Kaner Testing Computer Software

TESTING COMPUTER SOFTWARE Second Edition CEM KANER JACK FALK HUNG QUOC NGUYEN INTERNATIONAL THOMSON COMPUTER PRESS 1 ®P™ An International Thomson Publishing Company London * Bonn * Boston * Johannesburg * Madrid * Melbourne * Mexico City New York * Paris * Singapore * Tokyo * Toronto * Albany, NY Belmont,CA * Cincinnati,OH * Detroit,MITECTMPOBAHME ITPOTPAMMHOTO OBECHEYEHMA. DynjlaMeHTasbHble KOHIeIIMM MeHe/pKMeHTa OU3HeC-IIPWJIOKEHHH C3M KAHEP AXEK ®OJIK EHP KEK HIYEHBBK 32.973 K 81 Kanep Com 4 ap. K 81 Tectuposanwe nporpamMuoro oGecnetenus, Dynzamentarbuble KONUENUMI MenekMerita 6irauec-npitioxenuit: Nep. c aurs./Com Kanep, xex Doax, Enr Kex Hryen. — K.: Usaarenacrso «uaCopr», 2001. — $44 c. ISBN 966-7393-87-9 Kuuira wvesuriix crennarucron 9 oGzactt paspaGorkH mporpammHoro oGecreNe- HitA MlocballeHa OMHOMY H3 HanGonee BaKHEIX Hl HETPHBHANbHBIX acneKTOB B paMKax Tpouecca cosiaHHs CHOKULIX NporpaMMHMX cucTeM. KHALy OLAMMAeT, Mpexe Bcero, MpHBASKA K YCAOBHAM PEATDHOTO MPA Ha MPHMEpAX HIBECTHEX KOMMAHHi-paspaGoT- wuKOR, HaXoneUXea B CHLINKOHOBO! zoIHe. TlonpoGHo pacemarpHBaetes UIMpoKIti chektp BONPOCoR: OF OpraHHsauHK Npoltecca TeCTHPONAHHs AO cOGCTREHHO TeKcTHpO- Bavits MpoekTa, KOMa, AOKY MEHTA HT. Fina cheumanncton & o6:acTH paspa6orkst MporpaMMHoro OGecmeNeNits. BBK 32.973 Hayunoe wanante Kanep Com np. TECTMPOBAHHE IIPOTPAMMHOTO OBECNEYEHHA. @YHAAMEHTAIBHDIE KOHUEMWHA MEHEADKMEHTA BH3HEC-NPHAOXEHHH Taannsii penaxtop 40.H.Apmenenxo Hayuintil pexaxtop 0.8. 3dup Jiureparypunit penaxtop A.B.lfmun Mepenoaunk 0.8. 3dup Beperka 7.H.Apmemenko Trapnutii ansaiinep 0.4. Madpun H/K Caatio n na6op 13.03.01. Tloanucano n nevarh 13.05.01. Dopat 60x84/16. Bywara oxpcer- as, Taprittypa Tali. Tlevars opcernas. Yer.nes.a, 40.80. Yea.xp.orr. 40.80, Tupax 3000 9k3. 3axaa Ne 1-78. Uaaarenvcrso «fuaCodro, Knen-55, a/a 100, Tex,/qake (044) 212-1254. e-mail: books @diasoft.kiev.ua, http://www.diasoft.kiev.ua. ‘Authorized translation from the English language edition published by International Thomson Computer Press. Copyright © 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, clectronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher. Russian language edition published by DiaSoft Ltd. Copyright © 2001 JIuaeisna npeaoeraniena wagareanetnow International Thomson Computer Press, noapasnenense International Thomson Publishing Inc. Bee pasa 2apeseponponamss, sxmovaR npaso Ha i ro Hit Gaut0 dhopwe. HOE UIE SACTHAHOE BOcHpOHTIBEAEIEE B KAKOH Go! ISBN 966-7393-87-9 (pyc.) © Mepenon Ha pycckuil sabiK. Mazarenbetwo «iiaCodpr>, 2001 ISBN 1-85032-847-1 (aura.) © International Thomson Publishing Press, 1999 © Odopmaenie, Hanareaserbo «fluaCodre, 2001 Conaere-tberso 0 pernerpanun 24729912 or 11.03.97. Turnenwaeckoe sakmoyenne No 77,99.6.953.11.438.2.99 or 04.02.1999OrnapneHue Yactb I. OcHosbl .......... seeeseeeeeees 19 [nasa 1. Mpumep cepmn tectos... . +1220 Nepsbiit unkn TectnpoBaHna Bropoii unkn Tecruposanns .. To Aanbue? .. on napa 2. Kenaemoe u gevictentenbHoe BOKM3HH TECTMPOBLUMKa ... Tonviocreio npotectuposats nporpaMMy HEBOSMOXHO .. Uent rectuposunka — nposepka npasunbkocTH nporpamMbl? Uirak, ana 4ero xe TECTHpyIOT NPOrPAMMBI? .....-...00- Tnapa 3. Tunbi TecToB uv ux ponb B Npouecce paspa6orkn nporpammuoro oGecneyeHua O630p ctagui paspaGorKu Craguu nnaxuposanna Tectnposanne Ha aTane nnaHnpoBanna Ctaguu npoekTuposanna Tectwposanne Ha oTane npoeKTuposanus . Tecthpopanve “cTeKnfHHoro Aluka” Ha CTagMn KOQMpOBaHHA Perpeccnouiioe tectnposaHue Tecruposaxie “YepHoro auyMKa” Conposoxnexne ... fnasa 4. Mporpammupie own6Kn Kavectso ..... pees Uo Takoe nporpammHan owM6Ka? Kateropuu nporpaMMubix OWM6OK [napa 5. Joxymentnposanne u axanns OuWMGOK .. Orver cneayet cocrapnaT HeMeANEHHO . Crpyxtypa oryera o npo6neme .. Kaknm Qomkex 6bitb oTYeT 0 npobneme Axanus Bocnpovss0gumort oum6Kn .. Mertogmka axanu3a BOCNpOMsBOQuUMOK OWM6KH Monck cnoco6a socnpoussefeHua OWHOKN ... 1226 Tecmuposanue npoepaumnozo obecnerenun -129 130 Yactb Il. Npvemp! w texHonorun TectupoBanya . [nasa 6. Cuctema otcnexusanna npoGnem OcHosHoe HasHa4eHHe CHCTeMbI OTCnexNBakus npobnem 134 Sagaun cuctems .. ~ 135 Mpouecc orcnexneanna npoGnems .. 135, Tlonesosatenn cuctembi orcnexneanna npobnen ... 144 . 158 . 169 . 178 180 - 182 . 183 . 193 . 194 Peannaauna 6a30Bbix yHKUMii CMCTeMbI OTCNexMBaHMA NPOGNeM Dononuntenbibie 3amevanna 0 AOKYMeHTMpoBaHMH mpoGnem ..... Tepmnuonorns ... Fnaga 7. Paspa6otka tectos Xapaktepuctkn xopowero Tecra Knacob! aksNBaneHTHOCTH M rpaHAuHble yCNOBAA . Tectuposanve nepexopos MexAy COCTORKMAMM Ycnosns rovoK M Apyrve BpeMeHHIe sasncnmocTH Harpysouneie ucnbsraHna . 196 NportHosuposarne ownGox . 196 TecTuposanne dyHKuWOHanbHO oKBABANeHTHOCTH: aBTOMATHZaMA, aHaNN3 4yBCTBMTEHOCTH M Chy4aliHbI BBO 197 Perpeccnonioe TectuposaHne: ycrewHo nu ucnpasneHa owMOKa .... 204 PerpeccnonHoe Tectuposane: cranmapTHaa Cepua TeCTOB ............. 205 BpinonHeHne Tectos .. . 206 Tnasa 8. Tectuposanue npuxtepos HW Apyrnx ycTpoiicte . ‘O6uyMe Bonpoce! KOHUrypauMOHHoro TeCTApOBAHHA .. . 209 Tectuposaxne nevatu . .2t1 [nasa 9. Agantaynonnoe TecTnposanne .. 237 Vismenen nv ncxoAHbii KoA? . 238 Npusnexaiite k pa6ore cneunanncros, cBo60AHO BNAQEIOLIYX A3bIKOM + 239 . 239 . 239 . 240 . 240 241 BetpoeH nu TexcT 8 NporpaMMHbii KOA? .. Flepesog annie HcxogHoro Tekcra .. HaGopsi cumeonos .... Knasuatypa .... unbtpauns Beo~a ... Sarpyska, CoxpaHeHie, MMNOpT M aKCNOpT CHMBONOB OcHOBHOrO M pacuMpeHHoro Ha6opa ASCII .. 244 Sabik 4 onepaumoHHan cncTeMa . 242 Knapnwn ebisoga ... . 242 C6opribie coo6ueHHa 242 ee aOzraenenue 7 Ugextudukaropsi coo6weHini 06 own6xax 243 Mpaenna nepexoca .. 243 Npasonncaune .. 243 243 Nopsjox coptuposkn .. : Mpeo6pasosanne Tecra k BepxHeMy H HiDKHEMy percrpy . Npasuna noguepKuBanna Mpunteper . Pasmepp! 6ymarn .. Npoueccopei i eugeo .. @opmate! QaHHbIxX W ONUMM HaCTPOHKH . 244 245 Equrnupi usmepenns .. 245 Viso6paxenuia, CBAgaHHbIe C KOHKPeTHO!t KynbTypOlt 246 Boixoptble MaHible, CBASAHHBIe C KOHKpeTHOH KynbTypoii .. 246 246 246 247 w+ 248 249 eee CosMmecTuMOcTb C MECTHBIM/ NPOAYKTaMH .. He 6ynpTe HanBHeimn . ABToMaTH3pOBaHHoe TeCTHpOBaHHe .. Tnasa 10. Tectnpoanne AoKymentaumn . Xopowas nokyMeHTauns .. Lenn TecTMpoBuyka AOkyMeHTauMn .. Kak TecTpopalie AOKyMeHTaUMH noBbiWaeT HanexHOCTS NporpaMMHoro NPOAYKTA ......--- HasHaubte TexHu4eckoro oo PaGora c pykonogcrsom B npouecce ero paspaGorKn . Vivrepaktnenas cnpaska . [naga 11. Anctpymentanbubie cpegctea Tectupoeuynka . Bagopbie HCTPyMeHTbI TECTHPOBLUMKA .... ABTOMaTH3alIMA NPYEMOYHOFO UM PerpeCCMOHHOrO TECTMPOBAHHE .. Crangaptel.... Tectuposanne “cTeknAHHoro ALKA” .. [napa 12. Mnannposanue v QokymMeHTaune .... O6uee HasHaveHHe TecToBoro nnaHa: npopykT unm MHCTpyMeHT? Uenn, npecneayembie np naakupoBaHun TecToB M paspaboTKe AOKyMeHTALIMH .. 288 Tectbi KakHx THNOB cheayeT éuxcnposars B MmaHOBbIX AOKyMeHTax .. 296 Crpaterua paapa6ork KOMNOHeHTOB TeCTOBOrO NnaHa .. 300 Komnoventb! nnaHa TecTupoBaHns .... . 307 Dloxymentnposanne Tecrossix Marepuanos . 339 Sakniovenve . 355 252 254 .. 254 262 . 264 265 267 .. 280 + 284 286ee eee ee ee 8 Tecmuposanue npoepammnoeo obecneenua Yactp Ill. Ynpasnenve npoektamu uv rpynnamu [napa 13. O6bequusiouaa Yem npxogutea noctynateca paspaboTunkam nporpaMMHOrO, oGecneyeHns . Mogenn paspaGorkn nporpammHoro oGecneyeHns atpatbl Ha KaveCTBO ....... NocnegosaTenbHocTb stanos NpoekTa Npoextuposanne nponykra Peannzayne 6as0Bbix dyHKuMit. flout anpda . Anwga . Mpe-6eta Bera... Samopaxnsanne nonbsosatentcKoro mHTepdeiica Nogrotoska k @uHanbHOMy TecTUpoBaHHo .. Nocneaxaa nposepKa uenoctHoCTH .... Buinyok ... Nocne spinycxa Fnasa 14. Ynpasnenne rpynnoi Tectnposanna . Pont rpynnti TectuposaHia Tpynna tectupogania — He wa6aeneHne nporpaMMuctoB AnbtepHaTnaa: HesaBvcHMble TecToBbIe areHTCTBa Coser no nnaHuposaHiio . Nepconan Mpunoxexve. Pacnpoctpatexxbie nporpammubie own6Ku Owm6Kn nonbsoBatenbcKoro uHTepmelica O6paGorka OWH6oK ... Owm6xn, cansannble c rpaHH4libimn ycnoBnamn Own6ku epiyncneHuir HavanbHoe 4 nocneayoune coctosHia Own6xn ynpasnexns noToKoM ... Ou6xn o6pa6orkn unk HHTepnpeTAUAM NAHHEIX. CHTYyau FOHOK .... Tloppiwexibie Harpy3Kn AnnapatHoe o6ecneyenne KoHTponb Bepcnii MW MgeHTH>>uUKaTOpos .. Own6xa sbinenexa M 3a6biTa .ITpeducaoeue Tecmuposanue npoepannnozo o6ecnevenua — 310 KHMTa, HaNUcaHHas mpopec- chonanaMn i118 mpocpeccHonanon. Yo takoe TectupoBarne noTpeOuTembcKHX MW J{@HOBKIX MporpaMM B YCHOBNAX, MPKONKCHHBIX K OOCBMIM, MBI 3HAEM He NOHACHBILIKe, HOCKONBKY BEITIOAHSLTK aTY paGOTY AIA CAMBIX H3BECTHEIX TIpo- N3BOuMTENeH MporpaMMioro OGecneveHMt Kpemnuenoit Jormnut. Jexanee Heed BaMH PYKOBOACTBO paspaSaTBIBAlOc JIA HALIX COBCTBCHHEIX COTPYILHI- KOB. O Tom, Kak TecTHpoBaTb TIporpaMMHble NPOAYKTH, OT KOTOPEIX TpebyeTea HOBbILLEHHAN HaXeXHOCTD, HAMICAHO HeMaiO XOPOUIMX KHHT. OT HaeKHOFO ¢byHKuMOHMponannis OnperereHHBIX THTIOB MporpamMrioro OGecrieieHHA MoxeT 3aBHCeTb YeTeX G3Heca ~ paGorbI >UNAHCOBBIX HIM MIPOMBILLIEHHBIX KOMTIA~ Hilt — Wt jaxke... HenoBeecKad XH3HB, TlosTOMy Ha efo CaMoe THLATeATbHOE MpoextHpowane, paspaGorky H TecTHpOBaHHe He 2kaileOT HH BPCMCH, Hit aener. CotpymHvkam TectoBbix Tpylin npewocrasaserca roaHbiit LOCTYN K 1C~ XOMHOMY KOXY POTPaMM, MIPHYEM Ha CTOBKO BPEMCHH, CKOMBKO NoTpebyeTca Uist eTO TO“poSHoro MayseHHs. CpepxnaiexHoe nporpaMMioe oGecteveHHe MOXHO cpapHuTs ¢ “Positc- poiicom” — pockoutHio, Ho xoporo. Onako He BCe mporpaMMiNoe oBecneyeHHe 1aKORO, HATO He TOABKO B ero UeHe. TecTHpOBaHHe MPOTPAaMMHBIX TIPOYK- TOR JIA cpeHero GUIHECA, AKAEMHYECKHX YEPEKICHWA H AMYHOTO TOMb30Ba- Hua MIpOBORHTes B Goce @kATHIC CPOKH M CKPOMHee OTMIAMMBAETCR, HO HX KaMeCTBO BIIOTHe YOBeTBOpaeT TPeGORAHMAM PBIHKa — 9TO Monee HW Ha- AEKHBIC TIPOTPAMMEI, MHOTHMI 13 KOTOPHX NPOMSBOMMTENM MOryT SaciyKeH- Ho ropauTece ‘Tak Kak 2xe OpraHH3opaTb TeCTHpoRANMe MporpaMMHBX MpoayKTOB, “TOOBI cro pesybTatst MoxHO Obi10 HasBaTb cpepxHamexHbiMH? V1 Kak yulaeTes rpyr- Tam TecTHponarina OSn4HOrO HoTpeGuTemscKoro TIO B ycMOBHAX CKATEIX Cpo- KOB, MaMOUNCHCHHOH KOMAHAB M OpaHM¥eHHBIX CpeacTB BBITYCKATb IpexpacHBIe M BILOAHe KONKypeHTOCnocobHBIe MpomykTEI? OGO BCeM 3TOM BbI yaHaere H3 KHTH Tecmuposanue npoepammnozo oGecnerenus. Yero B 3TOM KHMre HeT Yacro aBropsi KHUT YraepxNAHOT, ITO ws YcreuMOro TecrupoBaHUs Heo6- XOMUMO, YTOGLI BCE OSLIO TO NpAaBIIAM: LOKYMeHTALIA, BKAOYAIOUIA HEOGXO- AUMBIe JUS paspa6OTKH creuMHKALLN ObUIa MOTHOM H CBOCBpEMeHHOM, pH ‘poekTHPOBAHMH M HaNMcaHHM KONA TIPHMeHAIACh NpaBHIbHas H caMax COBpe- McHHasd MeTORONOTUA H TW.10 Tecmupoaanue npoepamsnozo obecnerenua Ima Knuea — 0 mecmuposauuu 6 yeaoounx, Koza me, ¢ KEM eb pabomaeme, ne cacdyiom, ne xomam u ne dossKnos caedocams npasuaam. Ha aexe np paspaorke nporpamMioro oGecredenua Gromer Beerita CIMLUKOM Mail, COYPyAHUKOB He XBATAeT, COMACHA MOXY HMM uid BLIpaboT- Kx eaHHolt AMHIMH ZOSUTECA TpyaHO, a pa6ora TPH STOM AomAxHa GbITb BbINIOA- HeHa “Ha Byepa”. Kayectso Gonpuioro npoxykra 3aBMCHT OT paGOTE! KAXNOTO, KTO ¢TO MpocK- Tupyer, nporpamMupyer, Tecrupyet H HoKyMeHTHpyer. Hukakue cransaprbl it cueUMHKAUIH, HIKKaKOi KOHTpomb H OTCHEAHBAHME HIMeHEHHi He rapaHTH- pyior KavectBa mpoaykun. Boe 3aBHCHT TOKO OF mIOMeit — Hx paGorocrIoco6- HOCTH, MacTepcTea Ht YMeHs paGoraTs & KoMaHite. ToAbKO 9TO OrIpexenAeT pesyslbTar, a HUKak He mpapia Y KoMaHAbI paspaGoriHkoB HMeeTeA orpedenenHoe BumeHHe Gysyutero Tpoaykra, Fopatee KCAHMe OCYLIECTBHTh 3ayMaHHOe M NOHMMArIHe TOO, STO bo MHOToM paGora OyseT AenaTscaA MeTOMOM TIpo6 4 OMIHOOK. K ToMy Bpemte- HH, Korma KakabHi acTIeKT paspa6oTKU MpopucyeTcs 0 AeTaneit, SyneT cchop- Muposana paGo¥ad BepcHs MpoekTa, KOTOPYIO CMOLyT HOHATS HM OXBATHTh HOINKOM ONMH-ha BEAYMUNX cHleNManicTa, Dra kepeus H HaaBnaeTe cneyudu- kayueit, Cneunbnkausta He BbITpABMpoBAHa Ha KAMHe: HO3AHCe OHA He pas cute Gyaer nepecmarpunatica H yconepuleHcTROBATECA, MOKA He GyxieT nocTHTHYTA HonHas cormaconanHoct co ncefi cHereMoil. H BLINodHsa TeCTHpOBAKHe, Bbt TOXe NpuMere yuactue B sTO!t paGoTe. B peaibHoit XH3HH H3MeHeHHA BHOCATCH B TIPOAYKT MaKe B CAMOM KOHUE paspaGorku. Ecait, Hanpumep, mporpamma paspaGarbisaetea Ha npomaxy, Ball TOABSOBATEI — nomenyuaasHele NOstbsOBATEIN — HH Ha Kakyio crleuMMpMkaLLitio He commaniatncn. H ecAK KOHKYpeHT CosaeT HeNTO Coulee mpuBieKaTenbHoe, orBevaTh puxosuTes Grictpo. Kak vacro mpuXxosutes oTka3bInaTHCA OT BHECCHHA 8 MporpaMMy Nlose3HBIX AONOAHNTCASHBIX BOIMOKHOCTCH H3-34 HCXBATKH BpeMeHu. H yacto neppas paGouas Bepcus (pparmenta, KOTOpy!O HUKAK Hesb3A HasBaTL podpeccnonaim- Holt, ocTaeTea nocieAHell, NOCKOABKY NepenuicHinaTD ce HeKoraa. Binaer, ¥TO TporpaMMucr “BrMxapa” no coOcTHeHHO! HHMUMATHBE BCE Xe BBITLOTHAT HYXK- nylo paGory 1 Ges mpeaynpexaenus BHeceT B NpoeKT 3HauHTerbHBIE HaMeHe- Hus. Taxas paGora aenaetes He lo OGa3aKHOCTH, CBepx NoAOKeHHBIX 40 4acoB B Heaemo. Ona MOXeT IHAIMTEMBHO YAYYLIUT NPOeKT, A MOET H CepbesHO ero aecTaGUANSHpoBaT Ha HeKOTOpoe Bpems. Ho KAKUM Gbt Hit Goia pesyabTar, JHA HHMIATHBA Beerda Hanpantena Ha yayuUeHHe npoeKTa Viamenenus 8 Kone paspaGorkM ecTh Beerma, M OHH HyKHBI. DaaBHoe — ChpaunTaca ¢ KUIMH © MMHUMyMOM Horeps. He CTOMT paswoxitTs GiopoKpario,Tpeducaosue 11 npiraseb 3anpeTnth Takne HaMereHHa. Mpodeccnonann3m compyanuKos rpyt- Mist TECTHPORAHHA 3aKMOYAeTCH B TOM, YTOGHI MPHHsTb PeatsHOCTb TaKoli, Kak ola ECTS, He XATYAC’ M HE MbITaAch Goporses ¢ Heit sanperaMu, M1 yerleMHO 3aKONYETD TeCTMpoBaHse NposyKTa BMecTe C BHECeHHSIMH HIMeHCHHAMH. Zina Koro npegHa3HayeHa 3Ta KHMra Sra kuura npenHasHatena LAA Toro, XTO BLINOAHAeT TecTHpoBAHHe Npo- TpaMMHOTo Koa, OOKIHO HAnMcaHHoTO KeM-To ApyrHM. B Heit oGcyxnaI0TCA BONPOCHI M PeleHHs, KOTOPHIC Ha Nal BICIAN MNTePCCHEI M MosesHBI TAKOMY uenopexy. Toatomy paccka3 Hal He akaenuueH, B HeM He 3aTparuBaiorca ‘TaKMe KIACCHYECKMe TeMbI, KAK HOKAIATETCTBA MPABMLUIBHOCTH MporpaMMHoro kona. Mut nocrapanncs Gonbuie yaeruTh BHUMAHMA TeMaM, He xapakTepHLIM uit YHCOHHKOB, Kak, HANPRMep, MEXUIM4HOCTHBIE B3AMMOOTHOUIEHHS H KOpTiO- paruuaa nomurika, Cysuts o pa6ore apyrx monelt npuxoautes naxe Han HalouleMy TecTHpOBIIMKY — B 9TOM cyTb TecTMposaHita. 3a BLIcKasBIBAHHe CBOUX CYKNEHHIt TECTHPOBLIMKH HepenKO NlomBepraloTcs HanaylkaM co CTOpoHDE paspaGoruuKon. (Butwaer, 470 1 3acilyxenHo.) Tockoulwky rpytinia recrHpowania paGoraet c mporpamMoit nocneaHei M ee pesynbrarbl y BCeX Ha uy, ee OTBET- CTBCHHOCTD BCerta OKasbIBAeTCH BONLUIe BOIMOKHOCTei — NOOXCHHE HOM THYECKH CaMoe HeBHIromHoe. PeuicHua stoi npo6sembl y Hac Her. OnHaKo Mor FOTOBL! MONEATECH CBOUM ONITOM B TOM, KAK fOBLICHTD admeKTHBHOCTS pa- Gori H H36eKATh HEKOTOPLIX HeMPHATHEIX MOMCHTOB 1 OUHGOK. Tlorosopum Mbi Takxe H 06 ynpasieHHH MpoextoM. OucHKa, maHmposanne H cocTanenHe KaneHmapHoro Mana paGor No TecTHposaHMio NporpaMMHoro Hpoaykta — sagaya He 13 NerKUX, Beye KOHeYHaA TOUKa cbakTHYeCKH He Onpe- Aenena. 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Bor Te, KOMY MBI XOTHM BbIpasHTb OcoByio GuarosapHocTh (B anbanHTHoM nopanke): npopeccop Baeint Anmepcent (Elaine Andersson), jt-p Bopic Beiisep (Boris Beizer), JLxum Bpyxc (Jim Brooks), Paxait Jenowm (Randy Delucchi), Maa Jlayapu (Mel Doweary), Jasin Damep (David Farmer), nporpeccop Slappa Jbxoue (Larry Jones), Wapow Fadrep (Sharon Hafner), Maxmyit Kan (Mahmood Kahn), Haan Kanep (Ginny Kaner), a-p Com Kanep (Sam Kaner), >kow Jape John Lavelle), a-p JIoppu Moakac (Larry Matkus), Ta Manyapa (Ted Matsumara), a-p Jlort Maxcrean (Don Maxwell), Bproc Miut- aep (Bruce Miller), Paii4e Musaep (Rachel Miller), Mlutep Mopse (Peter Morse), txeiit Crentax (Jane Stepak), 1 Samanyeas Open (Emmanuel Uren). Korcuo, 3a ace OcTapiinecd 8 KHMITe OLINGKH OTBEMAIOT TOKO e€ aBTO- pois Yacmp I Ocnoewt [napa 1. Mpumep cepun tectos [napa 2. Kenaemoe nu WevcTBHTeNbHOe B KH3HK TeCTHPOBLKa [napa 3. Tunbi Tectos uv Hx ponb B npouecce paspa6orKn nporpamMuoro o6ecneyeHna [nasa 4. Mporpammupie own6Kn Fnasa 5. Dloxymentnposanne u -aHamv3 OwwM60KTnaea ITpumep cepuu mecmo6 Ha3nayerne 910% raaBet Tpouece Tectupoaaria nporpammnoro oGecnevenia MO>KHO oTHacTh HazBaTs UNTYRTHEHbIM, HOB TO KE BPEMA B OCHORE ero NEKHT BnonHe cHcTeMaTH SuposaHHbili nogxop. Xopowo npotectuposats nporpammy o3HauaeT HEYTO ropasao Gonee cepresHoe, em npocro “noroHATe” €€ HECKOMKO MuHyT, wro6e! y6enurecs, 4To ona paboraer. IdcbextusHoe recrmposanne Tpeby- er TujaTenbHoro aHanuza H crpororo cHcTemHoro noaAXona. 3ra rnava ssnaerca caoeoGpaznbim sBeneHHeM, Wen KOTOPEro — Ha Npo- TOM NpUMepe NPOAEMOHCTPHPOBATe NOAKOR K TeCTHPORAKHIO NPOrpamM, APHMeHAeMbIi ONBITHEIMA cneujanHcTamn aroro wena. [IAA npHmMepa mb! Bbi6~ Pank MaNeHDKyIO He2ambicnoRATYO NPOrPAMMKY € HECKONEKHMH OWMEKAMH, Nepsbit Unkn TecTMpoBaHua Buecte ¢ riporpaMoii, KoTOpyi0 cueayeT nporecrHpopate, RoI HONYHKAK Ta koe omncanne. Hashavenie nporpaMMe! ~ cnoxHTs apa pnemeHHbIX pas Yea, BKaK- AOM M3 SHCeA NOWKHA GoITb OANA WAM ABE UndppEI. Tporpama nbinouHAeT SXxO-OTOOpAXcHHe BHOAMMBIX Hi{Cet, a RATEM BBIBOAUT HX cyMMy. BBO KaxK- oro YtcTa SaBcpluaeTes HakaTHeM KaaBiunt . 3anyeKaerca mporpamma c nomompio KoMaHitt! ADDER. War 1. HayHem ¢ npocroro w HavGonee o¥eBmpHoro Tecta JUis Havana c MporpaMMoit HY:KHO MO3HaKOMHTBCA HM TOCMOTpeTb, ocTa- TOUNO AH OHA CraGUNbHa, YTOGM ee MOXHO OBO TecTHponaTD. B nporpaMMax, npesocrawicnnbix aa epporo dopMaiteriore TectupowaHns, WacTo cpasy xe Npoucxosutr cGolt. He cloitr Tparith Ha HUX MHOro BpeMcHHFraga I: Hpumep cepau mecmoe 21 Ymo avt deaaeme Beonwre ADDER 1 naxnuaere xnasiuly Haxuaere 2 Haxumaere Haxamaere 3 Haxumaere Ymo npoucxodum ‘OkpaH Muraer. Beepry axpana eu simuTe stax sonpoca. 3a. sHaxoM sonpoca nosanaeToR ynpa 2. B crepyiowed ctpore nosanserca sHax sonpoca. 3a eToptiM 3HaKOM Bonpoca noABNAETCA URdpa 3, B ipersei crpoxe noagnaerca undpa 5. Ha HecKonbKo: CTpOK HMKE noRBARETCA eule ANH sHaK sonpoca. PUCYHOK 1.1. /Tepeuti mecm npozpasanes B epsom tecre ckanmBaiores uncaa 24 3. MocietonarensHocts stelt- cranit w peaynerar mpuscuerts Ha pic. LL. A Ha pac. 1.2 piutHo, Kak BBIraa- AMT 9Kpahi No OKOHNAHMH TecTa. Kypcop (MHraroutiit cHMBo’ HOMEPKHBAHHA 1O3AAH 3HaKa BOIpOCA BHI ay 9kpata) ykasbIRaeT, Me Byer OTOHpAxaTHCA CMEAYIOULee BBOHMOC HCHO OtyetT 0 npoGnemax, BbIABAeHHbIX NepBbIM TeCTOM Hporpamma paSoraet — ona upunista mca 24 3: nepayna S. Ho npo- Guempr ace Ke cet, Ain ux onucatHA cocrasineTes OT4eT, chopMa KoToporo npupegena na puc. 1.3. 1. Ouubca npoekmuposanua. Het HUKAKHX yKAgAHHi Ha TO, ¢ KaKOi Mpo- TpaMMoit not paGoraete. Orkysta BAM 3HATb, HTO HMCHHO € TOI, KOTO paa uyxna? 2. Ouudxa npoexmupocanun. Ha aKp: ie He HUKAKHX HHeIpyKuMit. Orkysta BAM 3HATb, {TO HYHO sesaTh Uro, ec: bi BROMITe HedonycrH- Mble uitcaa? Oro6pasnts MACTpyK- Unio Ha okpawe He TpyaHo, H OHA ncerga GygeT nepen riaxami, 8 TO BpeMa Kak revarHad LOKYMeHTaNUA MoxeT HorepsTECA. 3. Ouubxa npoexmuposanus. Kak ocra- HOBHTb porpamMy? Ota MuCTpyK- UMa Toke LOKHA ObITS Ha OKPaHe. 4. OuuéKa Koduposanun. Cymma (44C- io 5) BeiseneHa B CTOpoHe OF ci1a- TaeMbix, ert ees 5 Kypcop (nosan 3Haxa Bonpoca BHMsy ‘xpatia) yraauvaer, re GyfeT oTobpaxarsoa creayioujee BBonHMoe HncnO. PUCYHOK 1.2. Tax eoierndum axpan no oxonxaHuu mecma22 Yacme I: Ocroae HASBARHIE KOMTTAKIAI KOHONDEHYMANIHO OTHET © NIPOBNEME Ne__ NPOTPAMMA ebInyCK BEPC TAN OTHETA (1-6)_ CTEMEH BAXHOCTH (1-3)__ APANOKEHMS (YH) _ 1 = Quunxa rojwposatue 1 @aransnas Ean sa, Kanne, 2 - Ounba npcexmpocaine 2 + Copoosnan 3 - Moeanoxcrne 3 - Heanavumrenstan 4 - Pacroxzonne ¢ aognuctrayven 5 + Bsanwogetcrene ¢ anraparypoit 6 - Bonpoc NPOBNEMA snes Ba anaes MOXETE JIM BbI BOCTPOM3BECTH NPOBNEMHVIO CHTYALMIO? (IV) _ AOMPOBHOE ONMCAHHE MPOBNEMM W KAK EE BOCTIPOMSBECTH MIPEDJATAEMOE HCTPABNEHME (HEOBASATENLHO) COTMET TPEACTABNEH COTPYAHMKOM__ esate PAIL). CTERNOUNE TPAOEL MPEAHASHAYEH TONBKO AIR PARPAEOTYNKOS OVNKLYVOHATOHAR OBMACTD OTBETCTBERHEIA_ a ROuMOIAA ee Ses sseaneeseneneae COCTOSHIME(1-2)_ NPKOPUTET (1-5)__ 1 - Onpuro 2 - Saupuro PESONIOUWA (1-9)_ VCTPABNEHHASl BEPCHA J+ Paccwarpwsaeros 4 + Orvoxeno 7 - Orossato cocrasnrencs 2 = Honpaaneno 5 = Coomercrayer npoerry 8 = Asia nononmnrenane® wngoomauy 3+ He socaponssoqnrca 6 - He waker Gre norpasneno 9 - ‘He cornacen ¢ npeqnoxennen PACCMOTPEHO. a WAAL J ‘NPOKOHTPONAPOBAHO. DRA JJ CHMTATE OTAOXEHHEIM YH) PUCYHOK 13. Dopua doxyseuma “Omuem 0 npoBaeme”Lhasa 1: Mpusep cepuu mecmos 23 O6a3zameavno npedcmasaniime omdeaonoii “Omuem o. npobseme” no KaKdoii ouubKe. Onucanne Bcex verspex oumG0k MoxHO Gsi10 Gul HOMeCTHTS B OsHH oruer, Ho aye 9Toro He deat. OWMOKK MoryT MenpaBAATbCA B pasHoe BPEMsL, HM CHECHUM O TEX 13 HUX, KOTOPHE OCTAINCh HEHCTIpaBteHHbIMit, MoryT mpocto notepateca. EcaH mporpaMMitcT 3axo¥eT MX CrpyniiMpowatb, OH cam paccoptupyer oTerst. Yro6si npHasret> BHAMAHHe K B3aHMOCBASAHHDIM MpoGxeMaM, MpocTo NOMECTHTE B OTHETHL COOTBETETBYIOUIN CCbLIKHL War 2. Coctasum 3aMeTKM O TOM, 4TO ele DOMKHO GbITb npotectupoBaHo Buintostuitp Hepwbte, 1 caMBIC OMEBHANLIE TeCTHI, CeayeT NOAYMATh O TOM, TO cule cneayer HpoTecTHposats. CBOM COOGPAKCHIIA HYHO 3aMNCATb: OA 19 JanIKceii HpuMyt bopMy 3aMcroK, pyrite Ke MOryT UpeCTARNATH CoGOI AOCTATOSHO CTporo (PopmMasHIoBAHHbIC ONMMCAHHA cepHii TecTOB. Taxne 2OKy- MCHTHPOSAHHEIC FPYIIIbL TECTOR B HalbHciUeM MOFyT HocTy:KHTD JUIN poBep- Ku caeay!OuMNx Repeitii UporpaMabt. TIpuMepom MoxeT GLiTh cepus TecToR, mipeacrapnentas Ha puc. 14. Bxoduvte Oxcudaemorit Oannete pesy.asmam 3amexanun ae : 99 + 99 198 Mlapa HaGonsiwrx 4wcen, KOTOpHE MoxeT curaqtisan: nporpamna, -99 + -99 “198 B porymenraiyan He ckasaHo, 470 HemaA curaquisart orpayarensiue sncra, 99 + -14 85 Bonwuioe nepsoe sWcno MoxeT nOBAMaTh Ha wirepnpeTauywio nporpammoit Toporo -38 + 99 6 Mposepum cnoxeie ompHysTeNsHOro siena nonoxnTentitM 56 + 99 155 Tpovepnvs, He eniser nm cnunoM Gonbwoe STOPOE CTO Ha WHTepMpETALWND nepEOrO. ence 18 9 sanserca HaMBOnbWMM 4HCOM M3 OAHOI wpe. o+0 0 TIporpamnew acto cOonr va Hymn. 0+ 23 2 Tiporpanmia moxer ocobsm obpasow oGpabereiarb 0, mosromy ero KyxHo povepyre MB eMZe Nepsoro, HB BMA BTOPOTO coraraewor. PUCYHOK 1.4, Tecm xa donycmumoie exodntie Jannore24 Yacmo I: Ocnoou DTH TecTB! OXBATHIBAIOT BCC AONYCTHMBIE BXONHBIC HAMIL UpOL pAMnteL — Hapsi YHCeN, KOTOpLIe eit MonaraeTCH cK:TAMLIBATS IpABHIIDHO, B ricpBoM TecTe Bbi BBENH 1Ba YMCA M NpoBepyan pesyaniar. Daxrnyec- KH Bee ocTasmMecs 39600 TecroB TONHO TaKHE xe. BbINOsHSITH HX nce 6110 61 Gesymnem. Ha pc. 1.4 aia TecTHposanua nporpamMl npeuwiaractes BO- CeMb ripHMepos. MoveMy TOubKO BoCeMp H NOYeMY HMEHHO TAKIN? Hpercite Becro, TecTH! Sx MOYOGpaHM TAK, YTOGM KaxaF UMdpa BeTPCUwIAch B_HUX Xora Gol oH pas. KpoMe Toro, Mbt TosoGpanw 110 oHOH KOMGMHALUM HH cea Ha KaxkaYIO 13 BeposTHLIX NpoGeM. A uroGer onpeseMTD, 1a KAKUX aH HEIX BePOATHES BCerO BOSHKHYT NpOGseMEl, BdeKTHBHEE Beer NpoBEpHTE Tpaniunnie yoaosus. Koanuecro Bo3moxnux Tectos (39601) astncasercs 14K. B tonycrHMoM Auanasoue or -99 20 99 Beero 199 uncer. Jto6oe H3 HUX MOXCT cTOsTh Ha neppom mecre mo60e — Ha Bropom. Beero nonyaaetca 199° = 39601 nap Nucet. 3aMeTHTe, TO TaKOe KOAHYECTBO TECTOB BHIXOAMT AAKE Ges yuera MO0GLIX HyT Goree CAOKHBIX ACltCTBHIT MONBSOBATEAA, KAK, HAIIpUMCp, Haka- Tua Kawi , Ect Xe zonycruTe HeroaL3oBaNHte K7ABHUL PCHAKTHPOBANHA, KOAMICCTHO BOSMOAHDIX TecTOR BLIPAcTeT MHOTOKpaTHO. Janata OUPeACIEHNA KOAHNECTHA BOIMOAHMX TECTO OTHOCHTEH K OGIACTH MaTeMATHKH, HMcHycMoit KOMGHHATOPHBIM anauMs0M. OGuIIHO 3aslaya ata He coxHAR — HeOGXoAMEIe PopMyabl MOxHO HaitiH B NOGOM yuebHUKe nO TEOPHN ReposTHOCTH WAH KOMGUNATOpHKe. Ecau wor nposepaere komOuntauino 2 + 3, a satem 3 + 4, Baum TectbI Xora WHE BTOUHOCTH OAUHAKOBM, HO OVeHD GrNKH. OGa OHM HponepatoT, KaK pe- Arnpycr nporpamMa Ha apy oHOsHATHDX NoROKHTeADHIX UHCeA. HM con NporpanMa npoiiaer nepswit rect, HanGoxtee BeposTHo, To oa IIpoitacT 4 stopoit. TostoMy 13 OrpoMHOro KO/MYECTHA BOSMOKHLIX TECTOB HYKHO BLIGH- Path TOKO HANGoree BaKHHe. ‘Ha deyx mecmos, om Komopux omcudaemca odun u mom Ke pesyasmam, nposodume moasxo odut. Ecau oT aByx TecToR OxHAAeTCA NoAYYNTS ONMH HM TOT Xe pesyaBTaT, SHAT, OHH NpHHALIEKaT K onHOMy Kacy. B Hallem ciydae 81 TecT oTHO- CHTCH K KHACCY “Hapa ONHOIHAYHBIX HOAOKHTEAbHEIX HH”. Kak TOAbKO yaaeTen poUeAHTS KIACC, T.e. rpyNMy OAHOTHMHDIX TeCTOB, MOKHO mpowecTH HeCKONDKO H3 HUX M MpoHrHopHponaTs ocransubie. Jt oTGopa uponoanserx TeCTOR ccTh BLKHOE MpaBHuIo. Jan avimoanenua ecezda evibupaiime us Kaacca me mecmst, na KOMOpbIx Bepoamnee ecezo orKcudaemca cGoil npozpammet.Taaea 1: Hpusep copuu mecmos Jlyuue scero noaxoast aia TecTHpowaHita mpuMepbi, aeKauine Ha rpaHit- ue MipedcTawienHoro WACCOM AMANAIOHA sHayeHHit, UMeHHO Ha rpaHnuntsn 3HaueHHsX mporpanMbl CGosT Haine Bcero. HanpHMep, ec mporpamma apea- HaSHaNeHa WI CHOKCHIA ABYSHAMHBIX GHCeT, OAM H3 rpaHMMHbIx 3Have~ Hutii, KOTOpbIe OHA HOMAHA MpaBHABHO OGpaGaTeMBaTs, sBAKeTCR HCHO 99 Kulaccom MokKHO Ha3BaTb rpyiny 3HaveHMii, KoTopEIe lIporpamMa o6paGa- ToIBACT OAHHM H TEM >Ke CHOCOGOM. A TpaHHYHBIMH SHAMCHHSIMH KITACCA IBAA 1OTCA Te BXOAHBIC HAHHDI, Ha KOTOPBIX MporpamMa MeHseT CBOE HOBEMeHHTe. OuHako rpaniutble 3HaveHHa MOryT GbITS TAM, re BBL HX CORCEM se oKHeTe, a TAM, Me HM [OOKEHO GhITb, HX B ACHCTBUTEMLHOCTH MOxeT M He okasatéca. He sceraa nporpamMa McHAeT CBOE MOBENEHHC HMCHHO TAM, rite TIpeanosaraer MporpamMCT, H UMCHHO B STOM LIpHYHHa GorBUIMHCTBA OU Gox. Tip nporpammuposannnt rpanwansix yorosuit cayvalinad omuGKa oNeHe BepowTHa, MOITOMY TaKHE TOYKH cEAYET MpoBepsATh HanGoree TUaTENBHO. Boaue6Hoit bopmysibt 419 OGscANHEHHS TecTOR B rpynuibI H OnpeacieHHs IpaHWHHBIX ycnonnit He CyutecTRyeT. Bro yMCHHte MIpHXoAMT TOIDKO C OMI tom, [pountas sporpamMubiii Kon, MOKHO HaiiTH B HEM To, Hero pit HcrIone- SoBAHKM MporpaMMe! BbI HE CMOXETe AaXxe NpcATOIOXNTE, OsHAKO MpOBepATb Te KPHTHUECKHE TONKH, KOTOPHE MOKHO ONPELeIUTE No ANCTHHTY, ~ 30 npexae scero paGora mporpamMucra. A Bata 3anava — npoananitsHponarh TporpaMMy c Apyroii TOUKH speHus, STOOL BHIABUTD Te KpUTIMECKHE TOUKHL, KOTOpHe porpamMMcr nponyctia. HosTOMy KAACCH BOAMOKHLIX TecTOR Bast CACHYCT BDULEAATS, NCXOUA NPEXILE BCETO H3 BHEUIHETO LOBCACHH HporpaM- Mbt. B peaysbrate HaGop TecToR GyzeT OTAHYATSCH OT TOFO, KOTOPEIi MOKHO BUTL 10 JMCTHHTY MpOrpamMbl, — MMeHHO B 9TOM CyTb Baulei saan Hanocieaok yromaiy ewe 06 onHom BaxHOM Momente. [paHiuy sHave- Hui OGa3aTeABHO HYXHO MpoTecTupoBaTs c AByX cTOpoH. MporpamMucTHt Sacro y6exkualores, STO KPHTHMECKHii (pparMeHT Koa paGoraer Ha OHOM 13 3HAMeHHH W 3aOBIBAIOT 9TO CHEMATS Ha BTOPOM. 3;ecb OHM TIponycKalor oUMMG- KM, KOTOPDIC BbI NPONYCTHTb He AOsKHI War 3. Nposepum gonycTumbie 3Ha4eHHA M NOCMOTPUM, 4TO NponcxoguT Cepnia tectos, npuBenenHbix Ha pic. 1.4, oxpatiBact TorbKo AonycruMnte SHAMeHHA BXOMHBIX JAHHBIX mporpaMMbl. Ha cielyioulem sTane TecTMpoBatita MOKHO CO3MATS TakyIo Xe cepHWo TecTOB Ais HeMonycrHMBIX 3HAeHMI. Ewe onHa cepua TecToR MoxXeT GbITs NpewHasHaveHa ATA MpoRepKH pemaKTApoBa- HMA HCE: BBL BBOMITE 3HaVeHHe, 3aTEM HIMEHKETE €TO H TOABKO Moce 3TO- ro Haxumaete . OgHako mpexie Bcero BEITOAHUTe Mpocreiiute TecTHt, MipuBexenHbie Ha puc. 1.4 coc26 acme I: Ocnoae Tpozpammy mecnupyiom nomomy, umo ona moxem ne pabomam. Moxkno yOuTb yiiMy BpeMcHH Ha pasHoobpasible TecTsI, MONCKAZANHDe Ba weit (bantasneit, a 3arem OGuapy2xuTb, WTO MporpamMa He MOET CHOKITH 2 u 3. Bor peayawrarei recta Hamel nporpammur-npuMepa. © Monoxnreaiute sera WO oGpaSarsiBaiores npexpacno, © He paGoraer Hu oan tect c orpuuarerbiBIMM HeaMH. Focre BBO- gla BTOpoH uMMpsl KosMBIoTep Mpocto “sanucaet”. (Ox HrHopupyet KaaBHaTypHtBti BOR, H cro NIpHXORHTeA NepesanycKars.) Ba NOMpOGO- BATH CHOKUTS 9 H -9, YTOGE NOCMOTPeTb, HE IPUMeET aM NporpaMMa OHOSHAYHME OTPHUATCABHBIE HCA, HO HOce HAxATHA KaaBiUN kommbiorep “sabe”. OvesiiHo, nporpamMa He oxtaaer OT- puuareabHbix acer War 4. HemHoro tecrmposakua B pexnme "cBoGopkorO noneta” Korsa cepuit nororonmentibix TecTos MosHOCTbIo BoILOAHeHBI, (opMcutb- Hoe TecrHpouanite MOxHO CutTars JascpuleHHbIM, OuHako 9TO He SHAHT, TO HYKHO HeMeUIEHHO MpeKpauLaTs paGory 410 caexyocro sTara. Tecrnponanne MoocHO MIpoHO:KNTe. TecTol, KOTOPHLe BbI GyeTe NPOROANTS 1 BEITOMHATH C 9TOFO MOMCHTA, He HYHO THLATEAbHO TOTORUTH WT OGLACHATTH KOMY-TO Hx HaIHAYCHHe. 3nech B AEN AOMAHA BETYNUTe Ballia MtTyHUNA. TIpoGyliTe Bce, ‘1To ApileT BAM B rOsIOBY, HaKe CCAM COTPYAHUKAM KAKETCA, ITO HOTOGHBIE Tecti yxXe Osis MpoBEAeHbs B Haine mpumepe bi Gbicrpo aocturan ToAKH, B KOTOpOIt opMmaisHoe Te- crupopaume nepexoant B HecbopMastbHoe, ockombKy CGoii mporpamMeI He 3 cTaBia ce6a xdaTb, BeposTHo, B Hei ecth KaKas-To dyaamentanbHan ouméka. Eon 970 Tak, NpoeKT mporpaMbl cieayer repecmorpers. Paspa6a- TbIBATS HOBIE TCTHI MOKA HET HMIKKOTO CMBICMa, HOCKOMIKY K HOBO! BepcHit onM MoryT Tipocto He TogoiiTH. MoaToMy, He Tpats# BpeMeHH Ha MiaHMpoBa- He, MOKHO MPOBECTH HECKOMBKO HHCTO HCCAeHOBATEMBCKHX OKCHePHMEHTOB — Bee, 4To npuset B roaowy. Ha pic. 1.5 mepewncaenn Tecrst, KoTOpEIe Mpopenit 6st MBI, HX BOIMOXHBIC pesyTbTATSI M HAMM 3aMcuarHs. Beezda sanucviéaiime, umo od denaeme u 4mo npoucxodum ¢o epema uccaedosameatcKux mecmos. Kak siiuto #3 pic. 1.5, nporpamama Hukyna He roauTcs: ona “3apitcaet” np waaciuieit nponokauni. Bot Gonbule peMeHu Tparite Ha mepesanycKit KoMMbiorepa, em Ha TecTHpoRaHue.Taaea I: Mpusep cepuu mecmos 27 Teem Yem on unmepecen — 3amevanua 100 + 100 Tparmurioe ycnosme: sHcna Mporpamva npwiana 10. Korga Bi Been Bropolt 0, Bonbwe MaxcHManbHOrO ‘Tob nonyywnoce 100, nporpamma nowena ceba Tax, ponycramoro svavewua (99) xax Gyno BH Haxann . Tax xe GWNO H CO Tope wcnom 100. B peayneraTe no oxoHsaNnH TeoTa Ha axpave Ghino crepyower 210 210 a + ro. npowcxopyet np Korma aw waxann , nporpawaa HanesaTana oroyrcran semen 10 — nocnepwee svenenioe sa vacno. To xe ana? Guno w nocne groporo waxarwa , 4 6 aNectbe CyMML NporpawMa Hanewatana 20. 12456 + 0 Baepem noGonswe undp Tporpauma npvisna nepeue Ase WKppH ‘portwopyposara ccrankie — tax xe, ax Gund swenom 100, 8 6yayuie sepew porpama Gyre" npnvinars GonwHe HER: KOK Ova oT GygeT orga pearvpowarb Ha nopoOhble cHryauprit? 1248 Alompobyeu ¢ Aecaneumn — Pearuyin Ha AecaTWAeNR pasHenuTens TaKaR xe, axa ax wna Arb Hegonycrimase cintsonts Korga a kaxan nocre nporpawna “sasncna’, [08 nponomKeswa TecrMpoRANKER 62M Inpaunocs, nepesanycTans KoMuOTeD, —Ynpagmmnuwe crmsoni MAY Bex KOMGuNa\ KraBMU, YpoMe , + — dymyoannue xnaenum ——nporpawaa oToGpasina rpabuveckHe cAMBONY, +cEse> ‘acto kanawToa afew, nocne waxatun , “sapwcsa" eTOsKMKaNN npobineM. Haxatme npwneno x SascpulesMe porpanwed H suxoAy 8 onepauMoNyo CACTEMY. PUCYHOK 1.5. Jarnneiiuue uccaedoaamenckue mecmot Cronknysuimcs ¢ ovepetoit mpoGaeMoit, abl coctananere o Heit oruer. O caaMHbIx OTHeTAX AYE Hanucats 1a ce6A WTOroBBIe 3aMeTKU. Ha 3TOM Te- CrHponaHMe MepHoit BEpPCHH NpOrpaMMEl MOXHO CHHTATH JABEpUICHHBIM. War 5. Nogsegem utorn Tomy, 4TO MbI y3Hann O Nporpamme u ee Hefoctatkax Bra nocnegHaa paGora —~ ToxbKO sa Bac. OHa He pceraa HeOBXOsUMA, HO 4aCTO OKa3biBaeTCA OYCHD MoAesHOH. Jlo stor apeMeHit abi ace BpeNis OBUTH CKOHLLeHTPHpOBAHEI Ha KOHKPeTHEIX AeTaAAX — AHAMHSHPOBAAK AOMYCTHMBIe HaHHble, MpoxyMEIBAaH rpaHUiHsre yentoBua H cocTannsan Tecrosme npumeps. B Gyayulem Bb Goabie BpeMeHH Gyuere TpATHT Ha BEIMOAHCHHC yXe MoAOTORNEHHEIX TecTOB, YeM Ha TIpMaLy- MbIBaHWe HoBLIX. Cefiuac KE CAMOE BPEMH MBICCHHO OTCTYMMTh HEMHOFO Haga M OKHHYTb B3PAAAOM NpOrpaMMy B UCAOM, YBHAeTb ee HeMOCTATKH it Hpoaymat crparermo Gyaymiero Tecrnpowanna.28 lace F: Ocnoam Pesyapratom Takoro Goxee MoGatbHOro aHaTK3a MOXeT Guts oGHapyKe- He NponymweHhelx yerateii — HanpuMep, HOBBIX TPAaHHYAbIX yCnoBHit, Ouerth nonesHio zis Havana JaicaTe CBON HTOTOBHIe BieaTAeHHA O Mpo- rpamme. 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Bes comHenis, Munumusnposars TpeGopannis K maMaTit MOXHO 3a cueT aduPCKTHBHOTO XpaHCHUA AAHHBIX. B 9TOI MporpaMMe AaHHBI- MHL SABAMIOTCA HNO/UIMBIE CHMBONDI Ht cyMMa.Taaea 1: [pumep cepuu mecmoe 29 Xpauvenue cyMMbI onyctumpimit Mor 61 GbiTe cyMMbI oT -198 10 198. Ho mporpanna p: GoraeT TOKO C HONOKHTEAHBIMH SHCTAMM, HOSTOMY B Heit BOIMOKHBI CyM- Mbt or 0 ao 198. Ecaw xpath TOABKO MOAOKUTEABHBIE HCA, TO XBATHT Ht OAHOTO Gatima (8 GuToB). Fro cratmapriaa H OveHb yzoGras eMHMIa XpAaHeHMs AHHBIX, BMCUIAONLAA MOAOKHTeAbHBIE HCA OT 0 20 255. Ecat mporpaMMMer xoren BpiOpath JIA XpaHeHtA CYMMbI HaMMeHbUIMi BO3MOXHBIT pasMep TepeMeHHOit Hi Npit 9TOM He CuLITAT HEOGXOAHMOH O6paGoTKy OTpHiLATCABHMIX HCE, GaiiT Goin HacaTHHBIM peuTeHHeM Bor Tonpko To Gyaer, cca mporpanMma UsMeHITCA HW AOIDKHA Gyiter 06- paarbisats oTpuuatenbHbie aHcAa TOKE? 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OGbIMHO munor danHex OnpeaeARITeH B Hayate NporpaMMel WIM B OTAeTHOM ¢baitse, MpocMarpuBas Ty WaCTh Kola, B KOTO- Poli BBINOAHAeTCH COKENHE, MOKHO He yBHAETS HAYEFO TOLOsPHTEAbHOTO. Mporpamaa noaysaer asa ‘icra, cKAbIBAeT HX, 3AMMCHIBAET Ky;ta-TO pesy.1b- Tat — BCe BBITAAAUT GesynpewHo, BOT TOKO cay¥aeTCs, 4TO CYMMA He 110- MeulaeTcs Tysa, Kya ee 3anMcbiBaioT. HM noaobHBe oWMOKH MponycrHts OUCH’ ACTKO, Reb HOFNKa TO! 4ACTH MpOrpaMMbl, KOTOPAs BLINOMIET cHIOKE- Hue, Hpocta W mpasnabea. Xpanenve BXOAHbIX MaHHbIXx Paso6papunich ¢ xpaHeHHem CyMMBI, Mepeiitem K AHAAH3y CHMBONOB, KO- TOPHe NODIOBATEAL BROAUT C KiABHATYpH Celiac Bil yauairte, KaK 3HAHMe LIpOrpaMMbt HSHYTPH MOET HOMOYD B CO- cramieHHn creayiomelt cept Tecton, Peub WoieT 0 cKpoimerx epanunox mo4- kax — TeX, KOTOPBIC HE BILHLI HOALIOBATEMO NPOrPAMME! M BIABIAOTCH TOsIBKO MPH YTEHMH HCXOAHOFO Koma. B HaIeM IpHMepe TaKHe TecTbE MOxHO30 Yacms f: Ocnoen cocrasitrs H Ges Tenia Koda — Ha OcHOBAHII aHaHuii o ASCII-Kommponke cumpozos. Ho 8 oGuremt caynae, 4eM Gomtuic BBL aHACTE O TIpO- CpAMMMUPOBAHMH, TeM Gousule FpAHUuHBIX TOHeK cMOxeTe BbiaBiTTS Crreayioninit mpuMmep HOBHKaM B-TecrMpoBa- Hi It TeM, ¥ KOTO HET MporpamMMucTcKOrO oni 1a, GyneT Henonaren. Hoaromy ero cMes10 MONO nponycTut # cpasy nepelirn K ctenyiomLemy pases Kaasnatypaiit Bpoa o6britio mpukumaeres tt oGpa6arbinaetes ceitMambHoi cHCTeMHoit po- TpaMMoii, Dra nporpamMa wasHataer KAKI Kuapiie NHtcsOROlt Koa, KOTOPHI TIpH HarkaTI KABMUI MepexaeTcs UpHKATAAHO! Mporpanae Ontoit 13 KuaccH4ecKHX KOAMPOBOK ABIKETCA ASCIL Koan unibp 8 aroi ra6snue npnuexcHer Ha puc. 1.6. Kora ant HaxnMaere Kamiuly, mporpamsutcr nposepact ce ASCH-Koa, “TOG ABIICHHTS, ObLTA JIM BHeReRA UMKpa. Dror ¢parment nporpasmos BBIFAAAMT MIPUMePHO TaK IF ASCII_KOA_BBEJEHHOTO CMMBONA Mexpue (48 — 270 ASCII-Kom ana 0) Cumeoa / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PUCYHOK 1 ASCII-Ko0d 47 48 49 50 at 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 65 Kod yupp (u HeckoavKux Opyewx cuseo10e) 48 THEN omseprnyT cumpon Kax HegonycTamnt ELSE IF ASCII_KO_BBEJEHHOTO CMMBORA Gonbue 57 (87 — 90 ASCII-xox nx 9) THEN orsepruyts cHMBOR Kak Hegonycrimuit ELSE 370 umdpa, pwnage ee. Tloemorpum Tenepy, #3-3a Hero 9TOT KOA MoxKeT cpaGoTaT» HerIpaBHaLHo. Bor incr HanGoaee pacnpocrpanenueix ommM6ox nporpamucrop. © Ec smecto oneparopa Meter nporpaMMucr socrapHT onepaTop MeHb- lue WAH paBHo, HporpamMa orsepriter 0 Kak HeaonlycTHMBIit CHMBOR. YroGn HaiiTH ary OMINOKY, HYXHO Mpowepitts, KAK HporpaMMa paGo- raer HyseM — usipolt c HaMMeHbInMM KOIOM ASCII (48). ¢ Ec amecto Meubuze 48 nporpammucr Hanmuet Membute 47, nporpam- Ma IpuMer cHMBOT /, peuIMB, 47To 9TO uHdpa. ‘roGnt Haiins oy OWUGKY, NYAHO MpoBepiTb, Kak NporpaMaa paGora- eF ¢ cuMno0M / — CHMBOAOM, KOA KoTOPOTO Ha CMAMLY MCHBINe Koda nyaTnasa t: Mpunep cepuu mecmos 31 © Ecan nporpamMmucr aonyctut oneuarky M BMecTO MeMbute 48 Harnurer Mensuie 38, mporpamMa MpuMer He TOABKO CHMBO /, HO H HeBsTb :py- TUX HeWAppoBEIX CHMMBONOB C KOAAMI OT 38 20 47. Maa susmsnenust 910i OWMGKH MoxHO MpoBepHTb a10GOit cuMBON 13 9TOrO ANANaI0HA, TpAHHMHLIM HaYeHHEM KOTOporO GyaeT KOH 47. © Tenteps nocmorpum Ha camyio Gonbulyi0 uMpy — 9 (ASCII-Kox $7). Tipu paGote ¢ Heit, BepoarHee Beero, MoXeT BeTpeTHTRCH OUNHGKA Gone wan pagen 57 eMecro pasen 57. Eoin asecris 9, 1porpamsta or- bepriicr 9707 cHMBON Kax HewudpoBoil. Taxoii Kox HewepHo paGoract c ORNOH-cuHHCTBCHHOM WHKpoit — ce 1 HyAHO poBepiTD. © FporpamMuct MOxKeT 3axoTeTp samMcaTh Bropoe yenoBHe HNAte, KaK Gomme wan pasen 58, 40 10 O1MGKe HaCaT» Goawine 58. Toraa mpo- rama npumer 3a uAdbpy aBocroune. © Eiue oanoii oncuarkoii nporpamMucta Moxet Gut 75 Bsecto 57, Torta MporpamMa Gyser NpHAMATE 3a LPH! Hee CHMHOME C KOAMH OT 48. a0 75. Sry ouMGKy MOxKO OGHapyxHTs, NpoBepHB sHOGoiL cHMBOR M3 ykasaHHOro AMANaZONa, HO CHMBOsIA ¢ TpAHIUNDIM sHAYCHHTEM KORA (avoerouns) Gyzer BHoane socrarouno. Jax o6uapyrcenun ao6oit omubku, Komopyto npozpamsmucm moocem donycmums npu anaause yucbpoeiix danuex, docmamouno nposepKu ecezo wembipex epanunnerx cumsosos: /, 0, 9, 0 :. V3 npunesteniiix a Ta6miue Ha pic. 1.6 cHMoroR ABA MocTEsLHHX MBL 1tc- HOABIOBAIM, YTOGL BLIACHHTS, KAK TporpaMMa pearnpyeT Ha HeuMMpowbre aannbre, Tecr cpaGorar, a nporpasima — Her. Ho Kak ObiTh c ulecrI0 1Iepe- SUCKCHHDIMH THTAMH OWNGOK? OHO nposepKOH GyKBEI A HX He BoIABHTD. 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Ect Got NporpaMMa cHoBa ToKa3a~ aa ce6s HaLeKHOM!, BEI GLI NPOLOILIH ce TecTHpOBAHHe, NOKA He HcNeplatHce Goi Mitert WIM OTBEAeEHHOE BpeMA. HanocacaoK BHI IpOBesIH GLI HeCKOUKO Ger- ABIX TeCTOB, He BXOAMBIINX B PaHee paspaboranHBle CepHt, H 3amMea 3aMe- nani Ha Gyayutee 3anepuine TecTHpowaHHe H Bclo GyMaxKHyio paGoTy, crour norpatuTD ewe Hemuoro upemenH, wToGL! oGaysats pesyabtarbl. Bu BoImtoAiiUIH caMoe o4e- BUAHOe, HO 3TO cULe TOABKO Havasio. Y pac HeT MOKa KOHKpeTHOTO MaHa. Bei NPOCTO ACAI TO, WTO HepBbIM IpHXOAIVIO B rowtOBy. Tho xoay pa6oTbt BBI OIt- pede ape mH aTaKH. Tenlepb KE nyIH0 eoidelums épeMa Ha OBiLYMLIBA- Hite, 3TO ONeHb BAKHO, MAKE CCIM CPOKIt CiLABHO NO;>KHMAIOT. BTopoii WMKn TecTMpoBaHna Bur norosopivin ¢ MporpaMMMCTOM, HOH CkazaT, TO CKOpocTb paGorbt Ipo- FPAMMBI HCKHONMTENBHO RAXKHA, a BOT OGBEM KOA He MMCCT HUKAKOTO 3HATEHIEA. Pesosionuit mporpaMMucra Ha BaIMX OTHeTAX MpemcTanAeHD Ha uc. 1.7. 1. Quinéxa_npoexrupoearns: Ha okpave HeT Hassan nporpaMMus. Pesomioun: He 6yaer wonpasnena. Own6xa npoextmposanns Ha oxpake ner wicrpyKuait Pesoniownn: He Gyget wcnpapiera, MpamexaHne: Samevanwe sepHoe, HO BHBOA HHCTPYKUKA saMepnnT paboTy NporpamMty. ‘Oum6xa_npoexrupozana: Kax ocranoeurs. nporpamay? Pesomioup Menpasnena, Ha akpane oroGpaxaeTca nopcraska: “Da puxona Haxmute ”. Oum6xa_Kopuposanns: Cywwa (5) eweonirtca 8 cropone oF charaeMbix Pesomouys Vonpasneia, Owm6xa Konuposanna: Tporpawma “sasvcaer* Ha oTpMuaTenbitsx CNX, Pesomouyra: Vcnpaenena. Mporpawma Gyner cxnanuearh 4 orpmuarenbrite sca. j. Oum6xa KopMpoBaHHA: TporpamMma WHTepnpeTHpyeT TpeTH# sBeAeHHL cHMon xak Haxarwe . Pesoniouns: B paGore (ewe He venpasneta). ‘Oum6xa Konposanna: C60% np ssoge HewcnoBHX AAKHUNK. Pesoniouws: He npo6newa. Kommenrapnit: "He genaitte storo". Ouwn6ra Konmposanne: CoH pH sone ynpasnmoWyx cHMBonoS. Pesonoyast He npoGnewa, Komexrapmii: “Cu. orver 7* Oum6xa Koamposanns Com pw HaxaTHM }yHKUMOHAMDHEX KNABHUL. Pesoniou’ He npo6newa. Koumentapnit: “Cw. over 7”. PUCYHOK 1.7. Pesoaouuu na omuemax nepeoeo wukaa mecmupoaanunTnaea I: Mpumep cepuu mecmoe 33 War 1. Npexge 4em npvctynuth K TecTMpoBaHnio, BHMMaTeNbHO MpOuTMTe pesonOUMM NporpaMMucTa Ha BaWWMX OTYeTaX — BbI y3HaeTe, YTO HYKHO eNatb, a Yero He HYKHO Kak wiire, xopouio, ¥ro Bbi He paspaGaTbinadH TecTOB aA MpoBEpKH Kosa o6pa6orkit OWHGOK: sTOFO Koda HET H He Gyster. Boxee Toro, xoTa nporpam- Ma w 6yset Tenepp opabathiBars OTPHUATeABHDLe HHCAa, OHA Byer OGpaba- THBATH HX HE BCL, A TOABKO JO -9. Yneaa or -10 20 199 arHHolt B TPH CHMBOIA OHA MO-IPExHEMY He OGpa- Garbipaer, UHTepuperHpys TpeTH CuMBON Kak HaxkaTHe KlaBMUM O6patiieumcn K paspa6oTanHoit parice cep TecToR Ha pc. 1.4, BEI BHLAMHTe, 470 ect! ¢ HncaaM -99, -78 4-14 sanyckarb He npuueres. BMecto -78 1 -14 BosbMHTe Napy OAHOSHAUHBIX OTPHIATEMbHDIX HHCEA. Ouetip vacto ttporpamucr mpocuT nporecruposaTs ocTatbHyi HacTh Mmpo- TpaMMb!, B TO BpeMst Kak OH 3aHHMaeTeA HenpABeHHeM y2ke HaleHHbIX OM Gok — it 3To pasymrio. HekoToppie M3 3anTaHUpoBaHHBIX TeCTOB HeT cMBICAA NPOBOAHTS JO HcNpaRTeHHs OUINKH, C APyTHMH xe BORE MOxHO TIOpado- tars, Ec X0aTb, MOKa MOKHO GygeT NpoBecTH “ayHWHe” M3 TecTOR, MOx- Ho OCTABHTD Ges BHUMAHHA EAB OGACTH MPOrpAaMML, Ha KOTOPLIe TOTOM yxe He xBaTHT BpemeHit. B HallleM mpuMepe MOxXHO MporectHpopatb 4Hcna Mexay -I 1 -9 — Tak BbI XOTh H HE NONHOCTHIO, HO TIpoBEpHTe, KAaK paGora- cr choxkenue onpuuarentHeix ance, BMeCTO Toro UTOGE ONyCTuTs ¥TY NpO- Bepky Boobie. Va pesoniounii Ha pallnx oTveTax BbI YBIUUITE, KaKHe TeCTHI GoaBIle TIpo- BOAMTS He HYAXHO, a KKM HYAHO JaMCHHTb HoBBIMM. Cray 1M pesomounn UporpaMMHcTa K/HO4OM K CO37aHHI0 HOBBIX cepuit TectoB? Bes coMHeHA. War 2. Npoavanuaupyiite KomMeHTapun K owMGKaM, koTopbie He OyayT ucnpasneHbl. Bo3MOXHO, chegyeT MpOBeCcTH AONONHMTeNbHOe TecTMpoBaHve B Hawelt nporpanme xyxe Bcero o6cTOT Aeno ¢ O6paGorKoit OMIHGOK. Mporpammuct He coupaetca ucnpannars crtyausio. Kak 2e 6bITb? Ymobo doGumoca uenpacsenun ouubKu, nyowuo npodemoncmpupoeams cumyayuro, ¢ Komopoii ee nonenenue aGcoatomno nedonycmumo. YroGsr mpiyMarb caMble NOKAaTeENbHbIe MpUMepsI HeLONyCTAMOTO MOBC- ACHUs NporpaMMel, TocTapaiiTec BEIABATD CyTS CHTYANUH. pom34 Yacme I: Ocnoaw B nattiem caysae nporpamMa “sabicaer”, Kora Bb HaxkUMaeTe OTIpesteeH- Hote Knap. Tak ofa BedeT ceOA ¢ GYKBAMH, YNPABNAIOMAMH 1 PyHKUO- HaIbHbIMN KiaBMuaMn, DaktHseckit mporpamMa “3apHcaer” pH BBOAE 1060TO HeqOnycTHMOrO (HeUM>poBOTO) cuMBOna. []porpaMMHCT rOBOpHT, ¥TO TAKHX CHMBONOB BDI BROAMT He nOWANBI. C BaUleii Ke TOUKH speHHs, NporpaMMa AOWAHA BCTHK CeOA BOKIVBO H HE 3ACTABAATD Bac TlepesarlyckaTh KOMMBIOTEP KaxkiIbiit pas, Korma BBI cHenaeTe 4TO-TO He Tax. [peKpacto. Teneps nepHeM- cs nasa. TporpamMa HeKoppekTHO RegeT ce6a B OTBeT Ha HaxkaTHe HEKOTO- PHIX KiaBMUN. 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Monw seonaT nepen swcnamn npoGenty, WTOGH axKyparHo SwipOBHATE WK 8 CTONOHK Een MoxHo epoqiT® npoGenti nepen ¥HCROM, TO OMXHO CHT MOXHO hone Hero. © A kak HacveT apucmerwiecknx onepaunit, Takux Kak * u / (4/3, anpimep)? Sax ponnapa? Shak npouera? Cxo6xn — oTpHyaTensiBie cna YacTO SaKmoYaIOT 8 CKOBKM, KAR, nanpmmep (1000) amecto -1000. Kasha ~ to, eon au cayvaiiHo BEEN He ty Luhpy? Krasia Knasnwa . Bu ssenh 1M xOTHTe BepHyTécA H BBeCIH 2, wot nonysurb 21 © Krasmun ynpasnenus xypcopom. es eee PUCYHOK 18. Mozeoeoit wmyps. Kakue kaaeuu nostname in savonem naxcame npu eeode 4ucau?Tnaca I: Hpumep cepuu mecmos 35 Hexoropsie 13 Welt B HaMeM crIMcKe smo HeyaauHbl. Hanpumep, ect cka3ats MporpamMucry, 4To nporpaMMa He OGpaGarnipaer 4/3 + 2, of TOmb- Ko nlocmeetes. Ho suid Teppoit Bepcw cHucKa 9TO He HMeer sHaenm. Hpex- Me BceTO, BAXHO HifYero He MporlyctHTs. A yTO BHECTH B OTHET, BI peutuTe ays MODE. War 3. Npocmotpute 3anncu, KoTOpbie Bbi Chenanv B Npownbit paz, AOOaBbTe K HAM HOBbIe 3aMe4aHife, M Npuctynaite K TecTMpoBaHiio Bam crpaulito xo¥eTca Hayate ¢ Toro 3aMeYaTeNHOTO Ht OMeHD CAOXHOTO TecTa, KOTOpBIi BEI TOABKO YTO MpHAyMaTH, He Tak sin? He Topomtitrecs, Cita aia nopropre crapsie M HyaHble TecTEI H YGeaHTecb, TO NporpamMa 10-npe- KHeMY MOXeT CHOKMTh 2 H_2-M He MOy4HTE pH 9TOM 5. C weposttHoetsIo L:2 TporpamMa He cpaGoract HH B Hell BOSHHKHYT HoBBIC HenosaaKH. TMostomy oGs3atenbHO Mpotectupyiire sce cHavama. Bot poses ee “bopmanbiibie” cepunt Tectos (eM. pc. 1.4), MoandHus- owas HECKOASKO MPHMEPOB ANA MpoREPKH OAHOIHAINLIX OTPIMATEAMbHBIX uncer. TIporpamma pee HX ycneusno npouna Ho xoay ena bt 3aMeTuan, 40 mporpanaa oroGpaxaet noacKasky “JLta Buxona HaxMuTe ” nocie KaxnO! onepaunn cAoxeHus. Ha puc, 1.9 ToKasaHO, ¥TO GbUIO Ha 9KPaHe MOCK CHOKCHUA MepBEIX ABYX fap 4HKCes. TMporpamMuct rovoput, 470 n1porpamMa ao/kHa paGoraTb OoieTpo. Toraa bee, Ha 4TO TpaTHTcH AMUIHEE BpeMa, AeIAeTCA OUUMGKO!. BEI cocTaBHIM cie- aylouuit order. 10, Ouw6ka npoekmuposanua. Ha siwon Ha okpax mogcKasKit “Dt Botxora Haxmute ” tparutes AMuIHee KoMMbloTepHoe BpeMa. To- ckONbKy OAHOM 13 3aqay paspa6oTKH sBIAeTCH COMMAHMe O4eHD ObicT- poit nporpanmet, 3To omGKa. Tlouemy 6bi mpocto He HarMcaTs “Jkis BbIxoga HaxkMNTe ” BHH3y 9kpana cpasy mpH 3amycKe mpo- TpaMMBI U HUKoraa GoabUle HIIero He BbIBOAUTS B TOIL crpouKe? (HM ECM 3TO BOSMOXHO, TOYeMY Gb1 3a0MH0 He BBIBECTH TAKKE H 3arOs10- BOK MporpaMMs H KOpOTKMe HHCTPYKUAH?) Cees Baultx 3aMeTOK ecTh HanlOMuHaHHe mposepHTs oLHOGailToBBIe CyM- Mbl. QT aHanasoH sHaseHnit oT -127 20 127 wan oT 0 no 255. TockoapKy ABYSHAYHLIX OTPHUATEABUBIX YHCeN sazaBaTb Hesb3st, -127 B LonycrHMetit awamasoH He nonanaer. OaHako cioxeHHe 99 1 99 aacT npaBioIbHbtit pesy.tb- Tat, 3HANUT, Bce B MOpsilke. Oaniako He paccnaGasitreck. Hexoroppie 13 TecToB o6s3amenso BBIABAT pO- GuleMbi, H 4eM THATeNbHee BEI MporyMaeTe CBOH MefiCTBHA, Tem Gombule O6Ha- PYXUTE CKPBITHIX HEMOCTATKOB MporpaMMel.36 Yacme I: Ocnoaes Press Ctrl-c to Quit PUCYHOK 1.9. Ixpan nocae oxepednoz0 yukaa Seneca eee -18 -- Press Ctrl-C to Quit Ecau npoepammucm docmamouno axxypamen, Goavuan tame eauux mecmos, ekato4an u me, Komopste nompeBosaau nauBoasuell us0Spemamesrnocmu, He evineum oun6oK. Tlocacanun Bit Hamepesamch mporecrmposarb 610k OSpadorkH oMMGOK. Ho Buouitrs TpexsHasHbie 4HCHa MOKA HeNbII — 3ilecb cers OMMOKA, KOTOPAsL B 910 BPeMA KaK pas Menpapasetcs. Ocranea BorIpoc ¢ HeMONyCTHMBIMH Ki12- BHLaMit, TAKHMH Kak Mepeutctenitbie Ha pic. 1.8: , , u <+>. B orser Ha HaxaTHe moGoit H3 STHX KIABHIL, 32 HCKIMOYEHMeM 3HaKa “Mut- nyc”, nporpanma “sapucaet”. Bor Kakoit “OTuer 0 mpoGneme” Bbt cocranas- ete. 11. Ouubqa koduposanus. Mpobiema, B OrBeT Ha HOKATHE KAABMUL peaakTHPOBAHHA H ApyrHx Npest- NoNOKMTEABHO donycmumex KIaBMI NporpaMMa “3aBucaeT”. Modpo6uoe onucanue npo6aenss u Kak ee eocnpouséecmu: TpoGnesa © Heun- POBLIME KABHIAMH ropasio Gone ceppesHa, HEM Cileuyer H3 oTseTOR 7, 8 H 9, B cooTsercranH ¢ STHMH oTYeTaMH KOMIbIOTep “3aBricaN” IPH BBO CHM- BOM, KOTOPbIX B apMtpMeTHYECKOit NPOrpaMMe HHKTO BBOAHTS HE craHer. Aansieliuice rectupoparine moxa3an0, 470 K TOMY -Ke pesysIBTATY TIPHBOLUT H HakaTWe TAKHX eCTecTBEHHBIX KABUL, KAK M , a racxe , Korophim MHorHe momb3yioTes, YTOGBI HompoBHsTh “Hea. TIpHBo- AT K CGO MporpaMMBI Ht 3HAK “rulIOC”, a ero MHOTHe MPocTO petbteKTOpHO HOXMYT MEXAY CKAALMIBAeMBIMH YHCIaMH. (BOT Mpocteliummi mpumep aa BOCHPOHsACEHH MpOGTEMBI: BBEMTe A, 3aTeM HaxMuTe , H nporpam- Ma “3abHcHer™.) Tipednacaenoe ucnpasaenue. Tponepsre Kaxxitblii BROAMMBI cuMtBON, Hen0- HYCTHMBIC CHMHOMM HTHOPHPOBaTb HIM BEIBOAUTS COOBUIEHHe 06 OULHGKe.Liaea 1: Mpumep cepuu mecmos 37 OSparute BHUMaHHe Ha TO, ¢ ero OTHET HAMIMaeTEH: BEL yrRepKRAETE, UTO poBuiea cepsesHice, YeM Yo CueAyeT HB MpeABIAYLUNX OTYeTOB. ITO aeT MIpo- IPAMMHCTY HOIMOXHOCTH COXPAHHTh JMU, OH MOXeT Cka3aTb, YTO HE Henpa- HL OUIMGKY B UpoUUIUi paz NOTOMY, YTO He NoHAA (BEI eMy He CKa3aMK), HackorDKO Ona CepLestta Nopouuit mecmuposiyux ne mom, kmo evteum Goavue ecezo ouuboK, 4 Ne mom, Kmo 3acmacum cuymumbca dake camozo nepsoKaaccnozo npoepammucma, Jystuum eanemca mom, Kmo do6vemca Ucnpasaenun nauBoavitezd Koantecmed ouusox. Yto ganbwe? No Mepe zanbueiuei paspaGork# nporpamMet ppt GyzeTe CostaBare HORDE cepuit (POpManbHBIX TeCTOR H BLINOAHSTH HX CHOBA H CHOBA ~ AA KAKO! NepeitM MporpamMel, KoTOpas Hlonaser BaM B pyKH. YeruLeB, HTO pst MocAeO- hateabHbIX BepcHit MporpaMMb! ycncuiHo MpoxoauT oaHY u3 cepuii TecTOB, MOXKHO OYACT YMCHBUINTS UX KOTHHeCTBO. Ho B HOcTeAHEM UME TecTHpoBa~ HMA BCE TECTA HYHO CHORA BbINTOAHUT B HOMHOM OGKeMe. Koraa paGora Hai npoektom NpHOAUSIITCR K KOHL, MpMAeT Bema caMbIx CTPOIHX HL CAMIX CIOXKHBIX Teco. K 9TOMy MOMeHTY BbI KE GysleTe 3Harb MporpaMMy BO BCeX TOHKOCTAX, HByHTe BCE ee cHABHIE MecTa. V Hapauy c mposesteHuem 9THX MocneMHHX TecTOB BbI MlomyMaeTe O TOM, ‘TOGEI CHOBA TOT BOMPOCE!, KOTOPHE MO KAKHM-TO TIPHUMHAM pellieH Dt He Tak, Kak CACAYeT Ha Bal BITAAL, BTO MOCHEMHAA BOIMOKHOCTS AOGMTECH HC- Tpannenus OWMGOK, KOTOpHie BDI CHHTaere ceppesHbIMH, Bol TyT BbIMTpaeTe JAsIeKO HE KAKLOC CPAXCHNC, HO BI M He CTABUTe WeNbIO OGUTECR UenpaB- HeHWsE BCEX OCTABLUNXeA OUINGOK. Bostee Toro, HaKaHyHe JaBepUleHAs mpocK- Ta NOMBITKM HCIIpaBHTh Kak MOXNO Gombe OWMGOK MOryT MpHHecTH GoaBue speta, eM niowb3bl. Boeri HacTynaer MOMeHT, Korula ¢ HEKOTOPpIMH HeocTaT- kaM MpHXoguttes cMMpuTbes. Bama miabHad 3adaa — 1o6wrbca, YTOGH Te, KTO OTBeYaeT 3a XO paspaGOTKH, 10 KOHL NONMMATH ceppesHocTs KaxutOlt onacaHHolt paMH mpoGutembsInaea MKeaaemoe u Oelicmeumesbnoe 6 WCUSHU mecmupoeuuka Ha3nHa4enne 9T0K raaBbt Tp nnarnposari4 pa6or no Tectxposaniio nporpamMHoro nponykra Ms or- POMHOrO KONMYECTBA BOSMOKHBIX TECTOR BAM NPHXCAMTCA OTOHPaTs NHUIe Manylo, HO 2aTO peanbHo abinoniHmyIo 4acTs. H Kak GbI THLATeNbHO BbI HH BbINONHHNK 3TH CTOBpaHHbie TecTbI, BCe OWUHOKH AO eAHHO Bam BCE PaBHO ne Hair. lake ecnt 8 nporpamme aelicrsxrensHo He ocraHeTca OWM6OK, BbI 06 3TOM HHKorAa He y3HaeTe: Bem» 3TOFO HeMb3A HH QOKazaTe, HH nposepxte. Muorne HoBHuKH npuctynator K pabore @ nonHoH yeepenoctH, uro: © moryt nomHoctsio nporec™Mpopare mo6y!o nporpammy; © Bbinonune TaKoe TectHposaHke, MoryT He comHeBaTEcR, TO Nporpamma pa6oraer npasunen: © aapava TectponuyiKa aakmouaercn B TOM, 4TO6bI rapanTHposaTs npasins- HocTs pa6ors! nporpammb! nyTem nposemeHHa nonHoro TectHposaHHA. Obrapyue, 4TO ux Yere HEAOCTHMOIMA, MHOTME TECTHPOBLNKH OKASBIBAIOTER 8 nonHo# pactepaHHoctu. Kak xe Torna KoMnaHAR cnpasnserca co cBoeli pa- Goroi? M KaKosa ux coBcreennas pons? 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Hpumaume nam enucox npedaazaemex eamu mecmoa, u Mbt Hanuuem npocpammy, Komopan npoidem ux 6ce u npodemoncmpupyem agxpexmuoiit c6o 6 nponywennoii amu cumyayuu. Ecan mei cmoowem cdeaams 2mo Hamepenno, mo, Ge comnenus, nodoGuan omubKa Moxem Goime donywjena npozpammucmom u caytaiino. Bot ana npumepa cOoes cHTyaLMAX, KOTOpble MOKHO pacueHTb Kak CAMUIKOM CIOXHEIE HUI MaOBePOATHEIC, 4TOGEI HX TecTHpORATH. © Ogna nporpamaa ynpawienna Gasann 2aHibIx paspyuiaia palit naH- HBIX, pa3Mep KOTOPLIX OBL B TOUHOCTH KpaTHIM 512 Gaiiram. J[pyraa He Moria paGorars ¢ baiinam, pasmep KoTopsix papnsiacs 16 384 Gaitram wa1M OBLI KpareH 9TOMy “MCAY, HaxKE eCHM OHA CaMa HX cosdaBama, © Om rexcrosstit mpoueccop cons Ha Gombuix paiinax (100 THC. 6a Tos), CCH OHM SMITH CHIbHO ¢pparMenTHpoBAHDI (7.c. Hx ACTH GBLTIE Gecnopaxowno pas6pocanbi 110 BceMy sHcky). PeaKTHpOBAHHe Mpoxo- AWNO BIIOMHE YCICLIHO, HO B ONPCHeMCHHBI MOMCHT 1p MepeMcuLeHHH kypcopa uesuiit a6ay BHesanHo Hoxe3aZ. 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Ho naxke ecan HX He y4HTBIBaTh — YTO UMCHHO MOxKHO MpoBepuTD, aHaNM3Hpya MporpamMHbiit Ko? ToxbKO CooTBeTcTaHe NporpamMel crreuMpH— KALI, HO HUKaK He MpaBiUIbHOCTb CaMOit clLeLMpHKALH. Heme ono, Jokasareiscra — OHH Bei TOKE CTPOsITeH HEHOBEKOM, a SHAYHT, MoryT comepxkatb oumOKH u ynymeHua. Fae rapakTHA, 4TO AOrHKa Toro, KTO aHamH3MpyeT MIporpaMMy, TOMHee sIOTHKH ee aBropa? Virak, Mot onucain y2xe uensiit pan npoGnes. Ha camo sete HX eitte 6Os1b- ie. BpeMeHH Beerda CAMIKKOM Masto, a HeOGXOMMMOM paGor — cAMUIKOM Horo. Eqn Bonpoc sbittorHMMOcTH MlomHOTO TecTHpoBaHHn BAC 3aKHTepecoBaN, o6parutect K paSoram Beiisepa (Beizer, 1984) « Janta (Dunn, 1984) Lenb TECTMPOBLVKa — NpoBepKka NpaBUsIbHOCTU Nporpammb!? Tecruponanne Yacro onpenensioT Kak Mpouecc mpoBepkH MpanuADHocTAt paGorst nporpaMel. © =9mo onpedeaenue Gecemoicaenno: KEBO3MOXHO Tak SIpOBepHTh NporpaM- MY, UTOOBI culeTaTh 3aKMOYeHHE, YTO OHa paGoTaeT MpaBMAbHO. © Kpome mozo, ono owu6oxno: nporpamma He paGoraet aGcontorHo npa- BILIbHO. © Ono sapanee npednoaazaem neydary: ecau West» TecTKXpOBILLKKa — oKa- 3arb, 4TO Nporpana paGoTaeT MpaBHABHO, TO OH TeprMT Heymayy Kaxk- abtit pa3, KOA HaXOMHT OLINGKY. © Onupance na nezo, mecmuposuur delicmeyem nesgrbexmusno: Ccs1M BDI aapaliee HACTPOWIHCh Ha TO, 4TO OWMGOK B IIporpaMMe HeT, BepostTHOCT UX HaiiTH 3HaMTeZIBHO yMeHbUIaeTCs, Jlapaiire no ovepenn pasGepemca c K@KIDIM 13 STUX yTRePATEHHH. HeBo3MoxHO NpoBeputtb, YTO nporpamMa paGotaeT npaBunbHo Kak Mbi ¢ BAM YXC BULICHILIN, HeBOSMOKHO NosIHOCTHIO MpoTecTHpoBaTS HM OAHY IIporpamMy (ecsIH TOABKO OHA He aGcomorHo SaeMesTapHa). OrcionaTaaea 2: Keaaemoe u deticmaumeasnoe @ xcusnu mecmuposiqura 47 HemIOcpeHCTBEHHO BbITeKaeT elle OAHO YTBEPKACHHE: HeROIMOKHO MpOREpHTD, uTo nporpawaa paSoraet npaBuabHo. C6oit MoxeT MponsoiiTH B moBoit 13 MIJUIMOHOB He MIPOBepeHHEIX BAM CHTYALIHiK. Nporpamma He pabotaer npaBunbHo Tlo npumeprm ouenkam Ha oGHapyxeHue H HenpasieHMe OMMGOK TpatiT- ca o 40 10 80 npoueHton o6uieli croumoctH paspa6orku mporpaMMnoro o6ec- Hevea. Take Ofpomuble ACHBrH KOMMAHHM AAaTAT He 3a TO, 4TOGD yOcanTbcs, uTO NPOrpaMMbt paGoraiT. OHM BHIHYICHi TPATATh AeHBIH HOTO My, 4TO HX MIporpaMMbl #e pabomaiom — 8 UMX ecto OLINGKH, H BAaILeAIbUDI KOMIIAHIGH XOTHT, HTOGbI 3TH OMKEKH GBLIM ueIIpaBeHsr. Kax Ost rpamoTHo, 10 CaMIM COBpeMEHHDIM MeTOMKaM, Hit 6Ei7a Opranigonana paspaGorka, OWnG- kit ocraiores Beersta Ckontko B nporpamme owu6oK? To ouenxam Beiisepa (Beizer), cacnamnisin HM 8 1990 roay, nepetanaembie Ha TecTHpoBaHe NPOrpaMMsl 8 cpesHeM CoRepKAT OF I 10 3 OKGOK Ha K:vK- bie 100 HctiomHsiembIxX orteparopon. M1 XOTA eCTb Over TaIAHTIUBLIe MporpaM- MUCTEI, Y KOTOPLIX OMIMGBOK Maso, Bee KE conceM 6e3 OMIMGOK He paboTaeT HkTO. Tekyujne ownGKkn _ Or 1 20 3 ommGoK Ha 100 crpok Kosa 8 porpaMMe ocraeTes Torga, Kora lporpaMMucr cilaeT paGoty TecTHpOBUKKY, yTHEPAILAs, ‘ITO Oa MpoBepeHa 1 oumGox Heit ner. Ho cam Belisep npunoaya Kommecrso oMAGoK, aonycKac- MbIX HM B XOule NPOCKTHpOBAHHA K HanHcaHis NporpaMMel, — 1,5 omuGox: nar I ue~ nonsiemoit onepamop. Cioila OH BKMIONHIL BCe OLIMGKH, & TOM HHCHE 4 onesarkn. Imo sasxum, mo, ecau KaaKdstit Onepamop sanucan 6 omdessnol cmpoxe, ua 10 cmpox Koda npuxodumen 150 owubox. Boabwunictso nporpaMMucros cami ucripaBimior 99% cBoHX TeKYILMXx own6ox. He yaupuTensHo, 4TO OHM NonaratoT, WTO Mcpasuan Bce. Ho 1% OwHG0K nce 2KE OCTAeTeH: HaliTH HX H eCTh Balla paGora Ecnm nporpamma paGotaeT HenpasunbHo, 3Ha4nT AIM 3T0, YTO TECTHpOBaHHe BbINONHEHO NNOXO? Bro MposBy4HT CMelIHO, HO B Hallicit MpakTHKe BeTpeYaANch MeHe@KepHI, BOIMYULABLINECS, YTO TECTHPOBUINKH HCE Cue BLIARASOT OLIMGKH, KOTMa Cpo- kit paGor yxe MOLXoasT K KOHIty. MHOra HX HELOBONSCTBO BbICKA3BIBATOCE B NOAYIYTAMBOM TONE, a HNOFAA BHIPAkatoch MB MpaMBX OGBHHEHUAX: “Bec48 acme I: Ocnos ounGKH 2a OWMMOKU! Koraa Xe HaKOHeH BMI MOMTBEpAHTe, sTO LIporpaMMa paGoraer 1 MBI MoxKeM ce npomazars?” CroaKHyBUIMcd € TAKHM OTHOUIEHHEM, He crour Tepatca. Y6euuTéca, 40 mporpamMa pa6oTact — 970 MeuTa HeOrTBIT- HbIX MeHemkepoB, a BOBce He pata sailava. He crovt npuctynatb K TecTMpoBaHHio ¢ Hanexpow Ha OTCyTCTBMe OWMOOK Alaa pa6ors: TecrHposutnka O4eHb BAXKHO TO, KAaK OH HacTpoeH (Maiepe, 1979). Eci wit yBepertti, YTO B rporpaMMe ecTb OWMGKH, BbI GysleTe HCKATE HX Topasqo TuLaTesIbHee, HeM ecaH CKaxkeTe ce6e: “Bro npeKpacHas nporpamMa, Ht oka MIpapiibHo paGoraer, MHe HY2HO MIpocto B 9TOM yGemTsen”. ThoGoit rncit- XOsOF OXOTHO MIOATHEPANT, 4TO HeOBEK BCeTLA BHAUT TOABKO TO, TO XovET auaerb. Toatomy, HampuMep, Tak TpyAHO MPH NTeHHM TeKcTa JaMeTHTD B HEM opborpadiseckne OWMGKHE: Bem’ YM cpasy KOppeKTHpYeT YBKAEHHOE riasaMit Mayyas paGoty pasanunblx HccnetonaTeneit yueHbIe-ICHXOAOTH BEIABHI pa, MNTepecHBIX 3aKOHOMepHocTeli, OHH OGHApyKMIH, YTO, ECM HCCHELOBA- Tenb MOACHMTBIBACT KOMTHMCCTBO OTIPEAENEHHBIX CHTHAOB, PeTUCTPUPYeMBIX He HipuGopamut, a ero coGcTseHHBIMH OpraHaMm BOCHPHSITHA, PesytbTATbI roncHe- TOB O4eltb CHiIbHO 3anHcaT OT ero oxHMAHHi (Green & Sweets, 1966). Hanpu- Mep, ecan HecsteoBaTesb NpeaMosIaraer, ¥TO CUrHaiton Byer Mano, ON MOxCT 4aCTb HX NpocTo He saMeTHTb. ECAH K BIKAHEIO COOCTRCHHBIX IpeANoLOxCHHH HccietOBaTeN AOGABTAOTes ee H ApyrHe rcHxoNOrHYecKuHte dakTopHl, HaNpH- Mep, NOOUIPeHHe MPH OAHHX peayABTaTax HecseOBAHHA M Hen|pHATHOCTH IpH APYTHX, pe3yAbTaTbI 9TH GyiyT HCKAKEHDI ele CHLTBHEE. To xe 6yRer HC BAMH: CCI BAI OKHIKLeTe, 4TO MporpaMMa iosHa OWIMGOK, 3a BBIBACHHe KOTOPbIX BAC K TOMY XKE elle H OOMIpmMOT, To OGiApYKUTE UX Muoxectso. HecKOADKO BBIABICHHBIX OMMMGOK GyAYT AaxKe stox11Oi TpeBorolt. Ho ecam Bb AyMaeTe, TO NporpaMMa paGoraeT mpaBHBHO, a saKAsHMKM eMe MO xaMyiOTCs Ha KAKAYIO HalVLEHHY10 OLIMGKY H OCHS HEAOHOIEHBL, ECM TPe- Bora OKASEIBACTCA AOKHOH — Tora BbI MIpONyCTHTE MHOTO cepLCsHDIX MpoG.AEN ‘A BOT elite omHO HaGmIOMeHMe MIcHXOAOTOB: AaKE CAMMIC YMIIDIC, OMBITHBIE, AKKYPATHBIC H OTBETCTBCHHBIC SKCEPHMCHTATOPHI TOUCO HKAl CHILO MPOTYCKAIOT Te TECTH, KOTOPHE MOFYT ONPOBEPIHYTS HX TeOPHIO IIT CO-yLITS CAOKHOCTH B sanbueltuielt paGore. Ec ke MpOTYCTHTS TecT HeHOIMOANO, cro pesyaBTATBI HeBepHo HHTeprpeTupylotes, KTHOpHpyloTes WHT NpH HN ance ROMyCKAIOTCR oum6xu (Rosenthal, 1966). Hrak, sroGst aysure Bcero BHITIOAHHTS CHOI pabory, HaAuieABTE ce6s Ha BBIABTEHe MaKCHMaTbHOTO KOMHMECTRA OMNNIGOK. HyAno CUItraT® MporpaMMy. MAOXolt, KeAaTs, TOOK B Heit MPoHSOUEN CGoit, 1H KONUCHIpKpOBATSCA Ha TOCKE ee caMBIX CAOBIX MecT. Kakoit Git cyponoit Hu Kazarach TAKAA HOMIIIN, iIseHHtO ona HaHGomee axbbextupna.Taaga 2: Keaaemoe u deticmeumeasnoe 6 xcusnu mecmuposuuxa 49 Ecau 6b: xomume, umo60: npozpamma pa6omaaa, ecau evi 2m020 aedeme, mo, cKopee 6ce20, abt yaudume mo, Ye20 wdaau, nponycmume umetouueca ouudku. A paccuumoean naiimu ouudKu, 661 O6azameabuo ux naiideme. Ecau sa omueme 06 owubKax eac oxcudarom ienpusmuocniu, 6st He moavKO ne cocmacume nysHUDIx omuemos, no dare ne saMemume canux ouUGoK. Vrak, gna Yero >Ke TecTMpyloT nporpammpi? Beex ouiGox sce pasHo He Hair. H Bb HHKOria He eMoxeTe cKa3aTb C YaepeHHOCTbIO, ITO MporpamMa paSotaeT mpasiitbHo. Tak 3a¥eM ake ee TeCTH- popath? Nporpammy TectupyioT ana Toro, YToGbI HaliTH B Hel OWMOKK Cubic Tecruponaiiis sakiouaercs B HloMcKe HpoGiteM. Bawa ues — naiir HX KaK MOKHO GoubUle, H deM Ceppestice HaliaeHHbie MpoGeMbI, Tem AYSIU. Homuitre, 470 apeMentt aceria OveHs Malo, H CTapaitrect MCHOALIOBATS ero Kak MoxHO addekTuBHee. Mol elite He pas ¢ BAM MOrOBOPHM O TOM, KAK NpapiiHo crLiaHMposars paGoTy Mt KAK paccrasitT mpHopuersl (B YACTHOCTH, B riapax 7, 8, 12, 13). Paapnoe xe, Ha ‘ITO Hy2KHO onAparbes, MoxXHO ceo MYJIHPOBATb OUeH MpOcTO. Ecau mecm no360aua aviteume npobaemy, 3nanum, on ycnewnosis. A mecm, ne esiacusuuit npobsem, 6oia nomepeli spemenu. Sty Mbicn» onTBepxaeT oma OV HaLIAaHas aaorns (Maitepc, 1979). Hpeactanste, 470 c BALIMM 310pOBbeM TO-TO He B Hopsake. Boi MpHxomuTE K Bpauy, MOH MPOROAMT KenbIi pst aHaIH308, OnHAKO BPA HHMEFO HE HaXOAMT — 0H yrBepxaaer, 40 BEI 3uopoBLI. Xopowmi 1M OH AMAarHocT? EctH Bb B caMOM geste GorbHbI, OCTaeTeA NpHIHATS, ITO Bpa HeKOMMeTeHTeH, a Aoporo- crosuute aHann3nl GEuIN HyCTO! Tpatoli cut, BpeMeHH H eHer. [pH TecTHpO- BaHIH JMarHOCT — 370 BHI, a MporpaMMa (a6cOOTHO HaBepHska) — GosbHoii mauuettt. Tak HaiiauTe Xe, 410 c Hei He TaK! Own6kn wuyT AAA Toro, YTOGbI Mx vcnpaBHTb B Konewom cuere Goabuuicrao HaiMeHHLIx OWHGOK HcMpaBsALoT, 1 Ka- YecrBo nporpaMMHoro mpoaykra yayuulaetcs. ITO u ecTb HacTOALLas Web TeCTHPOBAHUA — COMACHTeCs, TO, HECMOTPA Ha cyponoe OGpauleHHe TecTUpoB- UUIKOB ¢ MIporpaMMoii, ofa BeceMa GlaropouHa.Tnaea Tunot mecmoe u ux pojb 6 Npouecce pazpa6omxku npoepamMmnoeo o6ecnev4enusn Ha3Hayenne 3TH rAaBbt Bra nasa — o6a0pnas. Bor Kakylo HKcopmaunio abl B HEH HabineTe. 1 Tepmunonoras. Mporpeccuonanstbii cnosape TecTuposuWKa COmepHHT Ha- 3BaHHA AECATKOB MeTOROB TecTHpoBaHHA 4 paspa6oTKH NporpaMM, a TakKe HaSBAHHA CaMUX TECTOB H BLINBNAEMBIK C HX NOMOUIBIO NPobNEM. O630p npoyecca paspa6orkn nporpammuoro oGecnevenns. TecTHpoBLyh- kw NacTO >anyIOTCR, 4TO HX NOAKNIOYaIOT K NPoUeccy paspaboTkH cNHLl- KOM lO3MHO, KOTAa BCe NPHHUWAHANbHbIE PeLIEHHA y>Ke NpHHATEI. Ha camom oe gene paoTa ana Tecrmposuyka ecte ¢ camoro Ha4ana — On Momer BHOCHTS NoNesHbIe NPeATOMEHHA Ha KaxKROM sTaNe pas paGorky. Hanpumep, Ha stane paspa6orkn cneuycbuKaunn TecTHposLyAK MoMKeT NPOBOAHT aHanH3 NorHueCKOH NpaBHNbHOCTH cneUncbMKaYHH, ee IMONHAMOCTH, NONeSHOCTH OTAENDHBIX peWweHHii 1 TecTHpyemocTh Npo- rpammuoro npomykra. Onncanne Kmovessix THn08 Tecros. B 2ToH rnase onncbisaroTcA OCHOBHBIe Tunbl Tectos NporpaMmHoro OGecneveHHA, paccKasbisaerca, ANA Hero NpepnasHaven Kapil TecT 4 cKonbKO Ha Hero Tpebyerca epemenn. Bnece Ke Bb HaligeTe 4 HeKoTopbie NoneaHbIe coneTH!, NOMOrAIOWKE nposectn onncarHbie ects! Gonee ycnewHo.Tagea 3: Tunes memos 51 K Hexoropim Temam 2Tol rnaab! mb! Gonsuie sosepauareca He 6yAeM. Nostomy, ech Bb! XoTHTe BbirnageT’ nepea KoMNeramH npodecchoxans~ Ho MocTaTOMHO rpaMOTHBIMK, Hay4ATe €@ KAK MOMHO BHuMaTeNbHee. 4. BrBnnorpaduueckne cnpaskn. Bonpocam rectposaHna 1 paspa6orKn porpammnoro OBecneveHHA MOCBALYeHO MHOFO NonesHix KHHT. 4ro6b! NOMOND 8AM KAK MOOKHO MyNIUe PasoBpaTecA 9 KaxKROM PaccMarpHaa- Mom Bonpoce, MsI 4acro Ccbinaemca Ha TaKHe HagaHHA. MB 3ToOm rnase TaKHX CCBINOK OCOBEHHO MHOrO. OGeIHo NHcatenk BKMouaIOT 8 CBOH KHHTH GHEnKOrpadMuecKHe CCbINKH ANA Toro, NTOGsI YATaTeN Mor NOSHaKOMHTSCA C aMbTePHATHBHBIM MHE- HEM, HN ANA Toro, 4TO6I NPOAEMOHCTPUPOBATS cBOIO TonepaHTHOCTS K 4)>DKMM B3rnagam Ha BeuyH. Mei Ke Mofbsyemce CcbINKaMH ele H BNA Toro, 4To6b! sHTaTen’ Mor yrny6uTe H pacwHpHTe coon sHaHHA. Mel YMOMHHaeM TONKO Te H3AaHHR, KOTOPEIE HPABATCR HAM CAMMM H KaKYTCA RonesHBiIMH ANA H3yMeHHA Bonpoca. MosToOMy B OAHHX paamenax ccBinoK Ha mononHHTenbHy!o nuTeparypy MHOrO, 2 8 ApyrHx — coscem mano. Muorne sonpocs!, ocseujenlbie 8 2TOK rnase nMulb KOMYeNTyaNbHO, 8 cne~ ayrouyx rnasax 6yAyT AOnoNHeHb! TeXHHECKHMH NoAPOBHOCTAMH, a NOTOM chosa 6yfer cnenan Hx 0630p, Ho ye Ha Gonee rnobanbHom yposHe (8 rmanax 12 4 13). B rnase 13 mbt os Havana Ao KOHUa npoaHannaHpyem aecs npouece paspa6orks nporpammuoro oGecnesenna. Ha stot paz mbt 6yaem MCXOBMTe HS NPEATONOKEHHA, HTO OCHOBI BAM YIKE XOPOWO 2HAKOMEI, 1 caenaem ynop Ha crpareruveckwe sonpocel: Kak APH OrpaHHueHHbix cpoKax nM Gioamere Tak opranHaosaTe pa6oTbl, HOGI MaKCHMaNHO yAY4UWTe Ka- 4ecrso nporpammHoro npoayKra. 3ameyanne Marepuan stoi rnasbi H3nomKeH TaK, 4TOBbI OXBATHT® KA MO2XKHO Gonbile Sonpocos, He BMaBaace B NoApoGHocTH. Hekoropsim unTaTenAMm Oa NoKa- 2KeTER Neperpy>KEHHOH HOBLIMH TEPMHHAMM H NOHSTHAMM, a APYTHM — camoli cKy4HOM 80 Bcel KHnre. Te YTaTeNH, KOTOPLIE HE OCHRAN KHHTY HO KOHUa, TOBOPHNH Ham, NTO OCTaHOBHANc HMEHHO 3Rece. Tossonsre npeanonmurs Bam HecKonsKo coseros. © Mpexne scero, He cront BecnokoHTRCA, ECNH BbI He BO KOMYA NolimeTe PasHHUy MEKAY HEKOTOPSIMH TepmMHaMK Ha O6nacTH paspaboTKH Npo- rpammuoro oBecnewenns. Bam HE HYIKHO BHHKaTE Go ce AeTaNK pabo- TbI NPorpaMMHCTOB, NPOCTO NOSHBKOMbTECE C¢ HX TepmuHonorheli, 4TO6b! B AanbHelWeM BbI CMOrNH paccnpawMBats HX O BHYTPeHHEM cTpykType Aporpamm 4 NOHMMaTs Hx OTBeTEI © Ortecutece K 270% rnase Kak K O3HaKoMHTeNbHOMy O63opy. He aknKan 80 sce AeTann, nocrapairece nonyxnTs o6uee npencrasnenne © npouecce paspa6orkn nporpammnoro oBecneveHHa H ero TeCTHpoBaHin H OTMe~ vaiire ana ce6a B ywe caMble BaxHbIe MOMEHTEI. B AanbHEMWeM BbI euLe He pas Gynere sosspaularsca K sTOH rnase 3a cnpaBkamn HnH yTOURe- rian, Men 270 8 BAY, MBI NOCTapannce CTPyKTypHpoBare ee maTepHan Cambim TUJaTenbHbIM OGPAz0M, TAK HTO OHA RAKE HanoMMHaeT cnpasoM- HHK — B Heli nerko HaliTH HYKHYIO HHcbopMaUIO, RAKE eC npH Nep 80m npouTeHnH abl ee Nponycrnn Bosce.52 acme I: Ocnoavi © Crygentam, nnannpyiouyim 8 fansHeliiuem saHHmarbca TecTHpoBAHHem NporpamMHoro oGecneveHHa, MbI Goi PeKOMeHAOBANH NOALITOXKHTe HH- opmauwto 210% rnasbl, npenctasns ee & BAe CxembI, MOxOKeH Ha NpH- sepennyto Ha puc. 13.3. He tpateTe cnuuikom MHoro BpemeHH Ha TepMHHOnOrHio paspaoTHHKOB, OrPatiibTech TeMM NOHATHAMH, KOTOPbIC OObACHHT Bam NpenogasaTens. B panbHetwem gna H3y4eHKA rnapbt 13 Mbt PekomeHayem caenarb yueGHoe nocobue 8 suge TabnMusl, npeactasnen- Holt Ha puc. 13.4, H akniounT B Hero MarepHan sToH rnaebl bl oncbigaem npoyecc paspa6orkn nporpammuore oGecne- etna 8 Tol Ke nocnegoBaTenbHoCTH, 8 KaKOH OH NPOXOAMT HB KUSH. MapannensHo mbt OnHcsIBaem 1 TEXHONOrH TECTHPORAHKA, COOTBETCTAYIOWIME KaxkOH cTaqn paspaborKn, Bor oBunit nepevene pasgenos sToH rnasbi. * 0620p craauit paapaborku Crapun nnannposanus Tectuponanne Ha sane nnaxupopanina Crag npoextnposanus Tecruposatine Ha 2rane npoexTupoeanna Tecruporanne “crexnawworo suynka" Ha cragMn KoAMpoRaHHa PerpeccoHioe rectnposanie Tectuposanne ““epHoro aunKa"” eee eeeece Conposomnenne Ceppeauuie nporpamaiinic UpomykTht pesko paspaGareBaoTen OMMWONKANK: OGbINHO STHIM SAHHMAlOTCA IPYLIMBI JOH, HOTA AOBOABHO MHOFOUHCACHHBLe. B taxoit rpyrine, Haabinaemoil Komando paspa6omruxos (development team), y KAXKLOTO COTPYILHHKa CBOs port. JwKe ec BAM MPHXoslITOCE Co3MABATS M1pO- TpaMMbI AGCOMIOTHO CAMOCTOsITETDHO HIM B ape C MpHsITeNeM, 9TO MpocTo osHavacr, YTO BI T1O ONEPEMH HIM OLHOBPEMEHHO BHINOAHAAH yHKNHK BoOx HEOOXOAHUMBIX “WeHOB KOMaHitbr, JLabaitre paccMoTpHM craHaapTHbtt Ha6op YHKUUI, BBITOMHAeMBIX WrCHAMH KOMAHbI paxpa6orunkon, NpeANONOxKB Wit MPOCTOTHI, TO KaxKIAA POIb TIPHHALTEXUT OTReABHOMY CoTpyaHnKy. KoHesHO, Ha TpAKTHKe B GOABINMHICTRe MaTCHDKHX KOMMAHHiS COTpY.UNIIKH HaCTO BBITIOM- HsOT To Heckonbky dyHKuntii © PyKoeodumea npoexma (project manager, TAKKE Nastanacmblli software development manager wit producer) OTBeYaeT 34 KaXlecTBO SIPOrpAMMHO- To MpoiyxKra, ruianupoBanne pa6or Mt cocrasnenite Giowkera paspa6or- ku. Mot Gyem CunTaTb, 4TO RCe OTYETH MpOCcKTHPOBULMKOB H paspaSorinKoB HenlocpeacTBeHHO Hepenaiotes eMy © Mpoexmuposuuxos (designers) nponykrta MOXCT Gulls HCCKOABKO Ht Cpestit HUIX creayHonue.Laasa 3: Tunsi mecmos 53 Paspa6omuux apxumexmypet (architect) onpeaeaaet o6utyio BHyTpCH- HI010 CYPYKTYPY Kowa H AHHIX, NPHHUMII OOMeHa AaHHBIMH Mex- AY CBA34HHbIMM N1porpaMMaMit H MX COBMCCTHOFO HCTIOb3IOBaHHA, a TAWKE CTpareriio paspaGOTKHt COBMECTHO M MOBTOpHO HcIOMIHIyEMBIX Monyiieii. PaspaGoTHHk apXHTeKTYpbI MOXCT TAKE COCTABIATH IaH TECTUPOBANHA “CTEKAANHOLO ALLMKA” Ha CaMOM BepXHeEM ypoBHe, AHAIMSHPOBaTS TeXHMMEcKHe OG30PEI BEX CHeuM>HKALMTt Ht paspa GarbiBare TecTH Ait MpMeMKH nposyKta (nponepaioMte coorBeT- crate Koa TexHH4ecKHM TpeGoBanHaM). Cneyuaaucm no ananuay npedmemuott o6nacmu (subject matter expert WAM software analyst) LOAKEH NOHVMATS, Hero XOTAT NOMbIOBATEAH M KAK STO BMPAINTh B TEPMITHAX, MOHATHEIX MporpaMMUcry HM ApyroMy paspadoranky. Cheuuanuem no anaausy 4eaosexeckozo hakmopa, Wil cneuuaaucm no apeonomune (human factor analyst Win ergonomist), AMCET TCHXOAIOTH- ueckoe OGpasonaune H 3HaeT, KAK CIIPOeKTHPOBATD NporpaMMy, 4TO- Goi Ona GEiTa NONeSHO! 1 yAOGHOIL, H KAK TecTHpoRaTs MpomyKr (VT ero MporoTHi) Ha cooTReTCTBHE BTHM KayecTBaM. HeKoTopple 13 clleuHamHcTOB HaCTONBKO XOPoWo pasGuUparores B BONPocaX Mpock- THPOWAH H PorpaMMMpoRaHHs, 4TO MOryT HenOcpestcTAEHHO paz- paarbinarh nombsonareubcKnii unTephelic nporpamM. Bnpovem, TAKHX CHeUMATHCTOR ropazto MeHBINe, YeM caiTaIOLLMX CeGs TAKO- soiMit, Ocratbitble 2x¢ IpHHHMAaior yuacrHe B paspaGorke fomb30Ba- ‘TembcKoro HHTepipelica CoBMeCTHO € HIporpamMMcTaMn Mpozpanmucm noavsoeamenocxozo unmeppeiica (user interface programmer) cneumanusupyetca Ha CosMaHUM 1101b30BAaTeBCKOTO unrepdeiica mporpamm. 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Bor Harb OCHOBHEIX 9TANOB XHSHCHHOTO LMA MporpaMMHoro Mpostykra. © Maanuponanne © Mpoekruponaime Kouuposanve 1 Hancanve AOKyMcHTALHH © Tecruposanne 1 HerpaBnenne HeMocTaTKOR © Conposoxaenite (1ocae sbinycka) 1 ycosepueneTBoBaHite B cpocit xuure Software Maintenance (Conposooedenue npozpanmuozo obecne- uenus) Maprun w Max-Kaiep (Martin & mcClure, 1983, crp. 24) mpitpemt or- HOCHTEMBHY!O CTOHMOCTD KANO HX 9THX cTanHit, Bot 9TH UM>pEt. Cmaduu paspa6omxu Mpoussodcmeennan cmadus Avanwa tpeGosaHni 9% TIpoweuinestioe npowaeoAcra0 m conpoBoxneHne 67% Chewnuraiyan 3% TIpoexruposarne 5% Konwponanne 1% Tectuposanne 15% Brepasie at uxcbpet Goi ony6inkoBanbt 3enkoBnuem, Woy a TeHHoHoM (Zelkowitz, Shaw & Gannon) » 1979 rozy. To pesyanraram Hx uccnemoBaHnit$6 acme I: Ocnoww M aanHbIM Mapritna « Max-Kaepa, conposoxkueHite mporpaMMHoro npoayxta Nlocse ero Buinyeka OGxoauTes Aopoxe ucero. Ha BTopoM Mecre 110 crOKMOC- TM CTOHT TecTHpoBAHHe — Ha Hero MpHxowuTcA 45% Bceii cronMoctH paspa6ot- ku. B npouecce componoxsenus mpozykTa npH ucHpaBleHHn OWLHGOK H BHECCHIH YCOBCPLIEHCTBOBAHMit 3HAYHMTEADHAA UaCTS 3aTpaT TOXe MpHXOAHTCA Ha TecTHpoBaHne. Mpoaykt tecrupyior H HcmpaBasior mpaxTiteckH Ha KaKMOM 9TaMe cro AUSHEHHOTO UMKIA. [pH 9TOM HEM ALIbULe MposBHraeTest paGora, TeM OLICT- Pee pacteT CTOMMOCTS TecTHpoBaHua. © Ha stare paspaGorki TexHutecKHXx TpeGopaintii crouMocth BHeCeHHA WOMeHEHHiE B AOKyMeHTAUI1IO OTHOCHTeNbHO HeBBICOKa, Ho Nocne Kani cana Kola CHTYaIMs peIKO MeHseTCA: M0G0e HBMEHEHHC MpoeKTHOlt AOKYMEHTANMH BNeYeT 3a COO! 3aTpaTH MHA NepepaGorky KOMA, ac- To ropasto Gore HAYNTeABHY!O, NEM MOXCT MOKAIATECA MPH OUCHKE KOAMYecTBA USMeHeHHi B creuMHKauin © Koraa nporpammuct cam HaxoauT cBoio OMLMGKY Hl caM ce MeNpawaser, 910 He wleweT GosbuMx sarpar. Emy He Hy2xHo p3aMMoseficrnoBaTh C APYFHMH COTPYAHMKAMM, He HYKHO HANICTO HHKOMY OOpacHsTS. EMy He3a¥eM BHOCHTD ONMcaHMe OLIHGOK B OGuLy!O Gasy AaHHLIX, CAy:AMLyIO au1st KONTPosIA 3a HX HeMIpaBleHHteM, a TeCTHPOBLIMKAM 1 pykonogutTe- 30 He HYKHO OcYulecTBIATS 9TOT KOHTpOub. Taka OWIHGKA HHKOTO He salepxuuaer M He Meumer HuMBel pa6ore © flo sunycka nporpamMe OuMGKy HcHpasHTs ropasHo seurenae, vem nocne Toro, Korma “3arularky” WI HOBYIO BEPCHIO NpuXOgHTCA BbICHI- JlaTb KAKLOMY MOABIOBATEMIO — H 9TO CLUE B AYUUIEM CAYHAC, Beh MoxeT noTpeGowaThca H Hertocpest- CTECHHBII BBIE3A COTPYAHHKA KOM- NaHMM K 3aKas4Hky. B 1976 r. Boom (Boehm) ony6ankonat MTOrOBbIe AAHHDIe aHam3a 3aTpaT Ha Tec- THpoRaHHe NporpaMMHtbIx MpoRyKTOR, 11p0- seacHHoro 8 KoMmakuax IBM, GTE 1 TRW. M3 amx caenyer, uo vem mo3atee oGHapyKuBACTCH OULMGKA, TeM ZOpoxe o6xomnTea ee uerIpasnenue. Kak noKasano va pie. 3.1, croHMOcTD HempaBneNnst oun Gok pacter KcroHeHUMaTBHO: neTHe Bee FO 9TO ACHAT Ha Cras TuAKUpOBAHHA, a 10 Mepe TlepexosLa K MPoeKTHpOBAHINO, KO- AMpOBANINO, TeCTHPOHAHITIO 1 CompOBOK- JeHMIO OHA sHaTHTEABNO yReaMMMBaeTCA, Cronmocts Torosa Sasepweno — Bumnyox cneyugukayis — Kommpozanne PUCYHOK 3.1. Cmounocme noucka u ucnpaeaenua owubox @ MpoepaMAHoM oGecnereHuu

Kaner Testing Computer Software

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