{Quantitation ofthe amouct of protein in a solution ie posite in simple cpectremeter Absorption of radistin inthe ear UV (28cm) by proteins depend on the (A. Dosine ar pyptophane contest B. fprine and argnine content (C. Jeucine and isoleucine content 1D. sepaagne and gltarane context E. lydkospproline ant hydcosyyecn content Increated cancestration of uric acid in patients with gout ay he the effect of te decency of which ensyane A. santhine oxidase oxaithine-gianine shospsoribosyhransferase (HOPE Cpr suleoside chosphorslase D. alecosne dearsnace E. dlucose-6-shocphatare ypouricemia isa candtion where the level of ure acid is helowe a certain threshold (henveen 2 mag. and 4 mg/l, according to different snurees) tlyponticersia and increased exereton of hypexantnine and zacthine (wanthiqmia and ‘antioelithasi) are associated 7: ‘AD AOPRT deSiciency 1B AGPRT overproduction CC. vamthne oxslave defiieney 1D. Sanhine oxidase oveeprncetion E. sprimidine nsclecrses overproguction Glycogen stoaze disease type 1 (eon Cierke's disease, characterized by such symtoms ax: severe lon? bloed sugar (ypoglycemis}, pully checks, Hin chest and himbs, and swollen belly, constant hunger amd need for frequent feedings, stunted growlh or grovlh Faure, delayed or underdeveloped pubety, enlarged live, fatigue, axiablity, gout (a pail sallammaaton of som), eacy tracing and nvcsbleede the moet common of tbe glycogen storage iseacee In this siscose pine overproduction and hyperurleemia is associares with hypoglyecmia she to Jacke acidosis an eleva rena! threshold for uric aeld Tas Sins resus So (A. wanthine oxidase deficiency B. pyemidige nucleotides deficiency (©. Fprimidine nuclectses overproduction D. deficiency of enzymes involved in wea production E alueste- 4 hosphatave deficiencw .5. According to the plot, the maximum velocity of the reaction is 125 2 oa 4 50 moowE at 6 For certain enayme Kiq= 5 mM and Ving = 50 mriMimnin Calculate the value of reaction velocity for substrate contentration [S] = 20 mM. Y, (mein) A 04 B 2 & 10 Do E 40 7. How insulin treatment affects the hemoglobin-oxygen affinity in msulin- dependent diabetse patient? A. moulin has no effects on hemoglobin-oxygen atfinity B, insulin decreases hemoglobin-oxygen affinity by decreasing level of blood glucose and stimulation of ketone bodies production and ketoacidasis (hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve move to right) © because low blood glucose decreases blood pH, insulin lowers tae hemoglobin-cxygen affinity 1D. because insulin decreases the ketone bodies concentration and leetzacidosis in the blood, the inorease of blood pH higher the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve move to left E,_inaulin interacts directly with hemoglobin and stimulate binding of oxygen malecuiles8 10 4 major erawback in plant nutritional value is their shortage an several essential amino acids. The amino acid (Gmpertant for protein synthesis and transmethylation reaclions) thal is deficient in diet based strictly on plant products (eg leas, gains) is A. cysteine B atparagine proline D. tyrosine E methionine Patients with fragile bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) often have repeated fractures sfter mild trauma However, these tractures heal readily. The scleras are often abnormally thin and translucent and may appear blue owing to & deficiency of connective tissue Another feature is deafness, about 50% of osteogenesis imperfecta type L have deafness by the age of 40 years. Most frequent type of this disease results from the improper formation of the collagen type I due to: A. replacement of alanine by cysteine B, replacement of glycine by another bulier amino acid ©. replacement of methionine by cysteine D. replacement of proline by lysine E_ replacement of hydeoxylysine by hydroxyproline Young man came te your effice complaining on abdominal pain and cramping, light sensitivity causing rashes (photodermatitis) and neuropsychiatric complaints such as parenoid ideation, hallucinations and depression Among the symptoms ofhis disease is pink or red colour urine caused by excessive accumulation of. balirubin femic lens migglebin hemaglobin porphyrins and their precursors moawpU1, It wae observed that the aclelis structure is more stable in 50% ethane] solution than in pure water. The explanation of this effece may be that A ellianol ie more polar solvent than water B. ethagol stabilizes hydeogen honds ©. ‘thanol decreace the hydrogen bonds content D. ethanol stimulate disulphide bonds formation E_ ehiaaol form exotsliske between amino acide side chaine groups 12, A bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin in a blood sample, Bilirubin circulates in the bloodstream sn two Forms: indirect [or waconjugaied) bilirubin (this form of bilirubin does act dissolve is water) and direct (or conjugated) bilirubin (it dissolves in water). The amounts of both disect and indirect bilirubin can help desesmine the cause of the excess bilirubin, Excessive Iysis of red blood cells due to the ouidative stress may be suspected if increases both indivest snd direct bilirubin levels B, increases duect buisubin levels more then incizect bilirubin levele © doorenses inairect bilirubin levels more than direct bilirubie levels D. increases snditect bilirubin Jovels move than dizect bilnubin levels E__seereases both indirect and ditecrbiliratin levels > 15, Concerning the malate-aspactate shuttle, all ofthe Following are cercect EXCEDT thet two ATP we formed for each pair of eleeons wansferred fromm cytosolic NADH to mitochondeial electron, transport oualoacelate ie an intermediate teketoghotarae is an intermediate the shun is bidirectional with respect to electon transfer between oytosol and mitochondria both eytosolic and mitochondrial NADEE serve ap electon transporters Roow & 14. During the biosynthesis of collagen, assembly of collagen fibers in quarter-siagaered alignment and siz stabilization bby the formation of inter- and intea-chain cross-links through the action of lysyl oxidase sake place A meeoplin, in mitochondia aller e2cretion from the cell (esteapeliulery) in Golgi appararue in endoplasmic reticulum room15, Transamination intercooverts pairs of cvamino acids and crkeio acids Transamination is realy reversible, and ammoitensferases also function an amino acid biosynthesis. Whuch of the follow:ng compounds serves as a cocnzyme 1, 13 for acparagne cadinctrancferace (ep AT) ct alanine axninctransferace (ALAT) reactions” ayridoszal phosphate (active forms of tain Bo) thiarine pyrophosphate (active form of vizamin Bi) aiacin ia the form of nicotinamide adetare dinucleotide (NAD) sboflevin in the form of favin adenine dinuclestide (FAD) pantothenic acid in the form of coenzyme A. monmp Im the citric acid eycle (the Krebs cycle), NADH and CO are released in che reactions catalysed by A. malate deldrogenase and citrate synthase E. isccirate dehycrogenace and o-letaclutarate dehycrogenase C. citrate syathaze and isccdrare dehydrogenase D. succinate deiydrogenase and malate dehy dcogenase E. arketaglutaraie dehycregenasc and suocmase dehycrogenase Gout isa form of artaritis that affects mostly men between the ages of AU and 50. ‘The claccio picture of gout ie of exoruciating, sudden, unexpected, burning pain, ewellng, redness, warmness and etflness in the joint. Hyperuscemia is a eormmon Feature of this disease. The crystals of uric acid inside the joint cause intense pain ehenever the affected arca is moved. A drug (allopurinol) that i used primarily to ‘weal aout acts ae the mhikiter ef which reactien(s) AandB Baud Cand D only D Ey aE ‘The concentration of senum albumin is 3 5-55 gidl. in healthy subjects. When the canceniration is lowered to tess than 35 gill, such contition is diagnosed as Aypoalbumaaemse, Because albumins function as a catriers of many compounds ia the blood, serious hypoalbummacmse affocts the transport of hemoglobin glucose buiewbin oavgen carzcndicside mono mono {Pmmele ~e wo wae, (D nor 9 Au Ww he on E,8 0. 21 Aceowdiag to the Mitchell's cheminsssotic hypothesis, the energy cexuired for ATP synthesis in mitnchondsia ie Aderoved om the Low of wiuch ins BS Ne ie a ce roomE Folic acid the precuscor for setrohycroflate and ecethsietraycrofolae, = essential for the raain=nance of auemal exythropoesis and ie also required forthe purine and thyeailese synthesis. Impaired conversion of 12.N'-rnethyiene teveiptofalete i setrahyerofola= due to low vitamin Bx ond deficiency in folic acid methpltansferase or tethylene terahydrofslae reductase can cause 4 variety ofhematslogie complications including cethalasseia iegaloblashic [permiciovs) anemua increased hemoglobin Ate ‘mammalian cells the mitogen atoms ofthe pynmidin ring are denved directly Srom: lutaine and azparase ‘smowa glutamine and glycine urea and aremenis| lveine, ammonia and gremare slyeine and aspartate POOMRE RDORy2 2 24 3. In thermodynamics, the Gibbs fee energy is a thermodynamic potential which measures the ‘osefilt or process inititing work abteinanie from an iacthermal, scbaiie tetra dynamic system. When system changes from = inal state t0 4 inal sate, the ithe See energy AD equele the wore excanged by the system th fs surrundinge The negative value of he change of Gbbs fice energy -AG) means thak ‘areachon sal go w opposite direction ‘areachon wallusver ooo ‘seach cal be E2vored (av oceur montaneouso) and de not reoire the enercy Sem ATP ‘reaction may occur but aditional energy muss be delivered ftom ATP substrates are postively charged while product have negative charge rigamp Fetal hemoglobin hee higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin & beeaee {etal hemoglobin has a higher afSnty fr 2, -bisphnephosiycecet than hermogiobin A, {etal hemoglobin har a decreared afd fr .3-buschocphoglvcerate than kemoglcbin A, bemoglobin A bar a decreased elimiy lor 23-Hsphosphoglycecate than Stl hemoglobin every olecule of hemoglobis F vith the help of 23-bisphosptoglycerae, can tad much more oxygen pasices ‘hon hemoglobin A. which binds only four czpgen paricles ‘BUF ic the monorner wisle BUA seizure Popome Incollagen symhesis, the viemin C i requced for 4. byydromylstion of crline to hdeosmproline 1 dsulphte bonds ermason CC. procollagen aminopeptidase actvby D. procollagen carboxylpephidase activity E. glycosvlation eachons in Golgi cpoaratus Low serum alumi levels compared ty edema are ceenin patients Whove dhets ae lovin carbotzpdcar, high i ft high in prtein high in carbofpeans hig in fat. Ah in protein high in carotene, owe i ft smal i pote ‘adequate in ealovies, but low in rates Balanced, bur lev n calories mo omp1%. a ca a. “The mectansm of acceleration of the reaction rae by enzymes i that engymes decreace the overall AG (ee enawy change) of reacuon engymes mcreace the overall AG (Iree energy change) of reach cenrymes affes the equlitrium constant Kyg of seaczen cenymes increase the A of transition state forration reaction enmymes decrease the AU of ranstinn stat formation eatin moamp Indivtalswiso ore hosonygous for a Pthalacsemia may hme no produtinn of Puplabin or esetkedly reduced P- siobin production In Prthalessemia, the predominant fon of hemoglobin that is founds A abbey garams, or abhazdelia, E. beta ©. betay games D. aiphasbersy E. aphasegalom “Transmecsbrane dosssins ofthe membranes integral proteins predominantly consist which amino acide: A bpdoplilie E. byrkophobue ©. polar D. ith acide groupe E. wahbasic grouse ‘Malonars is = structural analog of succinate, Malonate it most likely a(-) inhibitor of| dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle A competitive, secinate 1 soneampetiive, malate C. nomcompeties, ——succinale D. sreversiie, succuate E. competitive, malate20, A.swosnen came to hospital with her I-pears ald boy ‘The child yas apathc and manifests such symptoms 2& sllen ‘bdomen redtish discoloration of Ube haw and depigmested akin. His mother said Wha she does not best-feed hee baby, andthe diet har replaces doe miles high in starches and carbohydrates but defiien in protein Laboratoy test revealed Low albumin level mathe blood and grossly enlarged liver. You may expect that tas boy suller Som: A benbent B. poophsria Cashier D. sour E. hemolytic anemia 21, Aimigrant family Soon sural Mexciea brings their Senonth-old child tothe emergency rootn because of whistling Inspiration (guider) and high fever The child's paysician is pesplexed beeause the throat exannaton shows = stay membrane almost occluing the laryax. A semor physician recoguzes dpbilenia now rare a amamuiced populations. The child is sntubeted, acttoxin i admnssiered, and antibiotic therapy is aafiaed, Dyphthesia toxins fem etal in unimamnszed person’ becauce ‘Hlocss elongation of zenteins hy inaonvstingeloncation factor 2 (EF-2, or tandlscase) ‘nhibis inkiston of procsin synthesis by preventing the binding of GT tthe 40S ribosomal subunit ‘nds tothe signal recogntion perscle receptor on tee eyinplasmnic Fece ofthe endoplasmic reticulum receptor shuss of signal popstar fauses deletions of amino acid by speeding up the movement of pestidyERNA from the A site tothe P ste rooms 122, The molecular analyse of the 189 “RNA, gene revealed the presence of snstation that cane the RNA strand dnesn’t fiction properly. What could be the consequence of ths mutation? A. the fomctonal shape of te large nbosomal subunit val be modified 1B. sranscplion wall be prematurely seranated eo twanclanen will sol occur ©. ema will be usable wo bind tothe all ews ofthe sboeo me 1D) the RNA poljretase wl no: be able m cecagrre the promoter so no sranscrption will occur E. there willbe no effecsince the 16S1RNA gene isnot involved in amino acd specificity during trenclation 13, In the Gukaryotic cells there are tira distinct *RNAs for methionine, both camplemertary tothe same, AUG ead, ‘The fanonens af each tRNA is frst species methionine forthe ntistor codon, the second is fr internal methionines frst specifies methionine for the mitistor codon, the second recognizes the translation tenminaton codans ft soeciies methionine forthe translation on cytoplasmatic ribosomes, the second specifies methionine for the sranelation en rybacomes attacked a the rough endaplacmati rexeuluan ‘oth spec mcibionie forthe wutiwar codon, and there i uot any meena] methicnines ‘oth specify tnethionine forthe nitiagar codon, bus they never occur athe same time in the cell no ODE|, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) isan Xinked recessive genetic disorder reuling im progpessive muscle Gegeneranon affects aboot 13300 males va one-thsd of ihe pabeats the result of new muishon. The marty of snntations ate due to large chromosomal rearrangements lracing fo partial geoe deletions and exons duplications Syetrophin gene. These musaons nay acou A. ducing mansion and postranceritional modifications of mRNA B. dcng bacterial or vl infecsons hile RNA primers ar rsicved fom Okara fragments dicing DNA replication 1. diving homologous recertbinston o£ DNA. Eo due toa defectan an ezosionaepar system that removes thymine dimers fom DNA, 35, Receptors for steroud hormones (lke ghicocosticoids and progesterone) are members of 2 large fanly of proteins Ccoaning the zne-Linger moti The anc-Hnger domain ic needed tox A binding other grote subunits so ac aa Jammer or ietrames B. DMA bang (bo the recponce clewenl in wromuter ot enter resins C amantan proper confamanon of proven, D. igen bing © intomalization ta cell membrane 46, The teversetranccrptases ace enzymes encoded and used by same vieuses, which use the enayme during the process of ral DIVA replication Reverse transcriptase = 2 ‘DNA polymerase that transcnbes single-stranded DNA ino complementary DNA. (cDNA) [RNA polymerase thal transcnbes sugle-stranded RMA info complementary RNA (CRNA) DNA polymerase that warucnbes eagle ctranded RIVA into couplemewary DNA (cDNA) RUA polymerase Thal ovuheswee chor RNA grumer dunag DIVA replication FRNA polpmersse shat ranacate oral genes ta mRNA nope3 2 2 40 “A restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts double-rranded DNA, The enzyme makes two iicisions, one ibsough each of the sugar-phosphais backbones (ie, each strand) of the double helix wahout damaging the lrogenous bases. Resiacton endonucleases are found ta many bactenal species. Whatis their ost Lely sole? fires line defence agasttantbotsce pfslecton againct hacteriochaze (rial anao's !anportant in bacterial chromosomal recom mation single-strand DNA repair involvement in RNA processing and cleavage of double-stranded RNA. moame Resinction fragment length polymocphism (RFLP) analysis can ony be used te follow the ashentance ofa genetic dveare if A. proteins of mutated and nummal genes smagrat= dferestly upon gel lecisuphorsas rastanons are ouside of rerticinn sites so thet cleaving stil accmrs restricien fragrents remain the ssme sie bust their charge changes aRNUA proies are used in combination wth antibodies the diseasecansing rotation ie st ar clsesly linked tan absred restiion ste moo Foliing of the newly synthesized protem chans to give the funcional structure, and maintenance ofthe functional conformation are couglex and crisal provestes. The pact decade has seen avery large mcrease m the desergtiom of dkseases os protein sastoldang wr confbrmahunaldiserders. The sastolded proteins are stored in endoglsematic rexcutum exocytoced outside the cells repaied by special proteins located in Golgi spparamis chy proteolytic systems uch asthe pratesscme incorporated te lange protein granules preseatin most of cells moom> DEA Ligase isthe enzyme which: (AL joins the shost RIVA pranes wath newly eguthecized DIA ctrand doting replication E. syuthesses RMA primer CC. catalzee the elezizaton of ache or disvostawitise m DMA that ovew Sucins DA rewar or in the liane ‘ageter of Olara's fesrients 1D. joins meleorides gether ty formason of yhosphosisser bonds during new DNA. sta synthesis separates each OWA stand éwing plication foe EermationaL 42, 48, Burkit's ymphoma ie 9 solid rumor of B ipmphocyces tn most Gppeorimately 90%) of the cases of Busts lymphoma one of the prot-cncozene is translocated from ts soemal positinn on chromaseme 8 in @ region of ‘igneous gene transenption Thus you may observe the overproduction of A p53 B. lac ceprestor ©. CAMP-response clement binding protein D. cme E. spolioproteins B-100 and BS ‘A-romor suppressor gene ie a gene that resnees the prcbatlity that 2 cell all im ato a sumer cell A rautanen or Getetion of such a gene wall increave the probabslty of te formation of a vsmur. One of the set eeportans isnot cupgrescor isthe compe Ras promin 2 Shinui Jeuotriene LTE roome ‘Which ofthe fllowing resus is provided by aorthem Bick anaiysis? AL Getecis specific base pais B. detects DNA molecules CC datecis proteins Determines checeescme stcrare deters RNA molecules48 4“ 4 aa A. smtaion occured in an orgonisin snd changed the ples GCA to UGA (= terminstion codon), ‘what eff ctl his mutation cane? the polypeptide wil have extra amino acids the RNA pansenhed for the gene wl be shorter than normal translation will aot occur since the aubiation comple earn! frm ‘he polypentice aroduced val have Jest amano aide than normal the RNA wansonbed fom the geue willbe longer than nozrual moame ‘The smtaon in intron sequence of a gene elisinates axe af the slice cite What effics of such mutation you may’ expect? AC This mutetion probably ill ict cause any eee E Themutetin may stronsly decrease the tranerition rate of thie gone C. Themutstion may increase the sniing efbciency or may change the vllesn of RA splicing D. Thsmotation may cause the mRMA val not be spliced ata E. The mutation wall cance imraedissely degradshon of defecnve RW A. ‘The initial mRVA wranseribed from a grferyotc gene is epprorimerly the sate sas os he fineltranerig while the primary trancotps foe 9 eukaryose gene is much lenger then the same RNA. Why? AL Enkcryotic genes contin information tht ie not transcribed E Prolearyotic proteins are sma sale than enlearyoieprctine C. Eulearyotic genet inelode information Gr tRNA and RNA, which are not present in prokaryotes D. Eularyotis genes consist of esans contamina information avout amino acids sequence and wlrons that are paoribed but coed ou! Sure RIA mabaraton erocese E, Prokuryotis waneerpte are polvisvonic while Euksyotio wanecsgte ore manosiswonic ‘The fisotion of mRNA. 10 serve as adopers forthe anslanon in the sequence of nscleotides inthe messenger RIA ito specie amino acids ‘asmeengerscontsining the information about the sts acid sequence nthe syrthesed proteins ‘af messengers conveyaig ve information in 2 gece tothe FoLALeymbenzing machaiery as molecules involved m RNA processing and gene regulation ap shut praer Zor DMA replicas roams48 48, 0 31 ‘The double helzc of D'VA and ehzomatin ssuctures are mil eabized by: baydrogen boning between adacent pune bates bydeogen bonding between stalked gurne and gyrimidine bases ofthe came DMA strand baydkogen bonding between adjacent pyrite bases the helical strmetore ofthe zealecule Ihydkoges basing between pune and pyrimidine bates of diferent DNA. strands and sssocaton with histone rote moamp “The thymine dimers formation in DNA occurs de to expoation 1 ubaviolet Hed expoation toradianon (ike ray) the mistaces istroduced by DNA. polymerase dung repiossion the DW hgese activity thar line reo adkacentthyenes tngethor dlenaturating gests lle strong aleoael or high temperature mgamp During the glycoprotein synthesis the leet auger residue ofthe oligosacchavde is attached sn egtoplasm by ntosome ‘» enJoplasmate reticuluea 'n rosomec ‘nthe Golgi separasse “The enutations occuring during new DNA stand syrthesis while the enxeryoic DNA. is may seaut in developement of genenc diseases, suck as Gaucher disease Which enzyme may be resaenshle fr such mistakes? DNA polpmersse DA polymerase 1 DNA golgmerace It DMA hgase ‘opoisomerase IL mom, nome452, Which diagram best depets the state immediately following peptide bond formation between the initsting Met and the second amino acc (2a2) ofthe peptide prior fo the first translocation step (movement ofthe nbosame by one codon tocar the # end)? Aa Bb ce Dg E alldisgrams are false 53, In ONA synthesis the @NA participation is strictly required lnecauses A. RNA binds vat DNA base to cleave vnwanted DNA B. RNéack 2 aprimer for DNA polrmerare actly C. RNA lene fete a DNA eysthects D. RNAi response for unwinding she double helix of DIA, E. RNA stchlioes the enwomd DNA seands 34, Differences in DNA replication exist henveen prokaryotic end enkryotic organisms. Which of the following statements ie NOT TRUE reparing these differences? A. DNAreplcaton i considered to be mare comple in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes B. iphosphate nuclectices are cespire for ONA replication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes (© template DAs required in both encaryates and prokaryotes 1D. metalic ions are requred for enzyme activation in bolh eukzyoles and prokaryotes E. DMA polyzmecaze Ula the ‘azyme diving DNA sevlicaton in both eukaryotes and prokanvotee 55, Ding DMA replication sn Frokarycta, what does mean a be lagging"? He DA selyrucraseic movag wn the opposite dveetion Som the velicaion fle ant qt evmtberize the strand ‘na eros of dgcomtinsans seomeets ‘he convestraion of d'TPsis nw, causing DNA polymerese so move clowiy te for roving clockwise around the genome moves more slowly than the one moving countzsclcinvice Ge to poor surtion,eeslossion hes lowed oven sjliceion has alowed doen passing throug an atively transcribed gene & noos56 38. ‘Which of the following best deseues the negatively controled lactose apersn in Sacherichay colt? A. As indvcer (lactose) binds to the operator, enhancing simsllaneous tratecption and translation of Begalecrasdase (2), permease (i), and wansacetylae (3) gens B.A lactose scvaes repressor prota lath phosphorylates the operator ant promoter sequences, allowmg muitaneods transerigtion and anslation of P-gslacssidace (2), rermeaze (9), and wensaretplase (e) genes (©The eepresane Cactase alters the opesstor peotan and uncovers the exomover, allowing samuitanenus tanacspton an tranclanon of P-gniaemaidase (0, permease (9), and wansanespase (3) genes 1D. The inducer acts) alters the represscr srtein and wacavers the qserstr and promoter, allowing simultsceous ‘wanceiption and wanclstcn of fpalseeneidese (©, permease (j), and traneeceplare (3) genes B.A repressor flalose) aes the inducer protein, blocks the P-galaclosilase (2) operatr, and inlubils transcription The mnducer alco uncovers separake operators lor tie permcace (5) and transaretylase (2) genes Oucogenes are genes that cause cancer, Rexouruses may cunlan oncogenes, then retowsusinfechon, introduce aadtional viral oncogenes iso the cells as well as carcinogen cedisied actvaiun of cellar oncogene snay both ead tn increased syrthess of oncogene encoded tansfortsng peosesns which conver normal cells to timo ces ‘Which of the fllowring arcups of genes DO NOT belongs to oncogenes, thet may be activated by retowinses: A. genes forell division auzpressor, She 955, 1B genes for grow ctor arptors (genes for prot kinases D. genes for iensripion factors E) genes for G-yotem and oiier fuetos involved an cell signaling Among your patente you have a family in which moter and her con are buh bls while her husband and daughters have nosnal sight You may expect that “A. the sSseace in neried and the muested gene isin cheomnossmme F 1B the deease in herted andthe mutated gene isin ehvomesome X (the Grease inherited and the mutated gene vs the one of somatic chromosomes . the teease in aot inherited al resuts Sm independent mutations accutrng in mother's al son's DNA E. the disease is caused by veal or bacterial fection8. 60 “Which statement abou echancer element is TRUE: AL Enlancer isthe par ofmbacorae that wom binding with anvanr groteins can enance mandation E. However, may be located in mRNA ether ypetream or downstream of the trnclaion erat codon, most of shea sre located upsteara C. However, the cuksryctic echancers couli be fer from the proscter, an echancer coraplex with activates wi Interact vith premoter comslezes hy binging the ates into direct contact 1D. Enhancer is the special sequence m (RNA located close t anicadon, that increases the affinity of RA to ‘RNA anf enlace protem Hosyuiesis rate E, Enhancers occur only in prokeryotic OMA and regulates the expression of gence au the operane Using the given sequence ofmRNA fil the proper coding region (start and stop codons) and predict the ano acid sequence: GUC AUG CUA UGC UUG AGU UaA ADU Val-hlet-Lou-Cys-Lev-Ser Mer-Leu-Cee-Leu-Ser Mer-Lev-Ces-Lew Sere Val Mlet Leu. Cys isis nt possible to predics the amino acid sequence from ive mRNA sequence momG1, Which of the folowing evberancee act ae the alostecio aetvatoce and sahubitors of 6-phophotucto-1Linaee (@bnsphofiuctaksnase 1) + 1) ® z = aan, ucts gpa cia and ATE i ; al facise 2-bspiospale ?| @® 2. ATP and clrte Snctve 26-phosple f ©. arate end ae. Co ‘ATP and ace @ Di. dace acd AMP Fruause¢sharphate E. Bustoe 26-bsghorpam end ATS crate ac ANP 162, The main substrate for gluconengeness ducing Fasting ot carbohydrate ste bigh-lipid diet a during weightreducing by cheze people, very signifies 5. iealve crate fee fay aide seyiCoa aver s0eny- CoA, 63, The substrate for gyeogen eyuthace in liver and amseles ie fee glucose five galactose UDP-xluease ‘UDP: galaesase UDP. fructose POOR Eg MOOmr 4, Binding of epineghrine tos veceptnr on the skeletal anuselecels surface lea to |A. seivation of byeogen ayathesie and shicaneagenesia 1B. tliat of pycogenclysis and inhsbiion of shuconeogenesis, C. Gecreaemg level of CAMP and idsbatin of clean kemace A D. muzeatag level of cAMP and aonvanon of robe ace A E, Havlahon of glucose uptake by muscle cells wa ylucoce aneporter (GLUTA)65, Euglycomta, aco lzwwn os sormoylyoeraia amply refers to normal blood glovose levels. An euglycemic patens has 1 Higher then cormal insnin plasma level Such condition often leads tothe type 2 diabetes. High insulin in this allen! i he consequence of, ‘. too high blood elucnee level B. too ow blood glucose evel (mutation in pancreatic els leading to over-productcn of inaulis D. the glucagon averspradiction, then the higher amount of sulin is necessary to compensate for an increased slucegon leve] 5. moulin reasiance of nonlin censbive secuee ig the body (e.g mses, adipoce 6 One ofthe tote pesfonnsd in Huse or Hawes sjkomes and many olker mucoplysacchandoses (MPS) and soucolpidoes QML) isthe aayas of wine composticn, aceared concentra Of gicosameoglicais in wine reaute oa ‘6. deficiency ofa Limon end duncate curses 2. deficiency of glocore cxphosphatare ©. deficiency of B-plscwonisdase D. detisency of glyeopet=ins E deticency of glyeosaminopheaas 67, Hues and Hunter smisomes ae inherited diseases tha belongs 1 a group of diseases elles mmccpolysacchardoses (MPS). The symtoms of isermediag= MPS usually develop between 3 end 8 years of age. Infens with severe MPS fppear nana azbirh, Corse fae feahues is noted during the fist fro years of life. Spmgtome are progressive and aacksde ie: hated growth, progressive mectal retadation and thick, eoaree facial Eatures vith lng nazal bridge ‘The wine analysis may show the excess of 4. branch chai amine acide B inosme Ce aad D. lycopine E. alyccesminogiycans (dermataneulfte snd heparan ext 68, Galactnsemia is a severe cisease arith is caused by the absence of galectose-I-phosphate uridyil transferase and ‘emus inthe sccurmation of galactose -phoephate which set ae ‘A. the competitive inhibitor of gcogen synthase the altematine substrate far girectpsie (the allosteric activator of gluconeogenesis D. the competiive abubtor of UDP-glucose pyzoshospherylase the aluctenc activator of ylycogen hyaulpeis8. oa ‘The sulin receptor is a heterofetramer (opi) linked by multiple disulfide bonds. The extracelular subunit binds snsulin and the cembrare-sranmmg subuct transduces the signa txough the Gomasn located inthe eytoplasiac part of the recegior. Tlas afracellular domam esdzbite A. the aciviby of sernetiveonine protein iinace shat leas ater activation wo sssnulation of pyruvate kinase and shosphcenelpymavsse carocayinase spthesis B. the aototy of cAMP-dependent proteskitase the activity of tmrosine penmin ‘nace that leads after cosvatinn to reereasion of phoeshoenoipmmurste tarhousiinnve (PEPCK) seethese . the presenne ofleurine zipper mote E. the presenne ofine Singers mmtife ‘The ren-angiotensin system is involved ithe regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte metabolism, Which ofthe fbllowing mlursnaion correc desenber the changes in the plasua levels of rea, angiotensin IL, aldosterone, Ma" and Ki the response to change of the body posture from horizontal (suspine position) to upright position (erect postion): Rein aagueniall | aldo We Ee 4 1 t t 1 1 E 1 T i i t © i t i 1 1 D 1 r T 1 t E 1 1 1 1 171, In amare, macho ondcaette cmt be eet ceed fo shosphoens paves an fly to cose saloscera isnot a substrete for gconeogenesis process fall oxsinacetae is used in Krebs eyele bhuman celle de not have the enzymes required for this reaction oxaloacetate acts ar an alloienc inbitor of the enzymes involved in gluconegenesis here is no azaloecctate transporter 2 malochomdbial ixger membrane then ozalcacctsle camot easly access to cleplase Par Eater eouverson roams the high-protein diet, the mam substrate for guconwogenssit valine leucine Iysine laine acetyl Coa, la A moa People with Merde'ssyndcome expesience problems performing and completing mast exercises Because they lace the enzyme 2 metabolize alycogen, their body breaks down muscle to alas ensray to complete = given actly of exercise, Ths causes many sympinens suck as muscle pas, musele crampiog, muscle Faigue and muscle tenderness ‘With the wealclown of muscle and the release of the ayogloban, eyoglobicuara may develop, ax eeidenced by dark. ‘ed (burgundy) or ced-tromn wine, People wk McArde's rrudeome suffer from the: Aefcienoy of ghcose f-phosphataze AeSeieney of ipsesomal alt and clo glucosidase moom> deficiency of ranching enzyme deficiency of cAMP-dependent protein kinase defeieney of mcele chosparyase (ogachoaphorylat)m % 76 Hosier of cine egos ee moti 9 Butee Soerhoeeced? fuciose 2.¢-bisshosphate :s symhesised by dephosphoryleted shosshofinctskinase-2 while activation of proteis, Junsse_A by gfocagon ant cpinechrme Ieads to phosshorylation and actwstion 4s fructose 26-bisphosahatase ‘bssain B. Euclose 2¢-bisphosphate is synthesised by phossholructokinace- phosphorylated by protean kinase & while activaton of fucose 2,6-isphosphstase domain by glucagon and epinephrine leads to Euctose 2.-isphosthat= Ingdeolyse C. fuctoce 2s-hisphcerhate is eymhesied by phosehofruetokinace-2 phosphorylated by protein kinace A while activation of fructse 2,6bisphosphstase domain by glursgon and epinephrine leads tn Buctose 26-bierosshate Inpdrolysie D. phosphorylation of the phosphofetokinase-2 by protein kinase A leads to the actwrstion of both setivaies {essing in synthesis of frase 26-bisphospate hut Epdralysia of fracoee L,6-bisphosplate E. glucagsn and epinephrine cause shosphorylalon ofthe phospholiuctskmnase-? but dephosphorylation of fructose 26-bisphosphatase rsuling in uclose 4, 6-bisphospha’ syzihesis bu! Guctose 26-bischospatehydolysis The release and production ofthe anteroepiiary hormones is convolled by hypothalemic hormones: Thyrctopi releasing hormone CTRH) hinting bass receptor cn the imitary ces surface suse the increase inthe itracetalar (Ca¥ caricenation duet |. actvancn of protein kinase A, which phosphorylates and opens calciam ian channels in endoplasmatic reticahim the seivetina of specific Copotein which opens the calcium ion channels n ecdplassaticcetieusm © achvaion of phospholipase C, which hydrolyze shorphatidel 4,3-burphosplste(P1P2) and produce moet ‘Uniphorohate QP) rlesring calm sone from intacellar stage set D. acavanon of Couns pusnp located m cell messbrane E scnvanon of adenyipl eyclase procuring cAMP, the ellosteric actatne of protein nace C regen calcuee fons eoneertration in oytplaars “The sommes of energy fav erthtoestes is conversion AO FRA + acetgc od, B FRA —lactale C FRA—dhcose Dz glucose ~ eta © lusore > FFA71 Kypoglyeemia occurs when biood levels of ghucose dnp too low. The most common conse of hypoglycemia is a5 © ‘complication of diahetes in peagle who vse inwalin to invertheie Hood sugat. When Mloed sagar drags to low, the panceeate apis cells scotete ghicagon. Aciltinally, hypoglycemia may be also cotrccted by hormone which ‘poses the action of insulin ox smscla and ft cells (see pot). For ths reason, children wit its deficiency ssmetines soffer Som lpoghjoemia which goes away aller eatment, This hormone it cpinephrine eouth hormone Aidecteron angiotensin cemcemagin migamp “8. The principal rate-limiting step in the binsyrthesis of bile acid is catalyzed by the enzyme: A Tackpdonylese vic is stimoleted by dietary cholerterol but hibited iaytale aes ‘Taruydeouylace which suppressed by high dievary cholesterol and wuemin C 12a: hydconase which is silted tp diesary ckcle ral et inkbted by bile ess 12a iydconylace wiuch s reversibly regulate by shorshorylaton deshorshorylaton IMG-Coa reductase which is anavared by phosshoryltion ‘gutosp eresrraton sigan “P. Ustreated diabetic patents have law activity ar absence of glucokinase because high blocd glucose concentration mutts enzymatic achiity of gicokinase and cher glycolytic enssmes ‘accurcalation of glucose-6-phossale the product of ghicnase reaction, mhibis ts aciv.ty liver oss have GLUT tranepontes, morally stunulated by ncubn, ten glucose cannot enter the hepatocytes end shuculenace has no subeiabe lack of mevline wich normally ehanoee the emesis of cucodmace and ber kev enzymnce of clecolvee lunose, especially in high concentration, acts as strong repressor of ghurckinese syrthesis mo Omp30, Hemotpic anemia, due to enrpmatic deficiency, is extremely frequent in some regions of the wold (e.g, topical Afica, lhe Mediterranean, cevtan parts of Asia and in North Amenca among blacks). Patients with this deBiiency (ge al nik of apemia it stats of oxatvr sess. Eneymes and other protens Gacluding hemoglobin) ae subsequently damaged by the oxidants Teading to hemolyese. moog cluieal findings in hemolytic anacama i snoreabed senan bilzubn levels m blood, therefinejauaice, The disorder recubng fm deficiency of A. dlucose S-shosphetase B. pnwate linase CC. eiucose 6-chospkete dehedrozensse 1D. glyoogen synthase E._alycogen phosphorylase SL. Which of the following earyrnes i absent in a genetic disease characterised by following symptoms like severe bypoalyceria, chron lactic acidosis and hyperuricemia? AD debranching enzyme 1B, dlucoze-6-rhosphatare ©. inalase 1D. dlucose-t-shoephate wid! wancferase E, dycogen syutetase 82, Provzoghyoans are o rows of polysancharide-protein conjugates presen: in connective tissue and cartilage, canisting ot a polypeptide backtone so which raany glyoucamnoglysan chris are covalenlyldked. Thep fimcton ae. ‘A. the ground substance in tho extvacctular amis of commpotive tissue and alco as erica end cushioning ageot B. the sruomral component of estoplasmatic trix the giucose wanagorters and activetots of eicose,frutnae and galactose metsbolisea the enzymes catring symthesis and degradation of glycoproteins E, the donor af oligosaccharide for C-inked glyeopiotein synthesis 83, Pyruvate kinase defcieney (PKD)is one ofthe mast casmon enzymatic defects of he erythrocyte. This disorder rmanitsts cliucally 25 abecoolyiic anemia The effect ofthis deficiency is tht ‘erlrocyter actead cucose ure famy aise and ketone bodies atthe man source of exergy enthrocytes have much more active gaconegenesis than glycolysis, ‘A. caylluooytes releste ach move lactate than nozmally BB. enlocytes cannot produce ATP through substrate level phosphorylation thea ATP is produced only though taadative dhosphorvlation ©. salnoovies cannot roduce engwh canoust of ATP throuch alveoli pathway D Ea 8. 2% a “The major sources of energy in the 1-m sprint ae: ‘A creatine ghoaphate (fist 4=5 seconds) and thea anarobie glycolysis, using muscle gipeogen as the source of sluense Llood glucose and fee fatty acids, Largely derived stom the breakdown of tiacylglyceros in adipose tissue Creal phosphate and Bee fatty acs fie fy acs an muscle glycogen, free Zany acids an betone bodies moon “The amraceulr meccenger that mediates the action of ghicagn in liver i ATP AMP PB ately) Cos, clic AMP (cAMP) rooms Although muecle cells eyuthesize and degrade glycogen the glucose monomert seleased carsut be exported to other Ibeues, becanoe theze cells lake shephorglase ‘lucose-6-phercharsse glycogen aynase D. dehrasching enyine E. phasphogisecuitace mp ‘Castaway, looting on the ocean in the inflatable ira: with eonugh arrow of sweet water but without food rae saved by zescue team afler fee days. Toe metal examinaion of this men reveal that he has notmal blood glucase. “The proper blood glucose level vas mamtanes by yeolyeis dyougenalyais stueonenzenesis lyeogenngenesis Eetogenesis migamyts. ve. 20. Bure yates are equeniy in negative mitogen balance despite provision of ectamabed calone need. Burn le any ther form of stress or injury, immediately initiates the merstolic zegpante to the wauma. The response is characterized by an scute catabolic reacton, which precedes the metabolic process of recovery and repair. The seni rosy bec inti persis tect of loa levels of cota] and adenine during wound hesling which inereste protein eatabolies but decrease rates sythest= 1 deereaced last amino ace and deceessed urea formation © hypoglycemia due to decreased gluconeogenesis. D. hugh lever of cortisol and acenaline seleased ducing wound healing which increase protein catabolism but decrease prota ssmubeas E. hspoglvoemia the t decreased dvcogenelysis. ‘The mutation reducing activ of protein kinase A in iver may cause the ineentvity of hepamnogmes ta 4 ieoulin 2 pluseenn | © high emcose D. gusceomeaide © high av? Dicarboxylic acids, characterized by the excretion of ChCy dicarboxylic acids (Gubanc and adipic acs) aud suberglyeme (Cuber aca comugated wih glyeme) ss caused by. A camiine dedciency B. deficiency of the enzymes involved in a oxidation of phytanic aid ©. tion, deficiency D. deficiency of medium chain oo. CoA ely togecase inroled in Boston of fae acide E ahsence of peromanmnes mall tssuesGL, Tre reaction ewalpoed by pyruvate Hinave is urevexsble because conversion of hosphoenalyypruvate to gymwwate is A, rogulted ty phosghorplanon/dephosphoryletion B. laguly endoetgse, sanard Gee exergy change st crongly negative (AC CC Highly endoergic. scandard fee energy change is strongly positive (AC D. Highly exergonic, sandard fe energy change is strongly positive (AC 92, The important sour of ammonai ion (SH) m kidneys is anne lutamine (from phtaminase reckon sparta aranine ovetuslutarate and pyruvate mogeR 93, Cholera trin is a prosein complex secreted by the bacteum 7iérta chalerre. When chclera toxin is seleased nea the bacteria inthe infected istestne, it binds tothe enteroeytes, Ins the entarocste, tan activates the G protein stimulating adenylate cyclase produce cAMP. The high cAM? level (A. sehvalos perio kicase that phomhorvates one or more membrane pentins iafved in ative enscort caving famate eax oF inns and water from infeetel enterocytes, leading to watery atthoe activates pentem phosphatare thet eghosphorylaes one or more membrane proteins involved inactive transport Causing a drama efll fone and water Som infected enterocytes, easing to watery dhtrhoes Cambios protein kmave that cannct phosphorylate membrane proteaw ixvolved in ecive transport, then prevents efSus of int and water oma mfected eatcosytes D. sahibie protein chee by stilton of ADP rylation of lougatica faetor-2 (EF-2) E. achvates phcerholigate C that release mostol 3 phoeghat which mucreace eyioeule Ca" level 94. Adipose tissus secrets estn. the hoemone, which regulates energy hornenstais though it wes intially though to protect against obesty, curent evidence suggests that the main role of this hormone is to ack a3 a signal of energy [nffciensy rather than energy excess One ofthe effet ofthis homnone is heat practi du to the ‘A. snereated synthesis oF ATP, hyo fpzed by thera genia for hear production 1B. abloion of oxidative cham bot stunulation of fatty acide nddaton (C ticnulaion the adipose issue hpperaphy which accumulates a lot ofheat released from mesabolsn D, achvation of expression of unco teins (UCP, thermogenin) which form the Jeak channels by whic ‘rolone ean reenter the michondeal matrz without ATP synthesis Erect fluence on thesaoreyulahion center athe bras,95, 96 9 Inculliciect acavity of exosacinidace A Teadsta the Tay-Sachs diseate. Early syupluras becorne apparers within the fires 3106 raonthe of lf, raoet affected chien die before she age of 3 year. In Tay Sachs dices you may cbeerve the aommeaioe nthe cel moreno enero ces he rin of ch cmon sphingorayetin anglicaide G2 olesteral phospholipids conversion of earuno groupe of the moet amino acide 1 ammonia zeques the concerted action of lolamate raneammare and chtame dehydrogenase ‘dann ratsamnare and L-amne acid oxidase dante kansacnace aad guanine hotaine pmihetare and caalane Slanine transarrnase and agparsste ronseminase some moamp Binding of epidemal growth factor (EGF) to ts recep sismlate the protein tyrsine kinase activiy located in ctoplzsme domain 2€ ECF receptor. Then signal is propagated ina eels throngh TAMP signaling pataesy COMP signaling patinesy protein kinase A signaling pabovay rote kinase C sizaling patboray shospholisase C snaking paway roomp98, The ocketwon able wo ianapunt to ssrogene roape seersacetare Beds buryrate spycete eeton suletoghstarate 98, Nine cxide (NO) is produced by vatcular endothelism and smooth muscle cardiac muscle, and many other cell, types. The mechan of NO action anvolves: rIOpE, 100. rgAmE 101 noaRE setvaion of adenylyl cyclase and production of cAMP from ATE solvation of guszelo avelate an rodsction of GIMP fram GTP. ‘otvation of cAMP depend protein kinase (PIA) cotvation af protein phospkstarewetich Sepkoeshorylster many proteins setivation af phospelipase C and phaephatidy! snostol signaling pathnesy ‘The substrate ir prostacyoines PCy and PO's synthesis m infants ae PGh Pah rwilone and sxiolenie acid ideic and ‘aaclalonse ad palitic acid se inoenie acid bvlinlenie ac soar aed telinalene acid seachidonic aid “The enzyme vequited for utilization of ketone bodies oe fl, presentin bein andl atherHetues except liner ie ehydrosgp- Semelhyilitayl-Coa synthase (HMC-Coa.eyathaze) S-hydroxy-3-melhylglutaryl-Coa ase (HMG-CoA lyase) 5 uetotsolase (case) D -tydeogytuyrate delpdrogenase succinyl CoA acemeesta CoA ransfrnsesna Several pathabiackemiosl mechenicms are involved in ele inferilty. Deeresced sperm mavlity end semen quality may be exveed by roomy. 103. pe noomp 10. room > ‘efcieney af delydeogenases paticipaing in peracisomal ftty ac oxidation in sperm feficieney of acetic ak carbine requited for fatty aes synthesis in spesta itochondrial DNA defects and sistrtances of sperm mitochondrial function sod energy production Gefcieney ofthe ensyanes (especialy HMG-CoA sya) avolved in ketone bodies syalbesis ax specm Gisturbances of sperm acoxation of phvanic acid ‘The increased synthesis of ketone boles in liver is cmrelated wt: tagh activsy of poruvate carboxylase sniufliciew amovot of zatuchondsial zal oaestate requved for ite condensation with ace). C24, snoreased syshess of fety vids in hepatocytes Sigh ctrate concentration in eisochondeia igh activity of Kreheegele and cxidative chain in hepatneytes| ‘Oe of the effect af eding with high carbotpdeate det is high level of naulin mhch cane the degredanon of the fatty ac eyuthate complex al acetyl-CoA, cahonplase igh level of gluensgn which induce tee syuthesis af evr tlectles of fatty acid sycthare complex and acest oa, cacenplase level of tzulin which indvce formstion of mROVA and protem of Fatty a eymere coms Jagh level of glucagon which cause the degradshon ofthe Esty acd synlhase complex and acey oA carbosglase ‘noreated level ofinsraclinlr cAMP tt cimulate phosphorylation of aceby: CoA carboxylase and inhibits Spogenesis ‘One classic naa presentation of camitine deScionoy is hpaglycensa due to: ecvessed evtochondeial Buoxidation and low accte-CoA which acts 25 an allasteric activator of prnsvabe farhorlase ners sting i phusonengeneas Aecreased mitochondal F-osidation an low acezp-CoA, the main substrate for gluconeogenesis _nereated conaunpion of ghcose which enpply aubetates fo fat aide sythesie. sncreated synthess of ketone bokes is hver rucenaive concentration of cytosolic acyl-oa, dlosteticly biting gluconeogenesis and ghrcogenolysis108. 7. 108. 108. Diabetes can cause any complications Acute complications (hypoglycemia, ketoacisosis, ar nnlcetoti hyperosmolar coma) may occur ifthe disease is not adequately contolled. Que ofthe effect of he untreated type [ dhabeter is AA fogh MADEINAD* ra in mtochondtsa of heparaeytes due to complesely insbilty of oxidative chain to oxsize excess of RADE (stoaglyadubsted by high pyruvate) E. low NADE/NAD® ratio in astochonisia of hegatocytes due to incuticizat supply mtochendsia vath pyruvate C bigh NADEINAD* rato in mischondtia of horatacines duo 19 averinad of m-tochandeia with pyruvste and scergiCaa, D_ low NADK/NAD* rato in mitochencris of hepatocytes due to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase and crovial ceasjmes of Krebecyele E, emal concentration of NADH and NAD* (NADHINAD* rate is 2) JAllaplonuriais an inhested condition in which the accumulating homogenbisic acid i rapidly cleared an the lncney and exoresed. The wine darkens on expocure to ar due to vadation of excreted hoogensisate, Ochronasis a ‘usld up of dark: pgment in cosmective secues euch ar cartlye and sl, 3s cleo characteristic ofthe disorder. Feosle ‘with alepronnria typically develop enhrats in adulthood, saniculary ithe spine and large joints. Altona is ceased by: high bosine in diet deSciency of homogentiese asygenere Aefcieney of tyrosine aminctranserase GefSciency of funarylavetaacetae hydrolase GeSicieney of phenylalanmne hrdeoxylase roomp Prostaglandins are eymhesized om Cap eicocansic acide denved Born the estonia fay aide palmioleate and oleate (9 fay aids satucated fay aide palmitate and stearate linoleate and ovinolenate roamp Long run or exercise raining result lower level of fay aids biosynthesis because {ay acids cumslale cytosol and ahibe avebs-Coa carboxslase censymnes of falty acids smhesis ae degraded to ied amano ards for gluconeogenesis Acetyl Coa molecules tht may te used fur ay acuissyruher ae preerenally converted to ketone bodies (he conventvation of abate wh aovater apct.CoA carla, Secreue relony:Coa i converted to ehicose mom110, Which ofthe following ctaernewss propery descabe the mecharist, of LDL-choleetral uprake isto cells ah “A. LDL bande tote receptor (apo B-100 receptor) on he cell surface, then cholesterpl ester Burn LDL are selectively translocar into the cytoglasm and oxidized in mitochondria LDL binds to its revestor (spo 4:1 receptor) on the cell surface, shen LDL is endocytnced into the cell end rien doom in the lysosomes, released cholesterg esters are deposited min in membranes ©. LD Lbinde ra rocepine Cave B-ADIVE reoertar) on te col sufans, then LDL ie taken wp inact hy endo ‘sd benken dew i the iyensomes, hydcnlsis of coclosterl eater lease Bee cholestsrn ant te cell 1D. UDLesrendating in te blood vessels selectively ceiease free cholestercl into celle rough cll membrane without help of any eeptar E. LDLcchelesteryt esters are hytbolized by LCAT on the cell surface, then fier cholesteral is selectively transported into the cel ‘Typically, autial signs and cpeptome of de disovder oceur dung snfancy ot ealy childhood and offen incInde bran function sbucrmaliies (encepislopalhy), an eulaged, ooocly pumping heart (carthamyspay], confusion, ‘voanting, ruscle weakness, and low blood sugar (aypoalyeensa). Serious compliatons such as beat faluae, ver probleme, coma, and cuiden unexpected death ae also ask Thece eymptime may suticate A camaline overproduction EB BMG-CoA Tyase deficiency fay cei synthase deficiency 1D. cenitine deficiency E ketonurisites us. 1s us “The main source of pyruvate an! oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis ding fasting or earochytrate starvation it sano acid calabolim, but in the high-lipid diet or im starved obese, very significant source of substrates fir uconengenesis i alee A. asbhCoA B. acyl. Cos © lectin D. sehingompetin © ploceral Platsict-desived gromh facto (PDGF, PDGF) is one ofthe eamerous growth factors, or proteins that regulate cll row and division Inparteular, plays a significant role in angingeness, the ayn of bond vessels from already ‘sting blood vessel issue. PDGF acivate cellar response trough is receplo: which s characterized 25. A. a Ceprotein coupled receptor which activates cAMP-dependent kare (PACA) signaling paliway Bo aG-roten coupled cecepior each ackvazes, MAP hinase signaling pathway ©. atmacine kinase zecestar which cenvates shocpholicase C ans chacphas Svlinostol5 kinase (PISIC)sionalin pathway . tyrosine kinase receptor which activates eAMP-dependest Kinase (PKA) signaling pathwwey Emiciear receptor which regulars transergten of meny genes ‘Ackee fat comes fram Elighhia sopidz a topical evergreen tree, and is a staple of traditional Jamaican ‘arealaste and is served similarly to accambled eggs. Unpe drut is toric, and when consumed, ptoduces an dines: ‘ermed Jarman vomiting sickness because A. atkee Gut contains lpi syuthesis inhubitors Backer Gus comtans substances wlach mlb weragenseie C. ackee Sus contains subesances which cause Keronuria by csimulation of HMG-CoA synthetase D. ace fnut contains substances which enemas B-onidstcn of fay acs E alere Sut cosine hypoglyein, which metabolte ie sicseinhhitor of heta-oidatinn of fatty acide (Cystouria ie an inherited disorder The Kidneys do act adequately cesoc certain amino acids daving the filtering races, recbing in excess excretion ofthese amino acide The aminn acs may precipitate (sods separate fom. liquids) and fore: exystale or stones isthe lines, ureters, or blader: The amine acide which are aot tesorbed in cystinora ae: cysteine an methionine cevoteze and poline cysteine ani gerne coined fine tpsteine ane gyeine s99mE6. 117, 18 “The hestlnovn of the chandcodyeplasiae is achondoplasia the most corsmen cause of shortlimbed drvariam ‘Achondroplasa isa disorder de to ‘inaon (GA wansion) in the gene encoding filooblast growth factor receptor 4 (FOFR3) resulting ia sccumnlation of the receptor in endoplasmic veheulsn ‘exaon ava sulfate transporter fanaon i the gene encodang poly] hydsosyase sanaon i the gene encoding lee hy Sraxylane sntacn in a callagee moon » Increased HMC. Coa seductae gene expression may lead so ippocholestecotemia ‘ppercholesteolemia cholesteryl ester storage disease pentiseslelyceroiemia Zelonsria and ketoacidosis Poors “Testicular andeo gene are synthesized inthe interstitial tisene by the Leycig ells ‘The immediate preeursor ofthe gonzial steroids as for the adceral teri is: A cholestral B. (ifeestradiol ©. tndeoceritcosterone D. Leteoxveonisol Eee fay ards119, 120 Fhenyldetomis PKU} is a tua genetic disorder in which the body does not conteia he enzyme phenylalanine Ingdeseylase Tasicence of occurence of PET is sbour | in 15,000 hist, out the inicence varies widely in afferent Inusitn papniations Treatment of pheryglketoanni (PKU) consigs of eatnction of neta protemn and preston of piotein atbottie that leeks phenylalane lt sericea in: a B c D. E ‘nanos on a hegram ae: roomy cae arcing fray fase eysrine ‘The mast iaporcrt ste of the regulation of he fatty ec symihesis pachway isa zeasion eaelyred hy che enone ro ome» eS ee