Surface area/size

When the size of a fixed mass of a solid reactant decreases, the rate of reaction
increases. This is because when the size of a fixed mass of a solid reactant
becomes smaller, the total surface area exposed to collision with the particles of
the other reactant increases. As a result, the frequency of collision among the
reacting particles at the surface of the reactant increases. This causes the
frequency of effective collision increase. Hence, the rate of reaction increases.

Concentration

When the concentration of a reactant increases, the rate of reaction increases.

This is because the number of particles per unit volume of the solution of this
reactant increases when the concentration of the solution of a reactant
increases. With more particles per unit volume of the solution of the reactant,
the frequency of collision among the reacting particles increases. Hence, the
frequency of effective collision increases. As a result, the rate of reaction
increases.

Pressure

When the pressure of a reaction involving gaseous reactants increases, the rate
of reaction increases. When particles of gaseous reactant are compressed to
occupy a smaller volume, the pressure of the gaseous reactants increases. Thus,
the number of gas particles per unit volume increases. With more gas particles
per unit volume, the frequency of collision among the reacting particles
increases. Hence, the frequency of effective collision increases, which results in a
higher rate of reaction.

Temperature

When the temperature of a reaction increases, the rate of reaction increases. An

increase in temperature will cause the kinetic energy of the reacting particles to
increase. As a result, the reacting particles move faster and collide more often
with one another and the increase in kinetic energy causes more colliding
particles to possess higher energy that is enough to overcome the activation
energy. Hence, the frequency of collision increases which results a higher rate of
reaction.

Catalyst

When a positive catalyst is used in a reaction, the rate of reaction increases.

When a positive catalyst is used in a chemical reaction, it enables the reaction to
occur through an alternative path which requires an alternative path which
requires lower activation energy. As a result, more colliding particles are able to
overcome the lower activation energy. Hence, the frequency of effective collision
increases which results a higher rate of reaction.