rate as the sole source of carbon. The type strain Citrobacter freundii is biochemically related to Sal- monella spp., and some strains agglutinate the Sal- monella polyvalent O antiserum. In addition to Citrobacter koseri (synonyms, Citrobacter diversus and Levinea malonatica| and Citrobacter amalo- naticus (synonym, Levinea amalonatica), five new species and three unnamed species based on geno- typic differences have been proposed.*! C, freundii is a normal inhabitant of the human gastrointesti- nal tract, but all species of Citrobacter are consid- ered to be opportunistic human pathogens. The in- cidence of Citrobacter spp. detected in the intestinal tract increases with the occurrence of di- arrhea.”"! Early studies implicated Citrobacter spp. as a probable cause of diarrhea that could some- times be traced to food handlers, but the evidence was not conclusive. Citrobacter spp. are found in many foods, including meat, freshwater fish, and spices.!!200.202 Enterotoxigenic C. freundii may cause diarrhea, and some outbreaks have been food- borne.” Both C. diversus and C. amalonaticus cause human infection, but they are not commonly associated with diarrhea. However, in most coun- tries, stool specimens are not routinely examined for Citrobacter spp., and there are no well-devel- oped systematic procedures for selective isolation of