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Microwave links became an enormous success with the roll-out of tion, operators need enhanced microwave
second-generation mobile networks. With close to 500,000 units delivered transmission systems. In particular, en-
to date, the Ericsson family of MINI-LINK microwave products has an hanced features are needed to handle chang-
important role in mobile operator networks. Now, the advent of third- ing traffic patterns efficiently, to offer in-
generation mobile networks is starting a new wave of deployment charac- creased capacity, and to make optimum use
of radio spectrum.
terized by cost-effective and flexible roll-out, and short site-to-site dis-
To achieve profitability, operators must
tance. Moreover, we are seeing a shift in focus from plain point-to-point have flexibility and be able to respond
bit transport to a network view with optimized site solutions. quickly to dynamic market conditions.
The authors address the launch of Ericsson’s microwave solution for These requirements make microwave, with
transmission in current second-generation and imminent third-generation its ease of implementation, ideal for access
mobile networks, showing how combined use of the point-to-multipoint transmission.
and point-to-point technologies provides the most cost-effective and Today, 60% of all second-generation
spectrum-efficient solution. RBSs are connected via microwave technol-
ogy. As voice and data traffic increases in
mobile networks, PDH-based point-to-
point microwave solutions can be comple-
mented with ATM-based point-to-
multipoint solutions and SDH equipment
to create a unified, fully integrated and cost-
The inherent reliability and cost- effective transmission solution that gives
effectiveness of microwave technology have operators the best network control and most
been given a dominant role in connecting profitable operation.
mobile radio base stations (RBS). The roll-
out of packet-data and third-generation mo- MINI-LINK portfolio
bile networks fundamentally changes the
traffic demands on transmission systems. The MINI-LINK portfolio includes solu-
Consequently, new microwave transmission tions for point-to-point as well as for point-
techniques and solutions are required. to-multipoint operation. Terminals and
With the continuous growth of mobile smart nodes (Figure 1) are used for imple-
subscribers and mobile data communica- menting the building blocks in a network.
Medium Capacity
C-QPSK
Medium Capacity
QAM
Figure 3
MINI-LINK Medium Capacity terminal (left)
and MINI-LINK High Capacity terminal
(right).
MINI-LINK features
Microwave-specific
Network element Configuration management
Fault management
Bandwidth aggregation management Performance
management
The point-to-point and point-to-multi- MINI-LINK Manager
point smart nodes are hub solutions devel-
oped to support a large number of sites and Network-element-
MSM
future increases in capacity. Being scalable, Embeded element Fault specific Configuration
manager/ management EEM EEM management
the smart node enables the aggregation of Local craft terminal Performance
management
traffic bandwidth that originates from a
MINI-LINK MINI-LINK
large number of end-nodes. At Medium Ca- point-to-point point-to multipoint
Network elements
pacity aggregation nodes, the bandwidth is
aggregated into a medium-capacity inter-
face (maximum 34 Mbit/s) Similarly, at Figure 6
High Capacity aggregation nodes, the MINI-LINK Manager—its role in network management.
bandwidth is aggregated into a high-ca-
pacity interface (STM-1 or greater). Traffic
from the aggregation nodes can be further
transmitted either on microwave or optical number of registered users while still
links. maintaining QoS; and
In a point-to-multipoint system, the air • delivering unused access capacity to other
interface is shared among multiple access services, such as wireless LAN access
terminals. The shared media enables multi- points or business access users, based on
plexing gains over the air, provided a the diversity gain of the daily traffic pro-
packet-based infrastructure is employed. file (daily profile gain), since the busy
MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint is based hours for residential users generally differ
on ATM end-to-end, which enables multi- from those of business users.
plexing gains and efficient usage of the
bandwidth when second- and third-
generation traffic is handled in the aggre-
gation nodes. Figure 7
Aggregation gain. The diagram shows the aggregated link capacity required by multiple
Use of spectrum base stations per base station. The red line indicates aggregating link capacities. The
yellow line represents peak load capacities, and the blue line, average traffic loads. The
Spectrum is a sparse resource. Besides the aggregation gain increases as the number of base stations connected in the same sector
continuous development of radios in newly increases.
allocated frequency bands, some important
new features have been introduced in the
MINI-LINK portfolio to deal with future
E1
shortages of spectrum. To allow the opera- Link capacity needed [Mbit/s]
tor to increase transmission capacity within 90
E1
an existing frequency spectrum, higher- Base station aggregation
order modulation methods (based on 16 and 2 Mbit/s average E1
4.2 Mbit/s peak
128 QAM) have been introduced in the
MINI-LINK point-to-point portfolio. 50
These new features give the operator addi- VP
tional flexibility in balancing spectrum and VP
power efficiency in the network. VP
Point-to-multipoint systems (Figure 7)
make efficient use of spectrum by 0 Call admission controlled
• allocating capacity per ATM cell (ATM 0 5 10 15
Number of base stations
granularity gain) instead of on a 2 Mbit/s-
AAL2 or VC VP
basis;
• ATM multiplexing in conjunction with
fast dynamic capacity allocation. The net-
work can be “oversubscribed” in terms of
High-capacity links
Figure 11
Network architecture.
addition to the benefits of ATM aggrega- ATM virtual-path multiplexing and port
tion, the solution brings optimized statis- aggregation are performed in the
tical multiplexing gain, thanks to the MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint radio
AAL2 switching functionality of the con- shelf, the AAL2 functionality is achieved
nectivity packet platform (CPP, formerly while optimizing costs (no increase in
called Cello packet platform). Because number of boards).
The use of short-haul microwave radio has Typical building blocks of a microwave network gate all traffic from the southbound links into
evolved from scattered cable replacements to another microwave link in the northbound
the forming of complete microwave-based End-node direction. The solution supports protected and
transmission networks. The requirements put The end-node is the smallest building block. By non-protected configurations of the Medium
on the products have shifted from optimization definition, it supports transmission in only one Capacity aggregation node. The solution also
of the terminal or hop level to optimization of direction. In most cases, the capacity of the supports dropping and insertion of local traffic.
the network level. In a microwave network, one end-node ranges from 2x2 up to 34 Mbit/s.
can define logical nodes (or physical sites) with Ordinarily no redundancy is required at end-node High Capacity aggregation node
distinct characteristics. The logical building sites and therefore the normal microwave con- The High Capacity aggregation node has a
blocks are the end-node and aggregation figuration is 1+0. Point-to-point and point-to- northbound transmission link with a traffic
node. Any microwave network can be imple- multipoint end-nodes are foreseen. The end- capacity of 155 Mbit/s or greater. The north-
mented as a combination of end-nodes and node should support traffic interfaces ranging bound media can be either optical or
aggregation nodes (Figure 11). from multiple E1/T1s to Ethernet. Ideally, in a microwave. The topology in the northbound
To address the network aspects, Ericsson’s point-to-multipoint system, the end-node will direction can be ring or point-to-point. Since
products are optimized for the different types provide an ATM interface for third-generation the High Capacity aggregation node supports
of network node. Therefore, the MINI-LINK backhaul, to take better advantage of the shared a considerable amount of traffic, it is assumed
portfolio comprises compact, cost-effective air interface. that most of the sites will aggregate a substan-
access terminals and smart nodes that feature tial number of southbound links. Some end-
advanced traffic routing and multiplexing. The Low Capacity and Medium Capacity nodes are directly connected to the High
MINI-LINK portfolio includes access terminals aggregation nodes Capacity aggregation node and some are con-
and smart nodes for point-to-point and point- The Low Capacity and Medium Capacity aggre- nected through a Medium Capacity aggrega-
to-multipoint operation. gation nodes have a northbound microwave link tion node. Point-to-point, point-to-multipoint
that carries traffic up to 34 Mbit/s. In the south- and E1/T1 and ATM aggregating sites are sup-
bound direction these nodes have a limited ported. The Ericsson solution to the High
number of subtended end-nodes. Capacity aggregation node can be designed to
Ericsson’s solution to the Medium Capacity be very compact and cost-effective, as part of
aggregation node has been to design smart, an all-microwave solution that supports
cost-effective Traffic Nodes that can aggre- 155 Mbit/s traffic capacity.
RBS-1
Point-to-point
Point-to-multipoint hub
RBS-2
Point-to-multipoint
Point-to-
point
Figure 12
Operators can reuse frequencies by com-
bining point-to-multipoint and point-to-
point systems.
One fundamental issue in microwave network In Figure 12, the RBS-1 location is assumed
planning is the efficient use of the frequency to be affected by co-channel interference
spectrum. National authorities and internation- from a remote point-to-multipoint hub if con-
al committees regulate the availability of spec- nected to the local hub through a point-to-
trum. Point-to-point links typically require a multipoint terminal. If the RBS-1 is instead
license per link, whereas licenses for point-to- connected to the RBS-2 location by means
multipoint systems are issued as regional or of a point-to-point link, the antenna angular
national block allowances. In many cases, discrimination improves the carrier-to-
operators prefer block licenses since they interference ratio and guarantees error-free
allow faster planning and deployment of the operation. It is worth noting that the point-to-
links. point link can reuse part of the same point-to-
In point-to-multipoint cellular deployments, multipoint spectrum, allowing for a very
a few locations inside the multipoint sector spectrum-efficient solution. Thanks to the
can experience interference from neighboring combined MINI-LINK point-to-point and
hubs. However, this effect can be minimized point-to-multipoint solution, only a single
by avoiding reuse of frequencies in neighbor- 28 MHz link is required for the complete net-
ing sectors or by combining point-to- work deployment (excluding the spectrum for
multipoint with point-to-point technologies. the northbound connections).