Pentaksiran

Pentaksiran Bestari Sebagai Sistem Pentaksiran Kebangsaan Mesyuarat Penggubalan Kurikulum KDP Latihan Guru Bestari
Pentaksiran
Bestari
sebagai
Smart Assessment Task Force
Examinations Syndicate
Ministry of Education
MALAYSIA
Sistem Pentaksiran
Kebangsaan
7 Disember 1997 page 1

AGEND
• A Definisi
• Tujuan
• Objektif
• Prinsip Asas
• Ciri
• Perbezaan
• Proses
• Pemboleh

Definis
i
Pentaksiran Bestari ialah satu bentuk pentaksiran yang
lues, berfokuskan individu dan menggunakan
teknologi dalam operasinya
Pentaksiran Bestari = PentaksiranLues & Individu + Teknologi

PB = P(L+I) +T
Tujuan
Tujuan
Pentaksiran Bestari
Untuk merealisasikan aspirasi
Falsafah Pendidikan Negara
Untuk menjamin kualiti
pendidikan

Objektif
Objektif
Pentaksiran Bestari
 Untuk memberikan maklumat yang lengkap dan

berguna tentang prestasi pembelajaran kepada pelajar,
guru, ibubapa, dan stakeholders yang lain yang dapat
menggambarkan keupayaan sebenar pelajar.

Prinsip Asas Pentaksiran Bestari
Data Yang Mempastikan

Holistik Keseimbangan
Pentaksiran
Yang Pensijilan Hidup
Humanistik

Ciri-ciri Pentaksiran Bestari
Berterusan
On-line Holistik
Pelbagai Bentuk Berasaskan

Elemen
Berpusatkan Merujuk
Pelajar Kriteria
Panca
Instrumen
Holisti
k
KESEDIAAN PENCAPAIAN
KEMAJUAN APTITUD
PUNCA
EVIDENCE

Berasaskan
Elemen
The objectives of the National Philosophy of Education focus on the physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual
development of the individual. These four aspects are human constructs that should be the focus of our education
system. Thus, an assessment approach that is able to provide information regarding the development and
realization of the four constructs should be established. Assessment must therefore be geared towards the
development of these constructs and this can be achieved through an element-based assessment system.
Element based assessment focuses on the elements that learners possess or have developed through a programme
of learning as a result of classroom instruction. This kind of assessment provides information on the mastery and
achievement of elements by students.
Elements are subdivisions of constructs that need to be developed through the process of teaching and learning .
They represent culminating demonstrations of learning achievement. They may be skills, knowledge, values or
performance outcomes. Subjects or learning areas are the means of developing the elements.
Examples Subject Element

Language Ability to express ideas
Moral Education Ability to work cooperatively
Mathematics Ability to estimate quantities
Science Ability to formulate hypothesis

Merujuk Kriteria
Pentaksiran Merujuk Kriteria

ialah satu bentuk pentaksiran
yang dirujukkan pada satu set
kriteria yang sudah ditentukan

Berpusatkan Pelajar
Smart Assessment is learner-centred as it is based on the belief that all
learners have different rates of learning and given sufficient time and the
right opportunities, all learners can become successful. It is therefore
imperative to have a system of assessment which will enable each learner to
be assessed when he or she is ready.
In view of the above, Smart Assessment will not only be flexible in nature but
also will be administered on an individual basis. In this system all students
will be assessed when they are ready. Their assessment results will be
recorded accordingly while reports will be issued upon request.
It is also important to realize that although all assessment data need to be

recorded, only positive reports of a learner’s performance will be issued.

On-
line
A distinct feature of Smart Assessment is the integration of technology with the process and
administration of assessment through an On-line Assessment System. On-line assessment means
that items for assessment will be stored in a computerised item bank and will be made available to
users through networking.
The integration of technology as a tool to facilitate assessment will create a climate where
assessment can be provided for each student virtually on demand. This system will enable
teachers, students and assessment workers to engage in assessment activities whenever they are
ready as valid and reliable items will be readily accessible and learners’ scores will be recorded
in a Lifetime Database. Reports will also be produced regarding the learner’s level of mastery of
particular elements.
The On-line Assessment System will consist of :

•Comprehensive Item Bank
•Test Generation System
•On-line Administration System
•Scoring and Analysis System

Pelbagai
Bentuk
Assessment will be
conducted in various
Done prior
•determine entry point of students
•diagnose students’ strengths and
to and weaknesses
forms to allow different to
during •monitor students’ progress
demonstrations of strength, instruction •determine instructional
abilities and knowledge. effectiveness
•motivate and encourage
Assessment can then be Done at the
categorized as follows : end of each •assess achievement of each
learning
to intended learning outcome in
Classroom assessment area the curriculum
•assess overall achievement

School-based assessment Conducted of elements that need to be
on demand developed
when learner to
•assess intellectual aptitude
is ready based on the multiple
Centralised assessment
intelligences of the
individual

Panca Instrumen
The assessment system in the Smart School will be eclectic in nature with the use Authentic Assessment is a form of assessment
of a variety of approaches and instruments in order to actively involve students in a whereby learners are required to show their actual
process that joins together what is taught, how it is taught and how it is evaluated. performance and practice an entire concept rather
Tools of assessment will range from traditional assessment tools as well as than bits and pieces in preparation for eventual
alternative assessment tools. This approach will help improve the validity of the understanding
assessment as this will ensure a wide coverage of both the content and process of
learning and instruction. Performance-based Assessment requires learners
to create a response or a product to a task given that
Traditional Assessment demonstrate his or her understanding, knowledge or
Traditional assessment tools such as paper and pencil tests in criterion-referenced skills over a period of time.
standardised tests to assess overall achievement will be used. Traditional and
alternative assessment will be used to assess multiple intelligence in learners Portfolio Assessment refers to the systematic
centrally. collection of a learner’s work samples, records of
observation and test results over a period of time.
Alternative Assessment The assessment of a portfolio is based on
Alternative assessment refers to any form of assessment that is other than the established criteria to reflect the achievement of
traditional standardised norm-referenced or criterion-referenced paper and pencil the instructional objectives.
testing. It may require students to answer an open-ended question, work out a
solution to a non-routine problem, perform a demonstration of a skill or produce a
portfolio or artifact. Learner-generated Rubric Assessment focuses
Forms of alternative assessment that will be implemented in the Smart School for on the teacher’s instructional objectives which are
classroom, school-based and centralised assessment are as follows derived from educational standards. Learners will
• authentic assessment generate their own rubric, guided by the teacher,
• performance based assessment based on the quality of standards they desire to
• portfolio assessment achieve for themselves.The assessment of the
• learner-generated rubrics assessment product, performance or demonstration will be
conducted by learners and teachers based upon
their own criteria and performance indicators

Berterusa
n The National Philosophy of Education states that
“Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort
towards further developing the potential of individuals.”
Therefore, assessment, as part of the educational process, must be on-going in nature.

To ensure that assessment is an on-going process, a “living” certification system will
be introduced. This will be made possible with the establishment of a Lifetime
Database where data on learners’ educational accomplishments is continuously
gathered and updated.
The Living Certification system is based on the belief that given the opportunity , an
individual can improve himself. Therefore certification, will be a living process
whereby the data on educational accomplishments should be treated as data that is
growing and not final. Learners will be allowed to improve their grades and the data
will be recorded and updated accordingly through a patching system.

Perbezaa
Pentaksiran
n Pentaksiran
Sekarang Bestari
Berfokuskan Pencapaian Holistik
Berasaskan Subjek Berasaskan Elemen
Merujuk Norma Merujuk Kriteria
Berpusatkan Sistem Berpusatkan Pelajar
Berpusat Pelbagai Bentuk
Terminal Berterusan
Tertumpu Ujian Panca Instrumen
Off-line On-line

Proses Pentaksiran & Proses

Pensijilan
Proses dalam Pentaksiran Bestari
boleh dihuraikan dalam tajuk
berikut:
Proses Pentaksiran
Proses Pensijilan

Proses Pentaksiran
In Smart Assessment, the assessment process begins at day one
of an individual’s schooling period and goes on for life.
The assessment process can be categorized under the

following:
Assessing readiness
Assessing progress
Assessing achievement
Assessing aptitude

Assessment Readiness
Both parents and teachers are key players at this point as parents will have to
provide teachers with the learner’s profile regarding
his or her learning styles and capabilities. Based on this information, a teacher
will then administer a placement test.
The information given by parents will be supplemented with existing data on

the learner, if any, before the placement test is a administered.
The data from this test will be recorded, results analysed and an appropriate
entry level is then recommended. The school
administration will ensure that a detailed record of the learner’s ability and
readiness is kept. Refer to Appendix 4.

Assessing Progress
The purpose of assessment during the learning process is to track the
learner’s level of mastery of the elements. The results of the assessment
will be used to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of learners.
Assessing progress will help to ensure that learners have mastered the
skills and knowledge for a particular learning area before moving on to the
next level.
A variety of instruments, both traditional and alternative, may be used for

this purpose. Using self-generated rubric assessment or checklists, parents,
teachers and learners themselves will conduct the assessment

Assessing
Achievement
Achievement is assessed in school as well as
centrally. Assessment at school level is
considered as internal assessment and will
generate internal data (Di). Central
assessment is considered as external and will
generate external data (De). The results of
the assessment at both levels ( De and Di)
will be recorded in the Lifetime Database
and consolidated for purposes of
certification.

Proses
Pensijilan
De Cantum
Di
Pentaksiran Pentaksiran
Berpusat Sekolah
Syarat Pensijilan PATCH
Belum
YA
Laporan
Memuas
Mem kan
uaskan Sijil
Kepujian
Cemerlang

The success of Smart

Assessment depends on
these Enablers Polisi
The
Enablers
Sistem Dokumen
Faktor
Institusi Pemboleh Teknologi
Instrumen Orang
Prosedur

Dokume
n
Dokumen
Senarai
Elemen Syarat
Pensijilan
Dokumen Spesifikasi
Lain
Pentaksiran
Kriteria Penunjuk
Nasional Prestasi
Teknologi
Bank Item
Komprehensif
Sustem Penjanaan
Ujian
Pentadbiran Pentaksiran
Secara On-line
Penskoran dan
Analisisan Automatik
Pangkalan Data
Sepanjang Hayat
Enablers: Technology
Bank Item
Komprehensif
Comprehensive item bank is a database containing a large number of
potential assessment items which can be used for assessment activities
for all the subjects offered in Malaysian schools. Each of these
assessment items will be coded on predetermined characteristics and by
its statistical data which shall include data on academic levels, subjects,
content area within the curriculum framework, learning elements,
assessment criteria, and levels of difficulty.
The item bank operates on the premise that all the assessment items can
be retrieved on demand for both centralised and school-based
assessment. It contains calibrated and non-calibrated items.The items in
the bank can be used by teachers, parents, students and courseware
developers. The bank is a place where teachers can get quality items for
their teaching and learning activities as well as items for assessment .

Sistem Penjanaan
Ujian
This is a system that allows users to create and
print tests from the sets of items stored in the item
bank. The system also allows a quick and easy
way to write, edit and assemble items in
accordance to the test specifications and print
multiple versions of tests.

Sistem Pentadbiran Pentaksiran On-

lineThe On-line Test Administration System refers to a
system of administering tests on network which will allow
tests to be administered through networking on a demand
basis . It should be able to support a variety of both
traditional and alternative assessment items as well as
interactive computer tests.
This system will recognize bona fide test-takers,

administer multiple versions of tests on-line as well as
authenticate access to the system. Test-takers’ responses
will be processed automatically under the scoring and
analysis system.

Sistem Penskoran dan Penganalisisan
Automatik
This refers to an automatic method of giving score to
a test-taker’s responses as well as analysing the scores
to be exported to a test-takers’ Lifetime Database. It
also provides immediate scoring and feedback on
interactive tests.
This will enable test-takers’ responses to be linked
with recognized raters. Benchmark scripts and
marking schemes will be made accessible to raters
through networking . This system will also update
item analysis data in the item bank as well as generate
customized remediation and mastery reports for each
student.
Pangkalan Data Sepanjang

Hayat
The Central Examinations Agency intends to monitor learner’s
achievement throughout his or her educational development. To realize
this intention, a database facility with the capability to accommodate
changes in a learner’s data and to store his whole profile has to be
established.
Assessment scores are stored for each learner's profile in this database.
The system will continuously update the scores with only the best
achievement stored in the database. This system shall be an on-going
system which rapidly retrieves the learner's profile for the assessment
process.

Enablers: People
People
Operators
Courseware Practitioners
Developers
Assessment
Workers Contributors
Policymakers PEOPLE
Parents
Students
Teachers

Orang
Pekerja
Pentaksiran
To keep Smart Assessment running effectively four levels of assessment
workers are needed:
Practitioners
They are required to understand, analyse
Operators and interpret assessment data as well as
They conduct and develop, rate and moderate assessment
administer assessment activities instruments as:
at school and central level as: item writers
invigilators raters
assessment coordinators moderators
administrators item evaluators
Managers Contributors
Full-time assessment managers are required to They are required to design, research
coordinate assessment activities at school level and evaluate assessment practices and
which will be conducted on an on-going basis. instruments as:
psychometricians
research officers

Pemboleh
Prosedur
Pelaporan
Pendaftaran Pensijilan
Pengawasan Prosedur
Keselamatan
Pemeriksaan
Pentadbiran

Instrumen
Instrume
n
KEMAJUAN PENCAPAIAN
APTITUD
KESEDIAAN
•Self-generated rubrics
•Criterion-referenced Test
•Autentik
•Performance Test
•Pemerhatian
• Senarai Semak
•multiple intelligence
computer adaptive tests

•scholastic aptitude
•occupational aptitude

Pemboleh
Institus
i
•Sekolah
•Maktab/Institut Perguruan Peranan Institusi
•Universiti
•Lembaga Peperiksaan Melaksana
Melatih
•Majlis Peperiksaan
•Institut Pentaksir Menatar
Menilai
•Pusat-pusat Latihan
Promote Menyelidik
Memperkenal

The Enablers
Sistem Pengenalan
Pentadbiran
Patching
Sistem Cantuman
Pelaporan
Penyampaian

Sistem
Sistem Pengenalan
Diri
Satu nombor yang unik akan digunakan

sebagai pengenalan seseorang individu
pelajar sepanjang hayatnya. Nombor ini
boleh digunakan untuk menduduki
pentaksiran di pelbagai tahap.

Enablers: Systems
Sistem
Pentadbiran
Pentaksiran akan ditadbir berdasarkan individu (bukan
kumpulan) dengan menggunakan instrumen yang dikeluarkan
berdasarkan kaedah multiple delivery.
Intrumen akan disampaikan kepada individu yang ditaksir
menerusi salah satu daripada mod yang berikut:
•On-line - On-Screen - Interactive

•On-line - On-Screen
•On-line - Off-Screen
•Off-line - Off-Screen

Enablers: Systems
Sistem
Patching Dalam Sistem
Pentaksiran Bestari
Patching ialah Pelbagai Jenis
mekanisma yang Patching diamalkan di
Pelbagai Peringkat.
membolehkan
Jenis Patching
individu (pelajar) •Patching memenuhi keperluan
•Patching memperbaiki
memperbaiki
Peringkat Patching
data •Peringkat Kertas
•Peringkat Elemen
pentaksirannya •Peringkat Subjek
•Peringkat Sijil
Enablers: Systems
Sistem Cantuman
Data
Sistem Hurdle akan digunakan dalam
mencantumkan dua atau lebih kumpulan
data pentaksiran yang datang dari
pentaksiran dalaman (Di) dan
pentaksiran luaran (De)

Enablers: Systems
Sistem
Pelaporan
Terdapat dua tahap pelaporan:
•Pelaporan tentang pencapaian keseluruhan
•Rekod Pembelajaran Yang

Enablers: Systems
Sistem
Penyampaian
Penyampaian intrumen akan dibuat dengan
pendekatan
Multiple Delivery
Multiple Delivery merupakan satu
pendekatan penyampaian yang
menggunakan instrumen yang tidak terhad
bilangannya, berbeza dari segi item (soalan)
tetapi bertujuan mentaksir elemen yang sama
dalam skop dan tahap yang sama.

Pentaksiran

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Pentaksiran Bestari Sebagai Sistem Pentaksiran Kebangsaan Mesyuarat Penggubalan Kurikulum KDP Latihan Guru Bestari

7 Disember 1997 page 1

7 Disember 1997 page 2

Pentaksiran Bestari = PentaksiranLues & Individu + Teknologi

7 Disember 1997 page 4

 Untuk memberikan maklumat yang lengkap dan

7 Disember 1997 page 5

Prinsip Asas Pentaksiran Bestari

Data Yang Mempastikan

7 Disember 1997 page 6

Ciri-ciri Pentaksiran Bestari

Pelbagai Bentuk Berasaskan

7 Disember 1997 page 8

Examples Subject Element

Moral Education Ability to work cooperatively

Mathematics Ability to estimate quantities

Science Ability to formulate hypothesis

7 Disember 1997 page 9

Pentaksiran Merujuk Kriteria

7 Disember 1997 page 10

It is also important to realize that although all assessment data need to be

7 Disember 1997 page 11

The On-line Assessment System will consist of :

7 Disember 1997 page 12

•assess overall achievement

7 Disember 1997 page 13

7 Disember 1997 page 14

Therefore, assessment, as part of the educational process, must be on-going in nature.

7 Disember 1997 page 15

Berasaskan Subjek Berasaskan Elemen

Merujuk Norma Merujuk Kriteria

Berpusatkan Sistem Berpusatkan Pelajar

Berpusat Pelbagai Bentuk

Tertumpu Ujian Panca Instrumen

7 Disember 1997 page 16

Proses Pentaksiran & Proses

7 Disember 1997 page 17

The assessment process can be categorized under the

7 Disember 1997 page 18

The information given by parents will be supplemented with existing data on

7 Disember 1997 page 19

A variety of instruments, both traditional and alternative, may be used for

7 Disember 1997 page 20

7 Disember 1997 page 21

Syarat Pensijilan PATCH

7 Disember 1997 page 22

The success of Smart

7 Disember 1997 page 23

7 Disember 1997 page 26

7 Disember 1997 page 27

Sistem Pentadbiran Pentaksiran On-

This system will recognize bona fide test-takers,

7 Disember 1997 page 28

Pangkalan Data Sepanjang

7 Disember 1997 page 30

7 Disember 1997 page 31

7 Disember 1997 page 32

7 Disember 1997 page 33

computer adaptive tests

7 Disember 1997 page 34

7 Disember 1997 page 35

7 Disember 1997 page 36

Satu nombor yang unik akan digunakan

7 Disember 1997 page 37