EDGE, HSPA, LTE – Broadband Innovation

Peter Rysavy, Rysavy Research

September 2008

Full white paper available for free download at www.3gamericas.org

1
Key Conclusions (1)
• Persistent innovation created EDGE, which was a significant advance over
GPRS; HSPA and HSPA+, which are bringing UMTS to its full potential; and
i now d
is delivering
li i LTE LTE, th
the mostt powerful,
f l wide-area
id wireless
i l ttechnology
h l
ever developed.

• GSM/UMTS has an overwhelming global position in terms of subscribers

subscribers,
deployment, and services. Its success will marginalize other wide-area
wireless technologies.

• In current deployments, HSPA users regularly experience throughput rates

well in excess of 1 megabit per second (Mbps), under favorable conditions,
on both downlinks and uplinks. Planned enhancements will increase these
peak user
user-achievable
achievable throughput rates
rates, with 4 Mbps on commercial networks
being commonly measured.

2
Key Conclusions (2)
• HSPA Evolution provides a strategic performance roadmap advantage for
incumbent GSM/UMTS operators. HSPA+ with 2x2 MIMO, successive
i t f
interference cancellation,
ll ti and
d 64 Q
Quadrature
d t A
Amplitude
lit d M
Modulation
d l ti (QAM) iis
more spectrally efficient than competing technologies including Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Wave 2 with 2x2 MIMO and
Evolved
o ed Data
a a Op
Optimized ed ((EV-DO)
O) Revision
e s o B.
• The LTE Radio Access Network technical specification was approved in
January 2008 and is being incorporated into 3GPP Release 8, which is close
to completion. Initial deployments are likely to occur around 2010. The 3GPP
OFDMA approach used in LTE matches or exceeds the capabilities of any
other OFDMA system. Peak theoretical rates are 326 Mbps in a 20 MHz
channel bandwidth. LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol (IP) network
architecture, and it is designed to support voice in the packet domain.
• LTE has become the technology platform of choice as GSM/UMTS and
CDMA/EV-DO operators are making strategic long-term decisions on their
next-generation platforms. In June of 2008, after extensive evaluation, LTE
was the first and only technology recognized by the Next Generation Mobile
Network alliance to meet its broad requirements.
3
Key Conclusions (3)
• GSM/HSPA will comprise the overwhelming majority of subscribers over the
next five to ten years, even as new wireless technologies are adopted. The
d l
deployment t off LTE and
d its
it coexistence
i t with
ith UMTS/HSPA willill be
b analogous
l
to the deployment of UMTS/HSPA and its coexistence with GSM.

• 3GPP is now studying how to enhance LTE to meet the requirements of

IMT-Advanced in a project called LTE Advanced.

• UMTS/HSPA/LTE have significant economic advantages over other wireless

technologies.

• WiMAX has developed an ecosystem supported by many companies, but it

will
ill still
till only
l representt a very smallll percentage
t off wireless
i l subscribers
b ib over
the next five to ten years.

4
Key Conclusions (4)
• EDGE technology has proven extremely successful and is widely deployed
on GSM networks globally. Advanced capabilities with Evolved EDGE can
d bl and
double d eventually
t ll quadruple
d l currentt EDGE th throughput
h t rates.
t
• With a UMTS multiradio network, a common core network can efficiently
support GSM, WCDMA, and HSPA access networks and offer high
efficiency for both high and low data rates
rates, as well as for both high- and low-
traffic density configurations. In the future, EPC/SAE will provide a new core
network that supports both LTE and interoperability with legacy GSM/UMTS
radio-access networks.
• Innovations such as EPC/SAE and UMTS one-tunnel architecture will
“flatten” the network, simplifying deployment and reducing latency.
• Circuit-switched, voice over HSPA, then moving to Voice over Internet
P t
Protocol l (VoIP)
(V IP) over HSPA willill add
dd tto voice
i capacity it andd reduce
d
infrastructure costs. In the meantime, UMTS/HSPA enjoys high circuit-
switched voice spectral efficiency, and it can combine voice and data on the
same radio channel.

5
 Wireline and Wireless Advances

100 FTTH 100 Mbps

Mbps
ADSL2+ 25 Mbps
10 Mbps LTE 10 Mbps

ADSL 3 tto 5 Mb
Mbps HSPA 5 Mb
HSPA+ Mbps
1 Mbps ADSL 1 Mbps HSDPA 1 Mbps

ISDN UMTS 350 kbps

100 kbps 128 kbps EDGE 100 kbps
GPRS 40 kbps
p
10 kbps
2000 2005 2010
6
Femto Cell Capacity Increase
Macro-Cell
Coverage
Aggregate femto
femto-cell
cell
capacity far exceeds Femto-Cell
macro-cell capacity Coverage
for same amount
of spectrum

7
Broadband Approaches
Strength Weakness
Mobile broadband Constant connectivity Lower capacity than
(EDGE, HSPA, LTE) Broadband capability wireline approaches
across extremely wide Inability to serve high-
areas bandwidth applications
Good
G d access solution
l ti ffor such as IP TV
areas lacking wireline
infrastructure
Capacity enhancement
options via FMC
Excellent voice
communications
Wireline broadband High capacity broadband Expensive to deploy new
(e.g., DSL, DOCSIS, at very high data rates networks, especially in
FTTH) Evolution to extremely developing economies
high throughput rates lacking infrastructure

8
Deployments as of August 2008

• Over 3.2 billion GSM subscribers

• Most GSM networks now support EDGE

• More than 350 commercial EDGE operators

• 251 million UMTS customers worldwide across 236

commercial networks,

• 211 operators
t in
i 90 countries
t i offering
ff i HSDPA
services

• Additional 47 operators committed to the technology

9
 UMTS/HSPA Voice/Data Traffic
20,6616

18,0789

15,4962

12,9135

10 3308
10,3308

7,7481

5,1654

2,5827
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08

10
 Traffic Growth
700

600
Aggressive 3G/4G
500
Data Traffic Growth

400

Conservative 3G/4G
300 Data Traffic Growth

200
1 corresponds to 2007 2G Data Traffic

100
2G Data Traffic Growth
20
0
15 Voice Traffic Growth
10
Source: AT&T
5 AO - 12/17/07

0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

11
11
 Wireless Approaches
Approach Technologies Employing
Approach
TDMA GSM, GPRS, EDGE,
Telecommunications Industry
Association/Electronics Industry
Association (TIA/EIA)-136 TDMA
CDMA CDMA2000 1xRTT1xRTT, CDMA2000
EV-DO, WCDMA, HSPA,
Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
802.11b
OFDM/OFDMA 802.16/WiMAX, 3GPP LTE, IEEE
802.11a/g/n, IEEE 802.20, Third
Generation Partnership Project 2
(3GPP2) UMB
UMB, 3GPP2
Enhanced Broadcast Multicast
Services (EBCMCS), Digital
Video Broadcasting-H (DVB-H),
Forward Link Onlyy (FLO)
( )
12
Comments
First digital cellular approach.
Hugely successful with GSM GSM.
New enhancements being
designed for GSM/EDGE.
Basis for nearly all new 3G
networks. Mature, efficient, and
will dominate wide-area wireless
systems for the remainder of this
decade.
Effective approach for broadcast
systems, higher bandwidth radio
systems, and high peak data
rates in large blocks of spectrum
spectrum.
Also provides flexibility in the
amount of spectrum used. Well
suited for systems
y planned for
p
the next decade.
 Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (1)

Technology Type Characteristics Typical Typical

N
Name D
Downlink
li k U li k Speed
Uplink S d
Speed
GSM TDMA Most widely deployed
cellular technology in the
world.
ld PProvides
id voice
i and d
data service via
GPRS/EDGE.
EDGE TDMA Data service for GSM 70 kbps 70 kbps
networks.
k An to 130
30 kbps
kb to 130
30 kbps
kb
enhancement to original
GSM data service called
GPRS.
Evolved EDGE TDMA Advanced version of EDGE 150 kbps 100 kbps
that can double and to 500 kbps to 500 kbps
eventually quadruple expected expected
throughput rates.

13
 Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (2)
Technology Type Characteristics Typical Downlink Typical Uplink
Name Speed Speed
UMTS CDMA 3G technology providing voice 200 to 300 kbps 200 to 300 kbps
and data capabilities
capabilities. Current
deployments implement HSPA
for data service.
HSPA CDMA Data service for UMTS networks. 1 Mbps to 500 kbps
An enhancement to original 4 Mbps to 2 Mbps
UMTS data service.
service
HSPA+ CDMA Evolution of HSPA in various >5 Mbps expected >3 Mbps
stages to increase throughput expected
and capacity and to lower
latency.
LTE OFDMA New radio interface that can use > 10 Mbps > 5 Mbps
wide radio channels and deliver expected expected
extremely high throughput
rates. All communications
handled in IP domain.
Typical user rates may exceed
10 Mbps.
LTE Advanced OFDMA Advanced version of LTE
designed to meet IMT-Advanced
requirements
requirements.

14
 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

EDGE Evolved

EDGE
EDGE
DL: 474 kbps
DL: 1.89 Mbps
E UL: 474 kbps UL 947 kbps
UL: kb

HSPA Rel 7 HSPA+ Rel 8 HSPA+

HSPA

DL: 14.4 Mbps DL: 28 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps

UL: 5.76 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps
In 5 MHz In 5 MHz In 5 MHz

LTE
DL: 326 Mbps LTE LTE Advanced
LTE

UL: 86 Mbps (Rel 9) (Rel 10)

In 20 MHz
CDMA2000
0

EV-DO Rev A EV-DO Rev B

DL: 3.1 Mbps DL: 14.7 Mbps
UL: 1.8 Mbps UL: 4.9 Mbps
In 1.25 MHz In 5 MHz

UMB
UMB

DL: 280 Mbps

UMB Rel 2
UL: 68 Mbps
In 20 MHz
AX
ed
WiMA
Fixe

Fixed WiMAX
WiMAX
Mobile

Wave 2
DL: 46 Mbps
Rel 1.5
15 IEEE 802.16m
802 16m
M
W

UL: 4 Mbps
10 MHz 3:1 TDD

Notes: Throughput rates are peak theoretical network rates. Radio channel bandwidths indicated.
Dates refer to expected initial commercial network deployment except 2008 which shows available technologies that year.
15 No operator commitments for UMB.
 3GPP Releases (1)
• Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS.
Enhancements to GSM data ((EDGE). ) Majority
j y of deployments
p y today
y are
based on Release 99. Provides support for GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA
radio-access networks.
• Release 4: Completed.
p Multimedia messaging
g g support.
pp First steps
p
toward using IP transport in the core network.
• Release 5: Completed. HSDPA. First phase of IMS. Full ability to use
IP-based transport
p instead of jjust Asynchronous
y Transfer Mode ((ATM))
in the core network. In 2007, most UMTS deployments are based on
this release.
• Release 6: Completed.
p HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia supportpp through g
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS). Performance
specifications for advanced receivers. WLAN integration option. IMS
enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.

16
 3GPP Releases (2)
• Release 7: Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with Evolved
EDGE. Specifies HSPA Evolution (HSPA+), which includes higher order modulation
and MIMO.
MIMO Provides fine
fine-tuning
tuning and incremental improvements of features from
previous releases. Results include performance enhancements, improved spectral
efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance to interference. Continuous
Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient “always-on” service and enhanced
uplink UL VoIP capacity as well as reductions in call set-up delay for PoC. Radio
enhancements to HSPA include 64 QAM in the downlink DL and 16 QAM in the
uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities through the
multicast/broadcast single-frequency
g q y network ((MBSFN)) function.
• Release 8: Under development. Comprises further HSPA Evolution features such as
simultaneous use of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes work item for dual-carrier HSPA
(DC-HSPA) where two WCDMA radio channels can be combined for a doubling of
throughput performance.
performance Specifies OFDMA
OFDMA-based
based 3GPP LTELTE. Defines EPC.
EPC
• Release 9: Expected to include HSPA and LTE enhancements.
• Release 10: Expected to specify LTE Advanced that meets the requirements set by
ITU’s IMT-Advanced project.
p j

17
 FDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies
Operating Total
band Band name spectrum Uplink [MHz] Downlink [MHz]

Band 1 2.1 GHz 2x60 MHz 1920-1980 2110-2170

Band 2 1900 MHz 2x60 MHz 1850-1910 1930-1990
Band 3 1800 MHz 2x75 MHz 1710-1785 1805-1880
Band 4 1.7/2.1 GHz 2x45 MHz 1710-1755 2110-2155
Band 5 850 MHz 2x25 MHz 824-849 869-894
Band 6 800 MHz 2x10 MHz 830-840 875-885
Band 7 2.6 GHz 2x70 MHz 2500-2570 2620-2690
Band 8 900 MHz 2x35 MHz 880-915
880 915 925-960
925 960
Band 9 1700 MHz 2x35 MHz 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9
Band 10 Ext 1.7/2.1MHz 2x60 MHz 1710-1770 2110-2170
Band 11 1500 MHz 2x25 MHz 1427.9 - 1452.9 1475.9 - 1500.9
Band 12 Lower 700 MHz 2x18 MHz 698-716 728-746
Band 13 Upper 700 MHz 2x10 MHz 777-787 746-756
Upper 700 MHz,
Band 14 public safety/private 2x10 MHz 788-798 758-768

18
 TDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies

Operating Total Frequencies [MHz]

band spectrum
Band 33 20 MHz 1900-1920
Band 34 15 MHz 2010-2025
2010 2025
Band 35 60 MHz 1850-1910
Band 36 60 MHz 1930-1990
Band 37 20 MHz 1910-1930
Band 38 50 MHz 2570-2620
Band 39 40 MHz 1880-1920
Band 40 100 MHz 2300-2400

19
 Expected Features/Capabilities
Year Features
2008 HSUPA seeing significant deployment momentum in networks and device availability.
First HSUPA networks with 5.8 Mbps peak uplink speed capability.
HSPA devices with 7.2 Mbps downlinks widely available.
Various operators offering FMC based on UMA.
Operators announcing commitments to femto cell approaches.
Greater availability of FMC
2009 Networks and devices capable of Release 7 HSPA+, including MIMO, boosting HSPA peak
speeds to 28 Mbps
Enhanced IMS-based services (for example, integrated voice/multimedia/presence/location)
2010 Evolved EDGE capabilities available to significantly increase EDGE throughput rates
HSPA+ peak speeds further increased to peak rates of 42 Mbps based on Release 8
LTE introduced for next-generation throughput performance using 2X2 MIMO
Advanced core architectures available through EPC/SAE, primarily for LTE but also for
HSPA+, providing benefits such as integration of multiple network types and flatter
architectures for better latency performance
Most new services implemented in the packet domain over HSPA+ and LTE
2011 and LTE enhancements such as 4X2 MIMO and 4X4 MIMO
later LTE Advanced specifications completed.
2012 LTE Advanced potentially deployed in initial stages.

20
 Peak Rates Over Time DL LTE(20MHz) 300M

Downlink Speeds
DL LTE(10MHz) 140M

100 Mbps 20 Mbps

MIMO/64QAM 41M
UL LTE (10MHz) 50M
MIMO 2x2 28M
UL LTE (10MHz) 25M
HSDPA 14.4M

10 Mbps HSUPA/16QAM 11M 10 Mbps

HSDPA 7.2M

HSDPA 3.6M HSUPA 5.6M

Uplink Speeds

HSDPA 1.8M
HSUPA 1.5M • HSPA DL and UL peak throughputs expected to
1 Mbps double every year on average 1 Mbps
• Limitations not induced by the technology itself
but time frames required to upgrade
DL R’99-384k UL R’99 384k
infrastructure and transport networks, obtain
devices with corresponding capabilities and
interoperability tests
100 kbps 100 kbps
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

21
 Relative Adoption of Technologies
g

LTE
Subsscriptions

UMTS/HSPA

GSM/EDGE

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

22
 Radio Resource Management
1xRTT/1xEV-DO
1xRTT/1xEV DO versus UMTS/HSPA

Speech
S h Unavailable
U il bl Hi
High-
h Efficient
Effi i t Allocation
All ti off R
Resources
Blocking Speed Data Capacity Between Voice and Data

EV-DO
Hz Channels

hannel
Three 1.25 MH

One 5 MHz Ch
1xRTT

1xRTT

High-Speed Data

Voice

23
 Throughput
g Comparison
Downlink Uplink
Peak Peak Peak Peak
Network And/Or Network And/Or
Speed Typical User Speed Typical User
Rate Rate

EDGE (type 2 MS) 473.6 kbps 473.6 kbps

EDGE (type 1 MS) 236.8 kbps 200 kbps 236.8 kbps 200 kbps
(Practical Terminal) peak peak
70 to 135 70 to 135
kbps typical kbps typical

Evolved EDGE 1184 kbps 473.6 kbps

(type 1 MS)

Evolved EDGE 1894.4 kbps 947.2 kbps

(type 2 MS)

Blue Indicates Theoretical Peak Rates

Rates, Green Typical

24
 Throughput
g Comparison ((2))
Downlink Uplink
Peak Peak Peak Peak
Network And/Or Network And/Or
Speed Typical User Speed Typical User
Rate Rate

UMTS WCDMA Rel’99 2.048 Mbps 768 kbps

UMTS WCDMA Rel’99 384 kbps 350 kbps 384 kbps 350 kbps
(Practical Terminal) peak peak
200 to 300 200 to 300
kbps typical kbps typical

HSDPA Initial Devices 1.8 Mbps > 1 Mbps 384 kbps 350 kbps
(2006) peak peak
HSDPA 14 4 Mbps
14.4 384 kbps
HSPA Initial 7.2 Mbps > 5 Mbps 2 Mbps > 1.5 Mbps
Implementation peak peak
700 kbps to 500 kbps to
1 7 Mb
1.7 Mbps 1 2 Mb
1.2 Mbps
typical typical

25
 Throughput
g Comparison ((3))
Downlink Uplink
Peak Peak Peak Peak
Network And/Or Network And/Or
Speed Typical User Speed Typical User
Rate Rate
HSPA Current 7.2 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
Implementation

HSPA 14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps

HSPA+ (DL 64 QAM, UL 21.6 Mbps 11.5 Mbps
16 QAM)

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 28 Mbps > 5Mbps 11 5 Mbps

11.5 > 3 Mbps
DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM) typical typical
expected expected
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 42 Mbps 11.5 Mbps
DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM)

LTE (2X2 MIMO) 173 Mbps > 10 Mbps 58 Mbps > 5 Mbps
typical typical
expected expected
LTE (
(4X4 MIMO)
) 326 Mbps
p 86 Mbps
p

26
 Throughput
g Comparison ((4))
Downlink Uplink
Peak Network Peak And/Or Peak Network Peak And/Or
Speed Typical User Rate Speed Typical User Rate

CDMA2000 1XRTT 153 kbps 130 kbps peak 153 kbps 130 kbps peak

CDMA2000 1XRTT 307 kbps 307 kbps

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev 0 2.4 Mbps > 1 Mbps peak 153 kbps 150 kbps peak

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev A 3.1 Mbps > 1.5 Mbps peak 1.8 Mbps > 1 Mbps peak

p to 1.4
600 kbps 300 to 500 kbps
p
Mbps typical typical

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B (3 radio 9.3 Mbps 5.4 Mbps

channels MHz)

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B 73.5 Mbps 27 Mbps

Th
Theoretical
ti l (15 radio
di channels)
h l )

Ultra Mobile Broadband (2X2 140 Mbps 34 Mbps

MIMO)

Ultra Mobile Broadband (4X4 280 Mbps 68 Mbps

MIMO)

802.16e WiMAX expected Wave 1 23 Mbps 4 Mbps

(10 MHz TDD DL/UL=3, 1X2 SIMO)

802.16e
802 16e WiMAX expected Wave 2 46 Mbps 4 Mbps
(10 MHz TDD, DL/UL=3, 2x2
MIMO)

802.16m TBD TBD

27
 Thro
oughput [Mbps
s]

28
10

0.0
10
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0%

95
%
90
%
85
%
80
%
75
%
70
%
65
%
60
%
55
%
50
%
45
%
40
%
Throughput Distribution

35
%
30
%
25
%
20
%
15
%
10
%

5%

0%
 HSDPA Performance in 7.2 Mbps Network

Good Coverage Bad Coverage

Median bitrate Median bitrate
3.8 Mbps 1.8 Mbps -106 dBm

Mobile
Median bitrate
Performance 1 9 Mb
1.9 Mbps
measured in a
commercial
network

29
 HSUPA Performance in a Commercial Network

100
Mobile
90

80

Median bitrate 70

1.0 Mbps 60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0

70

700

770

980
840

910
280

420

490

630
140

210

350

560

1120

1260

1330

1400
1050

1190

30
 LTE Throughput
g in Test Network
154
Base station located at x.
L1 Throughput 123
Max: 154 Mbps
Mean: 78 Mbps 97
Min: 16 Mbps
User Speed 74
Max: 45 km/h
Mean: 16 km/h 54
Min: 0 km/h
Sub-urban area with line- 37
of-sight: less than 40%
of the samples 23

Heights of surrounding
buildings: 15-25 m 12

20 MHz Channel
2X2 MIMO 100 meters
 Latency of Different Technologies
700

600

500
econds

400
Millise

300

20
0
100

GPRS EDGE EDGE WCDMA Evolved HSDPA HSPA LTE

32 Rel’97 Rel’99 Rel’4 Rel’99 EDGE
 Performance Relative to
Theoretical Limits
6
Shannon bound
Shannon bound with 3dB margin
5 HSDPA
EV-DO
hievable Efficiency (bps/Hz)

IEEE 802.16e-2005
802 16 2005
4

2
Ach

0
-15
15 -10
10 -5
5 0 5 10 15 20
Required SNR (dB)

33
Downlink Spectral Efficiency
Future Future
2.5 improvements
improvements
2.4
LTE UMB
2.3 4X4 MIMO 4X4 MIMO Future
2.2 improvements
5 MHz

2.1 Rel 1.5

2.0 4X4 MIMO
Efficiency (bps/Hz/sector) 5+5

1.9
1.8
LTE UMB
1.7
4X2 MIMO 4X2 MIMO
1.6
Rel 1.5
15
1.5 4X2 MIMO
LTE UMB
1.4 2X2 MIMO 2X2 MIMO
1.3 Rel 1.5
HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO
1.2 SIC, 64 QAM
11
1.1 Rev B
HSPA+ Cross-Carrier
1.0 2X2 MIMO WiMAX
Scheduling
0.9 Wave 2
0.8 HSDPA Rev A,
MRxD, WiMAX
MRxD,
0.7 Wave 1
Spectral E

Equalizer Equalizer
0.6
0.5
0.4 HSDPA
0.3 EV-DO Rev 0
0.2
0.1 UMTS R’99

34 UMTS to LTE CDMA2000 to UMB WiMAX

 Uplink Spectral Efficiencyy
Future Future
Improvements Improvements
1.0
ency (bps/Hz/sectorr) 5+5 MHz

UMB 1X4
LTE 1x4
Receive
0.9 Receive
Diversity Diversity

Future
0.8 Improvements

Rel 1.5 1X4

0.7 Receive
Diversity
LTE 1X2 UMB 1X2
0.6 Receive Receive
Diversity Diversity
0.5 Rel 1.5 1X2
HSPA+ EV-DO Rev B,
Interference Interference Receive Diversity
0.4 Cancellation, Cancellation WiMAX
Specctral Efficie

16 QAM Wave 2
0.3 WiMAX
Wave 1
EV-DO Rev A
0.2 HSUPA Rel 6

UMTS R’99
R 99 EV DO Rev
EV-DO R 0
0.1 to Rel 5

35 UMTS to LTE CDMA2000 to UMB WiMAX

 Voice Spectral Efficiencyy
Future Future
500 Improvements Improvements
LTE AMR 5.9 kbps UMB VoIP
450 LTE VoIP
EVRC-B 6 kbps
AMR 7.95 kbps
400
Hz

Future
10+10 MH

Improvements
350
Rel 1.5
Interference EVRC-B 6kbps
300 Interference
Cancellation
Erlangs, 1

EVRC-B 6 kbps Rel 1

1.5
5
Cancellation
EVRC 8 kbps
250 AMR 5.9 kbps
EVRC-B 6 kbps
Rel 7 VoIP
AMR 5.9 kbps
200 EV-DO Rev A
Rel 7, VoIP EVRC 8 kbps
AMR 7.95 kbps
150 WiMAX
UMTS R’99 1xRTT Wave 2
AMR 7.95 kbps EVRC 8 kbps EVRC 8 kbps
10
UMTS R’99
0 AMR 12
12.2
2 kb
kbps
50

36 UMTS to LTE CDMA2000 to UMB WiMAX

 Subscriber Growth

37
 Throughput Requirements
• Microbrowsing (for example, Wireless
Application Protocol [WAP]): 8 to 128 kbps
• Multimedia messaging: 8 to 64 kbps
• Video
Vid telephony:
t l h 64 to
t 384 kbps
kb
• General-purpose Web browsing: 32 kbps to
more than 1 Mbps
• Enterprise applications including e-mail,
database access
access, and VPNs: 32 kbps to more
than 1 Mbps
• Video and audio streaming: 32 kbps to 2 Mbps

38
 GPRS/EDGE Architecture

Mobile Base
Station Transceiver Public Switched
Mobile Station Circuit-Switched Telephone Network
Station Traffic
Base Base Mobile
Mobile Transceiver Station Switching
Station Station Controller Center
Home
Location
IP Register
g
Traffic

GPRS/EDGE Data
Infrastructure Serving Gateway
GPRS GPRS External Data
Support Support Network (e.g., Internet)
Node Node

39
 Example of GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Timeslot Structure

4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots

577 S
per timeslot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Possible BCCH BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
carrier configuration
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Possible TCH carrier PBCCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
configuration

BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel – carries synchronization, paging and other signalling information
TCH: Traffic Channel – carries voice traffic data; may alternate between frames for half-rate
PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel – Carries packet data traffic for GPRS and EDGE
PBCCH Packet
PBCCH: P k t Broadcast
B d t Control
C t l ChChannell – additional
dditi l signalling
i lli ffor GPRS/EDGE
GPRS/EDGE; used d only
l if needed
d d

40
 EDGE Modulation and Coding Schemes

Modulation and Modulation Throughput

g p p
per
Coding Scheme Timeslot (kbps)

MCS-1 GMSK 8.8

MCS-2
MCS 2 GMSK 11 2
11.2
MCS-3 GMSK 14.8
MCS-4 GMSK 17.6
MCS 5
MCS-5 8 PSK
8-PSK 22 4
22.4
MCS-6 8-PSK 29.6
MCS-7 8-PSK 44.8
MCS 8
MCS-8 8 PSK
8-PSK 54 4
54.4
MCS-9 8-PSK 59.2

41
 Evolved EDGE Objectives
• A 100 percent increase in peak data rates.
• A 50 p percent increase in spectral
p efficiency
y and capacity
p y in C/I-
limited scenarios.
• A sensitivity increase in the downlink of 3 dB for voice and data.
• A reduction of latency for initial access and round-trip
round trip time
time, thereby
enabling support for conversational services such as VoIP and PoC.
• To achieve compatibility with existing frequency planning, thus
facilitating deployment in existing networks
networks.
• To coexist with legacy mobile stations by allowing both old and new
stations to share the same radio resources.
• To avoid impacts on infrastructure by enabling improvements
through a software upgrade.
• To be applicable to DTM (simultaneous voice and data) and the
A/Gb mode interface.
interface The A/Gb mode interface is part of the 2G core
network, so this goal is required for full backward-compatibility with
42
legacy GPRS/EDGE.
 Evolved EDGE Methods in
Release 7
• Downlink dual-carrier reception to increase the number of timeslots that
can be received from four on one carrier to 10 on two carriers for a 150
percentt increase
i iin th
throughput.
h t
• The addition of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, and
32 QAM as well as an increased symbol rate (1.2x) in the uplink and a
new set of modulation/coding g schemes that will increase maximum
throughput per timeslot by 38 percent. Currently, EDGE uses 8-PSK
modulation. Simulations indicate a realizable 25 percent increase in
user-achievable peak rates.
• The ability to use four timeslots in the uplink (possible since release).
• A reduction in overall latency. This is achieved by lowering the TTI to 10
msec and by including the acknowledge information in the data packet.
These enhancements will have a dramatic effect on throughput for
many applications.
applications
• Downlink diversity reception of the same radio channel to increase the
robustness in interference and to improve the receiver sensitivity.
Simulations have demonstrated sensitivity gains of 3 dB and a decrease
in required C/I of up to 18 dB for a single cochannel interferer
interferer.
Significant increases in system capacity can be achieved, as explained
below.
43
 Evolved EDGE Two-Carrier
Operation
Slot N + 1
Slot N (Idle Frame) Slot N + 2 Slot N + 3

Rx1
Rx2
Tx (1)

Neighbor Cell Measurements

Uplink Timeslot
Downlink Timeslot

44
 Optimization of Timeslot Usage
Example

5 Timeslot Allocation “Scavenged” from

Each Receiver Changes
Tuned Frequency Between
Different Frequency Carriers
its Slots
Idle Frame
Rx1 F1 F3 F5 F1 F3 F5 F1 F3 F5

Rx2 F2 F4 F2 F4 F2 F4

Tx

NCM
Neighbor Cell Measurements Uplink Timeslot Downlink Timeslot

45
 Evolved EDGE Theoretical Rates
• Type 2 mobile device (one that can support simultaneous
transmission and reception) using HTCS
HTCS-8-B
8 B as the MCS and
a dual-carrier receiver can achieve the following
performance:
– Highest data rate per timeslot (layer 2) = 118.4 kbps
– Timeslots per carrier = 8
– Carriers used in the downlink = 2
– Total downlink data rate = 118.4 kbps X 8 X 2 = 1894.4
kbps
• This translates to a peak network rate close to 2 Mbps and a
user-achievable data rate of well over 1 Mbps!

46
 Evolved EDGE Implementation

47
 UMTS Multi-Radio Network

Packet-Switched
GSM/EDGE
Networks

UMTS
WCDMA, Core Network Circuit-Switched
HSDPA (MSC, HLR, Networks
SGSN GGSN)
SGSN,

Other Other Cellular

e.g., WLAN Operators

Common core network can support

pp multiple
p radio access networks

48
 High Speed Downlink Packet Access
• High speed data enhancement for WCDMA/UMTS
• Peak theoretical speeds of 14 Mbps
• Current devices support 7.2 Mbps throughput
• Methods used by HSDPA
– High speed channels shared both in the code and time
domains
– Short transmission time interval (TTI)
– Fast scheduling and user diversity
– Higher-order
Hi h d modulation
d l ti
– Fast link adaptation
– Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (HARQ)

49
 HSDPA Channel Assignment -
Example
U
User 1 U
User 2 U
User 3 U
User 4
on Codes
Channelizatio

2 msec

Time
50 Radio resources assigned both in code and time domains
 HSDPA Multi-User Diversity

User 1
High data rate
Signal Qualiity

User 2
S

Low data rate

Time
User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1

Efficient scheduler favors transmissions to users with best radio conditions

51
 HSDPA Terminal Categories
HS-DSCH Maximum number of L1 Peak QPSK/ Soft
Category HS-DSCH codes Rate (Mbps) 16QAM Channel
Bits
Category 1 5 1.2 Both 19200
Category 2 5 1.2 Both 28800
Category 3 5 1.8 Both 28800
Category 4 5 1.8 Both 38400
Category 5 5 3.6 Both 57600
Category 6 5 3.6 Both 67200
Category 7 10 7.2 Both 115200
Category
g y8 10 7.2 Both 134400
Category 9 15 10.2 Both 172800
Category 10 15 14.4 Both 172800
Category 11 5 09
0.9 QPSK 14400
Category 12 5 1.8 QPSK 28800

52
 High Speed Uplink Packet Access
• 85% increase in overall cell throughput on the uplink
• Achievable rates of 1 Mbps on the uplink
• Reduced packet delays to as low as 30 msec
• Methods:
– An enhanced dedicated physical channel
– A short TTI, as low as 2 msec, which allows faster
responses to changing radio conditions and error
conditions
– Fast Node B-based
B based scheduling,
scheduling which allows the base
station to efficiently allocate radio resources
– Fast Hybrid ARQ, which improves the efficiency of
error processing
53
 HSUPA Rates Based on Category

HSUPA Codes Transport

TTI Data Rate
Category x Spreading Block Size
1 1 x SF4 10 7296 0.73 Mbps
2 2 x SF4 10 14592 1.46 Mbps
2 2 x SF4 2 2919 1.46 Mbps
3 2 x SF4 10 14592 1.46 Mbps
4 2 x SF2 10 20000 2 Mbps
4 2 x SF2 2 5837 2.9 Mbps
5 2 x SF2 10 20000 2 Mbps
6 2 SF2 + 2
2xSF2 2xSF4
SF4 10 20000 2 Mb
Mbps
6 2xSF2 + 2xSF4 2 11520 5.76 Mbps

54
 HSPA+ Objectives
• Exploit the full potential of a CDMA approach before moving to an
OFDM p platform in 3GPP LTE.
• Achieve performance close to LTE in 5 MHz of spectrum.
• Provide smooth interworking between HSPA+ and LTE, thereby
f ilit ti th
facilitating the operation
ti off b both
th ttechnologies.
h l i A
As such,
h operators
t
may choose to leverage the EPC/SAE planned for LTE.
• Allow operation in a packet-only mode for both voice and data.
• Be backward-compatible with previous systems while incurring no
performance degradation with either earlier or newer devices.
• Facilitate migration from current HSPA infrastructure to HSPA+
infrastructure.

55
 HSPA Throughput Evolution
Technology Downlink Uplink (Mbps)
(Mbps) Peak Data Rate
Peak Data Rate

HSPA as defined in Release 6 14.4 5.76

Release 7 HSPA+ DL 64 QAM, 21.1 11.5

UL 16 QAM

Release 7 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, 28.0 11.5

DL 16 QAM,
QAM UL 16 QAM

Release 8 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO

DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM 42.2 11.5
HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, Dual Carrier
(anticipated in Release 9) 84 11.5

56
 HSPA/HSPA+ One-Tunnel Architecture

Traditional HSPA HSPA with One-Tunnel Possible HSPA+ with

Architecture Architecture One-Tunnel Architecture
GGSN GGSN GGSN
User Plane
SGSN SGSN SGSN
Control Plane
RNC RNC

Node B Node B Node B

57
 CS Voice Over HSPA
Scheduler prioritizes CS mapped to R99 or HSPA bearer AMR adaptation
voice packets depending on terminal capability possible

Transport AMR
queues etc p
adapt.
CS R99
IuCS
HSPA scheduler HSPA
Combined
to one
carrier
IuPS
PS R99

NodeB RNC

58
 Smooth Migration to VoIP over
HSPA
1.4
VoIP
1.2
CS
1
CS + VoIP
0.8
pacity

06
0.6
ative Cap

0.4
Rela

02
0.2

0
0 Power
2 reserved
4 6 for PS
8 traffic
10 (W)
12 14
PS Evolution
59
 LTE Capabilities
• Downlink peak data rates up to 326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
• Uplink
p p
peak data rates up p to 86.4 Mbps
p with 20 MHz bandwidth
• Operation in both TDD and FDD modes.
• Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20
MHz
• Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of two to
four
• Reduced latency, to 10 msec round-trip time between user equipment and
the base station
station, and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive to
active

LTE Configuration Downlink (Mbps) Uplink (Mbps)

Peak Data Rate Peak Data Rate

Using 2X2 MIMO in the Downlink and 16 172.8 57.6

QAM in the Uplink
Using
U i 4X4 MIMO in
i the
th Downlink
D li k and
d 64 326 4
326.4 86 4
86.4
QAM in the Uplink

60
 LTE OFDMA Downlink Resource Assignment
in Time and Frequency

User 1

User 2

User 3
Frequency

User 4

Time

Minimum resource block consists of

14 symbols and 12 subcarriers

61
 LTE Advanced Ideas
• Evolution of current OFDMA approaches.
• Hi h d MIMO (e.g.,
High-order ( 4X4).
4X4)
• Wider radio channels (e.g., 50 to 100 MHz).
• Optimization in narrower bands (e.g., less than
20 MHz) due to spectrum constraints in some
deployments.
deployments
• Multi-channel operation in either same or
different frequency bands
bands.
• Ability to share bands with other services.

62
 IP Multimedia Subsystem
SIP Application
IMS Server

Home Subscriber
Server ((HSS)) Media Resource
SIP
Function Control
DIAMETER
Media Resource
Call Session Control Function (CSCF) Gateway Control
(SIP Proxy)

UMTS/HSPA
Packet Core DSL Wi-Fi
Network
M li l P
Multiple Possible
ibl AAccess N
Networks
k

63
 Efficient Broadcasting
g with OFDM

LTE will leverage OFDM-based broadcasting capabilities

64
 Evolved Packet System
Rel’7 Legacy GSM/UMTS
GERAN

SGSN

UTRAN
One-Tunnel
Option

PCRF
MME
Control

IP
Evolved RAN, User Plane Serving PDN Services,
e.g., LTE Gateway Gateway IMS

EPC/SAE Access Gateway

Non 3GPP
IP Access
65
 Evolved Packet System Elements

• Flatter architecture to reduce latency

• Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networks
connected via SGSN.
• Support for new radio
radio-access
access networks such as LTE
LTE.
• The Serving Gateway that terminates the interface
toward the 3GPP radio-access networks.
• The
Th PDN gatewayt th
thatt controls
t l IP ddata
t services,
i d
does
routing, allocates IP addresses, enforces policy, and
provides access for non-3GPP access networks.
• The MME that supports
s pports user
ser equipment
eq ipment conte
contextt and
identity as well as authenticates and authorizes users.
• The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
that manages QoS aspects
aspects.

66
 Conclusion
• Through constant innovation, the EDGE/HSPA/LTE family provides
operators and subscribers a true mobile broadband advantage
advantage.
• EDGE is a global success story.
• Evolved EDGE will achieve peak rates of over 1 Mbps.
• HSDPA offers the highest peak data rates of any widely available wide
wide-
area wireless technology, with peak user-achievable rates of over 4
Mbps in some networks.
• HSUPA has increased uplink speeds to peak achievable rates of 1
Mbps.
• HSPA+ has peak theoretical rates of 42 Mbps, and in 5 MHz will match
p
LTE capabilities.
• LTE will provide an extremely efficient OFDMA-based platform for future
networks.
• EDGE/HSPA/LTE is one of the most robust p portfolios of mobile-
broadband technologies and is an optimum framework for realizing the
potential of the wireless-data market.
67