Bai giang sé 8 CAC BAI TOAN VE SG PHUC Ci bai todn vé sé phitc 18 chi 48 méi xudt hign An dau trong céc dé thi tuyén sinh vio ede trudng Dai hic va Cao ding nam 2009. 1g nay gidi thigu cdc bai toan co ban nhat vé s6 phize: Céc bai toan médun s6 phife, dang long gide cia sé phire va phuong trinh xét trén tip cic $6 phic. §1. CAC PHEP TINH VE SO PHUC VA MODUN CUA SO PHUC Ta dinh nghia fata’) +(b+b')i, (a-a’) +(b—b'Vi. Cho sé phic Z = a + bi. $6 phite Z phite tr. - Médun cia s6 phite: Cho sé phite Z = a + bi, ta ki higu [Z| la médun cia s6 phite Z duge xéc dinh hur sau |zj=Va? +b? = Cho hai sé phite Z= a + bi va Z’ =a’ + bi, Ta dinh nghia Z.Z’ = aa’ — bb’ + (ab" +a°b)i. = Cho 6 phite Z = a + bi #0 (tite la a? + b* > 0). Ta dinh nghia — bi goi 1A sé phite lién hgp vai so NéuZ #0 thi 2. Cae dang toan co ban Loai 1: Cac phép tinh vé s6 phire: i toan thuong cé,dang holc 4di hdi tinh toan tryc tiép mét biéu thire ve 36 phite, hoac phe mét phuong trinh dang don gién dé tim sé phite Z, ma thyc chat cia phép giai phuong trinh nay chi ddi hdi thyc hign céc phép tinh vé sé phitc. Thi du 1: (Bé thi tuyén sink Cao diing khdi A, B - 2009) ‘Tim phan thyc va phan do ciia s6 phite Z, néu nhu ta c6 (1+ if (2~)Z = BH + (1 +212. 151152 Tacd (1 +i 2-H) 2 Z[(1+)\2-+) - 1420] wo 1a 8ti SHS Vay phin thye cia Z li 2 va phan do la -3. Thi da 2: ; . ; Xét cde diém A, B, C trong mat phing phirc theo thi ty bigu dign céc sé cis, 26 1) Chimg minh ABC la tam giée vudng can 2) Tim so phirc biéu dién boi diém D, sao cho ABCD [a hinh vudng. Giai SUD 299i Vay A= (2-2). (1-i)(142) = 341 > B=G; 1) 2461 2+ 600+) 9; 5 = 6:2) Tir dé suy ra BC? = 10; BA’ = 10; CA? = 20, nén 06 BA=BC AC? = AB? + BC? Vay ABC 1a tam giéc vudng can dinh B. 2) Goi D 1a dinh thir tu cia hinh vuong ABCD. Ta c6 3) = (xo; Yor2) Wyo @D=(1-1) . Vay s6 phite Z = -1-i duge biéu dién bai diém D. Thi du 3: Giai cée phuong trinh sau: 1) 2-i)2-4=0; 24h, -143iThy chit day la cae bai todn thy hign cde phép tinh trén sé phitc. Thi du 4: Gi8i cdc phuong trinh sau: 2-41 1) Xét phuong trinh Z+22Z=2~4i (1) Dit Z=x+yi=> Z=x-yi Khids (1). (x + yi) + Ox ~2y 93x -yi=2-4i DHZ=xt+yi => Z (Deoxsy' + 2s 153,Nhgn xét: Ta da sit dyng dinh nghia vé sy bang nhau cia hai s6 phire a=a’ +bi=a’+bii wien vie fit Thi du 5: Giai phurong trinh: Zi 4 4 phuong inh (2 ) =1.q) (zs \\2=i I DB thay (2) <> Tac6(1) <= Tuong tw (3) <9] 7! Vay (1) c6 3 nghi Logi 2 : Cac bai toan vé médun cia s6 phit: Céc bai toan thuge dang nay c6 céc dang eo ban sau. - Tinh cde biéu thire c6 chia médun cia s6 phite im tp hop diém cae s6 phite néu nhur ching théa man mot digu kign ndo 45 v8 médun. Amida +h = Giai cée phuong trinh ¢6 lién quan dén médun sé phic. Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi A — 2009) Cho Zi, Z> fa nghigm cia phurong trinh Z’ + 2Z + 10 = 0. Tinh dai luong, i Xét phuong trinh Z’+ 2Z + 10=0(1), tacd: A'=1-10=-9=97 => Va" =3i, vay ye [2773 ay a =H -3i.Ta cé: [Z| =|Z2\= VI+9 = V10. Vay A= Z? +Z3 =20 Thi dy 2 : (Bé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B- 2009) Cho sé phite Z tha man: “2 -(2+i)|=V10 va ZZ =25. Hay tim Z. 7 Gi DAZ=xtyi > Z=x-yi > ZZ=(x+ yi(x-y)=N +. Tacé [2—2+i))= Y(x+2)? (yi) Tir dé theo bai ra ta cé hg phurong tri {eee “1 cs P(B,) =C (0,03) (0.97) +2y=10 [x= CL x=Siy=! [2=3+4: Vi lahai Ylaes Thi du 3 (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi D — 2009) Tim tap hgp cae diém biéu dién s6 phire Z biét riing |Z — (3 ~ 4i)| = 2 6 phite cn phai tim. Gia sitZ = x + yi, khi do: [Z-(3-4i)| =2 (13y2|)_(s92/! 1] (14302) (14302 Sys | ee > (x-3) +(y +4)? (x-3)+(944) Tir (1) suy ra cde diém M(x; y) dién sé phite Z = x + yi nim trén dung tron tém (3; ~4) ban kinh R= 2. Chi ye Ta c6 thé gidi bai todn trén nhur sau: Goi M la diem biéu dién sé phir Z, con 1(3; ~4) la diém bigu dign s6 phize 3-4, Khi6 ta 06: IZ- 3-4i)|=2 > MI=2(2) Tir (2) suy ra M nam trén dung tron tam I ban kinh 2. Ta thu lai két qua trén, Thidu4 Tim s6 phite Z néu Z?+ |Z) = 0. Gi Dat Z=x+yi = [Z)= yx? +y? ,khidd Z°+|Z|=0 a 155(x tyi) + yx? +y 2 (x2 +y")e fat y? +2ayi=0 of: _ =0 (2) | an o|b (4) [v=o 6) hanes (6) Gai hg (3) (4) va (5) (6) (48 dang) ta di dén hé (1) (2) 66 nghigm Vay ba sé phite can tim Z = Thi du 5 : - : Tim tip hop cée diém bigu dién s6 phite Z néu nh théa man mét trong cée digu kign sau WiZ+2) 2 Z—4il + (2+ 4i] = 10. Giai VTac6 [2 + 2)=li-Z) ¢> |Z~(-2)=|Z-il (1), Goi M la wu dign 36 phite Z, A ta diém,biéu dién sé ~2 (tire la AC n bigu dign sb I (tre la B = (0:1), Khi dé (1) <> MA = MB (2). Tir (2) suy ra tap hgp nhing diém M biéu dién sé phite Z nim trén dudng trung tryc cia doan AB. Cini 1/ O day ta da sir dung nh@n xét sau: Néu MyM; tuong tmg la hai diém ‘cdc 55 phite 2 va Zz thi _ (ei-Z]= MM + Ta c6 thé gidi céch khée nhur sau: Bat Z = x +yi Tacé: [Z+2\=|i-21 © (x+2)+ yil= fe + Q- Dil © lary ey =e Hy eoxtty hand dat y—2y 41 4x +2y+3=0(3) Vay tap hop cde diém M la during thing (3). Céc ban ¢6 thé thay (3) chinh 1a trung trye cia AB. 2/ Gi sirta 06: [2 — Ail + [2 + 4i] = 10. 156Goi M la diém biéu dién sé phitc Z, A = (0, -4) vi B= (0; 4) tuomg ting la cae 6 phite —4i va 4i, Khi do: [z~4i| + z+ 4i)=10 y?-25y +136=0 ol" y=8 ‘Vay c6 hai sé phite can tim: Z = 6 + 8i va Z=6 + ITi, Nh xét Hai thi du 7 va 8 cing logi nhung ta ding hai phuong phép giai thich hop khée nhau (phurong phép biéu dién hinh hoc cia s6 phire véi thi dy 7, phuong phap tinh todn médun vai thi dy 8). 158§2. DANG LUQNG GIAC CUA S6 PHUC 1. Tom tit li thuyét . Néu g la mot acgumen cia sé phie z thi moi acgumen cia né c6 dang, tk2n,keZ . Néu r> 0 la médun ctia sé phite z, cdn @ Li mOt acgumen cila nd, thi z= r(cos@ + isin @) ld dang lugng gic cia sé phite z. Néw “=n (cos 9 + ising), n>0 2Z=rcos @2 +i sings), > 0, thi 2122 n[cos(9, +92) +isin(g, ~9:)]s f= eos(o,-e)isin(@s-e)] Céng thite Moivre: Néu z = 1(cos @+isin @).r>0 thi 2" =r" (cosng+isinng) 2. Ce dang bai tip co bin Logi 1: Céc bai todn xae din acgumen cia sé phite Nhin chung céc logi bai tap nay e6 céch giai chung nhur sau: mt acgumen ctia s6 phite z, Ta cin bién déi sao cho z 06 dang: i sir phai tim =r(cos o+ ising) voir 0. Khid6 @ la mot acgumen tia z Thi dy Cho sé phite Z = |-sin @+icos @ (0<9<5) Tim mt acgumen cia s6 phite Z. Tacé: Z =sing +ising=1 weal -sa(ft)on( v(t] inf as ‘J Noles) Vay tir(1) suy ra a ta mot acgumen cia Z. 139Thi dy 2 . Cho s6 phite Z c6 médun bing | va @ la mét acgumen cia né. 1/ Tim mot acgumen cia sé phire g. 2/Tim m@t acgumen cia sé phire Z+Z néu cos 40. . Tir gid thiét suy ra: Z= cos @ + isin g. cost -9 + isin(-0) _ 26526) +isin(-29) VTac Z cos +ising —_cosg+ising Vay 26 li mst aegumen cia sb phie 2-5 2/ Ta 06 Z+Z =cosg + ising +cos9~ising = 2cos@ 1u @>0, khi dé Z +Z = 2cos@-1= 2cos.o(cos0 + isind) Vay lic nay 0 la mét acgumen cia sé phite Z) = Z+Z. +Néu @ <0, khidé Z+Z =(-2cosq) (-1) =(-2cosq) (cost +isinx) Do-2cos @ > 0 nén Z,=Z+Z c6 mét acgumen la x Logi 2: Cac bai toan xac dinh sé phite Z dya vao diéu kign vé acgumen: Thi duet : Xét cde s6 phite Z thea man digu kign laz - v2 -iv3| 1 Tim tap hgp cac diém M biéu dign s6 phite Z théa man diéu kign (1) 2/ Trong cae $6 phite da cho (tire a théa man diéu kign (1)), tim s6 phire c6 acgumen duong va nho nat Ta c6: 1 Le 7) v2 2 ee 2,52) ta diém bigu dién 6 sity bidu dign sé 8 2 Knias 22 Q) oMI= 7 ) Tir (3) suy ra tap hop ede diém bi sé phire Z théa man (1) la duréng tron tam. t 1 ban kin 1602/ Ké tiép tuyén OK visi duéng tron 6 cau 1. Dé thdy O1 = 1, nén Ta cd: KOx Vay sé phire 1a sé phire théa man (1) va e6 acgumen dung va nhé nbat. Thi dy 2: Tim sé phitc cia Z sao cho 1 va Z+1 c6 mét acgumen bing ae 2 |x+(y-Nif=|x+(y+3)i], day Z=x+yi) ext (y-3= x4 (yt) xe © f Vay Z=x-i Tac: Z+ 1 =(x+1)-i(1). ViZ + 1 c6 mot acgumen bing—* nén Z+1 dang: onde gm dso 45-0 r=2 Tir(1) Q) suy ra © Pee Vay Z = 2V3 ~ |i la sé phite can tim, Thi du 3: Xée dinh tap hop céc diém trén mBt phing phic biéu dign cde sb phite Z sao cho sé phire .6 mét acgumen bing. ; . Gid sir Z= x + yi, thi: 161Z-2_(x-2)+yi_[(x-2)+yi][(x+2)-yi] Paya 4y (x-2) +y (x-2)P +y? (x29 +y z-2 am , Do 2=2 cg métacgumen bing %, nén ta c6: Zan omeraces ea (oos$-+i nt) o0 373 Jy Tid sy 4 xty- a (eazy ® 4y (x-27 +y? @) Tit (1) (2) dn dn y>0 (do ¢>0) va . a 2 =V3eox? -( -] =|] @ (2 ry ” 5] (3) Két hop (3) va y >0 suy ra tap hgp cae diém M can tim 1a phan dudng tron 2 : ‘im tai diém i ) ban kinh x nim phia trén tryc thye (true Ox) Logi 3: Dang log gide cia sé phite: Kihi gidi ede bai tap cin lau y dén céc digu sau day: - Dang lugng gid cia sé phire c6 dang: r (cos + ising), voi r> 0. = Thugc eae cng thite nhan, chia va céng thife Moivre 44i vai sé phite duéi dang long gide. Thi dy] Tim phan thye va phin ao eta mai sé phite sau: (on x =12{cos$-isin3), Bhi) a2{ cost visng) 202 6 6 ‘Theo cng thire Moivre ta 6: 162fe enareereae at (B+ 2° cos + isin) z Vay phan thye cia Z; 18 0, phn 4o eda né la + 2 Tacé: cos - isin? = oos(-2}+ isn(-2); 383 3 3 Tir dé theo céng thire Moivre ta c6: os] Bom Theo quy tie nhan sé phite duéi dang Iugng. Vay phan thy cila Z; ta -2°./3 = -643,, phan ao cita Z, 1d ~64. Thi du 2 Biét ring s6 phir Z théa man Z 4 = 1 May tinh 222° 4 z000 * wNbu Z= cos + isin” => 2" +isin2@!® (1) 3 El 3 3 cos +isin= 3 3 (20). io( 240 os{ | ist 5} @) )=2 163b/NéuZ= oos(-5} + i si(-3) => anes 1 ‘Tom Iai ta ludn e6 : 27" + zor Thi dy 3 . ‘ 7T+iy" 1. es reer a Cho sé phire Z= Tim m nguyén duong dé Z 1a sé thyc; 1a s6 ao. si _(rei)(4430 ace: Ti (7+i)(443) Val soe vis 4 * 4-35 25 Theo cng Moivre tai: Z~22 {cos isin ™) (1) Tir (1) suy ra: Zia sb thye <> sin™ 7 Mek com=ak; vik=1,2, 4 Zibsbio © con® =0 © m= Ak +2,61K=0, 1,2 §3. GIAI PHUONG TRINH TREN TAP SO PHUC ‘Trong myc nay sé xét vige giai phuong trinh trong dé dn sé cia mdi phuong trinh 1d mét s6 phute Z. Dé gidi duroe phuong trinh trén tap s6 phite cin nim ving, céc kién thie sau: 1/ Biét cach khai cdn bac hai cia mét sé phiie Z = atbi. 2/ Biét cach giai phuong trinh bac hai ax"+bxtc =0, trong dé cc hé sé a, », endi chung la cae s6 phic. 3/ Thanh thgo cach giai phuong trinh va hé phuong trinh hat ti. ‘Cn nhé rang vige gidi phuong trinh trén tap s6 phitc vé co ban gidng nhu gidi phuong trinh trén tip sO thu, chi 6 cai khéc la phép tinh & day 1a cde phép tinh cong, tr, nhan, chia va khai cn sé phiic. Cée dang bit tp co bin Logi 1: Giai phuong trinh bc hai trén tép céc sé phite: Phuong phap giai: Sir dung cng thie nghigm nhu céng thire nghigm déi voi phuong trinh bic hai trén tgp cdc s6 thy. Thi dy 1: (B8 thi tuyén sink Cao ding khdi A, B- 2009) Giai phurong trinh sau trén tap s6 phitc: 164‘Véi didu kign Z # i, phurong trinh 44 cho twong dung véi phuong trinh sau: 4Z-3-Ti= (Z-ixZ-2i) oZ-Gi+4)Z+ 147i Tacos y—4(1 + Ti) = 3 - 4 Gia sir Z=x + yi (x,y € IR) la cain bac hai cla A khi dé ta’cd hé sau 48 xdc dinh x, y | Day 4 = tt, Vay (1) Vay Z;, Z; ld nghiém ciia hé phuong trinh 43 cho. Thi dy 2 . Giai phuong trinh trén tap s6 phi (1-i) -2(1+28)z-4=0. Gia Do | -i# Onén tac6: (1-i)Z? -2(1+2i)z-4=0 2? © B-(142i)(1+i)Z-2(1 +i) =0 <9 2 +(1-3i)Z-2(1+ Tac: A= (1 ~3i)'+ 8(1 + i Vay (1) <2 Thi du 3: Giai phurong trinh sau trén tap s6 phise: (2-31)Z? +(4i-3)Z41-i Taccd: (2-3i)+(4i-3)+1- Vay phuong trinh 43 cho 6 nghigm Zi=1 va nghigm Iai 145i i a2 3 IE-3) = 165Nhgnxé: - Céc quy tic nhim nghigm va dinh fi Viet vin ding trong truimg hop xét phuong trinh bac hai trén tap s6 phisc. ~ Xét thi dy sau: Xét phuong trinh bc hai 6 thi dy 2 Z+(1-3i)Z-201 +i) = 0(*) 2+ +i)= 34 2iC1 +i) =-2(1 Vay theo dinh ly Vict suy ra: (*) c6 hai nghigm Z; = 2i va Z)=-1 +i. Tacé céch khdc giai thi dy 2. Logi 2: Phuong trinh quy vé bac hai va hé phuong trinh: Thi dy 1: Giai phuong trinh vai Z la s6 phire (2? +2)’ +4(z?+2)-12=0 Gi t=-6 2 t=2 Vay phuong trinh da cho tuong dong véi 2 BP +2+6=0.|2, 2 +Z-2=0 Ta Datt=Z?+ Z,tacd: t+ at~ 12 2 2 Zy= 12g Phuong trinh da cho ¢6 bén nghiém ké trén. 2 Thi du 2 : Giai phuong trinh v6i Z ta sé phite: Z* -Z? + +Z+1=0. fe ‘Vi Z=0 khéng phai la nghigm cia phuong trinh d& cho, nén ta c6: 2 laa 1 1s B-Lss4 ato (2-4) -( t}ed-0 a Datt= (ZG) sh 5 dane: Pott S09 2 -2045-06 143i 143i AS ee 223 -(143)2-2-0 @) » ta 06: 66+Néu t=, tae6.22?- (1 ~3i)2-2=0 ~hZ=- Vay phurong trinh da cho c6 4 nghigm ké trén Thi du 3: Gidi vé phurong t trinh hai an Z, ; Zz sau trén tap che sb phite : Zy+Zy=44i 2 +B =5~2i. Giai Giai nhu én tac: Zs Tacé: ~(2 +z: 2 Vay dua hé da cho vé dang tuong duong: Z+Z,=4+i (I) Z,2Z,=5+5i. (2) Theo dinh li Viet, Z; va Z, la céc nghigm cia phwrong trinh sau (xét trén tap sb phir) ZZ. (4-i)(s-2i) 2 P= (4+ it +5+51 = 03) Giai nhw cae thi dy 1, 2 tacé: 3) |! Be], Vay hé da cho e6 hai nghigm nhur sau: Thidud Giai hg phuong trinh hai én Z, W trén tap sé phite: f +W=3(1+i) Ta cd: 2 4W! =(Z+W)' -32W(Z+W) = 9(-1+ = ZW(1+i)=3(1 +i) - {Z+w=3(14i Vay hé da cho twong duong véi hé sau: tew (+i) ‘Theo dinh li Viet thi Z,W la che nghigm eda phuong tri bic hai sau (xéttrén tap sé phire) 3(1 ++ 5i=003), 167ty=24i ty #1421 @e| Vay hé phurong trinh 6 hai n Bai 1: Tim sé phite Z néu (2 + 3i)Z = Z. 13 Dap sb: Z=-—— + — ” 10" 10 Bai2 Gia sir M 1a diém tren mat phing toa 46 bigu dign sé phite Z. Tim tap hop hing diém M théa man mét trong nhing digu kign sau: WiZ-14i]=2. 22+Z\> (2-2). 3/1siz+1 Dap s6: 1/ Dug tron tam 1 (1; -1) ban kinh R= 2 2/ Tap hop céc diém M (x, y)ma x> 0 3/ Hinh vanh khan tm tai I(-1; 1) va ede ban kinh Tén va nhé Han lot la 2val Baia: : pee Ge dinh tap hgp céc diém M biéu dign cée s6 phire Z théa man mgt trong céc ign sau: WiZ+Z +3/= 212 -(Zy=4. {inh tap hop céc diém trong mat phing phitc biéu dién cdc s phite Z é thie: Duong tron tim i(Tim tat ca cdc diém cia mat phing phitc biéu dign cac s6 phite Z sao cho: an 1a sé thye, Dap sd: Gm hai truc toa 46 bd di diém A(0:!). . Bis . Cho s6 phite Z cb médun bing 1 vi @ la mét acgumen cia né. Hay tim mot acgumen ciia céc sé phite sau: 1 vie 2Z 2 @ 2/Z'~Z,néu sin€ 40 néu sin # 3/2'+ Z,néu cos 40. Dép sé 31 ©, néu cos >0; 2 2 Ss néu cos <0. 2 2 Bai Giai phuwong trinh Z? ~(coso + Diip s6: 2, = 60893 Z= Bai 8: Giai phuong trinh (2? +3Z +6) +2Z(Z? +32 +6)-32? =0 3+ V3; 2) =-3-V3; Zy =-1 + V5i; Zy = ing)Z + cosgsingi =0 ing V5i. Dip so: 2, | 24-42? +7Z? ~16Z + 12=0 dang (Z - 1(Z-3(Z’+ 4) = 0. 3 Zs = 2i; Ze= i. z-W iz-w= Dap sé: Z=-1,W=-1- Giai hé phuong trinh {