Review

Operating time of an overcurrent relay

Data required are: 1. Time- PSM curve
2. Current setting
3. Current setting and time setting
4. fault current and CT ratio

Directional Over current relays

- Operation in one direction of power flow
- Consists of two units- Directional unit and an overcurrent unit
General equations of comparators

A K3 A
K1
S1 S2

B K2 K4 B

Duality between an amplitude and a phase comparator

 Amplitude comparators -1. Integrating comparators.
-2. Instantaneous comparators.
-3. Sampling comparators.

1. Integrating comparators. Circulating current type

I1> i2
+ -
PR

- +
I1< i2

i1 i2

I 1 = i2

The output device works based on the overage area over one cycle of the output
waveform
2. Instantaneous comparators

Rectifier Averaging
circuit
circuit
Level
detector Output
Rectifier
circuit
Restraining signal

Operating signal

Operating signal rectified

Restraining signal
Rectified and smoothened Output
3. Sampling comparators-One or both the signals are sampled at the same instant or
at the different instants and are compared

Eg. In the case of reactance relay,

The relay operates when the reactance seen by the relay, X< K

Let  be the power factor of the circuit.

When current passes through Zero, the voltage will be V sin 

The reactance relay operates when, Z sin < K, V

sin   K
I
Vm
sin   KI av  1.11
2
I Vm sin   2  KI av  1.11
Iav  K ' I av
Rectifier Averaging
Vm sin-k’Iav
Zero crossing Polarity
detector Difference Output
detector

V Sampling
Vm sin
circuit
Phase comparator-
The operation of the relay takes place when the phase relation

Between two inputs S1 and S2 varies within specified limits.

Two types- Coincidence type and vector product type

 Static overcurrent relays
1.Instantaneous over current relays
2.Time over current relays

1. Instantaneous over current relays

Auxiliary CT Bridge Zero level Output

with filter Amplifier
rectifier detector circuit

From summation Trip/Alarm

circuit

I input < I threshold : I output = 0

I input >= I threshold : I output = Present

-operating time of 10 to 20 msec

 2.Time over current relays

Auxiliary CT Bridge Level Timing

with filter rectifier detector- I circuit
From Ct

Output Level
To trip circuit Amplifier
detector-II

Timing circuit
 Directional static overcurrent relays

Level detector
Input I I Phase Output
Timer+ device Trip
Auxiliary CT comparator
Amplifier
V cos
From CT

Input V
Phase shift
From PT
Auxiliary PT
Static differential relays

Input 1
Output
Comparator Amplifier Trip
device
Input 2
Phasor
diff. of 1&2

Static distance relays

From CT Impedance Step Trip circuit

Auxiliary CT
Measuring unit timer

From PT Conversion
Auxiliary PT
to current
Advantages of static relays
1. Low power consumption.
2. Quick response, long life, high reliability and high degree of accuracy.
3. Absence of moving contacts
4. By combining various functional circuits, several conventional relays can be
substituted by a single static relay.
5. Very compact.
6. The risk of unwanted tripping is less with static relays.
7. The characteristic of static relay is accurate and superior. They can be altered
within certain range as per protection needs.
8. Static relays are provided with integrated features for self monitoring, easy testing
and servicing.
Micro processor based digital relays

Inputs Analog Input Digital

A/D converter To tripping
system processor device

Control and
Data outputs

Advantages
1. Very small burden on the CTs and PTs.
2. Saturation can be avoided by using air gap CTs.
3. They can process and display signals very efficiently.
4. One microprocessor unit may be able to perform the relaying function
of several systems.
5. More reliable.
Disadvatages
1. The processor must be properly sheilded from external influences.
2. The system eathing must be very good.