WORKING CAPITAL - Meaning of Working Capital

Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via,

1) Fixed Capital

2) Working Capital

Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day- to-day
operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed
assets such as p&m, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of
firm’s capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called fixed capital. Funds are also
needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other day – to-
day expenses etc.

These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to that part of the
firm’s capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash, marketable
securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assts keep revolving fast and are being
constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets.
Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short term capital.

CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL

There are two concepts of working capital:

1. Gross working capital

2. Net working capital

The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets of the enterprises current
assets are those

Assets which can convert in to cash within a short period normally one accounting year.

CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT ASSETS

1) Cash in hand and cash at bank

2) Bills receivables

3) Sundry debtors

4) Short term loans and advances.

5) Inventories of stock as:

a. Raw material

b. Work in process

c. Stores and spares

d. Finished goods

6. Temporary investment of surplus funds.

7. Prepaid expenses

8. Accrued incomes.

9. Marketable securities.

In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net working capital is the excess
of current assets over current liability, or, say:

NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS – CURRENT LIABILITIES.

Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets exceeds the current liabilities
are more than the current assets. Current liabilities are those liabilities, which are intended to be paid in
the ordinary course of business within a short period of normally one accounting year out of the current
assts or the income business.

CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT LIABILITIES

1. Accrued or outstanding expenses.

2. Short term loans, advances and deposits.

3. Dividends payable.

4. Bank overdraft.

5. Provision for taxation , if it does not amt. to app. Of profit.

6. Bills payable.

7. Sundry creditors.

The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereas net working capital is
an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their own merits.

The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the following reasons:

1. It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working capital at correct time.

2. Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to operate then the
source from where it is made available.

3. It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of the enterprise would increase its
working capital.

4. This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on investments in working capital. The
net working capital concept, however, is also important for following reasons:
· It is qualitative concept, which indicates the firm’s ability to meet to its operating expenses and
short-term liabilities.

· IT indicates the margin of protection available to the short term creditors.

· It is an indicator of the financial soundness of enterprises.

· It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital requirement out of the permanent
sources of funds.

CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital may be classified in to ways:

o On the basis of concept.

o On the basis of time.

On the basis of concept working capital can be classified as gross working capital and net working
capital. On the basis of time, working capital may be classified as:

Ø Permanent or fixed working capital.

Ø Temporary or variable working capital

PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL

Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to ensure effective utilization
of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. Every firm has to maintain a
minimum level of raw material, work- in-process, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level
of current assts is called permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently
blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital also increases due
to increase in current assets.

TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL

Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the
seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can further be classified as
seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital required to meet the seasonal need of
the enterprise is called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital
which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting
research, etc.

Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is required for short
periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.

IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Ø SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in maintaining the solvency of the
business by providing uninterrupted of production.

Ø Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make prompt payments and makes
and maintain the goodwill.

Ø Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing can arrange loans
from banks and other on easy and favorable terms.
Ø Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the
purchases and hence reduces cost.

Ø Regular Supply of Raw Material: Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw material
and continuous production.

Ø Regular Payment Of Salaries, Wages And Other Day TO Day Commitments: It leads to the
satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces
wastage and costs and enhances production and profits.

Ø Exploitation Of Favorable Market Conditions: If a firm is having adequate working capital then it can
exploit the favorable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are
lower and holdings its inventories for higher prices.

Ø Ability To Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression.

Ø Quick And Regular Return On Investments: Sufficient working capital enables a concern to pay quick
and regular of dividends to its investors and gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds
in future.

Ø High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities, confidence, high
morale which results in overall efficiency in a business.

EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its business operations.
It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor inadequate nor shortages of working
capital. Both excess as well as short working capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the
inadequate working capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm.
DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL

1. Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm and business cannot
earn the required rate of return on its investments.

2. Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and accumulation of inventories.

3. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which causes higher
incidence of bad debts.

4. It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.

5. If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and other financial
institution may not be maintained.

6. Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also fall.

7. The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions

DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business needs some amounts of working capital. The need for working capital arises due to the
time gap between production and realization of cash from sales. There is an operating cycle involved in
sales and realization of cash. There are time gaps in purchase of raw material and production;
production and sales; and realization of cash.

Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes:

· For the purpose of raw material, components and spares.

· To pay wages and salaries

· To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses.

· To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc.

· To provide credit facilities to the customer.

· To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and spares and finished
stock.

For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the business under varying
circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of funds to meet its initial requirements such as
promotion and formation etc. These expenses are called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The
amount needed for working capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its
promoters. Greater the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of the
working capital.

The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and expensing of the
business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of working capital required is called normal
working capital.

There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working is very limited in public utility undertakings such
as electricity, water supply and railways because they offer cash sale only and supply services not
products, and no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On the other hand the trading and
financial firms requires less investment in fixed assets but have to invest large amt. of working capital
along with fixed investments.

2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the requirement of working capital.

3. PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policy is to keep production steady by accumulating inventories it will
require higher working capital.

4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing time the raw material and other supplies
have to be carried for a longer in the process with progressive increment of labor and service costs
before the final product is obtained. So working capital is directly proportional to the length of the
manufacturing process.

5. SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the busy season, a firm requires larger working capital
than in slack season.

6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle completes one cycle determines
the requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle larger is the requirement of working capital.

DEBTORS

CASH FINISHED GOODS

RAW MATERIAL WORK IN PROGRESS

7. RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-relationship between the question of working
capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are affected. A firm having a high rate of stock
turnover wuill needs lower amt. of working capital as compared to a firm having a low rate of turnover.

8. CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales its product / services
on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa.

9. BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is prosperous, there is need for larger amt.
of working capital due to rise in sales, rise in prices, optimistic expansion of business, etc. On the
contrary in time of depression, the business contracts, sales decline, difficulties are faced in collection
from debtor and the firm may have a large amt. of working capital.

10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS: In faster growing concern, we shall require large amt. of working
capital.

11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more earning capacity than other due
to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc. Such firms may generate cash profits from
operations and contribute to their working capital. The dividend policy also affects the requirement of
working capital. A firm maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits needs
working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so high rate of cash
dividend.

12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements.
Generally rise in prices leads to increase in working capital.

Others FACTORS: These are:

ü Operating efficiency.

ü Management ability.

ü Irregularities of supply.

ü Import policy.

ü Asset structure.

ü Importance of labor.

ü Banking facilities, etc.

MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in attempting to manage the
current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the
current assets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is
maintained, i.e. it is neither adequate nor excessive as both the situations are bad for any firm. There
should be no shortage of funds and also no working capital should be ideal. WORKING CAPITAL
MANAGEMENT POLICES of a firm has a great on its probability, liquidity and structural health of the
organization. So working capital management is three dimensional in nature as

1. It concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, liquidity and risk.
2. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets.

3. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities.

WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS

As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business. Adequate amount of working
capital is very much essential for the smooth running of the business. And the most important part is the
efficient management of working capital in right time. The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected
by the management of working capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of working capital
is necessary to evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This
involves the need of working capital analysis.

The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such as:

1. Ratio analysis.

2. Fund flow analysis.

3. Budgeting.

1. RATIO ANALYSIS
A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression one number to another. The technique of ratio analysis can be
employed for measuring short-term liquidity or working capital position of a firm. The following ratios
can be calculated for these purposes:

1. Current ratio.

2. Quick ratio

3. Absolute liquid ratio

4. Inventory turnover.

5. Receivables turnover.

6. Payable turnover ratio.

7. Working capital turnover ratio.

8. Working capital leverage

9. Ratio of current liabilities to tangible net worth.

2. FUND FLOW ANALYSIS

Fund flow analysis is a technical device designated to the study the source from which additional funds
were derived and the use to which these sources were put. The fund flow analysis consists of:

a. Preparing schedule of changes of working capital

b. Statement of sources and application of funds.

It is an effective management tool to study the changes in financial position (working capital) business
enterprise between beginning and ending of the financial dates.

3. WORKING CAPITAL BUDGET

A budget is a financial and / or quantitative expression of business plans and polices to be pursued in the
future period time. Working capital budget as a part of the total budge ting process of a business is
prepared estimating future long term and short term working capital needs and sources to finance
them, and then comparing the budgeted figures with actual performance for calculating the variances, if
any, so that corrective actions may be taken in future. He objective working capital budget is to ensure
availability of funds as and needed, and to ensure effective utilization of these resources. The successful
implementation of working capital budget involves the preparing of separate budget for each element
of working capital, such as, cash, inventories and receivables etc.

ANALYSIS OF SHORT – TERM FINANCIAL POSITION OR TEST OF LIQUIDITY

The short –term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit and commercial banks
short-term loans are primarily interested to know the ability of a firm to meet its obligations in time. The
short term obligations of a firm can be met in time only when it is having sufficient liquid assets. So to
with the confidence of investors, creditors, the smooth functioning of the firm and the efficient use of
fixed assets the liquid position of the firm must be strong. But a very high degree of liquidity of the firm
being tied – up in current assets. Therefore, it is important proper balance in regard to the liquidity of
the firm. Two types of ratios can be calculated for measuring short-term financial position or short-term
solvency position of the firm.

1. Liquidity ratios.

2. Current assets movements ‘ratios.

A) LIQUIDITY RATIOS

Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and when these become due.
The short-term obligations are met by realizing amounts from current, floating or circulating assts. The
current assets should either be liquid or near about liquidity. These should be convertible in cash for
paying obligations of short-term nature. The sufficiency or insufficiency of current assets should be
assessed by comparing them with short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current liabilities
then the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current liabilities cannot be met out
of the current assets then the liquidity position is bad. To measure the liquidity of a firm, the following
ratios can be calculated:

1. CURRENT RATIO

2. QUICK RATIO
3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

1. CURRENT RATIO

Current Ratio, also known as working capital ratio is a measure of general liquidity and its most widely
used to make the analysis of short-term financial position or liquidity of a firm. It is defined as the
relation between current assets and current liabilities. Thus,

CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS

CURRENT LIABILITES

The two components of this ratio are:

1) CURRENT ASSETS

2) CURRENT LIABILITES

Current assets include cash, marketable securities, bill receivables, sundry debtors, inventories and
work-in-progresses. Current liabilities include outstanding expenses, bill payable, dividend payable etc.

A relatively high current ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to pay its current
obligations in time. On the hand a low current ratio represents that the liquidity position of the firm is
not good and the firm shall not be able to pay its current liabilities in time. A ratio equal or near to the
rule of thumb of 2:1 i.e. current assets double the current liabilities is considered to be satisfactory.
CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO

(Rupees in crore)

e.g.

Year

2006

2007

2008

Current Assets

81.29

83.12

13,6.57
Current Liabilities

27.42

20.58

33.48

Current Ratio

2.96:1

4.03:1

4.08:1

Interpretation:-

As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current ratio of the company for last
three years it has increased from 2006 to 2008. The current ratio of company is more than the ideal
ratio. This depicts that company’s liquidity position is sound. Its current assets are more than its current
liabilities.

2. QUICK RATIO

Quick ratio is a more rigorous test of liquidity than current ratio. Quick ratio may be defined as the
relationship between quick/liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities. An asset is said to be liquid if it
can be converted into cash with a short period without loss of value. It measures the firms’ capacity to
pay off current obligations immediately.

QUICK RATIO = QUICK ASSETS

CURRENT LIABILITES

Where Quick Assets are:

1) Marketable Securities

2) Cash in hand and Cash at bank.

3) Debtors.

A high ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current liabilities in time
and on the other hand a low quick ratio represents that the firms’ liquidity position is not good.

As a rule of thumb ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory. It is generally thought that if quick assets are
equal to the current liabilities then the concern may be able to meet its short-term obligations.
However, a firm having high quick ratio may not have a satisfactory liquidity position if it has slow paying
debtors. On the other hand, a firm having a low liquidity position if it has fast moving inventories.

CALCULATION OF QUICK RATIO

e.g. (Rupees in Crore)

Year

2006

2007

2008

Quick Assets

44.14

47.43

61.55

Current Liabilities

27.42

20.58

33.48

Quick Ratio
1.6 : 1

2.3 : 1

1.8 : 1

Interpretation :

A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current liabilities in
time. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. Company’s quick ratio is more than ideal ratio. This shows company
has no liquidity problem.

3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

Although receivables, debtors and bills receivable are generally more liquid than inventories, yet there
may be doubts regarding their realization into cash immediately or in time. So absolute liquid ratio
should be calculated together with current ratio and acid test ratio so as to exclude even receivables
from the current assets and find out the absolute liquid assets. Absolute Liquid Assets includes :

ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO = ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS

CURRENT LIABILITES

ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS = CASH & BANK BALANCES.

e.g. (Rupees in Crore)

Year

2006

2007

2008

Absolute Liquid Assets

4.69

1.79

5.06

Current Liabilities

27.42

20.58

33.48
Absolute Liquid Ratio

.17 : 1

.09 : 1

.15 : 1

Interpretation :

These ratio shows that company carries a small amount of cash. But there is nothing to be worried
about the lack of cash because company has reserve, borrowing power & long term investment. In India,
firms have credit limits sanctioned from banks and can easily draw cash.

B) CURRENT ASSETS MOVEMENT RATIOS

Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profits. The efficiency with which
assets are managed directly affects the volume of sales. The better the management of assets, large is
the amount of sales and profits. Current assets movement ratios measure the efficiency with which a
firm manages its resources. These ratios are called turnover ratios because they indicate the speed with
which assets are converted or turned over into sales. Depending upon the purpose, a number of
turnover ratios can be calculated. These are :

1. Inventory Turnover Ratio

2. Debtors Turnover Ratio

3. Creditors Turnover Ratio

4. Working Capital Turnover Ratio

The current ratio and quick ratio give misleading results if current assets include high amount of debtors
due to slow credit collections and moreover if the assets include high amount of slow moving
inventories. As both the ratios ignore the movement of current assets, it is important to calculate the
turnover ratio.

1. INVENTORY TURNOVER OR STOCK TURNOVER RATIO :

Every firm has to maintain a certain amount of inventory of finished goods so as to meet the
requirements of the business. But the level of inventory should neither be too high nor too low. Because
it is harmful to hold more inventory as some amount of capital is blocked in it and some cost is involved
in it. It will therefore be advisable to dispose the inventory as soon as possible.

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO = COST OF GOOD SOLD

AVERAGE INVENTORY

Inventory turnover ratio measures the speed with which the stock is converted into sales. Usually a high
inventory ratio indicates an efficient management of inventory because more frequently the stocks are
sold ; the lesser amount of money is required to finance the inventory. Where as low inventory turnover
ratio indicates the inefficient management of inventory. A low inventory turnover implies over
investment in inventories, dull business, poor quality of goods, stock accumulations and slow moving
goods and low profits as compared to total investment.

AVERAGE STOCK = OPENING STOCK + CLOSING STOCK

2
 (Rupees in Crore)

Year

2006

2007

2008

Cost of Goods sold

110.6

103.2

96.8

Average Stock

73.59

36.42

55.35
Inventory Turnover Ratio

1.5 times

2.8 times

1.75 times

Interpretation :

These ratio shows how rapidly the inventory is turning into receivable through sales. In 2007 the
company has high inventory turnover ratio but in 2008 it has reduced to 1.75 times. This shows that the
company’s inventory management technique is less efficient as compare to last year.

2. INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD:

INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD = 365 (net working days)

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO

e.g.

Year

2006
2007

2008

Days

365

365

365

Inventory Turnover Ratio

1.5

2.8

1.8

Inventory Conversion Period

243 days
130 days

202 days

Interpretation :

Inventory conversion period shows that how many days inventories takes to convert from raw
material to finished goods. In the company inventory conversion period is decreasing. This shows the
efficiency of management to convert the inventory into cash.

3. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO :

A concern may sell its goods on cash as well as on credit to increase its sales and a liberal credit policy
may result in tying up substantial funds of a firm in the form of trade debtors. Trade debtors are
expected to be converted into cash within a short period and are included in current assets. So liquidity
position of a concern also depends upon the quality of trade debtors. Two types of ratio can be
calculated to evaluate the quality of debtors.

a) Debtors Turnover Ratio

b) Average Collection Period

DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO = TOTAL SALES (CREDIT)

AVERAGE DEBTORS

Debtor’s velocity indicates the number of times the debtors are turned over during a year. Generally
higher the value of debtor’s turnover ratio the more efficient is the management of debtors/sales or
more liquid are the debtors. Whereas a low debtors turnover ratio indicates poor management of
debtors/sales and less liquid debtors. This ratio should be compared with ratios of other firms doing the
same business and a trend may be found to make a better interpretation of the ratio.

AVERAGE DEBTORS= OPENING DEBTOR+CLOSING DEBTOR

e.g.

Year

2006

2007

2008

Sales

166.0

151.5

169.5
Average Debtors

17.33

18.19

22.50

Debtor Turnover Ratio

9.6 times

8.3 times

7.5 times

Interpretation :

This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or turnover into sales. The
higher the values or turnover into sales. The higher the values of debtors turnover, the more efficient is
the management of credit. But in the company the debtor turnover ratio is decreasing year to year. This
shows that company is not utilizing its debtors efficiency. Now their credit policy become liberal as
compare to previous year.

4. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD :

Average Collection Period = No. of Working Days

Debtors Turnover Ratio

The average collection period ratio represents the average number of days for which a firm has to wait
before its receivables are converted into cash. It measures the quality of debtors. Generally, shorter the
average collection period the better is the quality of debtors as a short collection period implies quick
payment by debtors and vice-versa.

Average Collection Period = 365 (Net Working Days)

Debtors Turnover Ratio

Year

2006

2007

2008

Days

365

365
365

Debtor Turnover Ratio

9.6

8.3

7.5

Average Collection Period

38 days

44 days

49 days

Interpretation :

The average collection period measures the quality of debtors and it helps in analyzing the
efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps to analysis the credit policy adopted by company. In the firm
average collection period increasing year to year. It shows that the firm has Liberal Credit policy. These
changes in policy are due to competitor’s credit policy.

5. WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO :

Working capital turnover ratio indicates the velocity of utilization of net working capital. This ratio
indicates the number of times the working capital is turned over in the course of the year. This ratio
measures the efficiency with which the working capital is used by the firm. A higher ratio indicates
efficient utilization of working capital and a low ratio indicates otherwise. But a very high working capital
turnover is not a good situation for any firm.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Cost of Sales

Net Working Capital

Working Capital Turnover = Sales

Networking Capital

e.g.

Year

2006

2007

2008
Sales

166.0

151.5

169.5

Networking Capital

53.87

62.52

103.09

Working Capital Turnover

3.08

2.4

1.64
Interpretation :

This ratio indicates low much net working capital requires for sales. In 2008, the reciprocal of this
ratio (1/1.64 = .609) shows that for sales of Rs. 1 the company requires 60 paisa as working capital. Thus
this ratio is helpful to forecast the working capital requirement on the basis of sale.

INVENTORIES

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Inventories

37.15

35.69

75.01
Interpretation :

Inventories is a major part of current assets. If any company wants to manage its working capital
efficiency, it has to manage its inventories efficiently. The graph shows that inventory in 2005-2006 is
45%, in 2006-2007 is 43% and in 2007-2008 is 54% of their current assets. The company should try to
reduce the inventory upto 10% or 20% of current assets.

CASH BNAK BALANCE :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Cash Bank Balance

4.69

1.79

5.05
Interpretation :

Cash is basic input or component of working capital. Cash is needed to keep the business running on
a continuous basis. So the organization should have sufficient cash to meet various requirements. The
above graph is indicate that in 2006 the cash is 4.69 crores but in 2007 it has decrease to 1.79. The result
of that it disturb the firms manufacturing operations. In 2008, it is increased upto approx. 5.1% cash
balance. So in 2008, the company has no problem for meeting its requirement as compare to 2007.

DEBTORS :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Debtors

17.33

19.05

25.94
Interpretation :

Debtors constitute a substantial portion of total current assets. In India it constitute one third of
current assets. The above graph is depict that there is increase in debtors. It represents an extension of
credit to customers. The reason for increasing credit is competition and company liberal credit policy.

CURRENT ASSETS :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Current Assets

81.29

83.15
136.57

Interpretation :

This graph shows that there is 64% increase in current assets in 2008. This increase is arise because
there is approx. 50% increase in inventories. Increase in current assets shows the liquidity soundness of
company.

CURRENT LIABILITY :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Current Liability

27.42
20.58

33.48

Interpretation :

Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In 2008 the current liabilities of
the company increased. But still increase in current assets are more than its current liabilities.

NET WOKRING CAPITAL :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Net Working Capital

53.87

62.53

103.09

Interpretation :

Working capital is required to finance day to day operations of a firm. There should be an optimum
level of working capital. It should not be too less or not too excess. In the company there is increase in
working capital. The increase in working capital arises because the company has expanded its business.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology, I have adopted for my study is the various tools, which basically analyze critically
financial position of to the organization:

I. COMMON-SIZE P/L A/C

II. COMMON-SIZE BALANCE SHEET

III. COMPARTIVE P/L A/C

IV. COMPARTIVE BALANCE SHEET

 V. TREND ANALYSIS

VI. RATIO ANALYSIS

The above parameters are used for critical analysis of financial position. With the evaluation of each
component, the financial position from different angles is tried to be presented in well and systematic
manner. By critical analysis with the help of different tools, it becomes clear how the financial manager
handles the finance matters in profitable manner in the critical challenging atmosphere, the
recommendation are made which would suggest the organization in formulation of a healthy and strong
position financially with proper management system.

I sincerely hope, through the evaluation of various percentage, ratios and comparative analysis, the
organization would be able to conquer its in efficiencies and makes the desired changes.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Financial statement is a collection of data organized according to logical and consistent accounting
procedure to convey an under-standing of some financial aspects of a business firm. It may show
position at a moment in time, as in the case of balance sheet or may reveal a series of activities over a
given period of time, as in the case of an income statement. Thus, the term ‘financial statements’
generally refers to the two statements
(1) The position statement or Balance sheet.

(2) The income statement or the profit and loss Account.

OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

According to accounting Principal Board of America (APB) states

The following objectives of financial statements: -

1. To provide reliable financial information about economic resources and obligation of a business firm.

2. To provide other needed information about charges in such economic resources and obligation.

3. To provide reliable information about change in net resources (recourses less obligations) missing out
of business activities.

4. To provide financial information that assets in estimating the learning potential of the business.

LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Though financial statements are relevant and useful for a concern, still they do not present a final
picture a final picture of a concern. The utility of these statements is dependent upon a number of
factors. The analysis and interpretation of these statements must be done carefully otherwise
misleading conclusion may be drawn.
Financial statements suffer from the following limitations: -

1. Financial statements do not given a final picture of the concern. The data given in these statements is
only approximate. The actual value can only be determined when the business is sold or liquidated.

2. Financial statements have been prepared for different accounting periods, generally one year, during
the life of a concern. The costs and incomes are apportioned to different periods with a view to
determine profits etc. The allocation of expenses and income depends upon the personal judgment of
the accountant. The existence of contingent assets and liabilities also make the statements imprecise. So
financial statement are at the most interim reports rather than the final picture of the firm.

3. The financial statements are expressed in monetary value, so they appear to give final and accurate
position. The value of fixed assets in the balance sheet neither represent the value for which fixed assets
can be sold nor the amount which will be required to replace these assets. The balance sheet is
prepared on the presumption of a going concern. The concern is expected to continue in future. So fixed
assets are shown at cost less accumulated deprecation. Moreover, there are certain assets in the
balance sheet which will realize nothing at the time of liquidation but they are shown in the balance
sheets.

4. The financial statements are prepared on the basis of historical costs Or original costs. The value of
assets decreases with the passage of time current price changes are not taken into account. The
statement are not prepared with the keeping in view the economic conditions. the balance sheet loses
the significance of being an index of current economics realities. Similarly, the profitability shown by the
income statements may be represent the earning capacity of the concern.

5. There are certain factors which have a bearing on the financial position and operating result of the
business but they do not become a part of these statements because they cannot be measured in
monetary terms. The basic limitation of the traditional financial statements comprising the balance
sheet, profit & loss A/c is that they do not give all the information regarding the financial operation of
the firm. Nevertheless, they provide some extremely useful information to the extent the balance sheet
mirrors the financial position on a particular data in lines of the structure of assets, liabilities etc. and the
profit & loss A/c shows the result of operation during a certain period in terms revenue obtained and
cost incurred during the year. Thus, the financial position and operation of the firm.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

It is the process of identifying the financial strength and weakness of a firm from the available
accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done

CALCULATIONS OF RATIOS

Ratios are relationship expressed in mathematical terms between figures, which are connected with
each other in some manner.

CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS

Ratios can be classified in to different categories depending upon the basis of classification

The traditional classification has been on the basis of the financial statement to which the determination
of ratios belongs.

These are:-

· Profit & Loss account ratios

· Balance Sheet ratios

· Composite ratios

Project Description :

Title : Working Capital Management of ____________

Pages : 73

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