1.

Acidity (Stability of anion of the dissociated acid)

Increased stability of anion will lead to an increased acid strength

- Presence of electron-withdrawing substituents

Presence of electron-withdrawing substituents >> Delocalise the negative
charge about the anion >> Increased stability of anion >> Increased acid
strength

- Presence of electron-donating substituents

Presence of electron-donating substituents >> Intensify the negative
charge about the anion >> Decreased stability of anion >> Decreased acid
strength

- Number of electron-donating / withdrawing substituents

Increased number of electron-donating / withdrawing substituents >>
Negative charge about the anion dispersed / intensified to a greater extent
>> Increased / decreased stability of anion >> Increased / decreased acid
strength

- Proximity of electron-donating / withdrawing substituents

Electron-donating / withdrawing substituents located more closely to
negatively charged group >> Negative charge about anion dispersed /
intensified more effectively >> Increased / decreased stability of anion >>
Increased / decreased acid strength

- Presence of benzene ring

Presence of benzene ring >> Negative charge will be delocalised into the
benzene ring >> Increased stability of anion >> Increased acid strength

2. Basicity (Availability of lone pair of electrons for protonation)

- Aliphatic amines are stronger bases (than NH3)

Electron-donating alkyl groups >> Lone pair of electrons on N atom of
amine more available for protonation >> Increased basicity

- Phenylamine is a weaker base (than NH3)

Lone pair of electrons on N atom delocalised into the benzene ring, making
it less available for protonation >>Decreased basicity

- Presence of electron-withdrawing substituents

Presence of electron-withdrawing substituents make the lone pair of
electrons on N atom less available for protonation >> Decreased basicity