Force: F = dp

dt Torque on Electric Dipole: N=p×E

Angular Momentum: L=r×p Torque on Magnetic Dipole: N=m×B
Torque: N = dL
dt = Rr×F Electromotive Force: ε = − dΦ dt
B

Work (Energy): W = F · dl Bound Charge: ρb = −∇ · P σb = P · n̂

Potential Energy: F = −∇U Bound Current: Jb = ∇ × M Kb = M
× n̂
Total Energy: E =T +U Gradient of Potential: ∇ 1r = rr̂2
∇
· rr̂2 = 4πδ 3 (r)


Pressure: p = F/A Divergence of Electric Field:
Power: P = dEdt = F · v Spherical Method of Images: x0 = xa a q 0 = − xa q


Electric Field: F = qE ∂A
Current:
Electric Field:  E = −∇V − ∂t
RJ = ρv Field Energy: U = 12
R
0 E 2 + µ10 B 2 d3 x
Electric Potential: V =− R E · dl
Magnetic Flux: ΦB = S B · da Electric Field Outside a Conductor: E = σ0 n̂
Inductance: ΦB = LI Magnetic Field of a Solenoid: B = µ0 nIẑ
Resistance: V = IR Magnetic Field of a Wire: B = µ2πr0I
φ̂
Capacitance: Q = CV Resistance: R = ρL/A
1
Conductivity/Resistivity: J = σE = ρ1 E Circuit Impedance: ZL = iωL ZC = iωC
pµ
Poynting Vector: S = µ10 (E × B) Impedance of a Medium: Z= 
Vector Potential: B=∇×A Poisson’s Equation: ∇2 V = − ρ0 ∇2 A = −µ0 J
1
R ρ(x0 ) 3 0
Electric Auxiliary Field: D = 0 E + P Electric Potential: V (x) = 4π |x−x0 | d x
0
Magnetic Auxiliary Field: H = µ10 B − M µ0
R J(x0 ) 3 0
Vector Potential: A(x) = 4π |x−x0 | d x
Impedance: Z = VI = R + iX
Phase Velocity: vp = ωk
Snell’s Law: n1 sin(θ1 ) = n2 sin(θ2 )
Group Velocity: vg = dω k 2 c2 ∼
dk Plasma Dispersion Relation: = ω 2 − ωp2
(ω) ∼ ω2
Hooke’s Law: F = −kx Plasma Susceptibility: 0 ω = 1 − p2
1 q1 q2 ne2
Coulomb’s Law: F=4π0 r 2 r̂ Plasma Frequency: ω 2
p =
R dl0 ×r̂ q 0 m
Biot-Savart Law: B = µ4π0I
r 2 Skin Depth: δ = µσω 2
Lorentz Force Law: F = q(E + v × B) √
Speed of light in medium: v = c/n = 1/ µ
Gauss’ Law: ∇ · E = ρ0
Fields of a plane wave: E = cB
Faraday’s Law: ∇ × E = − ∂B ∂t Larmor Formula: P = 6πcµ0 2 2
q a
Magnetic Gauss’ Law: ∇·B=0
Complex Poynting Vector:
 S̃ = Ẽ × H̃∗
Maxwell-Ampere Law: ∇ × B = µ0 J + µ0 0 ∂E∂t dP 1 2 ∗
Power per solid angle: dΩ = 2 Re[r n̂ · Ẽ × H̃ ]
Continuity Equation: ∇ · J + ∂ρ∂t = 0
Relativistic Energy: E 2 = p2 c2 + m2 c4
Perpendicular Electric B.C.: 1 E1⊥ − 2 E2⊥ = σf
k k Relativistic Energy for Massive Particle: E = γmc2
Parallel Electric B.C.: E1 − E2 = 0 Relativistic Momentum: p = γmu
Perpendicular Magnetic B.C.: B1⊥ − B2⊥ = 0 Relativity Notation: γ = 1/
p
1 − β 2 β = v/c
1 k 1 k
Parallel Magnetic B.C.: B − B = K f × n̂ 0 γ 2
µ1 1 µ2 2 Field Trans. (cgs): E = γ(E + β × B) − γ+1 β(β · E)
γ2
Potential Energy of Point Charge:R U = qV Field Trans. (cgs): B0 = γ(B − β × E) − γ+1 β(β · B)
Dipole Moment: p R= x0 ρ(x0 ) d3 x0 → qd
Magnetic Moment: m = 21 x0 × J(x0 ) d3 x0 → Ia Green’s Functions: ∇2 G(x, x0 ) = δ 3 (x − x0 )
Linear Medium D Field: D = E Fundamental Solution: G(x, x0 ) = − 4π 1 1
|x−x0 |
Linear Medium H Field: H = µ1 B P∞
Azimuthal: V (r, θ) = l=0R Al rl + rl+1B l


PHl (cos(θ))
Polarization: P = o χe E ∇ · 3
Magnetization: M = χm H
Divergence Theorem: R V A d x = HS A · da
Stokes’ Theorem: S
(∇ × A) · da = C
A · dl
Electrostatic Pressure: p = σEavg ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
1 p·r̂
Spherical Gradient: ∇ = ∂r r̂ + r ∂θ θ̂ + r sin(θ) ∂φ φ̂
Electric Dipole Potential: Vdip = 4π 0 r
2
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
Electric Dipole Energy: U = −p · E Cylindrical Gradient: ∇= ∂r r̂ + r ∂φ φ̂ + ∂z ẑ
2
1 ∂ ∂ ∂2
+ r12 ∂φ
∂


Magnetic Dipole Energy: U = −m · B Cylindrical Laplacian: ∇2 = r ∂r r ∂r 2 + ∂z 2

1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ ∂2
+ r2 sin1 2 (θ) ∂φ



Spherical Laplacian: ∇2 = r2 ∂r
r 2 ∂r + r2 sin(θ) ∂θ sin(θ) ∂θ 2
H  0 0

0 0 3 0 0 ∂G(x,x ) 0 ∂V (x )
da0
R
Green’s Functions Potential: V (x) = −4π V G(x, x )ρ(x ) d x + S V (x ) ∂n0 − G(x, x ) ∂n0
P∞ r< l l
1
P∞ Pl 1 r< ∗ 0 0
Spherical Harmonic Expansion: |x−x 0| = l=0 r l+1 Pl (cos(γ)) = 4π l=0 m=−l 2l+1 r l+1 Ylm (θ , φ )Ylm (θ, φ)
> >
R ρ(x0 ) 3 0 P∞ Pl
Ylm (θ , φ )r ρ(x0 ) d3 x0 Ylm (θ,φ)
1 1 1
R ∗ 0 0 0l 
Multipole Expansion: V (x) = 4π 0 |x−x0 | d x = 0 l=0 m=−l 2l+1 r l+1
BAC-BAC (Back to Back) Vector Identity: A × (B × C) = B(A · C) − (B · A)C
Fundamentals Angular Momentum
2 ∂
Probability Postulate: P (λ) = | hλ| ψi | Lz Operator: Lz = −i~ ∂z
~2 2 ∂ Definition of J: J=L+s
Shrodinger’s Equation: − 2m ∇ ψ + V ψ = i~ ∂t ψ
Momentum Operator: p = −i~∇ Jz Eigenvalue: Jz |j mi = ~m |j mi
de Broglie Relation: p = λh = ~k J 2 Eigenvalue: J2 |j mi = ~2 j(j + 1) |j mi
Expectation Value: hAi = hψ|A|ψi Angular Momentum Operators: (J¯i )jkP= −iijk
Definition of Unitary: U † = U −1 Commutator: [J¯i , J¯j ] = i k ijk J¯k
Stationary States: |ψ(t)i = e −iHt/~
|ψ(0)i Ladder Operators: p J± = Jx ± iJy
Canonical Commutation Relation: [xi , pj ] = i~δij Ladder: J± |j, mi = ~ j(j + 1) − m(m ± 1)|j, m ± 1i
Jacobi Identity: [A, BC] = B[A, C]P− [B, A]C
Identity Operator: I = i |φi i hφi |
Hermitian Conjugate: hψ1 |A† |ψ2 i = hψ2 |A|ψ1 i∗ Spin and Magnetism
Definition of Hermitian: A† = A
Hermitian Conjugate of Product: (AB) = B † A†
† Pauli Matrices: σx = (01 10 ) σy = (0i −i 1 0
0 ) σz = (0 −1 )
1
Uncertainty Principle: σA σB ≥ − 14 hψ|[A, B]|ψi2
2 2 Spin Singlet: |0, 0i = 2 (|+−i − |−+i)
√

Variational Method: hψ|H|ψi ≥ E0 D∀ |ψi Spin Triplet (m = 0): |1, 0i = √12 (|+−i + |−+i)
E
dhQi i ∂Q Spin Triplet (m 6= 0): |1, 1i = |++i |1, −1i = |−−i
Expectation Evolution: dt = ~ h[H, Q]i + ∂t
∂L Magnetism: Hmag = −µ · B = µB (L · B + σ · B)
Generalized Coordinates: p ≡ ṗ = − ∂H q̇ = ∂H
∂ q̇ ∂q ∂p Electron Magnetic Moment: µ = −µB L
e~
Bohr Magneton: µB = 2m
dP
Spin Half Polarization: dt = H × P
Mathematics α 1
Spin-Orbit Hamiltonian: HLS = 2m 2 r3 L · s

Variance: σx2 ≡ h(x − hxi)2 i = hx2 i − hxi2

ix
Euler’s Equation: R ∞e n =−xcos(x) + i sin(x)
Gamma Integral: 0
x e dx = Γ(n + 1) Atoms
R∞ n −x2
Gaussian Integral: x e dx = 12 Γ( n+1 ) Fine Structure Constant: ke2 = α~c
0 √
2
Gamma Properties: Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n), Γ( 21 ) = π Bohr Radius: ~
a = mcα
Exponential Approximation: √ ex ∼ = 1 + x (x  1) Reduced Mass: m1 m2
µ = m1 +m2
Square Root Approximation: 1 + x ∼ = 1+ x2 (x  1) p2 Ze2
Hydrogen-like Atom Hamiltonian: H= 2µ − r
2 2 4
Z 2 α2
Hydrogen Energies: En = − mk Z e
2~2 n2 = − 2n2 mc
2
∂V
Simple Harmonic Oscillator Virial Theorem: 2hψ|T |ψi = hψ|r ∂r |ψi
1
Coulomb Virial Theorem: hEi = −hT i
Lowering Operator: a = √2mω~ (mωx + ip) −3/2
Hydrogen Ground State: ψ1 (r, θ, φ) = a√π e−r/a
p2
Hamiltonian: HSHO = 2m + 12 mω 2 x2 = (a† a + 12 )~ω
Energy Levels: En = (n + 12 )~ω
q
Position Dimensions: xo = 2mω ~ Scattering
Momentum Dimensions: xo po = ~/2 Wavefunction:
h ikr
i
† ψ(r) = (2π)13/2 eik·r + f (θ, φ) e r
Position Operator: x = xo (a + a) R dσ
dΩ = |f (θ, φ)|2 dΩ
R
Momentum Operator: p = ipo (a† − a) Cross Section: σtot = dΩ
3/2 R −ik0 ·x0
†
Ladder Operators: √ [a, a ] = 1 Amp.: f = −(2π)
4π
2m
~2 e V (x0 )ψ(x0 )d3 x0
†
Raising: a |ψn i = n + 1|ψ i
√ n+1 Born:
(1) 0 1 2m
R 0 0
f (k , k) = − 4π ~2 V (x )ei(k−k )·x d3 x0
0

Lowering: a|ψn i = n|ψn i Sym. Born: f (1) (θ, φ) = − 2m 1 ∞ rV (r) sin(qr) dr

R
~2 q 0
Number Operator: N |ψn i = a† a |ψn i = n |ψn i
Momentum Transfer: q ≡ |k − k0 | = 2k sin(θsc /2)
Ground State: a |ψ0 i = 0
Optical Theorem: σtot = 4π k Im(f (0))

 
α0 j 0 m0 Tqk αjm = 0 unless m0 = m + q and |j − k| ≤ j 0 ≤ j + k


Selection Rules:
X |hψ 0 |H 0 |ψ 0 i|2
m n
Perturbation Theory: ∆n = En − En0 = hψn0 |H 0 |ψn0 i − 0 − E0
+ ...
Em n
m6=n
Rt
 0
hψ | ψ(t)i ∼
 
Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory: = δf i − ~i 0 φf H 1 (t0 )φi eiωf i t dt0
R x2 pf
WKB Approximation for Semi-Infinite Potential: 0
2m(En − V (x)) dx = (n − 41 )π~ (n ∈ Z+ )
n
Baker-Hausdorff Lemma: eiB Ae−iB = A + i[B, A] − 21 [B, [B, A]] + ... + in! [B, [B, [B..., [B, A]]]] + ...
Fundamentals Legendre Transformations
Fundamental Relation: dE = T dS − pdV + µdN Energy: E(S, V, N ) ≡ E
Heat Definition: Q ≡ ∆E + W Enthalpy: H(S, p, N ) ≡ E + pV
Entropy Definition: S ≡ k ln(Ω) Helmholtz Free Energy: F (T, V, N ) ≡ E − T S
∂Ω
Beta Definition: β ≡ ∂E Gibbs Free Energy: G(T, p, N ) ≡ E − T S + pV
1
Temperature Definition: T ≡ kβ
Boltzmann Factor: P () ∝ e−β
Ideal Gas Law: pV = N kT Kinetic Theory
Ideal Gas Energy: E = 32 N kT
3 2

Pressure: p = − ∂V ∂E

Maxwell Distribution: f (v) = n m
2πkT
2
e−mv /2kT
 S 1 2
m
e−mvx /2kT

2
Heat Capacity Definition: Cy ≡ dQ Component Dist.: g(vx ) = n 2πkT
dT 1

y Mean Lifetime: τ = nv̄σ
∂E ∂S


Heat Capacity (Volume): CV = ∂T V = T ∂T V
q
∂S ∂E Mean Velocity: v̄ = π8 kT
q m



Chemical Potential: µ ≡ −T ∂N EV M
= ∂N SV N
Magnetic Susceptibility Definition: M0 = χH RMS Velocity: vrms = 3 kT
Magnetization:
P
M̄0 = N0 µ̄H = r µHr nr q m
Magnetization Relation: M0 = M/V Most Probable Velocity: ṽ = 2 kT
m
Magnetic Moment: µ = gµB s/~
Efficiency: η = T1T−T 1
2

Equipartition Theorem: ¯i = 12 kT Quantum Statistics

Sterling Approximation: ∼
ln(N !) = N ln(N ) − N Alpha: α = −βµ
0
ZG = N 0 Z(N 0 )e−αN
P
Grand Canonical P.F.:
E
Photon Gas Pressure: R∞ p = 3V
Partition Functions Total Particles: N = 0 f ()ρ() d
P −βEj Total Energy: R∞
Partition Function: Z ≡ je E = 0 f ()ρ() d
1
N FD Distribution Function: f (s ) = n̄s = eβ(s −µ)
N Particles: Z = zN ! 1
+1

Helmholtz Free Energy: F = −kT ln(Z) BE Distribution Function:

R ∞ xn
f (s ) = n̄s = eβ(s −µ) −1
Energy: E = − ∂ ln(Z) BEC Integral: 0 ex −1
dx = Γ(n + 1)ζ(n + 1)
∂β
Pressure: p = β1 ∂ ln(Z)
∂V
Entropy: S = k (ln(Z) + βE)
2
Heat Capacity: CV = kβ 2 ∂ ∂βln(Z)
2

Alpha: α = ∂ ln(Z)
∂N
Chemical Potential: µj = −kT ∂ ∂N
ln(Z)
j

Mean Particles Per State: n̄s = − β1 ∂ ln(Z)

∂s
1 ∂2Z
Mean Square Fluctuation: n2s = β 2 Z ∂2s
2
1 ∂ ln(Z)
Dispersion: (∆ns )2 = β2 ∂2s