsm;jzifh olwdkYcsrf;omvmaomtcg xkdaiGaMu;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;ajctaersm;
ukd rufv kH;jyí a&TjrefrmwkdY\Ak' ¨b mom0if jrefr mwkdi f;&if;olr de f;uav;rsm;udk &
oavmuf vufxyfodrf;ykduf&,lr nf jzpfonf/
jrefrmrdef;uav; trsm;pkuvnf; rlq vift EÅ& m,fu dk rodMujcif;? ody gaomf
vnf;pD;yGm;a&;ESifhqGJaqmifrI? vdifoabmESifhqGJaqmifrI? taeeD;pyfrI'Pf rcHEkdifjcif;?
jrefrmrrsm; bmomjcm;ESifhvufxyfrIudk wif;wif;MuyfMuyf wm;jrpfrI r&Sdjcif; paom
taMumif;rsm;aMumifh rlqvifukvm;aemufygoGm;Muonfu rsm;ygonf/ þenf;jzifh
a&TjrefrmwdkY\arunmrsm;udk &,lodrf;ydkufrnf jzpfonf/
(4) a&Tjrefrmudk ,lrnf

eHygwfav; a&Tjrefrmudk ,lrnfqo dk nfrmS eHygwfo;kH pDru
H ed ;f t& jrefrmrdef;uav;
rsm;udk 0g;rsKdodrf;ykdufjcif;onf xkdrdef;uav;rsm;rS arG;zGm;vmvwåHUaomAk'¨bmom
0ifjrefrmwkdif;&if;om;[laom a&TjrefrmrsKd;qufopf aqGpOfrsKd;quftm;vkH;udk tp
aysmufatmif 0g;rsKdodrf;ykdufjcif;jzpfjyD; olwkdYvlrsKd;? olwkdYbmom0ifOD;a& wkd;atmif
vky fjcif;jzpfygonf/ þenf;jzifh jrefrmwpfrsKd;vkH;ukd 0g;rsKdrnfjzpfonf/
(5) jynftmPmudk ,lrnf

jynftmPmudk,lrnfqkdonfrSm eHygwfav; pDrHudef;rsm;\pepfaMumifh...
jrefrmjynfwGif Ak'¨bmom0ifjrefrmwkdif;&if;om;OD;a& avsmhenf;usqif;jyD; tpö
vmrfbmom0ifrlqvifukvm;OD;a&u vTrf;rkd;oGm;aomtcg jrefrmEkdifiH\tcsKyftjcm
tmPmonf tvkt d avsmufaomfvnf;aumif;? trsm;pk\qE´jzifh a&T;aumufwifajrm§ uf
11
íaomfvnf;aumif;? t"r®enf;jzifh wkdufcdkufodrf;,líaomfvnf;aumif; olwdkYvufxJ
odkYa&muf&SdoGm;awmhrnf jzpfonf/
þuJhodkY jrefrmjynf\tmPmukd vTr f;rkd;0g;rsKdr nfhu mvudk 21-&mpkrjynfhcif
tawm twGif; tjyD;tykdif 0g;rsKdr nf[k olwdkYowfrSwfxm;Muonf/
jynftmPmom olwkdYvufxJa&mufoGm;ygu jrefrmEkdifiHudk tpövmr®pf&Sm&D,m
Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyfjyD; tpövmrfbmomtm; rukd;uG,folrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;? axmifcs
jcif;rsm;vkyfíaomfvnf;aumif;? *sD[wfppfyGJqifETJjyD; bmomjcm;rSeforQudk wpfEkdifiHvkH;
rSrlqvifrsm;u xowfjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;ç ynma&;ç tdrfaxmifa&;
paom ta&;aygif;pkHwGif enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh zdESdyftusyfudkifíaomfvnf;aumif; <uif;usef&pf
aom a&TjrefrmrsKd;qufrsm;udk tjrpfygrusef&atmif tjywfESdrfeif;awmhrnfjzpfonf/
þodjYk zifh jrefrmwkdYonf vlrsKd;jyKwfç bmomjyKwfç EkdifiHjyKwfjzpfjyD; olwkdYuawmh
vlr sKd;wkd;ç bmom0ifOD;a&wkd;ç Ekdifi HO D;a&wkd;awmhr nf jzpfonf/
rlqvifwkdY\vlrsKde,fcsJUpDrHudef;MuD;(5)&yfonf y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;ozG,f wpfcEk Sifh
wpfckaMumif;usKd;qufpyfjyD; axmufulaus;Zl;jyKvsuf&Sdygonf/ xkdokdY tqifhqifh0g;rsKd&m
ü pD;yGm;a&;udk tajccHí 0g;rsKdjcif;jzpfaMumif;udk owdjyKoifhygonf/
aiGonf vlwkdY\onf;ajcMudKufjzpfojzifh xkdaiGESifhodrf;oGif;aomtcg jrefrm
wkdif;&if;olrsm;onf ygoGm;MuonfrSm rsm;ygonf/ xkadY Mumifh jrefrmvlrsK;d eJjY refrmEkid fiH
udk urÇmwnfoa&GU wnfwHhapvkdolrsm;? trsKd;bmomomoemudk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf
vkdolrsm;taejzifh...
jrefrmjynft&yf&yf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfuGufrsm; olwkdYyg;pyfxJodkY ra&mufatmif
yxrOD;pm;ay; umuG,f&rnfjzpfa Mumif;...txl;owdjyKoifhygonf/ ,cktcg rsKd;
qufopfjzpfaom jrefrma,musfm; rdef;uav;rsm;onf wpf0rf;wpfcg;twGuf tvkyf&Sm
azG&mü olwu Ykd kd vcESifhtvkyfay;Ekdifaom a&Tjrefrmykdifqkdifrsm; r&SdMuojzifh qkdifMuD;
uEém;MuD;rsm;udk ykdifqkdifxm;aom ukv m;wkdYx Hw Gi fo m pD;yGm;a&;uReft jzpf ulvD
b0jzifh ukvm;ckdif;orQ vkyfaeMu&ygonf/
wpfcsdefwkef;u]]ocifrsKd;a[h...'kdYArm}}[k a<u;aMumfcJhMuaom jrefrmwkdYonf
,cktcgü ]]ulvrD sK;d a[h...'dAYk rm}}[kyif a<u;aMumf&rnft h ajctaeodyYk if a&mufae ygonf/
rlqvifuv k m;wkoYd nf olwq Ydk idk rf sm;wGif tvkycf ef&Y mü vlvlcsif; 0g;rsKdrI ydkívsif
jrefap&ef Ak'¨bmom0ifjrefrmwkdif;&if;ol acsmacsmoefYoefY ynmwwfuav;rsm;udk
OD;pm;ay;cefYxm;jyD; vlcsif;tjrefeD;pyf tjrefv ufx yfE kdi fa tmif MudK;pm;vsuf& Sdyg
onf /
þtajctaersm;udk wm;qD;zkt Yd wGuf jrefrmEkdi fiHwpf0ef;vkH;wGif Ak'¨bmom0if
a,musfm;av;? rdef;uav;rsm;udk vcESi fht vky fa y;Ekdi fa om Ak' ¨b mom0ifr sm;ykdif
12
rsufr Se fqkdifMuD;rsm;? um;ypönf;ta&mif;qkdifMuD;rsm;? taqmuftOD;ypön f;qkdifrsm;
ponfjzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aygif;rsm;pGm xla xmifMuzdkY txl;vkdt yfy gonf/
omref Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;taejzifh xkdodkYxlaxmif&ef aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; tcuft
cJ&drS nfjzpfaomfvnf; Ak'¨bmomqkdi f& m tzGJU tpnf;rsm;taejzifh xkdo dkYx la xmif&ef
aiGa Mu;t&if;tESD;tqifoifh &Sdy gonf/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf Ak'¨b momqkdi f& m bk& m;a*gyutzGJU rsm;? y&d, wådom
oe[dwtoif;? rvGefqefvSLtoif;paom bmoma&;toif;tzGJUrsm;? pmoifwkduf
rsm;? &dy fomrsm;? &yfuGuf"r®m&kHa *gyutzGJU rsm;wGi f wpfo de f; ESp fo de f;rSp wifjyD;
b@maiGaygif; &mcsDaxmifcsDí &Sda omaMumifhy if jzpfy gonf/
xkt d zGUJ tpnf;rsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyw f wfuikd w
f wforl sm;ESiyhf ;l aygif;jy;D rlqvif
wkdYE Si fht jydKif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;MuD;rsm; xla xmifMuzdkY wkdufwGef;ygonf/ þokdYwkduf
wGef;&mü bk&m;a*gyutzGJUrsm; bmoma&;toif;tzGJUrsm;taejzifh vlyk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzpf
aomaMumifh udprö &Sdaomfvnf; pmoifwdu k frsm;? ausmif;rsm;? &dyfomrsm;rSmrl oHCmawmf
rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh 0denf;pnff;urf;t& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfcGifhr&Sdyg/
xkaYd Mumifh trsKd;bmom omoempdwf"gwfvnf;&Sd? pD;yGm;a&; em;vnfuRrf;usif
rIvnf;&SdjyD; &if;ESD;,kHMunf&aomvly k*¾Kdv frsm;udk OD;aqmifapvsuf ausmif;axmuf
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oHCmawmfrsm;taejzifh tjrifus,fMuzdkY? rdpäm'd|djzpfaom rlqvifukvm;,kwfwdkY\vl
rsKde,fcsJUpepfaMumifh q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm; jrwfEkd;pGmapmifha&Smufxm;aom Ak'öm
oemawmfjrwfMuD;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tjrpfygrusef uG,faysmufoGm;EkdifaMumif;udk &dyf
pm;rdMuzkdY tpövmrfbmomay:aygufjyD; aemufykdif;wGif rlqvifwkdY\vlazmufomoem
jyKenf;pepf? tMurf;zufomoemjyKenf;pepfrsm;aMumifh Ak'¨bmom0ifEkdifiHrsm; toD;oD;
uG,faysmufcJh&jyD; tpövmrfbmom0if rlqvifEkdifiHrsm; jzpfoGm;cJhonfh orkdif;aMumif;
rsm;udk owdjyKrdMuzkdY txl;vkdtyfygonf/
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oHCmawmfrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif Ak'ömoemawmfjrwfMuD; t&SnfckdifcHhwnfwHh
a&;udk trSefwu,f vkdvm;onf[k qkdygvQif Ak'¨bmomruG,faysmufatmif wu,f
wrf;apmifha&Smufvkdpdwf &SdonfqkdygvQif...
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13
aMumif; oabmaygufoifhygonf/
omoemESifh'g,umonf ukdif;uRef;rSD uRef;udkif;rDS qkdouJhokdY tcsif;csif;tjyeft
vSefaus;Zl;jyKvsuf &Sdygonf/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif Ak'¨bmomESifhjrefrmvlrsKd;onf
OD;acgif;ESifhcE¨mudk,fuJhodkY wpfckonf wpfcktwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfvsuf cGJjcm;r&atmif
qufpyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
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bmom0ifOD;a& enf;yg;rnf/ jrefrmrsm; rlqvifwkdY\0g;rsKdcH&jyD; aysmufuG,foGm;vQif
Ak'¨bmomvnf; wpfygwnf; 0g;rsKdcH&jyD; aysmufuG,foGm;rnf/
xkdYaMumifh Ak'¨b momruG,f a ysmufz k dYt wGu f jrefr mvl r sKd;wkd Yr aysmuf a tmif
rjzpfr aeumuG,f&rnf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; raysmufatmif umuG,fzdkYtwGuf jrefrm
ykdi fp D;yGm;a&;vkyfuGufrsm; raysmufa tmif? pD;yGm;a&;0g;rsKdr cH& atmif yxrOD;qkH;
umuG, f& rnfjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jycJhjyD;jzpfonf/
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&efvdktyfygu pmcsKyfcsKyfjyD; Oyw¬rÇuuyÜd,um&uvlyk*¾Kdvfrsm;ukd t&if;tESD;xkwfay;
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oif;twGuf 0ifaiGtqrsm;pGm wkd;vmrnfjzpfonf/ Oyrm - aiGwpfodef;avmuf&if;ESD;
vQif zdeyfvkyfief;wpfckukd aumif;rGefpGm xlaxmifEkdifonf/ xkdvkyfief;ukd vnfvnf0,f
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jzpfonf/
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prf;oyfcef;ESifhrsufrSefta&mif;qkdifMuD;rsm;? wDAGD AD'D,kduwfqufta&mif;qkdifMuD;rsm;?
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rnfqkdygu wpfaeYtjrwfaiGonf aomif;csDíyif &Sdvmrnfjzpfonf/
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qkdygu wpfESpf0ifaiGonf odef;csDíyif &SdEkdifygonf/
14
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wGuf (3)odef;(6)aomif;txd 0ifaiG&Sdrnf jzpfonf/
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yg/ þokjdY zifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tvkduf 0ifaiGonf tqaygif;rsm;pGm wkd;vmrnfjzpfonf/
Ak'ömoemydkí pnfyifjyefYyGm;aMumif; jzpfjcif;

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jyefYyGm;a&; xGef;um;a&;? oHCmawmfrsm;tm; axmufyHhvSL'gef;a&;udpörsm;udk tokH;jyKMu
rnfjzpfojzifh Ak'ömoemawmfjrwfMuD; ,ckxuf ykdí tqufrsm;pGm pnfyifjyefYyGm;xGef;
um;vmrnfjzpfygonf/
Ak'b
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oemrsm;twGuf ukefus&ef&Sdonfhudpörsm;ü okH;pGJMurnfjzpfojzifh xkdudpörsm;twGuf Ak'¨
bmom0ifrsm;\tukeftuscH axmufyHhrIudk rsm;pGmavsmhenf;oufomaprnfjzpfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;rS Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;tm;vkH;taejzifh þuJhokdYtzGJUykdif
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omtzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf wul;wu oGm;a&mufatmf[pftvSLcH&rIrsm;aygrsm;onfh
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uvma&mufvSL'gef;onfukdom vufcHonfh tajctaeokdYyif a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
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15
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tusKd;&Sdrnfjzpfonff/
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pm;ay;cefYxm;vQif ykdí tusKd;&Sdygonf/
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onfjzpfap? r0,fcsifonfjzpfap rlqvifqkdifrsm;ü aps;0,faeMu&onf/
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taejzifh rlqvifqkdifESifhAk'¨bmomqkdi f( 2)ck ,SO fjyD;wnf& Sda eonfhy pön f;wla ps;
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rsm;onf a&TjrefrmwkdYxHodkYom jyefv nfa &muf& Sdv mrnf jzpfonf/
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umuG,fEkdifjcif;yif jzpfygonf/
16
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&rnfjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jycJhjyD;jzpfygonf/
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axmifz Gi fhvSpfjcif;onf rlqvifw kdY\vufc sufjzifh jrefr mvlr sKd;rsm;aysmufu G,f r
oGm;atmif a&SUwef;rS rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfjyD; ckcHumuG,fay;rnfh]]0HomEk&u©dw
cHw yfMuD;rsm;}}aqmufvkyfjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
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trdjrefrmEkdifiHawmfMuD;udk vlr sKdu kdv kde De ,fc sJU wkdY\0g;rsKdo dr f;ydku fjcif; rcH&
atmif a&SUwef;rS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfjyD; ckcHumuG, fa y;Ekdi fr nfh ]]jrefrmhcHwyf
MuD;rsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;}}vnf; jzpfygawmhonf/
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rdef;uav;rsm;ukd xkd0HomEkcHwyfrsm;ü tvkyfay;jcif;jzifh rlqvifwkdYESifheD;pyfjidpGef;
jyD; trsKd;bmomzsufqD;cH&rnfht a&;rS umuG, fE kdi fr nf jzpfygonf/
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vkyfcsifaomfvnf; wpf0rf;wpfcg;twGuf rvkyfrjzpfpD;yGm;a&;uReftjzpf ulvDb0jzifh
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wkdYjrefrm}}[k rcsdrqefY nnf;wGm;&rnfhtajctaerSwpfyg; ,cktcgü rdrdwdkYtm; tvkyf
ESifhvcay;Ekdifaom ukd,fhjrefrmykdifqkdifrsm; ay:xGufvmjyDjzpfí vlrsKd;jcm; bmomjcm;wdkY
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17
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vlrsKd;wkdY axmufyhv
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omoemawmfMuD;twGuf xkdr QþrQ aus;Zl;rsm;vSa om jrefr mvlr sKd;wkdYtm;

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avmuf,l? vlukd vlcsif; 0g;rsKdoGif;onfh]]vlr sKdukdvkdeDe,fcsJUpepfqkd;}}aMumifh jrefrm
wpfr sKd;vkH; rsKdokOf;aysmufuG,frnfht a&; ÓwdA soeab;MuD;qkdu fa eygonf/
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0g;rsKdjcif;cH&rnfhta&;ukdawmhjzifh Oayu©mjyK vspfv sL&Ií raeoifhy g/
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vlr sKd;aysmufvQif omoemvnf; aysmufr nf/ wkdi f;jynfv nf;aysmufr nf qkd

onfhtcsufudk txl;owdcsyfMuyg/ xdkYaMumifh...
Ak'¨bmomqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;rS q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;? vlyk*¾Kdvf
rsm;taejzifh bmomjcm;wkdYtay: rvkdrkef;wD;í r[kwfyJ omoemawmf\a&aomufjrpf
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aumif;? jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; rdpämt,l&do S lw\dkY vTrf;rkd;0g;rsKdrIc&H rnfudk tpOfem;u&kPmxm;
aomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; rlqvifwkdYESifhtjydKif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;MuD;i,frsm;? qkdifMuD;
qkdifi,frsm;udk xlaxmifMuzdkY wkdufwGef;ygonf/
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aysmufatmif umuG,fjcif;jzpfí omoemtwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;vSaom a&TjrefrmwkdYtm;
avmuDe,fy,fwGif tMuD;rm;qkH;aom aus;Zl;wkHYjyefqyfjcif;yif jzpfygonf/
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csJxD? 2-vkH;xDtwGuf tcsdefukef aiGukefcHjcif;rsm; a&Smif&Sm;MuzkdY? aiG0ifayguf 0ifvrf;
rsm; zGifhxm;MuzkYd vkdygonf/
18
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vQHo nfha iGaMu;rsm;udk wDAGD? AGD'D, kd? uwfq uf? Zdr fc Hu m;0,fjcif;paom 0ifa iGr&Sd
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ESi fhv cay;Ekdifaom qkdifMuD;qkdifa o;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;xla xmifMuzdkY vkdygonf/
txl;ojzifh ukd,fhom;orD;tm; wpfOD;vQif tenf;qkH; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfck
pD tarGa y;Ekdifonfh tqihfokdYa&mufa tmif MudK;pm;&SmazGMuzkdY wkdufwGef;ygonf/
rlqvifwkdYonf qkdifwpfckaxmifí xkdqkdifrS tjrwfaiGrsm;&vmvQif jrefrmrsm;uJh
odkY okH;jzKef;rypfyJ aemufxyfqkdifcGJwpfckaxmifjcif;ESifht&if;tESD;jyKjyD; aiG0ifayguf0if
vrf;rsm;ukd zGifhEkdiforQ rsm;rsm;zGifhxm;Muygonf/ þpepfudk ta&mif;t0,fvkyfxm;
aoma&TjrefrmawGtm;vkH; twk,loifhvSygonf/
þtrSw(f 2)enf;vrf;\vk&d if;tcsurf mS rlqvifwkdYESifhtjydKif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;

rsm; xla xmifMuzkYd jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; rnfonfhae&ma'owGif
yJjzpfjzpf rlqvifukvm;qkdifwpfck&SdvQif xkdqkdifESifhrvSrf;rurf;wGif a&Tjrefrmqkdiftenf;
qkH;wpfqkdifawmh &Sd&rnf/ xkdjrefrmqkdifonf rlqvifqkdifrS a&mif;aomypönf;tm;vkH;udk
a&mif;&rnf/ rlqvifqkdifESifhaps;EIef;wl a&mif;&rnf/
ypönf;wpfckukd jrefrmqkdif& SmrawGU í ukv m;qkdi fr Sm 0,f& onfht jzpfrsKd; r
a&mufa p&/ jrefrmqkdifu aps;MuD;í ukv m;qkdi fu aps;csKda omaMumifh ukv m;qkdif
rSm 0,f,l&onfhtjzpfrsKd; ra&mufa p&/ þtajctaersm; jrefrmEkdi fi Hw pf0ef;vkH;
wGi f jzpfa y:vmzdkYtwGuf EkdifiHw pf0 ef;&Sd Ak' ¨b momtzGJU tpnf;rsm; jrefr molaX;
rsm; ta&mif;t0,fvkyfpm;aom jrefrmtm;vkH; MudK;pm;aqmif& Gu foGm;zkdY wku d w
f eG ;f
ygonf/
rlqvifydkif qkdifMuD;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;MuD;rsm;udk t&if;tESD;rsm;wwfEkdifaom

pmoifwkdufMuD;rsm; wefcdk;MuD;bk&m;a*gyutzGJUMuD;rsm; Ak'¨bmomqkdif&mtzGJUMuD;rsm;ESifh
jrefrmolaX;rsm;u ,SOfjydKifMuyg/
rlqvifykdifqkdifao;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ao;ao;av;rsm;udk &yfuGuf"r®m&kHa*g
yutzGJUuJhodkY Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;ao;av;rsm;ESifhta&mif;t0,fvkyfpm;aom jrefrm
tm;vkH;u ,SOfjydKifMuyg/
qkdifrsm;xlaxmif&mü rsufrSefqkdif? tdraf qmufypönf;qkid f? um;ypönf;ta&mif;qkdif
paom rlqvifwkdYcsKyfukdifxm;aom vkyfief;rsm;ukd OD;pm;ay;xlaxmifMuzdkY vkdygonf/
xkjYd yif jrefrmqkdifrsm;wGif Ak'¨bmomtrSwftom;rsm; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;wyfxm;
MuzkdY bk& m;ykHawmfrsm;udk xifx if& Sm;&Sm; yla Zmfc sdw fq JGx m;MuzkYdv nf; vkdygonf/
19
avmuatmifyGJ
à ql;cRefjrvkdY
vuf&SrSmawG; cl;vufaES;u
ysHUarT;ESif;qDESifh a0;rnfom/
à aeylaMumufvkdY
qufavQmufzdkYta&; ajcvSrf;aES;u
at;&dyfokcESifh a0;rnfom/
à 'ku©>yrf;vkdY
yef;&dacG,dkif? EGrf;csdrIdifu
yef;wkdiftvSESifh a0;rnfom/
à bmyJjzpfjzpf? pdwfrnpfyJ
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vrf;aMumif;rSefa&T;? owådarG;vQif
a&S;a&S;b0? taoG;vSí
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enf;vrf;(3)
rsK;d cspfpdwf"gwf &Sio
f efxufjrufatmif jyKvkyf&ef
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apmifha &SmufvdkonfhpdwfqE´rsm; MuD;rm;xufo efv matmif jyKvky f& ef/
]]qE´0awm uð emrur®H eodZöswd}}
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ESifhwuG trdjrefrmEkdifiH ruG,faysmufatmif apmifha&Smuf&rnfhudpöatmifjrif&eftwGuf
oHCmawmfwkdif;ESifhjrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif;wGif trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,fcsifonfh
pdwfqE´rsm; MuD;rm;xufoefvmatmif (qE´m"dywdwyfatmif)jyKvkyfzkdY txl;vkdtyfyg
onf/
udpöwpfck atmifjrifjyD;ajrmufzdkYtwGuf xkdudpöudk wu,fwrf; atmifjrifatmif
20
jyKvkyfvkdonfh MuD;rm;xufoefonfh pdwfqE´&SdzkdYonf y"metajccHjzpfaMumif; a&Tjrefrm
wkdY owdjyKMuyg/
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ruG,faysmufatmif apmifha&Smufvkdonf[k qkdygvQif yxrqkH; oifho EÅmefr Sm trsKd;
raysmufa tmif apmifha&Smufcsifo nfh pdw fq E´r sm; MuD;rm;xufo efp Gm&Sda ezkdY? r&Sd
ao;&if &Sdvmatmif vkyf,lzkdY? &SdjyD;om;qkd& ifv nf; tpOfx ufo efc kdi fjrJa eatmif
jyKvky fz kdY txl;vkdtyfygonf/
xkdYaMumifh atmufü azmfjyxm;aom trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,frnfhrEÅefudk
pdwfudk av;eufwnfMunfpGm xm;vsuf wpfaeYvQif tenf;qkH;(10)MudrfcefY pdwfygvuf
yg toHxGufí &Gwfqkdyg/
trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&SmufrnfhrEÅef
igonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ igwkYdjrefrmvlrsKd; taysmufrcHEkdif/
igonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ igwkdYukd;uG,fonfh Ak'¨bmom taysmufrcHEkdif/
igonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ igwkdY jrefrmjynf taysmufrcHEkdif/
igwkdYjrefrmrsKd; raysmufatmif igonf rjzpfjzpfonfhenf;jzifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufrnf/
igwkdYukd;uG,fonfh Ak'¨bmomraysmufatmif igonf rjzpfjzpfonfhenf;jzifh umuG,f
apmifha&Smufrnf/
igwkdYjrefrmEkdifiH raysmufysufatmif igonf rjzpfjzpfonfhenf;jzifh umuG,fapmifha&Smuf
rnf/
jrefrmvlrsKd;eJY jrefrmEkdifiHonf urÇmwnfoa&GU wnfwHhap&rnf/
txufyg trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&Smuf&rnhf rEÅefudk EIwfjzifh r&Gwfvkdygu

pdwfudkav;eufwnfMunfpGmxm;vsuf rdrdpdwfwGif;rS &GwfqkdMudrf;0g;oHudk rdrdem;xJrSm
Mum;aeouJhokdYjzpfatmif pdwf&Gwf &Gwfqkd&ef jzpfygonf/
þuJhokYdaeYpOf &Gwfqkdaeygu oifhoEÅerf Sm trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,fcsifonfh
pdwfqE´rsm;MuD;rm;xufoefvmrnf/ rsKd;apmifh0HomEkpdwf"gwfrsm; xufoefvmonfESifh
trQ oifonf trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wkduf
taumiftxnfaz:ayawmhrnf/ þuJhokdYwu,fwrf; vkyfaqmifMurnfqkdygu þpm
tkyfü az:jyxm;aom trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhvyk fief;pOfrsm;onf vufawGU
taumiftxnfaz: atmifjrifygu uREkfyw f dkYtrsKd;bmom omoemudk rnfonfhbmom
jcm;vlrsKd;jcm;tkyfpkurQ zsufqD;Ekdifawmhrnf r[kwfaMumif; tmrcHygonf/
21
þuJhokdY 0HomEkpdwf"gwfrsm; tjcm;olrsm;\oEÅefü xufoefvmatmif pnf;&kH;
&eftwGuf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;tm; rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf &Sifoefxufjrufaprnfh orkdif;aMumif;
ajymjy&rnf/
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rsm;onf ukd,fhvlrsKd;udk cspfonfhpdwf? udk,fhvlrsKd;tay: usa&mufvmonfh rnfonfht
EÅ&m,fudkrqkd umuG,fvkdonfhpdwf"gwf xufxufoefoef rjzpfrae vkdtyfaMumif;/
jrefrmwkdYonf a&S;ESpfaygif; axmifcsDuyif ukd,fhxD;ukd,fheef; ukd,fhMuiSef;ESifhukd,f
ykdif,Ofaus;rI ukd,fydkifbmompum;ESifhurÇmhtv,frSm jrefrmvlrsKd;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiH[lí
0ifhxnfpGm wnf&SdaexkdifcJhMuaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaMumif;/
,aeYtcsdeftxd Ak'b ¨ momESiw fh uG jrefrmvlrsKd;ESifhjrefrmEkdifi[
H lí wnf&aSd eonf
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wkid ;f jynfEiS hvf rl sK;d tay: ykpH t H rsK;d rsK;d ESiuhf sa&mufco
hJ nfh tEÅ&m,ftoD;oD;udk toufaoG;
acR;aygif;rsm;pGm &if;ESD;ay;qyfjyD; umuG,fapmifha&SmufcJhMuí jzpfaMumif;/
,aeYrsufarSmufumvwGif rlqvifwkdY\aoG;aESmrsKd;zsufonfh tEÅ&m,faMumifh
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&SdaeaMumif;/
xkt d EÅ&m,fudk umuG,f&rnfhwm0efrSm a&Tjrefrmwkdif; xrf;aqmif&rnfh tMuD;rm;
qkH;aom vlrsKd;a&;wm0efvnf; jzpfç bmoma&;wm0efvnf;jzpfç EkdifiHa&;wm0efvnf;
jzpfaMumif;/
xkdYjyif orkdif;tqufqufu a&TjrefrmwkdY xrf;aqmifvmonfh orkdif;ay;wm0ef
vnf;jzpfaMumif; ponfrsm;udk a[majympnf;&kH;yg/ trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,frnfh
rEÅefudk aeYpOf&Gwfqkdckdif;yg/
jrefrmawGaewJh jrefrmjynf
à opfyifurÇm &ku©&Gmü
&omcsKdjr oD;uif;vSonfh
AE¨&o&uf yifysKdxuf0,f
wG,fzufwufavQmuf EG,f,Sufaygufonfh
a*G;awmufuyfyg; yl;0ifyGm;í
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rsKd;qufodrfzsif; rsKd;ysufjcif;ukd
xifvif;&Ijrif yrmwifí
qifjcifokH;oyf Munfhygav/
22
à vlwkdYurÇm owå&Gmü
ae&mykdif;jcm; pnf;&kd;wm;í
ajrom;yx0D wkdif;XmeD[k
wnf&mykdifeuf e,fajrxuf0,f
qufcHcsKyfjcm; tkyfpkd;vmvsuf
&SnfMumrSDwif; aexkdif&if;rS
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rsKd;qufwpfck 0HomEkukd
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a*G;awmufyifES,f uyfyg;EG,fí
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wm0efo,fykd; apmihfMuyfrkd;avmh/
à rsKd;EG,fnHhzsif; oD;ikHuif;um
vlcsif;rsKdzkH; rsKd;rwkH;a&;
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23
enf;vrf;(4)
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vmatmif vkyf,lonfhpepf? trsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf wefzkd;&Sdaom vli,frsm;jzpf
vmatmif jyKpkysKd;axmifay;onfh pepfusifhokH;&ef/
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kd wGuf trsKd;bmom omoemraysmufatmif apmifha&Smufvkd
onfh oHCmawmfrsm; OD;aqmifjyD; Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIoifwef;rsm;? b-uausmif;rsm;
wpfEkdifiHvkH;wGif zGifhvSpfMu&ef/
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qkd;? vG,fvG,fESifhpGJxifusef&pfEkdifygonf/
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jyifí&ygonf/
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raeydkYMu&onf/ AvDrsm;ç pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif tpövmrfbmomt,ltqawGudk t&kd;
pGJatmif &kdufoGif;onf/
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olwkdYu olwkdYuav;awGudk olwkdYvkdcsifonfhykHpHtwkdif; &atmif jyKjyifay;MuouJh
okYd uRefawmfwYu dk vnf; uRefawmfw&dYk JUAk'¨bmomrsKd;qufopfuav;i,fawGukd uRefawmf
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24
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oifwef;qkdayr,fh &uftykdif;tjcm;rQavmufom r[kwfyJ ausmif;ydwf&ufwkdif;
tjrJoifay;wJhXmeawGtjzpf ajymif;vJzdkYvkdygw,f/ Ak'¨bmomuav;i,fawGukd (5)ESpf
om;t&G,fupjyD; (13)ESpfom;t&G,fcefYtxd (8)ESpfwkdifwkdif 'DXmeawGrSm oHCmawmf
awGu Ak'¨pmayawG oifay;&if txufujycJhwJh t&nftcsif;awG jynfhvmatmif MudK;
pm;r,fqkd&if rjzpfEkdifp&m r&Sdygbl;/
25
aemufjyD; 'DAk'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIoifwef;awG b-uausmif;awGrSm uav;awGukd
eHygwf(3)enf;vrf;rSm jycJw h t
Jh rsK;d raysmufatmif umuG,frnfhrEÅefudk aeYpOfojH ydKifnn D m
pGm &Gwfqkdckdif;yg/
trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&Smufvkdaom oHCmawmfrsm; vlyk*¾Kdvfrsm;taeeJY t
rsKd;bmom omoemt& pdwfysufp&m tm;r&p&maumif;wJh vuf&SdtajctaeawGudk
t&if;tjrpfupjyD; atmifjrifpGm jyKjyifajymif;vJcsifw,fqkd&if 'Duav;awGupjyD; jyKjyif
&r,fqkdwm oabmaygufyg/ aemifwpfcsdefrSm 'Duav;awG[m vlMuD;awGjzpfvmr,fqkd
wm oabmaygufyg/ jynfolU&JawG? wyfrawmfom;awG? q&mawG? q&mrawG? ygarmu©
awG? jynfoljynfom;awGutp EkdifiHacgif;aqmifawGtxd tm;vkH;aomyk*¾KdvfawG[m
'Duav;awGuyJ jzpfvmr,fqkdwm oabmaygufyg/
uav;awGudk 'Doifwef;rSm rjzpfrae wufa&mufcikd f;MuzdkYtwGuf uav;rdbawG
ukdpnf;&kH;yg/ &yfuGufOuú|? aus;&GmOuú|rsm;udk oabmaygufatmif ajymjypnf;&kH;yg/
bmomjcm;rsm;jzpfwJh c&pf,mefawG? tpövmrfawGrSm olwkdYuav;awGukd paeç
we*FaEGausmif;ydwf&ufawG? Mum;umvausmif;ydwf&ufawGeJYaEG&moDtm;vyf&ufawG
rSm olwkdY&JUbmoma&;oifwef;awGudk rwufrjzpf wufa&mufoifMum;&wJhpepf uav;
b0uwnf;u bmoma&;ukd tckdiftrmjzpfatmif odrf;oGif;onfhpepf&SdaMumif; Ak'¨bm
omwGifvnf; þpepfrsKd;&SdoifhaMumif;? uav;awG[m Ak'¨bmom0if yDyDjyifjyifjzpfvm
zkdY vdr®ma&;jcm;&SdzkdY? ukd,fhtrsKd;ç ukd,fhbmomukd jrwfEkd;wefzkd;xm;wwfjyD; umuG,fapmifh
a&SmufwwfapzkdY tusihpf m&dwaå umif;rGefzYpkd wJh aumif;usKd;rsm;&zkt dY wGuf rdrdwY\
dk uav;
rsm;ukd þoifwef;rsm;okdY rjzpfrae wufa&mufoifMum;ckdif;oifhaMumif; ponfjzifha[m
ajympnf;&kH;yg/
vkd&if;tcsufuawmh...
uRefawmfwkdYuav;awGudk uav;b0wpfavQmufvkH; bmoma&;ESifhuif;uGmrIr&Sd
atmif txufujycJhwJh t&nftaoG;awGeJYjynfhpkHvmatmif oifvkdYjyvkdY&wJh(5)ESpfom;
t&G,fupjyD; tysKdvlysKd rjzpfcif (13)ESpfom;orD;t&G,ftxd ausmif;ydwf&ufwkdif; Ak'¨
bmom,Ofaus;rIpmoifXmeawGudk rjzpfraewufa&mufoifMum;&wJh pepfwpf&yfukd
atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfaz:Muyg/ þpepfudk aemifwGif Ak'¨bmomavmu\
xkH;pHwpfck jzpfvmatmif jyKvkyfyg/
trsKd;bmom omoem raysmufatmif apmifha&Smufvdw k Jhpdwf xufoefjyif;jyaom
oHCmawmfrsm;u 'Duav;awGukd txufujycJhwJh t&nftaoG;awG jynfh0vmatmif
MudK;pm;jyD;jyKpkysKd;axmifay;Muyg/ þuJhodkY q&m'um vufwGJnDpGmjzifh trsKd;omoemt
wGuf vkyfMurnfqkdvQif þenf;vrf;atmifjrifygvdrfhrnf/
26
rsKd;qufopfrsm;okdY rSmwrf;
tkd;rzkwfcif? tkd;vkyfpOf0,f
tkd;wGifESdyfcwf? wHqdyfrSwfu
rjywfrpJ? tkd;yifuGJvnf;
tjrJwap? wnf&SdaeokdY
axGaxGaoG;om;? uav;rsm;ü
bk&m;wHqdyf? bmompdwfudk
cyfESdyfEkdifrS? oufqkH;usatmif
Ak'¨0g'D? pGJíwnfrnf
ukd,fpDcyfESdyfapownf;/
(t&SifZeumbd0Ho? *E¨m&kHq&mawmf)
enf;vrf;(5)
vli,frsm;tm; Ak'¨bmomw&m;ESifhxdef;ausmif;jyKjyifay;Ekdif&eftwGuf we*FaEG
aeYwkdif; Ak'¨bmom0if vli,farmifr,frsm; pkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;onfhpepf usifhokH;&ef/
trsKd;bmom omoemudk ruG,faysmufatmif apmifha&Smufvkdaom q&mawmf
oHCmawmfrsm; a&Tjreffrmrsm;? bmomjcm;awGukd owdxm;MunfhMuyg/
wjcm;bmomawGrSm olwb dYk mom0if a,musfm;ysKd? rde;f rysKad wGtwGuf rwufrjzpf
wufa&muf&wJhoD;oefYbmoma&;tcrf;tem;awG &Sdygw,f/
Oyrm- rlqvifawGrSmqkd&if olwkdYrlqvifbmom0ifwkdif; wpf&ufvQif (5)Mudrf
AvDawGrSm pkaygif;0wfjyK&wJh pepfawG&Sdygw,f/
c&pf,mefawGqkd&ifvnf; we*FaEGaeYwkdif; olwkdYbmom0if a,musfm;ysKd? rdef;rysKd
awGoD;oefYpkaygif;jyD; bk&m;0wfjyKyGJawG bmoma&;oDcsif; pkaygif;qkd&wmawG &Sdygw,f/
'gawG[m wu,fawmh t&G,fa&mufvmjyDjzpfwJh olwkdY&JUa,musfm;ysKd? rdef;rysKdawG
ukd olw kdY&JUbmoma&; xdef;csKyfr Ia tmufu vGw fr oGm;zdkY? bmoma&;ESi fhx dawGrI
uif;a0;roGm;ayzkdY? bmoma&;pdw f" gwfa wG avsmhe nf;roGm;apzkdY? bmoma&;ESifh
ywfo ufjyD; oifMum;cGifh pnf;&kH;cGi fh& apzkdY olw kdYb mom0if vli ,ft csif;csif;pnf;
pnf;vkH;vkH; nDnDnTwfnTwf&SdzkdYpwJh olwkdYbmoma&;twGuf aumif;usKd;awG &&SdapzdkY
twGuf 'DpepfawGudk usifhokH;Muwm jzpfygw,f/
27
uReaf wmfwYdAk k'¨bmomrSmawmh 'Dvdvk li,fawG oD;oefYbmoma&; tcrf;tem;awG
r&SdwJhtwGuf vli,fawG[m Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmfawGeJY b,favmufuif;a0;aew,f/
&wem(3)yg;ukd &kdaoukdif;&Idif;rI b,favmufenf;yg;w,f? bmoma&;pdwf"gwfawGb,f
avmufacgif;yg;w,f? tusifhpm&dwåawG b,favmufysufjym;aew,fqkdwm tm;vkH;od
jyD;om;vkdY ,lqygw,f/ 'gayr,hf a&TjrefrmawG ydkjyD; owdjyKrdatmif om"uwpfck wif
jyygr,f/
e,fjrdKUuav;wpfjrdKUwGif (10)wef;ausmif;om;rlqvifbmom0ifukvm;olaX;
om;wpfa,mufonf aiGESifhaMu;ESifh aygif;oif;pnf;&kH;xm;Ekdi fo jzifh olUoli ,fcsif;
rsm;jzpfMuaom jrefrmAk'¨bmom0if vli ,frsm;tay:wGi f MoZmanmif;oljzpfaeyg
onf/ olu ausmif;wufvmwkdif; olw kdYt pöv mrfb moma&;pmtky fr sm; ,lv mjyD;
olU oli ,fc sif;rsm;ESifhtjcm;jrefrmvli ,fr sm;udk zwfjyjcif;? olw kdYt ,lu kd ,lz kdY bm
oma&;pnf;&kH;jcif; jyKvkyfygonf/
xkdrQru Ak'¨bmomawGukd;uG, fa ewJh a*gwronf bk& m;r[kw fa Mumif;? w
u,fhb k& m;tppfrSm pMum0VmMuD;udk zefq if;aom olw dkYt v’mt&Si fjrwfo nfom
vQif bk&m;tppfjzpfaMumif;? a*gwronf olwkdYbmom\wrefawmft qifha vmuf
yJ& Sda Mumif; ponfjzifh bmoma&;ykwfcwfapmfum;jyD; pnf;&kH;ygonf/
þokdYajymqkdaeonfukd tjcm;vli,frsm;u bmrSrajymaomfvnf; i,fi ,f u
bkef;MuD;ausmif;wGif aecJhzl;ojzifh bmoma&;pdwf"gwf&Sdaeao;aom jrefrmausmif;
om;wpfO D;u þokdYajymqkdonfrSm r[kw fr Se fa Mumif;? Ak' ¨b k& m;&Si fo nf orkdi f;t
axmuftxm; wdusckdifvkHpGm aMumif;usKd;,kwådckdifvkHpGmESifhrsufjrifxif&Sm; yGifhawmf
rlc Jho nfhb k& m;tppfjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh jyefvSefajymqkd&m...
ukvm;u xkdvli,fukd vnfyif;n§pfjyD; olUoli,fcsif; jrefrmvli,fawGudk 0kdif;xkd;
zkdYajym&m xkdAk'¨bmomvli,frsm;uvnf; ukd,fhAk'¨bmombufu umuG,fajymqkday;
aom vli,fukd 0kdif;jyD; vufoD;ESifhxkd;zkdYMudK;pm;&m q&m q&mrrsm;u tcsdefrD jzefajz
ay;ojzifh xkdvli,f oufom&m &oGm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
þjzpf&yfonf pma&;oltaejzifh r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHí wifjyjcif;r[kwfyg/
uRefawmfwkdY Ak'¨bmomavmuwGif Ak' ¨b momrsKd;qufo pf vli ,fw kdi f;ukd Ak'¨
bmom0ifyDyDjyifjyif jzpfvmatmif jyKvkyfonfhpepfrsKd; r&SdaomaMumifh vuf&v dS il ,f
awGrSm Ak'¨bmoma&; pdwf"gwfawG rnfrQavmufacgif;yg;aeonfukd q&mawmf oHCm
awmfrsm; a&Tjrefrmrsm; owdjyKrdatmif wu,fhjzpf&yfukd wifjyjcif;yJ jzpfygonf/
'Djzpf&yfukd EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/ ukvm;vli,fuawmh Ak' ¨b mom0ifv li ,fa wGudk
olw kdYb mom0ifjzpfvmatmif pnf;&kH;rI vky fw Jht jyif olw kdYb moma&;ESi fhy wfo uf
vmvQif qwfqwfxdrcHEkdifavmufa tmif tpöv mrfb moma&;pdw f" gwf xufoef
28
aejyD; awmh ukvm;&JUoli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfwJh uRefawmfwkdYAk'¨0ifvli,fawGu ukv m;uk d
ukd, fhA k' ¨bmomxJ0ifvmatmif pnf;&kH;zkdYaeaeomom ukd, fht rdt zawG ukd;uG,f
aewJhAk'¨bmombufu tumtuG,fajymqkday;wJh vli,fukdawmh xkd;zdkYMudwfzkdYvkyf
wJht xd Ak'¨bmoma&;pdwf"gwfa wG bmaMumifha cgif;yg;ae&ovJ? bmoma&;ukd
wefz dk;xm;rIcsif; bmjzpfvkdY 'Davmufu Gmjcm;ae&ovJ? olU bufu vli ,fe JYukd,fh
bufu vli,fawG bmoma&;pdw f" gwfc sif; bmha Mumifh 'Da vmufa wmif uGm[ae
&wmvJ/
'Dtcsuaf wGawGukd jrefrmjynfrmS Ak'b ¨ momukd t&Snfcikd cf hw
H nfwhaH pvko
d w
l dYk av;
av;eufeuf okH;oyfoifhygw,f/ 'Davmuf bmjzpfvkdY uGm[ae&wmvJqkdwmudk okH;oyf
Munfhr,fqkd&if...
rlqvifawG[m olwkdYrlqvifr dbu arG;vmwJhuav;wkdif;udk touf(5)ESpf
jynfho nfhtcsdefrSpjyD; ausmif;ydw f& ufw kdi f; AvDu kd rykdYr jzpf ydkY& jyD; tpöv mrfbm
omw&m;wkdif;awGudk rjzpfrae wufa &mufo ifMum;&wJhp epf &Sdygw,f/
uav;b0t&G,u f wnf;u olwt dYk pövmrfw&m;awGudk acgif;xJpJaG eatmif xnfh
oGif;oifMum;ay;xm;ovkd t&G,fa&mufvmjyefawmhvJ bmoma&;ESifhuif;uGmroGm;
atmifAvDukd wpf&uf(5)MudrfvmjyD;awmh 0wfjyK&wJhpepf&SdvkdY rlqvifvli,fawG[m aeY
wkdif; olwkdYbmoma&;w&m;awGeJY awGUxd&? aeYwkdif; olwkdYAvDq&mMuD;awG&JUMo0g'awG
emcH&wJhtwGuf rlqvifwkdif;&JU(99.9)&mckdifEIef;[m tpövmrfbmom0if tckdiftrm
jzpfvmjyD; bmoma&;pdwf"gwfxufoefolawG olwkdYbmomjyefYyGm;xGef;um;a&;ukd MudK;
pm;vkdpdwf xufoefjyif;jyolawG jzpfvmygw,f/
uRefawmfwkdY Ak'¨bmomavmurSmawmh Ak'¨bmomtrdtzu arG;vmwJhuav;
wkdif;ukd Ak'¨bmom0iftckdiftrm jzpfvmatmif ausmif;ydwf&ufwkdif; bkef;awmfMuD;rsm;
xHrydkYrjzpfydkY&jyD; Ak'¨w&m;awGukd rjzpfrae wufa&mufoifMum;&wJh pepfuvnf;r&Sd?
t&G,af &mufvYdk vlysKdtysKd jzpfvmjyefawmhvnf; bmoma&;ESiu hf if;uGmroGm;atmif xde;f
csKyfwJhpepfuvnf; r&SdwmaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0if vli,ftrsm;pk[m...
Ak'¨bmomw&m;awG olwkdYacgif;xJ pGJjrJzkdY aeaeomom bkef;MuD;ESifhawGUvkdYrS
rac:wwf? rajymwwf? rqufq Hw wf? OD;cs&aumif;rSe f;rodw Jhv li ,fa wG jzpfvm
ygw,f/
jrefrmr*Fvmaqmif uefawmhyGJawGrSm owkdYom;eJYowkdYorD;[m t&G,fa&muf
vkdYtdrfaxmif&ufom;uswmawmif bmoma&;rSmawmh MoumouefawmhcsKd;awmif
rqkdw wfwmawmif trsm;MuD; awGUae&ygw,f/
'Dawmh Ak'¨bmomvli,fawG[m ukvm;vli,fawGvkd ukd,fhbmomukd wwfEkdifo
avmuf jyefYyGm;xGef;um;atmifvkyfvkdwJhpdwf &SdzdkYtomxm; olwkYdukd,fwkdifukdu Ak'¨bm
29
om0if yDyDjyifjyif ckdifckdifrmrm r[kwfbl; jzpfaeygw,f/
tckjzpf&yfrSm ukvm;&JUoli,fcsif;jzpfwJh jrefrmvli,fawGqkd&if Ak'¨bmom[m
igwkdYukd;uG,fwJhbmomygvm;qkdwJh todrsKd;avmufawmif r&Sdbl;qkdwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh olwdYb k ufu vli,fawGeJYud, k fhbufu vli,fawG bmoma&;pdwf"gwfcsif;
bmjzpfvYdk 'DavmufumG [ae&wmvJqadk wmh uav;b0eJYvli,fb0wpfavQmufvkH;rSm
bmoma&;ukd rjzpfrae oGwfoGif;ay;wJhpepf&Sdjcif; r&Sdjcif;aMumifhyJqw dk m a&Tjrefrm
wkdYtxl;owdjyKMuyg/
'DvAkd k'¨bmoma&;pdwf"gwfawG acgif;yg;wJhv li ,fa wGr sm;vm&if a&&Sn frSm
Ak' ö moem[m tm;tifcsdeJY,kdifEGr f;jyD; ysufo kO f;aysmufu G, fo Gm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
ukd,fhbufu 'Dvkdbmoma&; ukd,fcHtm;awG tzufzuf avsmhenf;aecsdefrSm bm
omjcm;awGjzpfwJh c&pf,mefawG tpövmrfawGu Ak'¨bmom0ifuav;vli,fvlMuD;tm;
vkH;udk olwkdYbmom0ifjzpfatmif enf;rsKd;pkHeJYtpGrf;ukef MudK;pm;aeMuygw,f/
'DvkdMudK;pm;MuvkdYvJ ukd,fhbufu vlawGygoGm;MuwmvJ renf;awmhygbl;/ 'gawG
ukd q&mawmf oHCmawmfwkdif; a&Tjrefrmwkdif; owdMuyfMuyfxm;Muyg/ 'Dvkdbmoma&;
pdwf"gwfawG acgif;yg;vmwm[m Ak'¨bmomtwGufom epfemom r[kwfygbl;/ bmom
a&;pdwf"gwfawG acgif;yg;&mu rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfawG? trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&Smuf
a&;0HomEkpdwf"gwfawG acgif;yg;vmygw,f/
vuf&v dS il ,ftrsm;pk[m ukvm;eJYjrefrmreJYwGJoGm;aewmudkjrif&if trsKd;twGuf
&ife mp&maumif;rSef;? &ifav;&aumif;rSef; rodMuawmhbl;/
wpfcsKdUvli,fawGqd&k if ukvm;u jrefrmwkid f;&if;olukd ykd;yrf;csif&if Mum;u atmif
oG,fawmfvkyfay;vkdufwJhtxd 0HomEkpdwf"gwfawG acgif;yg;vmygw,f/ 'ghtjyif Ak'¨bm
omtqkH;trawGeJY uif;uGmvmwmeJYtrQ ukd,fusifhpm&dwåawGvnf; ysufpD;vmygw,f/
,aeYvli,fawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m umarokrdpämpm&uHeJYok&mar&,uHukd t&nfusKd
aomufaeMuygjyD/
vli,fawG Ak'b ¨ moma&;pdw"f gwf acgif;yg;&mupjy;D jzpfvmwJq h ;dk usK;d awGukd aMumif;
usKd;qufpyfjyD; uGif;qufawG vkdufMunfhr,fqkd&if a&&Sn fr Sm vlr sKd;a&m bmoma&m
Ekdi fi Hy g aysmufoGm;wJhtxd jzpfoGm;rSm jzpfy gw,f/
tJ'Dawmh trsKd;udkcspfwJholwkdif;? Ak'¨&JU"r®awGudk jrwfEkd;olwkdif;? trdjrefrmjynf r
aysmufatmif apmifha&Smufvkdolwkdif; vuf& Sdv li ,fa wG vuf& Sdt ajctaeawGu kdr jyK
jyifv kdY vkH;0rjzpfawmhygbl;/ 'gawGudk jyKjyifzdkYtwGuf...
à Ak'¨bmom0ifvli,fawG Ak'¨bmom0if yDyDjyifjyif ckdifckdifrmrmjzpfapzkdY
à ukd,fusifhpm&dwåawG aumif;apzkdY
à Ak'¨bmomw&m;awGeJY uif;a0;roGm;apzkdY
30
à vdr®ma&;jcm;&SdapzkdY
à trsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf wefzdk;&SdwJhvli,fawG jzpfzkdY
à trsK;d bmomomoemeJyY wfoufjy;D odoifhodxu kd fonfwu dYk kd today;cGihf oifMum;
cGifh pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;&apzkdY
à Ak'¨bmom0if vli,farmifr,f tcsif;csif; Ak'¨bmomukd A[djk yKjyD; pnf;vkH;nDnTwf
rI&SdzkdY
pwJh ra&rwGufEkdifwJh aumif;usKd;awG tqifhqifh&vmzkdYtwGuf uRefawmfwkdYAk'¨
bmomavmurSm we*FaEGaeYwkdif; bkef;MuD;ausmif;awG? "r®m&kHawGrSm Ak'¨bmom0ifvl
i,farmifr,fawG pkaygif;jyD; bk&m;&Sdckd;onfhpepfudk rjzpfrae taumiftxnfaz:oifh
ygonf/
touf(14)ESpft&G,fupjyD; tdrfaxmifrusao;wJhAk'¨bmom0if a,musfm;rdef;r
tm;vkH; "r®m&kHawG? bkef;MuD;ausmif;awGrSmpkaygif;jyD; bk&m;&Sdckd;wJhpepfudk wpfEkdifiHvkH;rSm
taumiftxnfaz:zkYd MudK;pm;yg/ 'Db&k m;&Scd kd;yGaJ wGrSm atmufygtpDtpOfawG xnfhoGif;
jyD;usif;yoifhw,fvkdY ,lqygw,f/
we*FaEGaeY vli,fawG bk&m;&Sdckd;yGJtpDtpOf

1/ Moumo uefawmhcsKd;jzifh pkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;í (5)yg;oDvcH,ljcif;/
2/ okH;vlU&Sifyif Ak'¨0ifuAsmç r*FvmuAsm paom Ak'¨bmomqkdif&m uAsmrsm;ukd pk
aygif;nDnmpGm &Gwfqkdjcif;/
3/ Zmwfawmfrsm;\Ak'¨0ifrsm;? "r®y'0w¬Krsm; ajyma[mjcif;/
4/ trsKd;bmom omoemraysmufatmif apmifha&Smufa&; jyKjyifa&;w&m;a[mjcif;/
qkdwJhtpDtpOfawG xnfhoGif;oifhygw,f/
eHygwf(1)tpDtpOft& tpykdif;rSm vli,fawG (5)yg;oDv r,lwwfao;&if bk&m;
&Sdckd;avmufeJYyJ pxm;jyD;awmh aemufrS (5)yg;oDv,lenf; oifay;jyD;vkyfyg/
eHygwf(2)t& uAsmawGudk tvGwfr&&if pm&Gufuav;awGeJY&kdufjyD; wpfa,muf
wpf&GufpDa0í MunfhjyD;qkdckdif;yg/
eHygwf(3)t& Zmwfawmf edygwfawmfawGudk tcsdefMunfhjyD; oifhovkd a[majymyg/
oifcef;pmawG xkwfjyyg/
eHygwf(4)t& trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&Smufa&;? jyKjyifa&;? w&m;a[mwJhae
&mrSm yxrqkH; rdef;rysKdawGudk t"duxm;jyD; a[majymyg/
rlqvifwkdYonf vlrsKdukdvkdeDe,fcsJUpepfjzifh wkdYtrsKd;bmomomoemESifhwuG wkdif;
jynfyg 0g;rsKEd ikd af tmif txl;MuKd ;pm;vsu&f adS Mumif;? rlqvifawG[m olwYkd vlrsKde,fcsUJ pepf
tjrefatmifjrifzkdYtwGuf jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;udk t"duypfrSwfxm;vsuf enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh
31
0g;rsKdodrf;ykdufvsuf&SdaMumif;? jrefrmrdef;uav;rsm;onf obm0t& jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdY\
rdcifrsm;jzpfí jrefrmawG trsKd;rjywfa&; qufvufjyefYyGm;a&;udk wm0ef,lxm;&olrsm;
jzpfaMumif;? jrefrmrdef;uav;wpfa,mufukd ukvm;u vufxyf&,loGm;jcif;onf xkd
uav;rSarG;vmvwåHYaom jrefrmrsKd;qufopf? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsKd;qufopf? aqGpOfrsKd;quf
tm;vkH;ukd ukvm;u rsKd;jyKwfokwfoifowfjzwfoGm;jcif;yJ jzpfaMumif;? xkdrQru ukvm;
eJY&íarG;vmaom uav;tm;vkH;onf ukd,fhtrsKd; ukd,fhbmom ukd,fhwkdif;jynfukd 0g;rsKd
rnfhtpövmrfbmom0ifrlqvifrsm;omjzpfvmojzifh rsm;pGmepfemvSaMumif;? ajrrsKdí vl
rsKd;rjyKwf? þuJhokdY vlvlcsif; trsKdcH&u vlrsKd;vJjyKwfç bmomvJjyKwfç EkdifiHvJjyKwfoGm;
rnfjzpfaMumif;?
xkdYaMumifh jrefrmwkdif;&if;olwkdif;[m Ak'¨bmom0if jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhom
tdrfaxmifjyKoifhaMumif; ponfjzifh trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&Smufa&;ukd t"duxm;
jyD; tusifhpm&dwåaumif;rGefa&;? tcsdefESifhaiGudk pepfwustusKd;&Sdatmif tokH;cswwf
a&;? pD;yGm;a&;ç ynma&; paom tjcm;tjcm;aom odoifhodxkduf jyKjyifoifh jyKjyifxkduf
onfrsm;ukd a[majymMuyg/sm;?
a[majymjyD;aemuf trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&SmufrnfhrEÅefudk igonf]]igwkdY}}
ae&mü ]]uRefr}}wkdYonf uRefrwkdYonf[k ajymif;jyD;oHjydKifnDnm &Gwfqkdckdif;yg/
xkdYjyif jrefrmwkdif;&if;olrsm; Ak'¨bmomjrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhom tdrfaxmif
jyKMu&rnfhpnf;&kH;a&;atmifjrif&eftwGuf xdkrdef;uav;rsm;tm; vufxyf,lMu&rnfh
jrefrma,musfm;rsm;bufrSvnf; rdef;uav;rsm; tm;ukd;avmufaom tm;ukd;xkdufaom
a,musfm;aumif;rsm; jzpfzdkYtxl;vkdtyfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh vli,frsm;ukdvnf; pnf;&kH;&
rnf/
jrefrmvli,frsm;taejzifh rdef;uav;rsm;u b0Muifaz:cifyGef;tjzpf tm;ukd;
avmufaom tm;ukd;xkdufaoma,musfm;aumif;rsm; jzpfvmzkdYtwGuf t&ufaopmukd
aomufpm;rIrsm;? rl;,pfaq;0g;rSD0JrIrsm;? jynfhwefqmrrsm;ESifhqufqHrI? trsKd;orD;rsm;
ukd wefzkd;rxm; ESrcsif;rpmemyJ &oavmuftjrwfxkwfjyD; pGefYypfrIrsm;? tdrfaxmifa&;
okcukd tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;jzifh r&SmyJ tjcm;enf;jzifh &SmazGcHpm;rIrsm;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
trsKd;bmomomoema&;wkdYudk ta&;rpkdufyJ taysmftyg;udpörsm;ü tcsdefukef aiGukefcH
jcif;rsm;? tcsdefESifhaiGukd pepfwus tusKd;&Sdatmif tokH;rjyKyJ tv[ójzKef;wD;rIrsm;?
zJ&kdufjcif;? Muufwkdufjcif;? tavmif;upm;jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;? rdef;uav;rsm;ukd ESrcsif;rpm
emyJ tEkdifusifhqufqHjcif;rsm;? pdwf"gwfa&;&m atmufwef;usrIrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;zkdY vkd
aMumif;/
txl;ojzifh ukvm;ukd,lrS wpf0rf;wpfcg; 0atmifpm;í vSatmif qifEkdifrnf/
jrefrma,musfm;ukd,l&if wpf0rf;wpfcg; 0atmifpm;&rnfr[kwf/ vSatmif qifEkdifrnf
32
r[kwf[laom rdef;uav;avmu t,ltqrsm;udk y,fazsmufypfzkdY jrefrma,musfm;rsm;
wGif txl;wm0ef&SdaMumif;/ xkdYaMumifh t&G,fa&mufvmaom Ak'¨bmom0ifvli,frsm;
onf tdraf xmifwpfcu k dk xlaxmifwnfaqmufEikd frnfh aiGaMu;ESijfh ynfhpkHatmif pD;yGm;a&;
udk txl;MudK;pm;&SmazGMuzkdY vkdtyfaMumif;? pD;yGm;a&;ç ynma&;ç bmoma&;ç tdrfaxmif
a&;paombufaygif;pkHwGif rlqvifwkdYxufomatmif tjydKiftqkdif MudK;pm;MuzkdY vkdtyf
aMumif;/
rlqvifwkdYonf pD;yGm;a&;udk twif;&Sm? rdef;rawGudk &oavmuf,l? uav;awG
udk&oavmufarG;? arG;vmonfhuav;wkdif;udk olwkdYbmom0if tckdiftrmjzpfatmifvkyf
jyD; vlukdvlcsif; vTrf;rkd;0g;rsKdonfhenf;jzifh wkdYvlrsKd;a&m? bmoma&m? EkdifiHudkyg 0g;rsKdzkdY
MudK;pm;aeaMumif;? 'gawGudk jrefrmvlrsKd;awG rumuG,fírjzpfaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh jreffrm
vlli,frsm;taejzifh t&G,fa&mufvmygu tdrfaxmifrjyKyJ raeoihfaMumif;/
trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,fa&;twGuf jreffrmvlOD;a& ravsmhenf;atmif wkd;
yGm;rsm;jym;atmif MudK;pm;MuzkdYvkdtyfaMumif; ponfrsm;udk a[majymyg/
xkdYaemuf þpmtkyfü az:jyxm;aom trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhenf;
vrf;rsm;udk vli,fawG oabmaygufvufcHvmatmif a[majympnf;&kH;Muyg/
xkYjd yif pD;yGm;Opöm&SmazGyHk &SmazGenf; tMuHaumif;ÓPfaumif;rsm;? azjrifhç vSordeçf
yDrkd;eif;ç armifay:xGef;paom wufusrf;pma&;q&mrsm;\pmtkyfrsm;xJrS atmifjrifMuD;
yGm;a&;qkdif&m oabmw&m;rsm;? rdwåAv#DumpmtkyfrS aygif;oif;qufqHa&; enf;vrf;
rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;a[majym&ef vkdtyfygonf/
rlqviftEÅ&m,fESifhywfoufírl awm&Gmrsm;wGif ajAmifajymyg/ jrdKUrsm;wGif y&d
,m,fokH;í jznf;jznf;jcif;oabmaygufatmif pnf;&kH;yg/
a[majymyGJtqkH;rSm trsKd;raysmufatmif apmifha&SmufrnfhrEÅefukd oHjyKdifnDnm
&Gwfckdif;yg/ vkd&if;tcsufrSm vuf&SdAk'¨bmom0if vli,farmifr,frsm;ukd Ak'¨bmomt
wGuf wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;twGuf wefzkd;&Sdonfhvli,frsm;jzpfvmatmif jyKjyifay;EkdifzkdYt
wGuf we*FaEGaeYwkdif; Ak'¨bmom0ifvli,farmifr,frsm; pkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;onfhpepfukd
atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfaz:yg/
wpfEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twmjzifh atmifjrif&eftwGuf ukd,fh&Gmç ukd,fh&yfuGufç ukd,fh
jrdKUç ukd,fhe,fupjyD; taumiftxnfaz:yg/
xkdbk&m;&Sdckd;yGJrsm;rSwpfqifh trsKd;aysmufrnfhtEÅ&m,fudk od&Sdem;vnfjyD; umuG,f
vkdaomtrsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf wkdif;jynftwGuf wefzkd;&Sdaom vli,frsm;jzpfvm
atmif pnf;&kH;yg/
bk&m;&Sdckd;csdefukd rdrdwkdY&yf&Gm\umv a'otavsmuf oihfavsmfonfhtcsdef owf
rSwfyg/
33
þenf;vrf;atmifjrif&eftwGuf oHCmawmfrsm; &yfuGufçaus;&GmOuú|rsm; yl;
aygif;jyD; &yfuGufç aus;&GmtwGif;&Sd touf(14)ESpft&G,frS tdrfaxmifrusao;onfh
Ak'¨bmom0ifarmifr,ftm;vkH; we*FaEGaeYwkdif; pkaygif;jyD; bk&m;&Sdckd;&ef "r®m&kH? bkef;
MuD;ausmif;okdY rjzpfrae vma&mufMuzkdY trdefYxkwfjyefMuyg/
o&PD,w&m;(6)yg;
à Ak'¨bmomtcsif;csif; um,uHarwåmjzifh qufqHyg/
à Ak'¨bmomtcsif;csif; 0pDuHarwåmjzifh qufqHyg/
à Ak'¨bmomtcsif;csif; raemuHarwåmjzifh qufqHyg/
à rdrdypönf;udk Ak'¨bmomtcsif;csif; a0iSpm;okH;yg/
à Ak'¨bmomqkdifrSom aps;0,fyg? Ak'¨bmomukd tvkyfay;yg? ae&may;yg/
à rdrdESifhtusifhp&kdufwlaom Ak'¨bmomcsif;om &if;&if;ESD;ESD; aygif;yg/
à ukd;uG,frI t,l0g'wlrQaom Ak'¨bmomcsif;om &kdif;yif;ulnDyg/
enf;vrf;(6)
rlqvifESifhywfoufvmvQif oabmraumif;oifhaMumif; pnf;&kH;&ef/
rdwfaqG...oifonf r*faygufzkdvfckduf edAÁmefqkdufatmif pkdufpkdufpl;pl;tm;xkwf
aeaom olawmfpifolawmfjrwfwpfOD; r[kwfygu pdwfaumif;apwemaumif;ukd ae&m
wkdif;xm;í roifhavsmfaMumif; owdjyKyg/
uREkfyfwkdY trdjrefrmjynfudk vufeuftm;ukd;jzifh t"r®odrf;ykdufum uRefjyKtkyfcsKyf
aecJhaom e,fcsJUrsufESmjzLudk uRefawmfwdkY&JUtbdk;tbGm;awG[m pdwfaumif;apwem
aumif;xm;jyD; onf;cHcGifhvTwf arwåmydkYaecJhu uREkfyfwkdYonf ,cktcsdefxd uRefb0rS
vGwfrnfr[kwfonfukd txl;owdjyKyg/
,ckuRefawmfwkdY &ifqkdifae&wJh rlqviftEÅ&m,f[m jAdwdoQudkvdkeDe,fcsJawG&JU
tEÅ&m,fxuf ydkjyD;MuD;rm;ygw,f/
jAdwdoQawG[m uRefawmfwkdY&JUEkdifiHudk odrf;ydkufEkdifcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG
ukd olUuRefb0a&mufatmif vkyfEkdifcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwkdYukd vlrsKd;aysmuf
atmif rvkyfEkdifygbl;/ Ak'¨bmomaysmufatmif rvkyfEkdifcJhygbl;/
vlrsKd;eJYbmomraysmufcJhwJhtwGuf 'DvlrsKd;xJu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkd tmZmenf
ol&Jaumif;awGay:jyD; uRefawmfwkdYjrefrmawG pnf;vkH;nDnGwfpGmeJY jAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdawmf
vSefa&;qifEGJEkdifcJhMuw,f/ udk,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif;eJY vGwfvyfwJhjrefrmEkdifiHawmfudkvnf; jyef
34
vnfxlaxmifEkdifcJhygw,f/
'DvkdvGwfvyfa&;jyef&atmif vkyfEkdifcJhwJhtwGuf jAdwdoQawG&JUvufcsufaMumifh
EkdifiHqkH;&IH;rI[m ,m,DqkH;&IH;rIyJjzpfcJhygw,f/ xm0&qkH;&IH;rI rjzpfcJhygbl;/ ,ckrlqvif
awGuawmh jAdwdoQawGvkd EkdifiHudk pwifodrf;ykdufjcif; r[kwfyJ vlr sKdu kdv kde De ,fc sJU pepf
usifhokH;jyD; uRefawmfwkdY&JUvlrsKd;eJYbmomukd t&ifodr f;ykdufaeygw,f/ vlrsKd;aysmuf
atmif t&ifvkyfaeygw,f/
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tvkt d avsmuf aysmufomG ;rSmjzpfygw,f/ ok0PÖblru d ae tif'ekd D;&Sm;jzpfomG ;cJhwho
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rmEkdifiHqkdwm jyefay:vmrSm r[kwfawmhygbl;/
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yJ xm0&qkH;&IH;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ trsm;em;vnfatmif Oyrmwpfck ajym&&if jrefrmEkdif
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awG[ m tJ'DopfyifMuD;&SifoefaezkdYt wGu f r&Sdr jzpfv kdt yfw Jh ajratmufu tjrpf
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vlrsK;d qkdwhJ tjrpfjyKwfatmif rzsufqD;Ekdicf w Jh JhtwGuf jrefrmvlrsKd;qkdwht J jrpfuae jrefrm
EkdifiHqkdwJh opfyifMuD; jyefvnf&SifoeffaygufyGm;EkdifcJhjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
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tcktcsdefrSmawmh uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHqkdwJh opfyifMuD;udk tjyifyef;uae
35
Munfhr ,fq kd&if taumif;yuwdt wkdi f; pdr f;vef;a0qmaew,fv kdYy J jrif& rSmjzpf
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bmjzpfvYv kd q
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ywfoufvmvQif oabmxm;MuD;raeoifhygbl;/
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aumif;raeoifhygbl;/
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36
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Mumaomtcg ajr&Sifukd awmfvSef'ku©ay;wwfonf/
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37
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38
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39
ygonf/
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trdjrefrmonf rdpämatmuf a&mufygavawmhrnf/
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enf;vrf;(8)
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olU&Jrsm;? ausmif;om;[laom wuúokdvfausmif;om; txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; þ
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rsKd;rsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm;vnf; jzpfygonf/
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40
uG,fonfh Ak'¨bmomukd ruG,faysmufatmif apmifha&Smuf&rnfh bmoma&; orkdif;
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0efonf om;(3)a,mufvkH; xrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0ef jzpfonf/
ukd,fhvlrsKd;ç ukd,fhbmomç ukd,fhEkdifiHESifhywfoufjyD; xrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;
xJwGifvnf;...
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3/ ukd,fhEkdifiH raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhwm0efonf ta&;tMuD;qkH;wm0ef t
MuD;rm;qkH;wm0ef rjzpfraexrf;aqmif& rnfhw m0ef jzpfygonf/
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41
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pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrI jydKuGJygu vlrsKdudkvdkeDe,fcsJU&efukd umuG,fzdkY pdwftm&kHa&muf
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jyóemwufaejcif;jzifhom tcsdefukefayawmhrnf/
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à apmifhumwJhMuyfum ukd,fhtrsKd;Ówum
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wJhae&mrSm wkdYAk'¨bmom0iftcsif;csif; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrI&SdzkdY rjzpfrae vkdtyfw,fqkdwm
udk oifudk,fwkdif oabmayguffvufcHyg/
udk,fhtcsif;csif; jyóemjzpfaevkdY pdwf0rf;uGJaevkdYrjzpfbl;qkdwm oifukd,fwkdif
oabmaygufvufcHyg/
'ghaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;ç vlrIa&;ç tdrfaxmifa&;ç bmoma&;pwJh ta&;aygif;pkHrSm
Ak'¨bmom0iftcsif;csif; twlaeol tcsif;csif; aeYpOfajymqkdqufqHwJhtcgrSm atmuf
ygpnf;urf;rsm;ukd vkdufemusifhokH;yg/
(1) olwpfyg; raumif;aMumif; b,fawmhrS rajymygeJY/ olwpfyg; aumif;aMumif;ukd
oifodoavmuf ajymyg/
(2) uJh&JUp&m&SmjyD; uJh&JUonhftusifhudk a&SmifMuOfyg/ csD;rGrf;p&mudk &SmMunfhjyD; csD;rGrf;
onfhtusifhudk jyKpkysKd;axmifyg/
43
(3) wpfzufom;tay: uJh&JUp&mawGUu qdwfqdwfaejyD; csD;rGrf;p&mawGUu &uf&uf
a&ma&m csD;rGrf;vkdufyg/
(4) axmufcHp&mawGUu pdwfa&mukd,fyg axmufcHtm;ay;vkdufyg/
(5) wpfzufom;ukd av;av;pm;pm; wefzkd;xm;í qufqHyg/
(6) ajymifvkduf aemufvkdufqufqHa&;onf tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefav;pm;rI wefzkd;
xm;rIukd wpfjznf;jznf; avsmhenf;apygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ajymifvkduf aemufvkduf
jzifh tajymift&TwfqufqHa&;udk a&SmifMuOfyg/
(7) olwpfyg;ukd wwfEkdiforQ tultnDay;yg/
(8) ukd,fcsif;pmpdwf rsm;rsm;arG;yg/
(9) pD;yGm;a&;ç vlrIa&;ç tdrfaxmifa&;paom ta&;aygif;pkHwGif rdrdu uwday;xm;rd
u xdkuwdukd wnfatmif apmifhxdef;yg/
(10) ta&;aygif;pkHwGif rdrdtay: wm0ef&SdvmorQudk wm0efausatmif aqmif&Gufyg/
(11) Murf;wrf;&kdif;ysonfhpum;ukd b,fawmhrS rajymygeJY/ csKdom,Ofaus;odrfarGUonfh
pum;udkom ajymyg/
(12) jiif;ckHjcif;ukd a&SmifMuOfyg/
(13) jyóemjzpfvmygu at;at;aq;aq; n§Ed Idif;aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;zkYdMudK;pm;yg/
(14) ajcvGefvufvGef EIwfvGefrjzpfatmif xdef;csKyfyg/
(15) rdrdurSm;ae&if tvsiftjref 0efcHjyD; awmif;yefvdkufyg/
(16) ukd,fhtcsif;csif; twwfEkdfifqkH; onf;cHyg/
(17) twwfEkdifqkH; tavsmhay;yg/
(18) Ak'¨bmom0iftcsif;csif; MuD;yGm;csrf;omatmif jyKvkyfay;vkdpdwf rsm;rsm;arG;yg/
þpnf;urf;rsm;udk vuf&SdrdrdqufqHaygif;oif;aeolrsm;rS pwifjyD; Ak'¨bmom0if
tcsif;csif;ESifhqufqHwkdif; vkdufemusifhokH;yg/
jrefrmawG pnf;urf;azmufvkdY
xD;eef;aysmufjzpfjyD/
rSDjirf;axmuf topfrSDw,f
npfyvDvlrsKd;/
rdaysmufvkdY za&SmifaoGw,f
*GaumifawG acG;jzpfayghAsKd;/
jrefrmcsif; <um;Mucsif
"g;jyoGifvlqkd;
44
ukvm;jrif olUtar&kd;awmhrvkdY
ckajrvQKd;ykef;a&Smif
rkdufra[mf ysKdra[;wkdYu
olUyaxG;awmh acG;okdYra[mif
ajyma&m[Jh &mZ0ifajymifatmif
pmpOfawmifOD;csvkdY
yvl;&ajy;cRwfcgcg acG;okdYyrm
awG;rdwkdif; t&kd;emonf
trsKd;yg qJcsifayghav;/
tcsKyfwef;q&maz
enf;vrf;(10)
rsKd;apmifhOya' xGufay:atmif MudK;pm;Mu&ef
Ak'¨bmom0if jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rSwpfyg; bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm;ESifhxdrf;jrm;
vufx yfaom Ak'¨bmom0iftrdtzESpfyg;rS arG;zGm;vmaom jrefr mEkdifi Ho l rdef;u
av;rsm;udk jrefrmwpfrsKd;vkH; vlr sKdc H& jyD; rsKd;wkH;aysmufu G, fo Gm;apEkdi fo nfh {&mr
jypfr IMuD;udk usL;vGefol[k oabmxm;jyD; axmif' Pf( 10)ESp f ponfhu scHa prnfh
]]rsKd;apmifhOya'}}wpf&yf xkwfjyefjy|mef;vm&eftwGuf trsKd;bmomomoem raysmuf
atmif apmifha&Smufvkdpdwf xufoefjyif;jyolrsm;ESifhwuG Ak'¨bmom0ifjrefrmwkdif;&if;
om;xkwpf&yfvkH;u MudK;pm;vkyfaqmifoGm;Mu&ef/
rlqvifwo dYk nf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;udk rsKd;wk;H aysmufuG,fomG ;atmif 0g;rsKdz&dYk eftwGuf
obm0t& jrefrmrsKd;qufopfrsm; arG;zGm;zkdY jyefYy Gm;zkdYudk wm0ef,lxm;aomjrefrm
wkdi f;&if;olrsm;onf olwkdY\t"du ypfr Sw fr sm; jzpfygonf/
xkdokYd rlqvifrsm;\t"du ypfr Sw fr sm;jzpfa om jrefr mwkdi f;&if;olr sm;udk rlq
vifw kdYv ufxyfodrf;ykdufjyD; aoG;aESmrsKd;zsufc Gi fhr &atmif wm;qD;onfh rsKd;apmifh
Oya'r&Sdjcif;onf wkdufppfxufjrufa om wpfz ufa bmvkH;toif;ukd *kd;orm;ryg
yJ cHu pm;ouJhokdY jzpfaeygonf/
xkdYaMumifh Armç &ckdifç &Srf;ç u&ifpaom jrefrmwkdif;&if;olrsm; ukvm;eJY&jyD; rsKd;
zsufcHaeonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef; vufn§dK;xkd; rvGJatmif jzpfaejcif; jzpfygonf/
jrefrmwkdif;&if;ol wpfa,muf ESpfa,mufrSpí av;ig;ajcmufa,mufxd ,lxm;
aom ukvm;awGrsm;pGm&Sdaeonf/
45
&ckdifjynfe,frSmqkdvQif rlqvifukvm;r ZeD;ryg? Ak'¨bmom0ifjrefrmwkdif;&if;ol
oufouf(24)a,muftxd ,lxm;aom rlqvifukvm;wpfa,mufyif &Sdaeonf/
þonfrSm uRefawmfwkdYbufu rsKd;apmifhOya'[laom *dk;orm;r&SdaomaMumifh
24-*dk; *kd;r&Sdjzifh cGufcGufvefatmif &IH;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/
,cktcsdefrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;wGif wpf&ufvQif tenf;qkH; jrefrmwkdif;&if;
ol ta,muf(60)EIef;cefY ukvm;aemuf ygaeygonf/
a&SUqufjyD; 'Dtwkdif;om oGm;ygu jrefrmEkdifiHwnf;[laom csefyD,Hzvm;MuD;udk
tpövmrfbmom0if rlqvifukvm;toif;vufxJodkY tjyD;tykdif vTJay;cJh&awmhrnfjzpf
onf/
jrefrmwkdif;&if;olrsm;xJwGifvnf; rlqviftEÅ&m,ftaMumif;udk tmaygufrwwf
ajymxm;ygvsuf qEúkd a&SUwef;wifjyD; ukvm;aemuf aumufaumufygoGm;olrsm;? aiG
ESifhpD;yGm;a&;ukdom MunfhjyD; trsKd;aysmufrnfhudpöudk xnfhrpOf;pm;aom rdef;uav;rsm;?
bmomvlrsKd; rcGJjcm;yJ cspfwm tjypfvm;qkdjyD; tcspfukd a&SUwef;wifvkdaom acwfqef
qef rdef;uav;rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf/
þtajctaersm;onf trsKd;raysmufapvkdygu jrefrmEkdifiHudk vlUpyg;MuD; vlrsKd
ukdvedk eD ,fcsUJ 0g'D rlqvifw\ Ydk vufxoJ kYd rxnfv h ydk gu rsKd;apmifhOya'wpf& yf xkwfjyef
wm;qD;zkdY vdktyfvsuf&SdaMumif; jynTe fa ejcif;yif jzpfygonf/
jrefrmvlxkwpf&yfvkH;taejzifhvnf; jrefrmrdef;uav;wpfa,mufukd ukvm;
u vufxyf&,loGm;jcif;onf xkdrdef;uav;rS arG;vmvwåHYaom jrefrmrsKd;qufopf
Ak' ¨b momrsKd;qufopfaqGpOfrsKd;quft m;vkH;ukd ukv m;u ol\arG;&m"g;jzifh xkd;
ckw fí rsKd;jzKwfokwfoif owfjzwfo Gm;jcif;jzpfa Mumif; av;av;eufe uf oabm
aygufo if hy gonf /
xkdrQru xkdrdef;uav;rS arG;vmvwåHUaom aqGpOfrsKd;quftm;vkH;onf uREkfyf
wkdY\wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;udk 0g;rsKdrnfhtpövmrfbmom0if rlqvifukvm;rsm;om jzpf
vmojzifh uRefawmfwkdY a&TjrefrmawGt wGu f txdt emMuD; emvSy gonf/
xkadY Mumifh tcsderf aESmif;cif þrsK;d apmifOh ya'xGuaf y:zkYt d wGuf a&Tjrefrmtm;vkH;
taejzifh EkdifiHawmftMuD;tuJrsm;xH arwåm&yfc Hy efMum;MuzdkY vkdygonf/
rlvqifMuD;pkd;aom tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif tjcm;bmomukd vkH;0ukd;uG,fcGifhray;yJ
wpfEkdifiHvkH;ukd tpövmr®pfOya'jzifh tkyfcsKyfaomEkdifiHrsm;yif &Sdygonf/
1360-jynfh oDwif;uRwffvqkwf(5)&ufaeY AGDtkdatowif;wGif tD&efEkdifiHü c&pf
,mefbmom0if *smrPDvlrsKd;a,musfm;wpfOD;ESifhtpövmrfbmom0if tD&efEkdifiHolwpf
OD;wkdYcspfMudKufjyD; tcspfe,fuRHcJhMuonfhtwGuf tD&efw&m;&kH;u *smrefa,musfm;udk ao
'Pfay;jyD; tD&eftrsKd;orD;udk Mudrf'Pftcsuf(100)ay;onfhowif; em;qifvkduf&yg
46
onf/
tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif olwkdYvlrsKd; olwkdYbmomtwGuf þuJhokdY tvGefwif;usyfonfh
Oya'rsKd;jzifhyif tumtuG,fay;xm;Muygonf/
þrsKd;apmifhOya'onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;\ vGwfvyfpGmudk;
uG,cf iG hu
f kd rnfordYk Qrxdcdu
k fapyJ uk,d hv
f rl sK;d ? udk,bfh momç ud, k Efh dik fiHruG,faysmufatmif?
bmomjcm;wkdY\0g;rsKdrcH&atmif umuG,f&kHrQjzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? tdrf&Sifudk
tdrfay:u ESifcszkdYMudK;pm;aeaom {nfhqkd;wdkY\&efukd umuG,f&kHrQ jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;
aumif; xkwfjyefjy|mef;oifhaom]]xkw fjyefjy|mef;zkdY txl;vkdt yfa omOya'}}[k,lq
ygonf/
ukd,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif;ESifh vGwfvyfaom a&Tjrefrmtrsm;pkjzpfaom uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH
udk vlrsKdukdvkdeDe,fcsJUwkdY\odrf;ydkufjcif;rcH&atmif umuG,fzY?kd uk, d fhjcHudk vkHatmifumEkdif
zdkYtwGuf þrsKd;apmifhOya'xGufay:atmif uRefawmfa&Tjrefrmtm;vkH; MudK;pm;MuzkdYvkdyg
onf/ xkdYaMumifh 'DrsKd;apmifhOya'xGufay:vmatmif vkyfzdkYtwGuf a&TjrefrmwkdYtm; t
MuHay;vkdonfrSm þpmtkyfudk zwfjyD;jyD;csif; arwåm&yfcHpm (2)apmifay;yg/
yxrwpfapmifrSm EkdifiHawmftMuD;rsm;xHodkY jzpfygonf/
a&;&rnfhtaMumif;t&mrSm...
uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rlqvifwkdY\pD;yGm;a&;ukd twif;&Sm? wkdif;&if;olwkdY
ukd &oavmuf,l? vlukd vljcif; 0g;rsKdoGif;onfh aoG;aESmrsKd;zsufenf;pepfaMumifh vlrsKd;
jyKwf bmomjyKwfç EkdifiHygjyKwfrnfhtEÅ&m,fonf trSefwu,f &SdaeaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh
EkdifiHacgif;aqmifMuD;rsm;taejzifh EkdifiHESifhjynfoltrsm;pkjzpfaom Ak'¨bmom0ifjrefrm
wkdif;&if;om;xkwpf&yfvkH;ukd rlqvifwkYd 0g;rsKdrnfhab;&efrS u,fwifay;aomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? trdjrefrmEkid fiHawmfMuD;udk vlrsKdukdvdek De,fcsJUwkdY\odrf;ydkufjcif; rcH&atmif
umuG,fay;aomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
atmufaz:jyxm;aom rsKd;apmifhOya'ukd xkwjf yefjy|mef;ay;yg&ef uRefawmf? uRef
rtaejzifh arwåm&yfcHyefMum;tyfygonf ponfjzifh ukd,fa&;wwfovkd a&;í atmuf
ürsKd;apmifhOya'ukd a&;yg/
rsKd;apmifhOya'
Ak' ¨bmom0ifjrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rSwpfy g; bmomjcm;? vlrsKd;jcm;ESi fhxdrf;jrm;
vufx yfaom Ak'¨bmom0iftrdt z(2)yg;rS arG;zGm;vmaom jrefr mEkdi fi Ho lr def;u
av;onf jrefrmwpfrsKd;vkH;udk vlrsKdc H&jyD; rsKd;wkH;aysmufuG, foGm;apEkdifo nfh {&mr
jypfr IMuD;udk usL;vGefjcif;jzpfojzifh axmif' Pf( 10)ESp f uscH& rnf/
rSwfcsuf/ / þOya'onf Ak'¨bmom0iftrdtzrS arG;zGm;vmaom jrefrmEkdifiHolrdef;
uav;ESiho f moufqdik fonf/ þuJo h aYdk &;jyD;aemuf toif;tzGJUtvkdu?f &Gm
47
tvkduf? &yfuGuftvkduf arwåm&yfcHjcif;jzpfvQif rdrdwdkY\ toif;vdyfpm
&Gmvdyfpm &yfuGufvdyfpmwyfyg/
rdrdwpfO;D wpfa,muftaejzifh arwåm&yfcHjcif;jzpfvQif rdrv d dypf mwyfyg/ Ekdiif Hawmf
tMuD;tuJrsm;\ vdyfpmukdov d ykd gvQif aeYpOfxkwo f wif;pmrsm;wGifygaom rdrad y;ykYrd nfh
Ekid fihaH cgif;aqmif\trnfEiS fh&mxl;tjynfhtpkaH &;jyD; &efukefjrdKUokYd vdyfpmwyfvQif a&muf
ygonf/
'kwd,pmrSm EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,uq&mawmfMuD;rsm;xHokdY ay;ykdYqufuyf
&efjzpfygonf/ a&;&rnfhtaMumif;rSm...
rlqviftEÅ&m,ftaMumif;? xkdtEÅ&m,fudk umuG,fzkdYtwGuf rsKd;apmifhOya'&SdzdkY
vkdtyfaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh q&mawmfrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHawmftMuD;tuJrsm;xH rsKd;apmifh
Oya'xkwfjyefzkdY arwåm&yfcHay;apvkdaMumif;? avQmufxm;awmif;yefygonf ponfjzifh
a&;wwfovkd a&;í rdrdvdyfpmwyfyg/
Ekdi fi Hawmf oHCem,utzJGU\vdy fp mrSm...
EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU
ZrÁL'Dyausmif;aqmif
urÇmat;ukef;ajr
r&rf;ukef;jrdKUe,f
&efukefjrdKU
jzpfygonf/ þuJhokdY EkdifiHwpf0ef;rS axmifaomif;ru rsm;vSpGmaom arwåm&yfcH
pmrsm;udk zwf&rnfqkdvQif trsm;nD þuRJjzpf oHCmtm; bk&m;rqefom qkdouJhodkY
EkdifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ,cktcgwGif jynfoltrsm;pkjzpfaeao;aom a&TjrefrmwkdY\
qEúdk vkdufavsmaomtm;jzifh þrsKd;apmifhOya'udk xkwfjyefay;vdrfh[k ,kHMunfygonf/
tb,faMumifhqkdaom EkdifiHawmftMuD;tuJrsm;onfvnf; a&Tjrefrmrsm;yif jzpfaeonf
r[kwfygavm/ xkadY Mumifh uRefawmfw kdYuJhodkYy if jrefr mvlr sKd;raysmufa tmif umuG,f
vkdonfhpdwf? Ak'¨bmomruG,faysmufa tmif umuG, fv kdonfhpdwf&Sdo nf[k ,kHMunf
ygonf/
xkdYjyif EkdifiHwm0efukd xrf;aqmifaeaom EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHESifh
ywfoufjyD; xrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;xJwGif EkdifiHraysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhwm
0efonf tMuD;rSm;qkH; ta&;MuD;qkH; wm0efjzpfygonf/
þrsKd;apmifhOya'onf rlqvifwkdY\vlukd vlcsif;rsKdonfhenf;jzifh EkdifiHyg trsKd
rcH&atmif umuG,fonfhOya'jzpfaomaMumifh EkdifiHapmifhOya'vnf; jzpfygonf/
xkadY Mumifh rdwfaqG oifhtaeESit fh rsKd;aysmufrSmpk;d aMumufonf[q k dv
k Qif þpmtkyf
ukdzwfjyD;aemuf rsKd;apmifhOya'xkwfay;&ef arwåm&yfcHawmif;yefonfh pm(2)apmifa&;
48
jzpfatmif a&;&efwkdufwGef;ygonf/ þarwåm&yfcHpmudk tpdk;&tzGJU wpfMudrfajymif;wkdif;
tenf;qkH; wpfcgawmh a&;yg/
xkdYjyif þrsKd;apmifhOya'ukd rnfonfhtpdk;&tzGJUuyJ xkwfay;xkwfay; xkdxkwfay;
aomtpdk;&tzGUJ ESifhxdt k zGJU\acgif;aqmifudk uRefawmfwYkd a&TjrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vk;H \r[m
u,fwif&Sif tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf owfrSwfvsuf ESpfpOfrsKd;apmifhOya'xkwfay;
onfhaeYusa&mufwkdif; uRefawmfwkdYa&TjrefrmwpfrsKd;vkH; pk&kH;jyD; csDwuftav;jyKMuzkdY t
av;teufwkdufwGef;ygonf/
q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;taejzifhvnf; þrsKd;apmifhOya'xkwfay;onfh tpkd;&
tzGJUukd Ak'ömoemawmfjrwfMuD;tm; r[kwfr[yf ,kwfnhHonfhenf;jzifh ysufpD;aysmuf
uG,fatmif vkyfaeaom rdpäm'd|dwkdY\ab;&efrS umuG,fay;ojzifh omoemhorkdif;t
qufqufwGif omoemtwGuf tvGefw&m aus;Zl;rsm;vSaom omoemh'g,umrif;
aumif;rif;jrwftjzpf orkdif;wGifrnfh urÁnf;armfuGef; xdk;ay;MuzkdY tav;teufwkduf
wGef;ygonf/
a&Tjrefrmtm;vkH;taeeJY 'DrsKd;apmifhOya' ray:cifrSmawmh ukd,fhwkdif;&if;olawG
ukvm;aemuf rygatmif wwfEkdifoavmuf qGJxm;zdkY vufvSrf;rDoavmuf xdef;xm;
zdkYtpGrf;ukef wm;qD;xm;zkYdvkdygonf/
usm;awG0dkif;
ckacwfwGif ckumv Ak'¨wJhbmom
ukd,fhbk&m;? ukd,fhomoem,kHMunfwm vGefenf;/
tESpfraqmif tusihfa&Smif
a,mmifawmifawmif vkyfMuonfyJ/
vlU0denf; tajcrcH tay:,HvGefuJ
tusifhawG AvyGmusJvkdY wuwnf;cufae
avmif;pdwf"gwf owådcJr&SdyJ nHhMuavjyDav
udk,fhtrsKd; udk,fhwkdif;jynfrSm
rsKd;jcm;awG wkd;yGm;u
ukd;pm;onfh omoemyif aysmufvdrfhtvsif
,ckwifu rjyKjyifvQif
'ku©EGHwGif epfMuygvdrfhav;/
usm;awG0kdif;wJh EGm;&kdif;toGif
owd,SOfum pOf;pm;ygawmhav;/
bmomysufvkdY vlrsKd;aysmufvQif
49
tcufaemifwGif MuD;rm;ygvdrfhav;/
enf;vrf;(11)
qif;&Jom;ulnDa&;&efykHaiGtzGJUtpnf;rsm; xlaxmif&ef
trsKd;bmom omoemraysmufatmif umuG,fMurnfqkdvQif qif;&Jaom Ak'¨bm
om0ifjrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm; qif;&Jusyfwnf;rI avsmhyg;oufomatmif pD;yGm;a&;
tqifajyatmif jyKvkyfay;zkdY ulnDay;zkdYvnf; txl;vkdtyfygw,f/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;ygu jrefrmtysKdvlysKdrsm; tdrfaxmif
rjyKEkdifMujcif;? tdrfaxmif&Sifrsm;uvnf; uav;wpfa,muf ESpfa,mufom ,lEkdifjcif;?
usef;rma&;csKdUwJhvmaomf aiGukefaMu;uscHjyD; rukEkdifojzifh raooifhyJ aoqkH;&jcif;?
usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnTwfaom vkyfukdif&SmazGrI jyKvkyf&ojzifh toufwkdjcif;? qif;&Jaom
jrefrmwkdif;&if;olrsm; csrf;omvmaom ukvm;ukd,lMujcif;? aiGaMu;pD;yGm;a&;ESifhAef;jy
odrf;oGif;aom tjcm;bmomrsm;bufokdY tdrfaxmifpktvkduf tpkvkduftjyKHvkduf ul;
ajymif;jcif;rsm; jzpfay:apygonf/
þtajctaersm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif Ak'¨bmom0ifOD;a& jrefrmvlOD;a&avsmh
enf;apjyD; bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm;OD;a& wkd;yGm;rsm;jym;rIudk jzpfay:apygonf/ txufyg
tajctaersm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf qif;&JaomAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;tm; pD;
yGm;a&;tqifajyatmif tultnDay;MuzkdY vkdygonf/
qif;&Jolrsm;udk ulnDEkdifzkdYtwGuf jrdKUwkdif;&Gmwkdif; &yfuGufwkdif;&Sd jrefrmolaX;rsm;
pD;yGm;a&;tqifajyolrsm;onf rdrdaiGaMu;rsm;ukd aiG0ifvrf;r&SdyJ ukefvrf;om&SdonfhZdrf
cHypönf;rsm; 0,f,ljcif;? taysmftyg;? taomuftpm;? tavmif;upm; yumoersm;ü
rokH;Murnfhtpm; Ak'¨bmom0ifqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; tvGefoufomaom twkd;EIef;jzifh
aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;rsm; xkwfacs;rnfh ]]Ak' ¨b mom0ifq if;&Jo m;rsm; uln Da &;&efy kHaiG
tzGJU rsm;}}zGJUpnf;MuzkdY vkdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh trsKd;bmomoemudk apmifha&Smufvkdpdwfvnf;&Sd? &kd;om;ajzmifhrwfrI
vnf;&Sdaom jrdKUrsufESmzkH;olaX;rsm;? &yfuGuf? aus;&GmtwGif;&SdolaX;rsm; OD;aqmifjyD;
Ak'¨bmom0ifqif;&Jom;rsm; ulnDa&; &efykHaiGtzGJUrsm;zGJUí xkdtzGJUrsm;odkY pD;yGm;a&;t
qifajyaom jrefrmrsm;udk bPftyfonfhykHpHrsKd;jzifh aiGaMu;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMuzkdY pnf;&kH;yg/
xkdaiGrsm;jzifh qif;&JjyD; &kd;om;MudK;pm;pGm pD;yGm;&SmvkdaomAk'¨bmom0if vli,f
armifr,frsm; tdrfaxmif&Sifrsm;ukd wpf&mvQif wpfv okH;usyfwkd;EIef;jzifh aiGaMu;t&if;
tESD;rsm;xkwfacs;MujyD; pD;yGm;jzpfavmufonfh tMuHaumif;ÓPfaumif;rsm;yg wpfcg
wnf;ay;vkdufMuzkdY wkdufwGef;ygw,f/
50
tMuHaumif;rsm;ay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf xkdtzGJUtpnf;rS yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf jrefrmqif;&J
om;rsm;taejzifh aiGaMu;rnfrQ &if;ESD;jyD; rnfonfhvkyfief;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH vkyfukdifvQif
MuD;yGm;csrf;omEkdifonfqkdonfh MuD;yGm;vrf; MuD;yGm;aygufwkdYudk &SmazGMuHq pl;prf;xm;Mu
&rnf/
aiGoGif;aiGxkwf aiGacs;jyefqyfonfhpepfrsm;ESifhywfoufjyD; rdrdwkdY&yfuGuf jrdKU&Gm
tvkduf oifhavsmfonfph nf;urf;rsm; owfrSwfMuyg/ vkdtyfygu Oya't& ESpfOD;oabm
wlpmcsKyfrsm;vufrSwfa&;xkd;jyD; jyKvkyfMuyg/ vkd&if;rSm Ak'¨bmom0ifqif;&Jom;rsm;tm;
tvGefcsKdomonfh twkd;EIef;jzifh aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; xkwfay;onfhpepfwpf&yf taumif
txnfaz:zkdYyif jzpfygonf/
jyefqyfolrsm;taejzifh tjyifwGif wpf&mudk wpfq,fwkd; ESpfq,fwkd;jzifh ay;onf
udkyif ukd,fhtwGuf usefatmifvkyfjyD; jyefqyfMuonfjzpf&m ,ckwpf&mukd okH;usyfwkd;
avmufqkdvQif ykdíyif MunfMunfjzLjzLESifhqyfMuvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
xkdYjyif jyefqyf&rnfholrsm; oabmaygufxm;oifhonfrSm þtzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf
jrefrmvlrsKd;raysmufa&;? Ak'¨bmomraysmufa&;? EkdifiHraysmufa&;? Ak'¨bmom0ifxkwpf
&yfvkH; MuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;[laom jrifhjrwfaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd taumiftxnfaz:
rnfhjrifhjrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh zGJUpnf;jzpfay:vmaom toif;rsm;jzpfygonf/
xkdtrsKd;bmom omoemraysmufatmif apmifha&Smufa&;? EkdifiHraysmufatmif
apmifha&Smufa&;onf ukd,fhtoufxufydkí wefzkd;xm;&rnfhta&;rsm; jzpfygonf/ xkd
toif;tzGJUrsm;rS acs;xm;aom aiGrsm;udk jyeffrqyfjcif;onf udk,fhtoufru wefzdk;
xm;&rnfjzpfaom vlrsKd;raysmufa&;? bmomraysmufa&;? EkdifiHraysmufa&;? Ak'¨bmom
0ifxkwpf&yfvkH; MuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;[laom jrifhjrwfonfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk wkduf&kduf[efY
wm;aESmifh,SufzsufqD;jcif;jzpfygonf/
xkdYaMumifh aiGacs;olrsm;tm;vkH;onf ]]ight oufa ocsif aoygap? þaiGrsm;
ukdawmh þtoif;rScsrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;twkdif; rjzpfrae jyefvnfay;qyfrnf}}
[koEéd|mefcsqkH;jzwfjyD;rSom xkwfacs;MuzkdY wkdufwGef;ygonf/
þtzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY jrefrmolaX;rsm;omru Ak'¨bmomqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
uyg yl;aygif;yg0ifoifhygonf/ xkdokdYyl;aygif;jyD; xlaxmifMuvQif ykdíatmifjrifrnfjzpf
ygonf/
þpepfonf jrefrmolaX;rsm;twGuf qif;&Jom;rsm;twGufygESpfOD;ESpfzuf tqif
ajyaprnf[k ,lqygonf/ þtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef;&Sd jrdKUwkdif;&Gmwkdif;
&yfuGufwkdif;rSm xlaxmifMurnfqkdygu taomuftpm; tavmif;upm; uif;&Sif;jyD;
&kd;om;MudK;pm;pGm pD;yGm;&Smvkdaom jrefrmrSeforQ trsm;qkH; 10-ESpftwGif; csrf;omvm
rnf/ tenff;qkH; pm;0wfaea&; acsmifacsmifvnfvnf &SdvmrnfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/
51
Ak'¨bmom0ifqif;&Jom;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;tqifajyvmonfESifhtrQ pD;yGm;a&;usyf
wnf;rIaMumifh jzpfvmaomqkd;usKd;rsm; yaysmufjyD; trsKd;bmomomoem ydkrkdí pnfyif
jyefYyGm;xGef;um;vmygvdrfhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh þuJhokdY Ak'¨bmom0ifqif;&Jom;ulnDa&;&ef
ykHaiGtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ukd,fhjrdKUukd,fh&Gm ukd,fh&yfuGufrSm ay:aygufvmatmif rjzpfrae
MudK;pm;Muyg/
igwkdYjzpf&? þavmu0,f
b0orkdif;? r&kdif;ap&ef
pdwfrmefrcs? rmeryg? wkdYpGrf;&mjzifh
wkdYomoem? wkdYjynf&Gmudk
om,maprI? vkHYvjyKtHh
(oDw*ltzGJU)
atmifyGJvkdcsifol[m
b,fawmhrS rawGa0&bl;/
rwkHYaES;&bl;/
enf;vrf;(12)
Ak'¨bmom0ifrdcifavmif;rsm; y#doaE¨wm;aq;rsm; pm;okH;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&ef/
rlqvifwkdY\vlrsKde,fcsJUpepfaMumifh trsKd;aysmufrSmpdk;aMumufolrsm; owdjyKoifh
onfhtcsufwpf&yfrSm...
rlq vifwkdY usifhokH;aeaom vlr sKde ,fc sJU pepfqkdonfrSm wu,fa wmh Ak' ¨bm
omrsKd;jrefrmvlOD;a&udk avsmhenf;atmifvky fjyD; olw kdYtpövmrfb mom0if rlqvif
OD;a&ukd rsm;atmif vkyfjcif;jzpfygonf/
,cktcsdeftcgü jrefrmwkdif;&if;ol tdrfaxmif&Sifrtawmfrsm;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;
tqifrajyíaomfvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;tqifajyygaomfvnf; om;orD;'ku©rcHvkdí
aomfvnf;aumif;? y#doaE¨wm;aq;rsm; pm;ok;H jcif;? om;aMumjzwfjcif;ponfjzifh uav;
r&atmif trsKd;rsKd;vkyfaeygonf/ þuJhokdYjyKvkyfjcif;onf...
1/ jrefrmvlOD;a& avsmhenf;qdwfokOf;rIudk jzpfapygonf/
2/ Ak'¨bmom0ifOD;a& avsmhenf;qdwfokOf;rIudk jzpfapygonf/
3/ rdcifavmif;rsm; usef;rma&; xdckdufEkdifygonf/
52
4/ rlqvifwkdY\trsKd;aysmufatmif vkyfrnfhtMuHtpnf atmifjrifatmif ukd,fwkdif
tultnDay;&ma&mufygonf/
jrefrmrdcifrsm;bufrS þuJho dkY uav;r&atmif jyKvky fr Ir sm;&Sda omfv nf; rl

qvifw kdYurl pD;yGm;a&;ukd twif;&Sm rde f;rawGu dk &oavmuf, ljyD; uav;awGukd
&oavmufarG;um olwkd Yrlqvif v lO D;a& tvsift jrefr sm;atmif vk y fv suf& Sdyg
onf /
&ckdifjynfe,frSmqkdvQif ukvm;rZeD;ryg jrefrmwkdif;&if;oloufouf 24-a,muf
a,mufxd ,lxm;aomrlqvifukvm;wpfa,mufESifhjrefrmwkdif;&if;ol 12a,mufxd,l
xm;aom rlqvifukvm;wpfa,muf&Sdaeygonf/
rdef;rwpfa,muf ESpfa,mufrSpjyD; av;ig;ajcmufa,mufxd ,lxm;aom ukvm;
awGuvnf; rsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf/ þtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rlqvifvlOD;
a&wkd;EIef;udk atmufygtwkdif; aMumufcref;vdvd awGUjrifae&ygonf/
1931-ckrS 1953-cktxd jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;wGif vlOD;a&wkd;wufrIrSm wpfq
yifr&Sdaomfvnf; rlqvifOD;a&rSm ig;qcefYtxd ckefwufvmwmudk awGU&ygonf/ t
rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufatmif wifjy&vQif ,cifu (1931)jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;ü
vlwpf&mvQif rlqvifujym;ESpaf ,mufcefYyif r&Sdaomfvnf; (1953)ckEpS w f iG f &Spfa,muf
cefYxd &SdvmjyD;jzpfygonf/
rMumao;cifESpfrsm;twGif;u pm&if;aumufMunfhawmh rlqvifOD;a&[m jrefrm
wpfEkdifiHvkH;&Sd vlOD;a&\20-&mckdifEIef;txd vlwpf&mvQif rlqvifta,muf 20-EIef;
txdwkd;vmwm awGU&ygw,f/
'ghaMumifh vlrsKd;aysmufzkdY tEÅ&m,f[m tvGefyJeD;vmjyDjzpfygw,f/ urÇmhukvo
r*¾tzGJUu MuD;rSL;usif;ywJh urÇmhvlOD;a&nDvmcHawGrSm urÇmhynm&SifawGu urÇmay:
rSm vlOD;a&wkd;EIef;udk xdef;csKyfzdkYvkdaMumif; ajymwkdif; rlqvifEkdifiHacgif;aqmifawGu 'D
vdkvlOD;a&xdef;csKyfwm? y#doaE¨wm;aq;awG pm;wm? uav;tarG;enf;atmif vkyfwm
[m olwkdY&JUtpövmrfw&m;awmfeJY rnDnTwfvkdYuefYuGufaMumif; ajymMum;cJhwmukd rSwf
rdMuygvdrfhr,f/
olwkdYzufu 'Dvkd vlvlcsif; vTrf;ypfzkdY MudK;pm;aecsdefrSm uRefawmfwkdYAk'¨bmomjref
rmrdcifawGu enf;rsKd;pkHeJY uav;awG tarG;enf;atmif jyKvkyfjcif;udk vkH;0a&SmifMuOfzdkY
vkdygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiH[m vlOD;a&eJYpm&if tawmfus,f0ef;ygao;w,f/
vkyfukdifpm;p&m ajrawG trsm;MuD;yg/ uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vuf&Sd(1998)vlOD;a&
[m 47-oef;yJ &Sdygw,f/
jrefrmEkdifiHxJu &Srf;jynfe,f tus,ft0ef;avmufawmifr&dSwJh tdrfeD;csif;b*F
53
vm;a'h&SfrlqvifEkdifiHrSmqkdvQif jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvkH; vlOD;a&&JUokH;qeD;yg; oef;aygif;120
(wpf&mhESpfq,f)txd &Sdaeygw,f/
'ghaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmtdrfaxmif&SifawGtaeeJY uav;arG;zGm;EIef; avsmhcs
zkdYrMudK;pm;yJ pD;yGm;a&;udk txl;MudK;pm;&SmazGMuzkdY wkdufwGef;ygw,f/ jrefrmtrsKd;orD;awG
[m wu,fawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awG&JUrdcifawGyg/
'DtrsKd;&JUrdcifawGu rdcifwm0efausyGefpGmeJY jrefrmawG trsKd;rjywfa&; qufvuf
jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf jrefrmppfppfrsKd;qufopfawGukd wwfEkdiforQ rsm;rsm;arG;zGm;ay;cJhMu
rSom jrefrmawG trsKd;raysmufrSm jzpfygw,f/
'DvkdtrsKd;&JUrdcifawGu rdcifwm0ef ausyGefEkdifzdkYtwGuf jrefrmvlrsKd;awG&JUzcifjzpf
wJhjrefrma,musfm;awGzufuvnf; zcifwm0efausyGefMuzkdY vifa,musfm;aumif;wpfOD;
yDopGm ZeD;r,m; orD;om;awG&JUpm;0wfaea&;ç usef;rma&;ç ynma&;awGukd tqifajy
acsmarGUatmif ajz&Sif;ay;EkdifzkdY? 'Dvkdajz&Sif;EkdifzkYdtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;ukd MudK;pm;yrf;pm;&Sm
azGMuzkdY txl;vkdygw,f/
ukd,fht&yf ukd,fha'orSm vkyfukdif&SmazGpm;aomufzkdY cufcJw,fqkd&ifvnf; ajr
vGwfajr&kdif; aygrsm;jyD; ajrMoZmaumif;rGefwJh&Srf;jynfe,fvkd ae&mrsKd;awGudk a&TUajymif;
MuzkdYwkdufwGef;ygw,f/
pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;wJh Ak'¨bmom0ifawG tqifajyacsmarGUvmzdkYtwGuf Ak'¨bm
om0ifqif;&Jom;rsm; ulnDa&;&efykHaiGtzGJUtpnf;rsm; xlaxmifMuzdkYudkvnf; xyfrHwkduf
wGef;ygw,f/
okb'´grnf(0domcgrnf)? ZmenfwkdYvkd
trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;
MudK;pm;Muapvkd/
trsKd;twGuf wefckd;xGuf
wkd;wufapvkd
aumif;pGmusifh? omoemESifhqkHrnfukd
MuKHrnfud/k
(0gcif;ukef;q&mawmf OD;wdu©)
54
enf;vrf;(13)
EkdifiHa&;ESifhtMurf;zufrI a&SmifMuOf&ef
rdwfaqG? toifonf vlrsKde,fcsJUwkdY\vufcsufjzifh trsKd;bmom omoemruG,f
aysmufatmif wu,fwrf;apmifha&Smufvkdonfqkdygu trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&
rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmifjrifatmif wpkdufrwfrwf taumiftxnfaz:aezkdY vkdyg
onf/ þuJhodkY wpkdufrwfrwf vkyfaqmifEkdifzdkYtwGuf oif EkdifiHa&;udk a&SmifMuOfyg/
ra&SmifMuOfyJ EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIxJ yg0ifvkyfaqmifaernfqkdygu EkdifiHa&;xJ pdwf
a&mufjyD; EkdifiHa&; oHo&mrS &kef;rxGufEkdifjzpfum þenf;vrf;rsm;udk taumiftxnf
az:Ekdifawmhrnf r[kwfyg/
þenf;vrf;rsm;udk oif taumiftxnfaz:yguvnf; oifhukd bmoma&;Aef;jy
jyD; EkdifiHa&;vkyfaeonf/ EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfaeonf[k txifcH&ayawmhrnf/
xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHa&;ukd a&SmifMuOfyg/
EkdifiHa&;udk oif vkyfcsifoyqkd&ifvnf; EkdifiHESifhywfoufjyD; vkyf&rnfhta&;udpö
rsm;xJwGif ukd,fhEkdifiH raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhta&;onf tMuD;rm;qkH;aom EkdifiH
a&;jzpfygonf/ ta&;tMuD;qkH;aom EkdifiHa&;jzpfygonf/ rjzpfrae jyKvkyf&rnfhEkdifiHa&;
jzpfygonf/
þtcsufudk oifjiif;vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ tjcm;rnfolurQvnf; jiif;vdrfhrnf r
[kwyf g/ þtrsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhta&;onf wu,fawmh rlqvifwkdY
\vlr sKdu kdvkdeDe,fcsJUpepfaMumifh uREkfy fw kdY\trdjrefr mEkdi fi H aysmufr oGm ;atmif
umuG, fonfh ta&;jzpfaomaMumifh tMuD;rm;qkH;aom ta&;MuD;qkH;aom rjzpfr
aejyKvky f&rnfhjzpfaom EkdifiHa&;MuD;jzpfygonf/
xkdtMuD;rm;qkH;aom EkdifiHa&;MuD;udk atmifjrifatmif t&ifvkyfygOD;[k
wk d u f w G e f ; ygonf / xk d Y j yif þpmtk y f ü az:jyxm;aom trsKd ; raysmuf a tmif
umuG,f&rnfenf;vrf; rsm;udk atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnf az:vkdonf[kqkdvQif
rlq vifwkYdtm; tMurf; zufjcif;? vlr sKd;a&;ç bmoma&;ç t"du &kP f;rsm;jzpfay:
atmif vIHYaqmfjcif;rsm;udk a&SmifMuOfz kdYv nf; vkdy gonf/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tMurf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfrnfqkdygu EkdifiHawmftpkd;&
taejzifh oifhudk EkdifiHawmfwnfjidrfa&;ç &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;
a&;udk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;ol[k owfrSwfjyD; zrf;qD;axmifcscH&rnf/
oifhtaejzifh þenf;vrf;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:yguvnf; vlrsKd;a&;ç bm
oma&;t"du&kPf;rsm; jzpfay:atmif vkyfaqmifaeonf[k txifcH&jyD; wm;qD;cH&
aumif; cH&Ekdifonf/
55
þuJhokYjd zpfvmvQif trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk taumif
txnfaz:í &awmhrnfr[kwfyg/ þenf;vrf;rsm;udkom atmifjrifatmif taumif
txnf raz:Ekid fygu vlUpyg;Mu;D vlrsKdudv k dek eD ,fcsUJ 0g'D rlqvifwY\
dk 0g;rsKrd IaMumifh jrefrm
vlrsKd;vnf;aysmufrnf/ Ak'¨bmomvnf; aysmufrnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHvnf; aysmufrnfrSm
{uefjzpfygonf/
xkdYa Mumifh q&mawmf oHCmawmfr sm; tygt0if uRefa wmfw kdY a&Tjrefr mrsm;
tm;vkH;taejzifh rlqviftEÅ&m,fE Si fhy wfo ufjyD; bmrSr vky fy J aeMujcif;[la om
tpGe f;wpfz uf? rlqvifrsm;udk tMurf;zufjcif;[la om tpGe f;wpfz uf - þtpGef;
(2)zufu kd a&SmifMuOfzdkY vkdygonf/
þtpGe;f (2)yg;udk a&SmifMuOfMujy;D þpmtkyüf az:jyxm;aom trsK;d raysmufatmif
umuG,f&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk pOfqufrjywf wpkdufrwfrwf atmifjrifatmif taumif
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62
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(7) xkad iGrsm;jzifh &yfuu

G t
f wGi;f aus;&GmtwGi;f &Sd Ak'b
¨ mom0iftm;vk;H tawG;tac:
A[kokwrsm;pGm zGHUjzdK;wkd;wufaprnfh pmtkyfrsKd;pkH 0,f,ljyD; pmMunfhwkdufrsm; xl
axmifjcif;ü tokH;jyKMu&if raumif;bl;vm;¿
aumif;ygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY Ak'¨bmomwpfa,mufvkH; tjidrfhyGJ ZmwfyGJawGae&m

rSm 'DtpDtpOfawGudk ajymif;vJxnfhoGif;oGm;Mur,fqkd&if tzufzufu vkdtyfavsmh
enf; tm;enf;csufawG&SdaewJh vuf&SdAk'¨bmom0iftm;vkH; bufpkHzGHYjzdK; wkd;wufvmrSm
{uefyg/
q&mawmfMuD;awGukd,fwkdifu]]wpfESpfwpfcg i&J&Sm vlU&Gmbk&m;yGJ}}vkdY pmcsKd;jyD; uJh

&JU&IwfcscJhMuwJh bk&m;yGJrsKd;tpm;]]wpfESpfwpfcg okw&Sm vlU&Gmbk&m;yGJ}}vkdYawmif pmcsKd;
jyD;csD;rGrf;&rnfh bk&m;yGJawG jzpfvmrSm trSefyg/
raumif;wJhtpOftvma[mif;udk zsufodrf;&JjyD; aumif;rGefwJhtpOftvmopf
ukd vufu rf;MudKqdk&Jwm[m vlrsKd;eJYc sDjyD; orkdi f;wGi fr nfhw kd;wufr I& JU a&SU ajy;vu©
Pmyg/
orkdif;wGifrnfh wkd;wufrIudk vkdcsifw,fqkd&if orkdif;wGifrnfh jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawG
68
jyKvkyfyg/ ESpfpOfyGJwumhyGJrSm tjidrfhawG ZmwfawG xnfhoGif;usif;yrnfhtpm; txufu
jycJhwJh tpDtpOfawGudk ajymif;vJxnfhoGif;Muyg/ ynm&SifawGukd ae&may;vkdufyg/ a&SU
aqmifvrf;jycGifh ay;vkdufyg/
bmomjcm;awGu vlrsKd;eJYbmomukd 0g;rsKdzekdY nf;rsKd;pkeH JYMudK;pm;aeMuwJhvuf&t
Sd csdef
rSm uRefawmfwkdYa&TjrefrmawG aomufpm;rl;,pf avmif;upm;zufjyD; taysmfvGefaeMuvkdY
vkH;0rjzpfygbl;/ 'gudk a&TjrefrmawG owdjyKMuyg/
tjidrfhawG ZmwfawGudk rd&kd;zvmrkdY MunfhcsifvGef;w,fqkd&ifvnf; av;ESpfrSwpf
Murd af vmufyJxnfo h iG ;f oGm;Muyg/ 'Dvdt
k jidrZfh mwfur,fq&kd ifvJ atmufygpnf;urf;av;
awGudk wdwdusus vkdufemoifhygw,f/ yGJawmf{&d,mtwGif;...
(1) t&uftrsKd;rsKd; a&mif;csjcif;? pm;aomufjcif; vkH;0r&Sd/
(2) avmif;upm;rsKd;pkH vkH;0r&Sd&/
(3) wkwf? "g;vufeuf ukdifaqmifjcif; vkH;0rjyK&/
(4) rlqvifaps;qkdif aps;onf vkH;0r&Sd&/
(5) Zmwf&kHudk uefx&kdufqGJolonf Ak'¨bmom0if jzpf&rnf/
'Dpnf;urf;awGudk wdwdusus vkdufemjyD; yGJu&ufukd cyfwkdwkdyJ xnfhoGif;usif;y
oifhygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY a&Tjrefrmtm;vkH; zGUHjzdK;jyD;tqifhudk ra&mufrcsif; 'DeHygwf15 -
enf;vrf;udk wdwdusus vkdufemusifhokH;jyD; taumiftxnfaz:oGm;MuzkdY wkdufwGef;yg
w,f/
yef;wkdifc&D;
à ravQmufcifu wrifpdwfavQmh
tm;aysmhaevkdY rjzpfyg/
à ra&mufcifu wriftm;zsuf
pdwfysufaevkdY rjzpfyg/
à r&cifu vkdcsifwyfruf
ESpfouf&kHeJY rjyD;yg/
à yef;wkdifreD;? xkdc&D;ü
MuD;aomvkHYv? <uaompdwf"gwf
rwfaomowåd? jynfhaomtm;rmef
rSefaomtawG;? tm;,larG;vsuf
wufeif;vSrf;avQmuf? vrf;opfazmufu
taMumufraqmif? ta&mufaqmifí
awmawmifxdyfzsm;? yifv,fMum;odkY
69
a,musfm;yDyD? aw;udkoD&if;
trSDrudk;? twnfwkd;pkdY
tqkd;ausmfvQif? taumif;jrifrnf
vkdcsifonfhyef;? xkdpcef;xuf
vSrf;wuf,lvkdY? jyvkdufav/
(armifpkd;atmif? uefYbvl)
enf;vrf;(16)
OykofaeYwkdif; Ak'¨bmom0if tdrfaxmif&Sifrsm; pkaygif;í bk&m;&Sdckd;onfhpepfusifh
okH;&ef/
a&SUüjycJhjyD;aom trsKd;bmomomoemraysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhvkyfief;pOf
rsm; vufawGUatmifjrifa&;twGuf Ak'¨bmom0iftdrfaxmif&Sirf sm;\vufcHvdu k femusifh
okH;rI tm;ay;ulnDrI&SdzkdY txl;vkdtyfygonf/
EkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;rS Ak'¨bmom0iftdrfaxmif&Sifrsm;onf þvkyfief;pOfrsm;\&nf
&G,fcsuftESpfom&? tusKd;oufa&mufrI wefzkd;wkdYukd av;av;eufeuf em;vnfoabm
aygufod&SdjyD; tifwkduftm;wkduf taumiftxnfaz:MurnfqkdvQif ratmifjrifEkdifp&m
r&Sdyg/
xkdYaMumifh þvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk Ak'¨bmom0if tdrfaxmif&Sifrsm; em;vnfoabm
aygufvufcHvmatmif pnf;&kH;zkdYtxl;vkdtyfygonf/ þokdYpnf;&kH;EkdifzdkYtwGuf OykofaeY
wkdif; Ak'¨bmom0iftdrfaxmif&Sifrsm; pkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;onfhpepf usifhokH;zdkYvdkygw,f/
xkdYjyif tpövmrfbmom0ifwkdY\ tEÅ&m,fudk atmifjrifpGm umuG,fEkdifzdkYtwGuf
uRefa wmfw kdY Ak'¨bmom0iftcsif;csif; pnf;vkH;nDn Tw fr I& Sda tmif wnfa qmufzkdY?
aoG;pnf;nDnTwfrI&Sdatmif jyKvkyfz dkY? wpdwfw 0rf;wnf;&Sda tmif MudK;pm;zdkYtxl;vkd
tyfygw,f/ 'Dvkd pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrI&Sdatmif jyKvkyfzdkYtwGuf 'Dpepfukd atmifjrifatmif
taumiftxnf az:zkdYvkdygw,f/
uRefawmfwkdY Ak'¨bmom0if tdrfaxmif&Siftm;vkH;[m 'DaeY'D&uf 'DtcsdeftcgrSm
&wemokH;yg;udk wlnDpGm tm&kHjyKjyD; pnf;&kH;nDnmpGm bk&m;&Sdckd;Mujcif;? rGefjrwfaombm
oma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk twlwuG jyKvkyfMujcif;pwJh tcsufawGu Ak'¨bmom0iftcsif;
csif;Mum;rSm pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrI&Sdatmif tjyeftvSef av;pm;cspfcifrI&Sdatmif jyKvkyfay;
rSmjzpfygw,f/
aemufjyD; uRefawmfwkdY Ak'¨bmom0ifawG[m tdrfaxmif&Sifb0rSmvnf; bmom
a&;ESifhxdawGUrI uif;a0;roGm;apzkdY Ak'¨bmomudk jrwfEkd;wefzkd;xm;onfhpdwf"gwfrsm;
70
avsmhenf;roGm;apzkdY? trsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf wefzkd;&Sdonfhtdrfaxmif&Sifaumif;
rsm; jzpfapzkdY/
bmoma&;ç vlrIa&;ç pD;yGm;a&;ç usef;rma&;ç vlrsKd;a&;ç &yfa&;&Gma&;paom t
a&;u@aygif;pkw H Gif today;oifo h nfrsm;udk tvG,fwul today;cGiho f ifMum;cGiçfh pnf;
&kH;cGifh&apzkdY ukd,fusifhpm&dwårsm; aumif;rGefvmzkdY pdwf"gwfa&;&m tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;
vmzkdY tdrfaxmif&Sifrsm;\b0wGif rrSm;oifhonfrsm;udk rrSm;&atmif tpOftjrJbmom
a&;ESifhxdef;ausmif;jyKjyifay;EkdifzdkYpwJh ra&rwGufEkdifwJh aumif;usKd;rsm; &&SdvmrSmjzpfyg
w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh OykofaeYwkdif; Ak'¨bmom0iftdrfaxmif&Sifrsm;[m bkef;MuD;ausmif;ç
"r®m&kHZ&yfrsm; pkaygif;jyD; bk&m;&Sdckd;MuwJhpepfukd usifhokH;MuzkdY wkdufwGef;ygw,f/
OykofaeYawG[m Ak'¨bmom0ifawG&JU tpOftvmt& wpfvav;oDwif; Oykof
oDvapmifhxdef;MuwJh aeYxl;aeYjrwfawGjzpfwmaMumifh tJ'DaeYawGrSm pkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;yGJ
usif;ywm oifhavsmfr,fvkdY ,lqygw,f/
'Dpkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;yGJ usif;ycsdefudk rdrdwkdY &yfuGufjrdKU&Gm\umva'otavsmuf
oifhavsmfonfhtcsdefukd owfrSwfMuyg/ odkYaomf tdrfaxmif&Sifwkdif; vma&mufEkdifatmif
naeav;em&DcGJrS nckepf&mcefYtwGif; tvkyftm;csdefavmufudk owfrSwfvQif ydkíoifh
avsmfrnf[k ,lqygonf/
'Dpkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;yGJawGrSm atmufygtpDtpOfawG xnfhoGif;usif;yoGm;oifhw,f
vkdY ,lqygw,f/
OykofaeYwkdif; Ak'¨bmom0if tdrfaxmif&Sifrsm; pkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;yGJtpDtpOf

(1) MoumouefawmhcsKd;jzifh &Sdckd;Muí q&mawmfu qkay;jcif;?
(2) 10-rdepfcefY tmemygeur®|mef; &IrSwfckdif;jcif;?
(3) 10-rdepfcefY owdy|mefw&m;&IrSwfckdif;jcif;?
(4) Ak'¨bmomqkdif&m Mo0g'ay;jcif;?
(5) trsK;d bmom omoem ruG,af ysmufatmif apmifha&Smufa&;? jyKjyifa&;w&m;a[m
jcif;?
eHygwfwpf tpDtpOfudk ykHrSeftwkdif;vkyfyg/ eHygwfESpftpDtpOft& tmemyge
ur®|mef;&Ienf; orm"dxlaxmifjcif;\aumif;usKd;rsm;udk ajymjyjyD; 10-rdepfcefY &IrSwf
ckdif;yg/
eHygwfokH;tpDtpOft& owdy|mefw&m; &IrSwfykH &IrSwfenf;rsm;ESifh&IrSwfjcif;\
aumif;usKd;rsm;udk ajymjyjyD; 10-rdepfcefY &IrSwfckdif;yg/
þeHygwfESpf eHygwfokH;tpDtpOfrsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufonf EkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;&Sd Ak'¨
bmom0iftdrfaxmif&Sifwkdif; Ak'¨bmom\wu,fhtESpfom&ykdif;udk vufawGUjrnf;prf;
71
MunfhrdapzkdY Ak'¨bmomonf twkdif;rod tzdk;xkdufwefonfh&wemrsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;
onfh &wemokdufMuD;ESifhwlykHudk em;vnfod&SdvmapzkdY Ak'¨bmomonf tjcm;bmomrsm;
uJhokYd ,kHMunfzkdYoufoufr[kwfyJ qif;&Jjidrf;at;csrf;oma&;udk vufawGUoufaojyEkdif
aom wu,fppfrSefonfh bmomjzpfaMumif; av;av;eufeuf em;vnfapzkdY &nf&G,f
ygonf/
þuJhokdY Ak'¨bmomwGif tzkd;te*¢xkdufwefonfh &wemrsm;&SdaMumif;udk od&Sdvm
onfESifhtrQ þ&wemrsm; ruG,faysmufzkdYtwGuf Ak'¨bmomruG,faysmufatmifapmifh
a&SmufMuzkdY vkdtyfvmykH? Ak'¨bmom ruG,faysmufzkdYtwGuf Ak'¨bmom&Sifoef&yfwnf
Ekdifatmif aeYpOfESifhtrQ enf;rsKd;ESifhaxmufyHhvSL'gef;aeaom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; ruG,f
aysmufatmif avsmhenf;roGm;atmif umuG,fapmifha&SmufoGm;MuzkdY rjzpfrae vkdtyf
vmykH? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; avsmhenf;aysmufuG,f roGm;atmif umuG,fzkdYtwGuf þpm
tkyfü az:jyxm;aom trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk vufawGU
taumiftxnfaz:MuzkYd rjzpfrae vkdtyfvmykrH sm;udk eHygwfig;tcef;wGif tus,fw0ifh
a[majym&rnf jzpfonf/
eHygwfav;tpDtpOft& a[majym&mwGif "r®y'Zmwfawmfç edygwfawmfç okwåefç
Ak'¨0ifrsm; oDvtaMumif; orxtaMumif; 0dyóemtaMumif;rsm;udk y&dowftajct
aeMunfhjyD; oifhawmf&mudk xkwfEkwfjyD; a[majym&rnf/ ra[mwwfygu oifhawmfonfh
tcef;udk pmtkyfMunfhjyD; zwfjy&rnf/ "r®&HoDç "r®AsL[mç jrwfr*Fvmç &wemrGefpaom
Ak'¨bmoma&;r*¾Zif;rsm;xJrS aumif;rGefonfhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfjy&rnf/ Ak'¨bmom
qkdif&mf pmtkyfrsm;xJrS aumif;rGefonfh tcef;rsm;udk zwfjy&rnf/
eHygwfig;tpDtpOft& a[majym&mü awm&Gmrsm;wGif a[majymjcif;jzpfvQif rlq
viftEÅ&m,ftaMumif;udk vlwkdif;em;vnfoabmaygufatmif aoaocsmcsm *CeP
tao;pdwf ywfvnfatmif a[majym&rnf/ xkdYaemuf rlqviftEÅ&m,fukd rjzpfrae
umuG,Mf uzkYd vkdtyfaMumif;? rumuG,fMuygu aemifEpS af ygif;(150-200)wpf&mhig;q,f
ESpf&mrjynfhcif tawmftwGif;rSm uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmvlrsKd;awG[m vlrsKd;aysmuf bmom
aysmufjzpfjyD; EkdifiHygaysmufoGm;rnfhtaMumif; ponfrsm;udk oabmaygufatmif a[m
ajym&rnf/ xkdYaemuf þpmtkyfü az:jyxm;aom trsKd;raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfh
enf;vrf;rsm;udk oabmaygufvufcHatmif ajymjyjyD; vufawGUvkduef mtaumiftxnf
az:vmatmif pnf;&kH;&rnf/
xkYad emuf OD;Ekbmomjyefaom rdwAå v#Dumpmtkyfvm aygif;oif;qufqHa&;enf;
vrf;rsm;? azjrifhç vSordefç yDrkd;eif;ç armifay:xGef;ç atmifoif;paom wufusrf;pma&;
q&mrsm;\pmtkyfrsm;xJrS atmifjrifMuD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;
a[majym&rnf/
72
xkdYjyif Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;ESifhqkdifaom jyKjyif&rnfhtcsufrsm; pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfouf
aomtMuHaumif; ÓPfaumif;rsm; tusifhpm&dwåaumif;rGefa&;ç usef;rma&;ç tcsdefESifh
aiGudk wefzkd;&SdpGm tokH;csa&;paom taMumif;rsm;tm; tywfwkdif;tcsdefudkMunfhjyD;oifh
ovkd a[majymoGm;&rnf/
þeHygwfig;tpDtpOfudk jrdKUay:ü a[majymjcif;jzpfvQif tjcm;aomtaMumif;t
&mrsm;udk awmfrSmuJhokdY a[majymíjzpfaomfvnf; rlqviftEÅ&m,fESifhywfoufírl
awmfrSmuJhokdY ajAmifajymí jzpfrnfr[kwfyg/ xdkYaMumifh tpykdif;ü rlqviftEÅ&m,fudk
rajymao;bJ &wemokH;yg;udk rarhravsmh&dSMuzkdY? teaEÅmteEÅig;yg;udk &kdaoukdif;&Idif;
MuapzkdY? Ak'¨bmom0if rSeforQ Ak'¨bmom0if yDyDjyifjyif jzpfvmMuapzkdY? bmoma&;ESifh
ywfoufjyD; odoifhodxkdufonfrsm;udk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH odvmMuapzkdY? Ak'¨bmom0iftm;vkH;
tzufzufu bufpkHzGHUjzdK;wkd;wufvmzdkY? tcsif;csif; pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;&SdzkdY? jrefrmjynfrSm
Ak'o¨ moemawmfjrwfMu;D t"Ge&Yf n S Mf umpGm wnfwjhH yefyY mG ;xGe;f um;apzkYd pwJt h vGeaf umif;
jrwfaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk þpkaygif;bk&m;&Sdckd;onfhpepfudk taumiftxnfaz:jcif;
jzpfaMumif;/
xkdYaemuf Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm; vkdufemusifhokH;a&;tusifhpm&dwåaumif;rGefa&;? Ak'¨
bmomukd t"GefY&SnfMumpGm wnfwHhjyefYyGm;xGef;um;atmif apmifha&Smufa&;ponfrsm;
udk a[majymjyD; rlqvifwkdY\vufcsufaMumifh jrefr mvlr sKd;Ak' ¨b momESi fhw uG jrefrm
Ekdi fiHyg aysmufuG,foGm;rnfhtaMumif;ukd wpfy wfv Qif enf;enf;csif; y&d, m,fokH;
í oabmayguf odjrifvmatmif ajymjyyg/
rlqvifukvm;tpövmrf? c&pf,mefpaom wkduf&kdufpum;vkH;rsm;ukd okH;rnfhtpm;
bmomjcm;wkdYonf Ak'¨bmomukd xkd;azmufvTrf;rkd;jyD; olwkdYbmomjyefYyGm;xGef;um;apzkdY
jrefrmEkdifiHudk olwkdYbmom0ifEkdifiH jzpfvmapzkdYtwGuf tzufzufuaeí enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh
tpGrf;ukef MudK;pm;vsuf&SdaMumif;/
wcsKdUbmomjcm;tkyfpku rnfodkYrnfykH MudK;pm;aeaMumif;(þae&mü rlqvift
EÅ&m,ftaMumif;udak jymyg)wcsKUd bmomjcm;tkyfpu k vnf; þokþ Yd ykH MudK;pm;aeMuaMumif;
(þae&mü c&pf,mefwkdY\aiGaMu;pD;yGm;ukd rufvkH;ay;jyD; olwkdYbmomxJ0ifckdif;ykH? ynm
a&;udk Aef;jyjyD; olwkdYbmomxJ odrf;oGif;ykH? aeYuav;xdef;ausmif;rsm;? rlMudKausmif;rsm;
zGifhjyD; Ak'¨bmom0ifuav;rsm;udk olwkdYbmomxJodrf;oGif;ykHpaom c&pf,mefwkYd\bm
oma&;odrf;oGif;ykHudk ajymjyyg/)
þtEÅ&m,frsm;udk Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf obm0usaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh rum
uG,fMuygu Ak'¨bmomonf wjznf;jznf; tm;tifcsnfheJY arS;rdSefaysmufuG,foGm;jyD;
bmomjcm;rsm; MuD;pkd;xGef;um; vTrf;rkd;oGm;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif;? urÇmay:rSm Ak'¨bmom
txGef;um;qk;H jzpfaom jrefrmEkdiif w H iG f Ak'b
¨ momruG,faysmufatmif umuG,zf Yt kd wGuf
73
Ekid if w
H pf0ef; Ak'b ¨ mom0ifwidk ;f wGif wm0ef&adS Mumif; þtEÅ&m,frsm;udk þodþ Yk ykH obm0
ususumuG,f&rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjyD; þpmtkyfü az:jyxm;aomtrsKd;raysmufatmif
umuG,f&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk a[majymyg/
þtpDtpOfig;csufudk tcsdefukdMunfhí oifhavsmfatmif ykdif;jzwfpDpOfjyD; tywf
wkdif;xnfhoGif;í a[majymoGm;yg/ tpDtpOfrsm; jyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf trsKd;raysmufatmif
umuG,frnfhrEÅefudk igonf ]]igwkYd}}ae&mü ]]uREkfyfwkdY}}[k ajymif;í a&SUucsay;jyD;aemuf
u vkdufqkdckdif;yg/ tvGwf&avmufaomtywfrsm;wGifrl oHjydKifnDnm&Gwfqkdckdif;jyD; t
crf;tem;odrf;yg/
xkdYaemuf þenf;vrf;rsm; taumiftxnfaz:a&;ESifh ywfoufjyD; tjyeftvSef
n§dEIdif;wkdifyif aqG;aEG;rIrsm;jyKvkyfyg/ þbk&m;&Sdckd;yGJrsm;wGif toHcsJUpufrsm; aqmif;
abmufpfrsm; vkH;0tokH;rjyKygESifh/ yifukd,fyuwdtoHjzifhom a[majymyg/
eHygwfig;tpDtpOfudk a[majym&mü w&m;a[mouJhodkY ra[myJ &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
t&yfpum;ajymouJhokdY jzpfap? rdefYcGef;ajymouJhodkYjzpfap a[majymyg/ a[majym&rnfh
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSm aus;&Gmrsm;ü ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? jrdKUrsm;ü pmoif
wku d rf w
S udk t
f yk w
f udk Mf uyfq&mawmfrsm;? em,uq&mawmfrsm;? &yfuu G t
f oD;oD;&Sd ausmif;
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ra[mjzpfcJhaomf vlrsKd;ç bmomç EkdifiHraysmufatmif apmifha&Smufvkdpdwf xufoefaom
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74
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txnfaz:rnfh oHCmawmftzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf xlaxmif&ef/
a&SUü jycJhjyD;aom trsKd;bmomomoem raysmufatmif umuG,f&rnfhvkyfief;
75
rsm;? Ak'¨bmom0iftm;vkH; tzufzufu bufpkHzGUHjzdK;wkd;wufvmaprnfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;
vufawGUatmifjrifa&; ratmifjrifa&;onf jrefrmEkid fiw H iG ;f &Sd okH;ode;f ausmfta&twGuf
&Sdaom q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;\vufxJwGif &Sdygonf/
txl;ojzifh a&SUüjycJhjyD;aom enf;vrf;rsm;xJwGif eHygwfav; Ak'¨bmom0iftrd
tzrS arG;vmonfh uav;wkdif;udk Ak'¨bmom0ifyDyDjyifjyif jzpfvmatmif vkyf,lonfh
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trsKd;bmom omoemudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufvkdpdwf xufoefaom? Ak'ömoemawmf
76
opfyifMuD; &Sifoef&yfwnfEkdifzdkYtwGuf Ak'¨bmom0if vlxk[laom tjrpfrsm;&Sifoefckdif
rmrsm;jym;pGm &SdaezdkY rjzpfraevkdtyfonf [laomtcsufudk av;av;eufeuf oabm
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üom wnf&onf[al om tcsuu f kd tjrEJ v
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aqmif&Gufa&; a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk OD;wnfcsufrsmjzifh toif;0ifoHCmawmfrsm;ç rsm;jym;
atmif þvkyfief;pOfrsm; EkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH; taumiftxnfay:vmatmif pnf;&kH;a&;udk
tifwkduftm;wkduf aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
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vuf&SdoHCmawmfrsm;xJwGif trsKd;bmom omoemaysmufuG,frnfhtEÅ&m,fudk owdjyK
rdaeaom xdktEÅ&m,fudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufvkdpdwf xufoefaom oHCmawmfrsm;
ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sdygonf/
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jzpfatmif MudK;pm;oifhygonf/
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rnf/ ruif;&Sif;aMumif; awGU&Sdygu toif;om;tjzpfrS &moufyef&yfpJrnfqkdonfhpnf;
urf;udk rjzpfrae xnfhoGif;&rnf/
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toif;onf toif;0ifoHCmwdkif;ukd t"duaomhcsufpepfokH;&yf(4-5-16)udk taumif
txnfaz:&mü t&nftcsif; jynfhrDolrsm; jzpfatmif avhusifhysKd;axmifay;onfhpepf
rsm;&Sdoifhonf/
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atmifjrifrIç ratmifjrifrI tajctaersm; awGUMuKH&onfhtcuftcJrsm; xkdtcuftcJ
77
rsm;udk taumif;qkH; ajz&Sif;&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;? a&SUqufvkyf&rnfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;? ydkí
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Ak'¨bmom0if vlxk[laom tjrpfrsm;\yuwdtajctaeudk trSeftwkdif; &IjrifokH;oyf
jyD; vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufonfrsm;udk tpOfwpkduf vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhonf/ jyKjyifoifhonf
rsm;u jyKjyifzkdY ajymif;vJoifhonfrsm;udk ajymif;vJzkdY vkdtyfonfrsm;ukd jznfhpGufzkdY ydkae
onfrsm;ukd jzwfawmufzkdY tjrJpnf;vkH;vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhonf/
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udkrQ qefYusifa0zefykwfcwfjcif;rjyKvkyfyJ ulnDoifhaomtzGJUudk ulnD&rnf/ tm;ay;
axmufcHoihfaomtoif;udk tm;ay;axmufcH&rnf/ þtoif;\vkyfief;pOfrsm;tay:
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ESifhvufwGJaqmif&GufoGm;oifhonf/ em;vnfrIr&SdyJ qefYusifa0zefaomtoif;rsm;ESifh
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OD;wnfjyD; vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhonf/
xkdYjyif vuf&Sdaus;&Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ausmif;xkdifbkef;MuD;r&Sdojzifh csdwfydwf
xm;&aom ausmif;rsm;? awmxGufOD;yZif;rsm; apmifhay;ae&onfh ausmif;rsm;&Sdygonf/
xkduJhodkYaom aus;&Gmrsm;odkY toif;rSaeí oifhavsmfonfh toif;0ifoHCmawmfrsm;udk
apvTwfjyD; ausmif;xkdifapoifhygonf/
vkd&if;tcsufrSm a&SUüjycJhjyD;aom enf;vrf;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd vufawGUatmifjrif
atmiftaumiftxnfaz:rnfh oHCmhtzJGJUtpnf;wpf&yf xlaxmif&efyifjzpfygonf/
xkdYaMumifh þuJhodkYaom oHCmhtzGJUrsKd;udk OD;aqmifzGJUpnf;&ef t&nftcsif;jynfhrDaom
q&mawmfrsm;xJwGif trsdK;bmom omoemudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufvkdaompdwfxuf
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enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh tpGrf;ukefMudK;pm;aeMuonfukd owdjyKrdaeaom q&mawmfrsm;&Sdygonf/
xkdq&mawmfrsm;taejzifh rdrdwpfyg;wnf; rdrdvufvSrf;rD&m 'um'umrrsm;avmufukd
om a[majympnf;&kH;jyD; wm;qD;umuG,faernfhtpm; wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh t
rsKd;bmom omoem\tEÅ&m,fudk umuG,fwm;qD;Ekdif&eftwGuf txl;ojzifh y"me
aomhcsufjzpfaom pepfokH;&yf(4-5-16)udk wpfEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twmjzifh taumift
xnfaz:usihfokH;vmEkdifzkdYtwGuf þvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:rnfh oHCm
tzJGUtpnf;wpf&yfudk OD;aqmifzGJUpnf;zkdY wkdufwGef;ygonf/
78
þuJhokdY toif;zGJUjyD; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfpGmjzifh tifwkduftm;wkduf taumiftxnf
az:MurnfqkdvQif þenf;vrf;rsm;tm;vkH;onf wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh tvsift
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twmjzifh atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfaz:MurSomvQif þtzGJUrsKd;udk zGJUpnf;MuzkdY
jzpfygonf/
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jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;&Sd Ak'¨bmomavmurS oHCmawmfrsm; vlyk*¾Kdvftm;vkH;wkdY
wGif þenf;vrf;rsm;udk vufcHolç vkdufemolç vkdvm;ol taumiftxnfaz:vkdolrsm;
79
vnf; &Sdaumif;&SdEkdifygonf/
okdYaomf EkdifiHwpf0ef;&Sd Ak'¨bmomtokdif;t0dkif;rS &[ef;yk*¾Kdvfvlyk*¾Kdvftm;vkH;ukd
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ESifhESpfaxmifhESpf&m)rjynfhciftwGif;rSm tpte &Smr&atmif aysmufoGm;Ekdifygonf/
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vnf;aumif;? ]]jrefrmeD;&Sm;EkdifiH}}onf rvGJraoGyif ay:aygufvmacsrnf/
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81
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tm;vkH;udk atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfaz:zkdYtwGuf oHCmawmfwkdif;wGif txl;
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tifwkduftm;wkdufvnf; pnf;&kH;EId;aqmf taumiftxnfaz:rnfqkdvQif oHCmwpfyg;
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jyxm;aom toif;rsKd;ay:vmatmif apmifhraeMuygeJY/ tenf;qkH; &yfuGufwpfck odkYr
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A Myo Pyout-Vol-2 (Min Ye Nanda Kyaw Khaung)

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A Myo Pyout-Vol-2 (Min Ye Nanda Kyaw Khaung)

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