‫ ر

ل اة‬
99‫ ص‬1 
: ‫" !  أو‬#‫(ا‬1
pH > − log k e : ‫*) إذا آن‬+ ‫ل‬, ‫ن‬-(‫أ‬
: .-/‫ ا‬0* HA/ A − #‫دو‬2 pk A 3‫ ا‬4!5! HA 6 ‫ل‬, pH 8! 94‫ ا‬+:‫" ا‬4-(‫ب‬
( aq ) ( aq )

pkA = pH + log
[A ] −
éq

[HA]éq
. pH = 8 ‫ ه‬c = 10 −8 mol / l : 2‫آ‬4‫ر)ر= ذي ا‬-‫ ا‬6 ‫ل‬, pH ‫ن‬-(‫ج‬
. pK A = 14 :9‫ ه‬H 3O + #‫دو‬2 3‫ ا‬4!@(‫د‬
( aq )

.G‫ أآ‬CD‫ اا‬3‫ ا‬4!@ EF‫ى آ آ‬+‫*)ة أ‬+ ‫ن‬-(‫هـ‬
. pH > pk A ‫ إذا آن‬IK, 6/‫*)ة‬+ #‫دو‬2 93‫ع ا‬I‫ن ا‬- (‫و‬
**********************************************************  
pk 1
pH > e ⇐ pH > − log k e ⇐ M pH > − log k e : ‫*) إذا آن‬+ ‫ل‬, ‫ن‬-(‫أ‬
2 2
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
: .-/‫ ا‬0* HA/ A − #‫دو‬2 pk A 3‫ ا‬4!5! HA 6 ‫ل‬, pH 8! 94‫ ا‬+:‫" ا‬4- (‫ب‬
( aq ) ( aq )

pH = pk A + log
[A ] −
éq
‫⇐ ا اب‬  pkA = pH + log
[A ]
−
éq

[HA]éq [HA]éq
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.  . pH = 8 ‫ ه‬c = 10 −8 mol / l : 2‫آ‬4‫ر)ر= ذي ا‬-‫ ا‬6 ‫ل‬, pH ‫ن‬- (‫ج‬
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
. . pK A = 14 :9‫ ه‬H 3O + / H 2 O #‫دو‬2 3‫ ا‬4!@ (‫د‬
( aq ) ( aq )

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .G‫ أآ‬CD‫ اا‬3‫ ا‬4!@ EF‫ى آ آ‬+‫*)ة أ‬+ ‫ن‬- (‫هـ‬
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 . pH > pk A ‫ إذا آن‬IK, 6/‫*)ة‬+ #‫دو‬2 93‫ع ا‬I‫ن ا‬- (‫و‬
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
99‫ ص‬2 
. c B Q2‫ !ل ه)روآ) ا دم آ‬k A S43 4!@‫ و‬c A Q2‫ آ‬HA 6 ‫ة‬, G4F
. ‫ازن‬4‫ ا‬4!@ G 8*‫ اة وأ‬.*T ‫د‬, "4‫( اآ‬1
.‫ اة‬QV‫ ه‬WD- ‫(*ف‬2
‫؟‬WD-4‫) ا‬I* K4!4‫ آ‬- 94‫ ا‬+:‫ ا‬, (3
**********************************************************
 
− −
HA+ HO → A + H 2 O (1
aq aq aq l

K=
[A ] :‫ازن‬4‫ ا‬4!@
−

[HA].[HO ]
−

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
n( HA) = n( HO − ) : ‫ن‬- WD-4‫) ا‬I*(2
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
c A v A = c B v B e (3
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
99‫ ص‬3 

1
 . c A Q2‫ر)ر= آ‬-‫ ا‬6 ‫ !ل‬c B Q2‫ ( آ‬BH + / B) #‫دو‬2‫*)ة ا‬+ ‫ ل‬v B [\ ‫ة‬, 2\IF
..*T4‫ ا‬9D 4)4‫ ا‬4#‫دو‬2 3‫ ا‬944!@ ^)! ‫ازن‬4‫ ا‬4!@ G 8*‫ اة وأ‬.*T ‫د‬, "4‫ اآ‬-1
.WD-4‫ ا‬CF ‫ات‬2! ‫ اة وذآ‬QV‫ه‬WD- ‫ (*ف‬2
‫؟‬WD-4‫) ا‬I* K4!4‫ آ‬- 94‫ ا‬+:‫ ا‬, (3
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
+
B + H 3O → BH + H 2 O (1
aq aq aq l

k=
[BH ] = [BH ] = + +
1
=
kA
( H 3O + / H 2O )

[B].[H O ] [B].[H O ] k
3
+
3
+
A
( BH + / BH )
kA
( BH + / BH )

kA =1 :‫`ن‬
(H3O+ / H2O)

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
n( B ) = n( H 3 O + ) : 9I ،WD-4 ‫(ا‬2
. pH :. b#T‫ ا‬c4! WD-4‫ ا‬CF 24
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
: 9 ‫" آ‬4- ‫ ا‬QV‫ ه‬9D WD-4‫ ا‬+:* (3
c Av Ae = cBv B
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
99‫ ص‬4 
e c A Q2‫ر)ر= آ‬-‫ ا‬6 S A ‫ل‬, , v A = 20ml \ F . ‫ اء‬g, ‫ آ‬.*T4 6 ، #‫)رو‬K‫آرور ا‬
. c B = 10 −2 mol / l Q2‫)روآ) ا دم آ‬K ‫وف !ل‬,
.‫ل ه)روآ) ا دم‬, , VBE = 14,8ml [\‫ا‬Dh‫) إ‬I*WD-4‫ ا‬0* . F
. 25°C : 9‫ ارة ا ه‬#‫در‬
.‫ل اة‬: .M‫ ا‬.*T4‫د ا‬, "4‫(اآ‬1
‫ ال ا؟‬2‫ آ‬,(2
***************************************************
 
:‫ل اة‬: .M‫ ا‬.*T4‫د ا‬, (1
−
H 3O + HO → 2 H 2 O
aq aq aq

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

cA =
c B .v BE 10 −2.14,8
= = 0,74 × 10 − 2 mol / l ⇐ A A B B e :WD-‫ ا‬+:*( 2 c v =c v
vA 20
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
99‫ ص‬5 
‫اع‬F`‫ ا‬2‫ اآ‬8! 94‫ ا‬+:‫ ا‬8*‫ وأ‬،‫ واء‬4‫ ! ا`ض ا‬-‫ ا‬e ‫^ت‬4! F‫و‬C‫ت ا‬:*T4 j-‫" اد^ت ا‬4‫اآ‬
.3‫ ا‬4!5! ‫ازن‬4‫) ا‬I* ‫)ة‬#‫ا‬4‫ ا‬j-‫ا‬
CH 3CHClCOOH (‫ج‬ CH 3COOH (‫أ‬
aq aq

HF (‫د‬ C 6 H 5 COOH (‫ب‬

aq aq

***************************************************
 
CH 3COOH + H 2O CH 3COO − + H 3O + (‫أ‬
( aq ) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

2
 kA =
[CH COO ][. H O ]
3
−
3
+

[CH 3COOH ]
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
C 6 H 5 COOH + H 2 O C 6 H 5 COO − + H 3O + (‫ب‬
( aq ) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

kA =
[C H COO ][. H O ]
6 5
−
3
+

[C 6 H 5COOH ]
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
CH 3CHClCOOH + H 2 O CH 3CHClCOO − + H 3 O + (‫ج‬
( aq ) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

kA =
[CH CHClCOO ][. H O ]
3
−
3
+

[CH 3CHClCOOH ]
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
HF + H 2 O F − + H 3O + (‫د‬
( aq ) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

kA =
[F ][. H O ]
−
3
+

[HF ]
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
99 ‫ ص‬6 
HCOOH =,‫ر‬T‫ ا‬6‫ و‬C 6 H 5 COOH =‫و‬2IG‫ ا‬6 ،9‫ا‬4‫ ا‬0*، !‫ذا‬m! C ‫ و‬B ، A ., @:@ 0* . F
.STF 2‫آ‬4! ‫ اء‬9D C 2 H 5 COOH =F!‫و‬G‫ ا‬6‫و‬
.S nD‫ اا‬pH :‫ !ل‬، =!‫ا‬# :, ، ‫ل‬, .‫ن آ‬+‫أ(أ‬
. .*T .- CD‫ اا‬τ : 9jKI‫)م ا‬C4‫ ا‬GF *(‫ب‬
. 3,4 ، 3,1 ، 2,1 : pH
. 0,125 ، 0,079 ، 0,037 : τ
pk A (C 6 H 5 COOH / C 6 H 6 COO − ) = 4,2 :9F
pk A ( HCOOH / HCOO − ) = 3,75
pk A (C 2 H 5 COOH / C 2 H 5 COO − ) = 4,9
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
.G‫ اء أآ‬9D S--T ‫و آ آن‬.، ‫ة‬cM pk A EF‫ى آ آ‬+‫ أ‬6‫أ( آ آن ا‬
[ ]
.cM‫ أ‬pH ‫وآ آن‬.G‫ أآ‬H 3O + ‫ت‬F`‫ا‬2‫ آ آن آ‬G‫= اآ‬-T4‫و آ آن ا‬

.cM‫ أ‬pH ‫ا آ آن‬cM pk A ‫إذن آ آن‬

: o4IF SI,‫و‬
3,4 3,1 2,1 PH
C 2 H 5 COOH C 6 H 5 COOH HCOOH nD‫ال اا‬

4,9 4,2 3,75 pk A

(‫ب‬
.‫ة‬cM pk A EF‫و آ آ‬.G‫ أآ‬9jKI‫ ا‬S,)C GF EF‫ى آ آ‬+‫ ا‬6‫آ آن ا‬
.‫ة‬cM pk A EF‫ة آ آ‬G‫ آ‬τ EF‫ آ آ‬: ‫إذن‬
3,4 3,1 2,1 τ
HCOOH C 6 H 5 COOH C 2 H 5 COOH nD‫ال اا‬

3,75 4,2 4,9 pk A

3
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
99 ‫ ص‬7 
.‫ اء‬g, j2# NH 3 ‫ك‬F,`‫ ا‬.*T4
r3F [@ ، .5‫ات ا ا‬+ 6! S‫ إ‬r3F‫ و‬v B = 20ml K\ I* SI, VF ، ‫ك‬F,`‫ ل ا‬c B 2‫آ‬4‫)) ا‬4
. .5‫ف أ ا‬F‫ أن )ث ا‬0‫ إ‬c A = 5.10 −3 mol / l 2‫آ‬4‫ر)ر= ذي ا‬-‫ ا‬6 ‫ل‬, \‫)ر‬
. v A E = 12ml [\‫ ا‬Dh‫) إ‬I* WD-4‫[ ا‬Fُ
.‫ اة‬QV‫\ز ه‬Fu ,‫ز‬:‫ ا)ات ا‬j^ 8*‫ أ‬-1
.‫ اة‬.*T ‫د‬, "4‫ –اآ‬2
. c B 2‫آ‬4‫ا" ا‬-3
****************************************************  
."I, ‫ن‬, ry‫ –آ‬9xIc, ‫ك‬, – M, - .,+ #‫)ر‬, – ‫ آس‬- 4, PH ‫ز‬K# -1
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
: ‫ اة‬.*T ‫د‬,(2
+ +
NH 3 + H 3O NH 4 + H 2 O
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
c .v 5.10 −3.12
c B = A AE = = 3.10 −3 mol / l = 3m.mol / l ⇐ c A v AE = c B .v B : WD-4‫ ا‬+:* ‫ل‬: ,(3
vB 20
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
100 ‫ ص‬8 
−2
QV‫ ه‬, .‫ آ‬0* ‫ف‬4 . c = 10 mol / l 2‫آ‬4‫{ ا‬TF K T4|, ., , STF V [\‫ ا‬0*، ‫وس‬W‫ي  آ‬4
:94‫ ا\)ول ا‬9D oj4I‫)ون ا‬F‫ و‬50‫ إ‬1 , ‫وس‬W-‫[ ا‬+ g, pH :‫{ ال‬CF ، .‫ا‬
5 4 3 2 1 ‫س‬-‫[ ا‬+‫ر‬
12 11,3 10,6 7,0 5,6 pH
: ‫ اء‬9D 4 ‫ا‬j-‫اع ا‬F`‫ذا! أ) ا‬m! ‫ل‬, .‫ آ‬3 [ )+
، NaOH ‫ه)روآ) ا دم‬، CH 3 NH 2 ,‫ أ‬.5, ، NH 4 Cl ‫م‬F,`‫ آرور ا‬، NaCl ‫آرور ا دم‬
. NH 3 ‫ك‬F,`‫ ا‬،
.3 .‫) آ‬I* ‫ اء‬g, ‫ي )ث‬V‫ ا‬.*T4‫د ا‬, "4‫( اآ‬1
.‫ آس‬.‫ آ‬9D ‫د‬#‫ ال ا‬0* =!‫ا‬# :, ‫(ف‬2
****************************************************
2 ‫⇐ آس‬ ), ‫ل‬, NaCl + H 2 O − − − −− > Na + + Cl − (1
( aq ) ( aq )

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
1‫ ⇐ آس‬93 ‫ل‬, NH 4 Cl + H 2 O − − − −− > NH 4 + Cl −
( aq ) ( aq )

.)*+ ., ‫ث‬:@ I) 0CG

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
:‫ ه)روآ) ا دم‬:‫ ل‬GI! ‫)م‬C4‫)ول ا‬# [!
NaOH − − − − − − − − − −− > Na + + HO − .*T4‫د ا‬,
‫آت ادة‬ ‫)م‬C4‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

cV 0 0 j)G‫اا‬

cV − x f xf xf xf KI‫ا ا‬

. ‫ اء‬9D ‫= آ‬-T4 + ‫*)ة‬+ ‫ه)روآ) ا دم‬

x f = cV :‫ أي‬cV − x f = 0 .*T4‫ ا‬KF )I*‫ و‬9‫ اء آ‬9D K--T ، + ‫*)ة‬+ ‫! أن ا دا‬

4
 5 ‫س‬-‫ ⇐ ا‬pH = 12 ⇐ [H O ] = : ‫ ء‬9F`‫ل ا\)اء ا‬: , [HO ] =
−14 −
10 + −12 n( HO − ) xf
3 −2
= 10 = =c
10 V V
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////

+
.‫ اء‬9D j2# 4 ‫*)ة‬C 9j, ‫ل‬, CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O − − − −− > CH 3 NH 4 + HO −
+
.‫ اء‬9D j2# 4 ‫*)ة‬C 9j, ‫ل‬, NH 3 + H 2 O − − − −− > NH 4 + HO −
[ ] [ ]
PH 9I cM‫ ا‬H 3O + 2‫ وآ‬G‫ أآ‬HO − ‫ إذن‬G‫ اء اآ‬9D K--T ‫ن‬- ‫ك‬F,`‫ ا‬, ‫ى‬+‫*)ة أ‬+ ,‫ أ‬.5, CH 3 NH 2
4. ‫س‬-‫ ا‬SI,‫ و‬G‫اآ‬
3. ‫س‬-‫ ا‬9D ‫ك‬F,`‫وا‬

: 9 , ‫ ات‬, S CI 4‫ا ا‬V‫ه‬: },

: 4#‫دو‬2 GI! 9F
pkA( NH + / NH ) = 9,2 ‫و‬ PKA(CH3NH + / CH NH ) = 10,7
4 3 3 3 2

.‫ك‬F,`‫ ا‬, ‫ى‬+‫*)ة أ‬+ ,‫ أ‬.5‫ ا‬SI,‫ و‬+ ‫*) ة‬C‫ ا‬EF‫ا آ آ‬G‫ آ‬pkA ‫ آ آن‬SF! [F‫و‬
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
100 ‫ ص‬9 
−2
. c = 3.10 mol / l :Q2‫ آ‬HCOOH =,‫ر‬T‫ ا‬6 j, ^, G4F
. pH = 2,65 : )\ID 25°C ‫ اارة‬#‫) در‬I* ‫ا ال‬V‫ ه‬pH {CF
. ‫ اء‬9D 6‫ا ا‬V‫) إذا! ه‬I* ‫ي )ث‬V‫ ا‬.*T4‫د ا‬, "4‫اآ‬-1
. . ‫ ال ا‬9D ‫)ة‬#‫ا‬4‫اع ا‬F~ T‫ ا ا‬2‫اآ‬4‫)د ا‬-2
#‫دو‬2 pK A 4!5‫ وا‬k A 3‫ ا‬4!@ + o4I4‫ا‬-3
. pH = 6,5 0* 25°C )I* . ID 8|‫ ا‬pH {CF‫و‬، ‫ات ا دم‬F5, ‫ل‬,‫= و‬,‫ر‬T‫ ا‬6 ‫ل‬, ‫ج‬2F-4
.8|‫ا ا‬V‫ ه‬9D 6/‫*)ة‬+ #‫دو‬2 K‫ ا‬9j-‫ع ا‬I‫ا!= ا‬# :, *
***********************************************************************************
: 
HCOOH + H 2 O HCOO − + H 3O + (1
( aq ) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
، .‫ واء‬HCOOH ، HO − H 3O + ، HCOO − : 9‫)ة ه‬#‫ا‬4‫اع ا‬F`‫(ا‬2
(aq ) aq ( aq ) (aq )

[H O ] = 10
3
+ − pH
= 10 −2,65 = 2,24.10 −3 mol / l ⇐ pH = 2,65 :‫! أن‬

[HO ] = 1010
−14
−
− 2 , 65
= 4,47.10 −12 mol / l :‫ ء‬9F`‫ ا\)اء ا‬+:* ‫ل‬: ,‫و‬
:‫)م‬C4‫)ول ا‬# ‫ل‬: ,
HCOOH + H 2 O HCOO − + H 3O +
( aq ) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

cV ‫ة‬D! 0 0 ‫)م‬C4‫ا‬ j)G‫اا‬

cV -xf ‫ة‬D! xf xf xf KI‫ا ا‬

:I)

[HCOO ] = 2,24.10
− −3
mol / l ⇐ [H O ] = [HCOO ] = xV
3
+ − f

:I)‫و‬

5
 cV − x f
[HCOOH ] =
V V
=c−
xf
[ ]
= c − HCOO − = 3.10 − 2 − 2,24.10 −3 = 2,776.10 −2 ≈ 2,78.10 − 2 mol / l
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
kA =
HCOO − . H 3O +
=
[
(2,24.10 −3 ) 2 ][ ]
= 1,8.10 −4 I)(3
[HCOOH ] 2,78.10 −2

pk A = − log k A = 3,74
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
pH = 6,5 : ‫ ا‬QV‫ ه‬9D(4

[HCOO ] = 10 −
pH − pKA
⇐ pH − pK A = log
[HCOO ] ⇐ pH = pK
−
+ log
[HCOO ] : I)‫و‬
−

[HCOOH ] [HCOOH ] A
[HCOOH ]
. HCOO − ‫ ه‬K‫ع ا‬I‫⇐ ا‬
[HCOO ] = 10 −
6 , 5 − 3 , 74
≈ 575
[HCOOH ]
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
100 ‫ ص‬10 
.‫ اء‬9D ‫و!ن‬V‫ ا‬5‫ آ‬9F‫آ" أ‬, C 6 H 5 ONa ‫^ت ا دم‬ID
.‫ اء‬9D SF!‫ ذو‬.*T ‫د‬, "4‫( اآ‬1
−
.‫ اء‬g, C 6 H 5 O ‫ ا`ن‬.*T ‫د‬, ‫ل‬4! ، . ‫*) ل ا‬C‫ة ا‬2‫ ا‬.* (2
. pH = 11,3 )\ID ،‫^ت ا دم‬IT 9j, ‫ل‬, PH {CF
‫؟‬.‫ا ال‬V‫ ه‬9D C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O − #‫دو‬2 K‫ع ا‬I‫ ه ا‬,(‫أ‬

.
[C H O ] GI‫ب(ا" ا‬
6 5
−

[C 6 H 5OH ]
pK A ( C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O − ) = 10 :9F. 25°C )I* .*T4‫ا ا‬V‫ !د ه‬F‫و‬C‫ازن ا‬4‫ ا‬4!@ + ‫ج()د‬
. ke = 10 −14 :‫و‬
***********************************************************************************
C 6 H 5 ONa + H 2 O → C 6 H 5 O − + Na + (1 : 
(s) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

‫ت‬F‫ ر ا‬SF- ‫*)ة‬C‫{ اص ا‬TF S ‫^ت‬Fu‫ إذن أن ا‬C 6 H 5 O − + H 2 O C 6 H 5 OH + HO − ( 2

.‫ اء‬g, S*T )I* )‫)روآ‬K‫ا‬
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
:I) (‫أ‬
kA = 6 5
−
C H O . H 3O [ +
][ ]
:9‫ ه‬C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O − #‫دو‬2 3‫ ا‬4!@ ‫[ أن‬F
[C 6 H 5 OH ]

pK = 10 ‫ و‬pH = 11,3 g, pH = pK A + log

[C H O ] :‫إذن‬
6 5
−

( C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O −
)
[C 6 H 5OH ]
[C H O ] > 1 ⇐ log [C H O ] > 0 ⇐ pK
6 5
−
6 5
−
+ log
[C H O ] > pk
6 5
−
⇐ pH > PK A : ‫إذن‬
[C 6 H 5OH ] [C6 H 5 OH ] A
[C 6 H 5OH ] A

. C 6 H 5 O − ‫*)ة‬C‫ ه ا‬K‫ع ا‬I‫ ا‬CH 3COO − > [CH 3 COOH ] ⇐ [ ]

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
[C H O ] = 10
6 5
−
pH − pk A [C H O ] −
[C H O ] (‫ب‬ −
⇐ pH − pK A = log ⇐ pH = pK A + log
[C6 H 5OH ]
6 5 6 5

[C 6 H 5OH ] [C6 H 5 OH ]
[C H O ] = 10
6 5
−
11,3−10
= 101,3 = 19,95 ≈ 20
.‫ة‬,20 9‫ ا‬6‫ ا‬2‫ آ‬, G‫*)ة أآ‬C‫ ا‬2‫⇐ آ‬
[C6 H 5OH ]

6
 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
C6 H 5O − + H 2O C 6 H 5 OH + HO − ( ‫ج‬
: 25°C )I* .*T4‫ا ا‬V‫ !د ه‬F‫و‬C‫ازن ا‬4‫ ا‬4!@

k A = 10 − pk A = 10 −10 ⇐ pK A = 10 :I)‫ و‬ke = 10 −14 : I)

−14
10
−10
= 10 − 4 :‫إذن‬ K=
10
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
100 ‫ ص‬11 
4!5! ‫ة‬2‫ ( ا‬H 2 PO4 / HPO4 ) ‫ت‬TD I#‫ ه)رو‬9jI@ /‫ت‬TDI#‫ أن ه)رو‬: #‫دو‬2‫ ا)م ه ا‬8!‫ا‬h )‫أ‬
− 2−

. 7,4 ‫ ا)م ه‬pH ‫ن‬-. 37°C ‫ اارة‬#‫) در‬I* pk A = 6,82

.‫ ا)م‬9D
[H PO ] −

[HPO ]
2 4
2− : GI‫( ا" ا‬1
4
[HPO ] = 0,275mol / l ‫[ إذا آن‬H PO ]o4I4‫( ا‬2
4
2−
2 4
−

. ‫ ا)م‬, 4 .- GI! C 3 H 6 O3 =4‫ اآ‬6 , 0,085mol .*T o4I (3

2−
. HPO4 ‫ت‬F`‫= وا‬4‫ اآ‬6 ! ‫ي )ث‬V‫ ا‬.*T4‫د ا‬, "4‫اآ‬
2− −
G+ S4+   ‫ ا)م‬pH + ‫ أن‬, nC [@ ، HPO4 ‫ و‬H 2 PO4 , .‫ آ‬2‫ )د آ‬، 9‫ آ‬.*T4‫ا ا‬V‫اض أن ه‬4D!(4
. 7,2 ,
***********************************************************************************
: 
:I) (1
[HPO ] = 102−
pH − pk A
= 107, 4−6,82 = 100,58 [HPO ] 2−

[H PO ]
4
⇐ pH = pK A + log
[H PO ]
4
− −
2 4

[H PO ] = 1 = 0 , 263 ⇐
2 4
−

[HPO ] 10
2 4
2− 0 , 58
4
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
[H PO ] = 0,263 × [HPO ] = 0,263 × 0,275 = 0,0723mol / l (2
2 4
2−
4
−

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2− − −
C 3 H 6 O3 + HPO4 C 3 H 5 O3 + H 2 PO4 ( 3
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
:=4‫ اآ‬6 2‫ آ‬: I) (4
[C3 H 6 O3 ] = 0,085mol = 0,085mol / l
1ℓ
.*T4‫)م ا‬C ‫)ول‬# ‫ل‬: ,
2− − −
C 3 H 6 O3 + HPO4 C 3 H 5 O3 + H 2 PO4
0,085 0,275 0 0 ‫)م‬C4‫ا‬ j)G‫اا‬

0,085-x 0,275-x x x x ‫ل‬4‫ ا‬

0 0,275 − 0,085 0,085 0,085 0,085 KI‫ا‬

7
 [H PO ] = 0,085mol / l : ‫[ و‬HPO ] = 0,19mol / l : ‫ن‬- ‫ ا)م‬, )‫ وا‬4 : ‫ ل‬GI!
2− 2−

[HPO ] = 6,82 + log 0,19 = 7,169 ≈ 7,2

2 4 4
2−

pH = pK + log
[H PO ]
4
A −
0,085 2 4
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9T 
. pH = 1,7 ‫ر)ر= ذي‬-‫ ا‬6 j, S ^, G4F
. S ‫ا ال‬V‫ ه‬2‫ آ‬c A "‫( ا‬1
Q2‫ آ‬S1 ‫ل‬, 0* ‫  ل‬S ‫ ال‬, 10cm 0‫ إ‬S4Dh‫ي \" إ‬V‫ \[ اء ا‬, (2
3

. c1 = 2.10−3 mol / l
2‫آ‬4‫ا" ا‬. S 2 ‫ل‬, , 4l 0* . ID €|‫ اء ا‬9D ‫ ه)روآ) ا دم‬, 4 g ‫" آ‬VF (3
.‫ا ال‬V‫ ه‬pH + o4I4‫وا‬، S 2 ‫ ل‬c 2
. S 2 ‫ ال‬, v 2 = 20cm 3 0‫ إ‬S1 ‫ ال‬, v1 = 100cm 3 [\‫ ا‬r3F ( 4
.=!‫ا‬# .*‫ ؟‬oI‫ ال ا‬Gx , :1-4
.oI‫ ال ا‬pH + o4I4‫ @[ ا‬8|‫ ا‬9D ‫)ة‬#‫ا‬4‫ ا‬j-‫اع ا‬F`‫ ا‬2‫ ا" اآ‬:2-4
M ( NaOH ) = 40 g / mol ‫و‬ Ke = 10 −14 ‫ ء‬9F`‫ ا\)اء ا‬9F
:!#‫إ‬
:4‫ اد ا‬nD‫ اء و‬9D ‫= آ‬-T4 =‫ر)ر‬-‫ ا‬6 (1
. 9‫ آ‬.*T4‫ ا‬HCl + H 2 O → H 3O + + Cl −
+ −
HCl + H 2O → H 3O + Cl
c A .V ‫ة‬D! 0 0 ‫)م‬C4‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬j)G‫ا‬

c A .V -xf =0 ‫ة‬D! xf xf xf ‫ل‬4‫ ا‬

xf c A .V − x f xf
cA = ⇐ [HCl ] = = cA − = 0 : .*T4‫ ا‬KF )I*
V V V
[H O ] = c
3
+
A
V
[
⇐ H 3O + = ] xf
:=V‫ آ‬I) ‫)م‬C4‫)ول ا‬# ‫ل‬: ,‫و‬

[ ]
: ‫[ أن‬F ‫ أى‬K# ,‫ و‬H 3O + = 10 − pH = 10 −1, 7 ≈ 2.10 −2 mol / l
:SI,‫ و‬c A v A = c1 (v A + Ve) : 9 ‫" آ‬4- ‫ ا‬QV‫ ه‬9D rT|4‫ ا‬+:* (2
c A v A − c1 .v A 2.10 −2.10.10 −3 − 2.10 −3.10.10 −3
Ve = = −3
= 0,09l = 90cm 3
c1 2.10
m( NaOH )
M ( NaOH ) m( NaOH ) 4g
c2 = = = = 0,025mol / l (3
VS M ( NaOH ) × .VS 40 g .4l
:4‫ اد ا‬nD‫ اء وذ= و‬9D ‫= آ‬-T4 ‫! أن ه)روآ) ا دم‬
NaOH + H 2 O → Na + + HO −
(s) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

: I) ‫)م‬C4‫)ول ا‬# ‫ل‬: ,

NaOH + H 2 O → Na + + HO − .*T4‫د ا‬,
(s) (l ) ( aq ) ( aq )

‫)م‬C4‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
c2 .v 2 ‫ة‬D! 0 0 0 j)G‫اا‬

c2 .v 2 -xf =0 ‫ة‬D! xf xf xf ‫ل‬4‫ ا‬

8
 xf c 2 .v 2 − x f xf
c2 = ⇐ [NaOH ] = = c2 − = 0 : 9‫ آ‬.*T4‫ أن ا‬I!
v2 v2 v2

[HO ] = c
−
2 ⇐ [HO ] = xv
− f
: ‫)م‬C4‫)ول ا‬# ‫ل‬: ,‫و‬
2

pH :‫ ال‬+:* ‫ل‬4!‫[ و‬H O ] = [HO ][. H O ] = 10

−14
10 + − + −14
3 ⇐ 3 :9F`‫ ا\)اء ا‬+:* ‫ل‬: ,‫و‬
c 2

pH = − log H 3 O = − log[10 −14

c2
+
]
= 14 + log c 2 = 14 + log 0,025 ≈ 12,4

I)(1-4

n( H 3 O + ) = c A v A = 2.10 −210.10 −3 = 2.10 −4 mol

.
n(OH − ) = c 2 v 2 = 25.10 −3.20.10 −3 = 5.10 −4 mol
‫*)ي‬+ ‫ ال‬94!‫ و‬n(OH − ) > n( H 3 O + ) :‫إذن‬
[OH ] = 2,5.10
− −3
mol / l ‫)م‬C4‫)ول ا‬# .4‫( ا‬2-4
[H O ] = 4.10
3
+ −12
mol / l

!c‫ ا‬-‫ آد ا‬I), 9‫ا‬3!  -‫ !و^د‬:T‫ ا‬F5‫[ ا‬-‫) ا‬G* ‫و‬G‫ا‬
.nD4‫ ا‬9‫ واƒ و‬- g\ ) ‚
☻