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K. Barth. Gott un das Nichtige, vol. III, t. 3, pgf. 50, tr. fr. F. Rayser, Genève, Labor et Fides, 1963, v. 14, 1-81.

 
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3
Ibid, 65.

 
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Ibid, 64.

 
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6
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