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Kekonduksian sebagai
parameter pengesan
- air tawar yang bersih
mempunyai kekonduksian yang
rendah kerana garam organik
tidak mengalirkan elektrik
dengan baik
Jika kekonduksian melebihi
500 mhos/cm bermakna ada
pencemaran garam tak organik
Manganous
hydroxide
[higher valence]
(precipitate)
Iodide ions + acidic solution
Manganous
dioxide +I2
(equivalent to DO
conc. in sample)
Titrate with sodium thiosulfate
DO conc.
in sample
(starch indicator
IBM Sessi 1 008/09,
– dark blue change
Kawalan Pencemaran (SKF3413)
Semester 1
to clear)
Winkler or Iodometric Method (cont’d)
Modifications:
Azide modification – to remove nitrite
interference especially when analyzing
wastewater. If without modification – false,
higher than normal readings
Permanganate modification – to remove
ferrous ion interference. If without
modification – false, lower than normal
readings
D1 D2
BOD5
P
24 2 jam; 35 0.5 o C
Plankton (fitoplanton
dan zooplankton)
Kajian spesies ikan
“Bioaccumulation”
bahan toksin/logam
berat dalam ikan