/ AIR UNIVERSITY (Final Examination: Spring, 2008) Course: Wireless Communication Total Marks: 100 Classes: BEE-F-05(Semester 6 A,B) Time Allowed: 3 Hours Special Instructions: Please ensure that your paper contains 70 short questions, 3 problems and Erlang 8 chart. Any helping material is not allowed except pen and calculator. Answer the short questions in the given space. Solve the problems on the answer sheet. Make sure that you have tightly attached your short questions with your answer sheet. Explain frequency reuse or planning concept. The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all of the cellular base stations within a_system is called frequency reuse or planning. 2 How many users can be accommodated with an area of 100km?, if the area of cluster is 10km?and total available channels are 80. Total number of clusters 2 0, Users/cluster = 80, Total number of users = 10 x 80 = 800 3. What is the number of channels available per cell? If cluster size, N = 4 and duplex channel bandwidth is S0kHz. Assume total available bandwidth is 33MHz. axe _ ‘soxaos = 660 ‘Number of channels/cluster = ‘Number of channels/Cell = 660/4 = 165 4 Explain mobile assisted handoff. In MAHO, if the mobile station receive week signal from its current base station than any other base station, it request for handoff. In response to its request, handoff is takes place. 5. Can we decrease co-channel interference by increasing SNR, if not, why? "No, increasing SNR will produce increasing interference for other users. 6. How co-channel interference can be reduced? ‘Co-channel interference can be decreased by increasing the physical distance among the co-cell7. What is co-channel reuse ratio, Q? IFN = 12. ee What is the cause of adjacent channel interference? 49, Traffic intensity is #/, Erlang. What it does mean? Te means that the channel is used half of the time 10, What is holding time? ‘Average duration of a call e" Why a cellis split into microcells? To increase capacity 12. What happens, when all channels are occupied in a trunked mobile radio system? Fither a new calls rejected or queued 18. What is blocked call cleared system? shocked cal cleared system, on the unavailability of channel, the calls rejected. | 1. How many Co-cels introduce interference, when 120° sectoring is used? Assume 7 cell reused pattern. © sx sowairpvacy acieedin cH? Through encryption. 16, \n GSM system architecture, which are three major subsystems? 11. Base station subsystem (BSS) 2. Network and Switching subsystem (NSS) 3. Operation support subsystem (OSS)1, What is the function of Network and switching subsystem in GSM architecture? NSS manages the switching functions of the system and allows the MSC to communicate with other networks, such as PSTN and ISDN ete. 18. Which interface protocol connects a base transceiver station with base station controller? 79. What are three main functions of Operation Support subsystem? 7. Maintain ail telecommunication hardware and network operations. 2. Manage all charging and billing procedure. 3. Manage all mobile equipment in the system. 20, How user data is transmitted in half rate traffic channel? Half rate user data is transmitted on alternate frames 21. Which time slot and which frames are used for broadcast control channel in a control multi-frame? 750, Frames 2to5 2, What is the purpose of paging channel? Transmit paging signals Notify a specific mobile about an incoming call from PSTN. Transmit the IMS! of the target subscriber, along with a request for acknowledgement. Broadcast SMS 28. Which channel is used to respond the RACH channel in GSM? ‘Access grant channel 24, How many GSM frames constitute a super-frame? ‘Super frame=51 multt-frames x26 frames = 1326 frames 2. For 20msec speech, how many bits are generated by short term predictor in GSM? 26, What is the transfer function of long term predictor analyzer? 27. How many bits are delivered by RELP vocoder for 20msec speech input in GSM? 260 bits25, What is the data rate of GSM burst? 22.8kbps. 29. What is the purpose of CRC in channel coding of GSM? To secure the most important bits 30. Draw GSM encryption procedure. Key q q [AS Algorit Aigorithm| Leet Block Downlink] [Downlink] data out data in Uplink Uplink data in data out 31. Transmitted power in GSM is always kept below a specified mask, why? To ensure that the radio transmitter should not generate unacceptable level of ACI 32. Give two inherent advantages of spread spectrum technique. 1. It suppresses the detrimental effects of interference due to jamming, due to other users of the system, and self interference due to multipath propagation. 2._ It hide the signal by transmitting it at lower power than back ground noise, 38. What is direct sequence spread spectrum? In direct sequence spread spectrum, the phase of the transmitted signal is shifted pseudo-randomly according to the PN sequence generated at the modulator. 34. What is bandwidth expansion ratio in spread spectrum communication?36, Suppose we require (®/,) = 104B achieving reliable communication. What is the processing gain ae that is necessary to provide an interference margin of 20dB. Pes @, + ),, = 20+ 10 = 304B W ~ 10% = 1000 a = 37, What is asynchronous transmission? When the signals of multiple users arrive at the receiver at different time instants, the transmissio called asynchronous transmission. It is usually the case of uplink transmissi 38. What is the maximum user data rate in 1S-95 standard? ‘9.6kbps 39. Which Walsh code is used for pilot channel in 1S-95 standard? 4. How many physical channels are available in IS-95 standard? 4. What is the purpose of pilot channel in 1S-95 standard? ‘At mobile station, data of pilot channel provide synchronization to the base station clock. 4. \s synchronization channel unique for individual base station in IS-95 standard? Yes, the synchronization channel is unique for any individual base station. 443. How many paging channels are available in 1S-95 standard? ‘#4. What is the period of the code generated by long code generator in IS-95 standard?45. What is the function of decimator in the transmitter of !S-95 standard? It down converts the chip rate of long code generator from 1.2288Mchips/sec. to 19.2kchips/sec. 4%, How near-far effect is minimized in IS-95 standard? ‘Near-far effect can be eliminated by receiving the same power from each user. This Is done by transmitting power control bits to instruct the MS to raise or down its power level. 47, Which modulation scheme is used in IS-95 standard? 45. Give the names of reverse channels of IS-95 standard, 1. Access channel 2. Traffic channel 49. Why mobile stations send probe signals of increasing strength in IS-95 standard? When MS initiate a call it does not know the propagation condition in the reverse link. Therefore It starts by sending probe signals of low strength and gradually increase the signal level with every next ‘attempt until it obtains the BS confirmation that the connection is established. £0, How many bits are generated from the channel coder for one fram 28.8kbps the reverse link of IS-95 standard? ‘St. What is the difference between AWGN channel and fading channel? In AWGN channels, only Gaussian noise is added to the transmitted signal while in fading channels, random constants are multiplied with the different delayed versions of the same signal 52, What is shadowing effect? In mobile channels, the path loss is different at the points having same T-R separation due to different clutters. This is called shadowing effect. 58. Which parameter makes the channel frequency selective? If transmitted signal bandwidth Is less than the channel coherence bandwidth, the channel is called frequency selective. Coherence bandwidth is inversely proportional to the time spread of the signal.54, Give the names of three phenomenon that cause large scale fading. Reflection 2. Diffraction 3._scattering ‘58. When a channel becomes fast fading? [f transmitted bit duration is larger than the coherence time of the channel, the channel I said to be fast fading. 5. Draw an appropriate channel model of two path propagation, where the relative time delay between the two received signals is Imsec., and the transmitted signal bandwidth is 10kHz. Delay lot Total Delay = 1 msec. Output 57. When a channel is called Rayleigh fading channel? if channel fading coefficient is complex Gaussian random variable with zero mean, its envelop has Rayleigh distribution and the channel is called Rayleigh channel. 58. Define coherence time of the channel. te a where Ba, is the Doppler frequency spread. Coherence time measures the time at which the hannel behavior remains constant 59. Which three strategies are used for performance improvement in fading channels? a 7. Equalization 2. Diversity 3. Channel coding 60_Why equalizer should be adaptive? In order to encounter the time variations of the channel, an equalizer should be adaptive 61. What is meant by diversity? In diversity techniques, multiple replicas of the same signal are transmitted. 62. Which receiver provides time diversity in CDMA systems?48. Name three important channel coding techniques. 1. Block codes 2. Convolutional codes 3. Turbo codes 64, Which technique is used to combat ISI? Equalization’ 65, What are two major structures used for equalizers? 1. Transversal structure 2._Lattice structure 66. Give the structure of adaptive linear equalizer. 67. Which parameter is minimized in adaptive algorithms? ‘Mean square error 68. Which type of channel is equalized by linear equalizers? a Frequency non-selective channel (non-dispersive channel) 69. Name the three non-linear equalization techniques. 1. Decision Feedback Equalization 2. Maximum Likelihood Symbol Detection 3__Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation 70. What is the basic idea of decision feedback equalizer? The basic idea behind decision feedback equalization is that once an information symbol has been detected and decided upon, the ISI that it induces on future symbols can be estimated and subtracted out before detection of subsequent symbols.TEE Problem Section Problem $16 certain cty has an area of 1300 square miles and is covered by 8 cellr stem using a seven cell reuse pattern. Each cell has a radius of four miles and the city is allocated 40MHz. of Spectrum with a full duplex channel bandwidth of 60kHz. Assume a GOS of 2% for an Erlang B system is specified. If the offered traffic Per user is 0.03 Erlangs, compute (a) The number of cells in the service area. (b) The number of channels per cell. (c) Traffic intensity of each cell. (d) The maximum carried traffic. {e) The total number of users that can be served for 2% GOS. (f)_ The number of mobiles per unique channel. (8) The theoretical maximum number of users that could be served at one time by the system. (a) Total coverage area = 1300 miles Cell radius = 4 miles Area of a cell = 5981 R? = 2,5981x16 = 41.57 sq. miles 1300 ‘as? Total number of cells = 1 cells 4oxr0¢ (6) Total number of channels per cel = $0 = 95channels per cell (©) For ‘number of channels = 95 GOs = 0.02 and from the Erlang 8 chart, we have Traffic intensity per cell = 84 Erlang (d) Maximum carried traffic = # of cells x traffic intensity per cell = 31x84 = 2604 Erlang (e) Troffic per user = 0.03 Erlang Total number of users = Total traffic/traffic per user =2008 = Tog 7 86800 users =_Rumber of users () Number of mobiles per Chan = re os 36800 665 (4) Maximum number of users that can be served = 95 x31 = 2945 users '30 mobile/ channelProblem # 2: Consider a cellular system in which total available voice channels to handle the traffic are 960. ‘The area of each cells 6km? and the total coverage area of the system is 2000km?. Calculate (a) The system capacity if the cluster size, N is 4 (b) The system capacity if the cluster size i 7 (c) How many times would a cluster of size 4 have to be replicated to cover the entire cellular area? (a) Does decreasing the reuse factor N increase the system capacity? Explain Total available channels = 960 Cell area = 6km? Total coverage area = 2000km? (a) Area of a cluster = 4 x 6 = 24km? ‘Number of clusters for covering total area = *00° = 83.33 ~ 83 ‘System capacity= 83 x 960 = 796B0channels (b) Area of a cluster = 7 x 6 = 42km? Number of clusters for covering total area = 728° = 47.62 ~ 48 ‘system capacity= 48 x 960 = 46080channels (d) It is evident when we decrease the value of N from 7 to 4, we increase the system copacity from 46080 to 79680 channels. Thus decreasing the reuse {factor N, increases the system capacity.Problem # B: NX signal to interference ratio (5/1) of 16aB is required for a satisfactory forward link performance of a cellular system. What is the frequency reuse ratio, Q, and cluster size, N, that should be used for maximum capacity if the path loss is 404B /decade? Assume there are ‘six co-channel interferers and all of them are the same distance from the mobile. Using equation 3.9 of your text i.. io (v3n)* 16-0 6 > N=3.16 Therefore N = 4 is sufficient for required SIR Using equation 3.4 Q=v3N viz