Bai giang s6 20
PHUONG TRINH VA BAT PHUONG
TRINH SIEU VIET -
Bai gidng nay 48 cp d&n cdc phuong phap co ban giai phuong trinh va bat
phuong trinh siéu vigt (tén goi chung cia phuong trinh bat phuong trink mi va
lgarit). Cae dang bai toan nay ludn lun c6 mat trong cde dé thi tuyén sinh vao
Dai hoc, Cao ding trong nhimng nam 2002-2009, nat 1a v6i ede d& thi & phin te
chon cho trong chuong trinh nang cao.
§1. PHUONG TRINH MU VA PHUONG TRINH LOGARIT
é giai phuong trinh mii va phuong trinh logarit ta im nur saw
~ Dit digu kign dé phuong trinh 6 nghia, Chi ¥ ring ngoai cae diéu kign
thing thudng, cn nhé dén diéu kign sau:
Dé lowe (¥) 66 nghfa ta can C6:
F(x)>0,F(x)ot
a(x)>0
~ Bing cdc phép bién déi co ban vé him sé mii hod logarit, hoe ding phép
dat An phy, phép ldgarit héa ta quy phurong trinh di cho vé cde phuong trinh mi
phuong trinh logarit co bin sau:
Céc dang toén co ban:
Logi 1: Phuong phap dt an phu dé gid phwrong trinh sigu viet:
Bing cach dat an phu ta quy phuong trinh mi, phuomg trinh légarit ban diu
& phuong trinh dai so thong thong (phuong trinh chita hoe khéng chita cn
thire). Gidi cdc phuong trinh trung gian nay, sau d6 s€ quy vé giai cdc phuong trinh
ma, légarit co ban dé tim ra nghiém cia phyong trinh ban dau.
Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi A — 2008)
ii phuromg trinh: log,,_, (2x2 + x-1) +log,,, (28-1)
«w,
Diéu kign dé (1) 06 nghigm la
[2x-1>0, 2x-14l 1
x+1>0, xttel e34*"2 (2)
2x? #x=1>0 ee
358 Ap dung céng thite adi co 86, ta 06:
Wog.ai(2x?+x-1
(yo Beil? x-)
Voges (2x~!)
eo WB aut (2% =1) + lope (X+1)
+2logy)(2x-1)=4
+2log,,,(2x-I)=4
Gacy tet An-D=4 OD
Dat t= log..i(2x ~ 1), Khi d6 (3) €6 dang
aet3-0 e234 1-0 6
x=2
loge (28-=t orgy, a
© |fxetxet oo
logy.a(2x-1)= | veri =20- 2
| [at —sx=0
Thi du 2: (Dé thi tayén sinh khéi A ~ 2006)
Gidi phuong trinh: 3.8°+ 4. 12"— 18"-2.27"= 0(1).
Giai
Vi27"> 0 nén taco
Se zie (alse
me (z) GG) Gye
oe ee
(3) +42) -(2) -2=0().
3. 3 GB
par (2) >0, khi dé (2) 66 dang
30 44P-1-2=0 + (dot> 0).
2
vaytacé: (2| =2 © x=1,
iw (3) ae
Thi dy 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khdi B- 2007)
Gidi phuong trinh: (Vx ~1)* +(v2 +1)" -2v2=0 (1).
Do (V2 ~1)(V2#1)=1 nénnéu dat t= (V2 -1)* >0, thi
Me tet afi=veot?-2Wite=0
359 360
ever _ [BP i
2
t=V2+1 (2-
Thi du 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khéi D - 2007)
Giai phuong trink: log, (4° + 15.2 +27) + 2log, re
g
Didu kign dé (1) 06 ngia la 42*-3> 000233 ©).
Khid6 (1) <> log, (4* +15.2* +27) -2log, (42° -3)=0
2
> loga4* +182 +27) =topa (82° 3)
2
o> a 415.2% 427=(4.2"-3) =0 @)
Dat 2"= ¢> 0 khi dé ta co:
(3) <9 P+ 15t-27=(4t-3)? <5
€ t=3(dot> 0)
Thi dy 5: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khéi D - 2003)
Gidi phuong trinh; 2°°* — 2°" <3 (1),
Dat t= 2"> 0, ki d6 tir (1) ta c6:
4
t-<=0e9t? -3t-4=0.t=4 (do 0)
1
22. 2 "
22 ox =x =2 x =] vax =2.
Thi dy 6: (D8 thi tyén sinh Bgi hoc khéi D ~ 2002)
7
Gidi hé phuong trinh: { 4. 9x41
2*(2* +2)
Tacé Q)e y= P=
_
Thay (3) vio (1) ta e6:
y =Sy*—4y e2 y(y?-Sy+4)=0 ey’ -Sy+4-=0 (do y>0)
[ Bel
ef ie °
y=4” [area
4) 1a hai nghigm cia he (1) (2).
Vay (0:1) Thi dy 7: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi A — 2002)
Cho phuong trinh: log} x + Vlog} x +1 ~2m—1=0 (1).
V/Gidi (1) khi m = 2.
2/ Tim m 48 (1) c6 it nhét mot nghiém thuge doan [rs]
ar
UKhi thi (1) €6 dang : log} x + vlog} x +1 —
Bidu kign d& (2) 66 nghia li: x>0.
Dat t= ylog} x +121 khi dé (2) c6 dang
P+t-6=2 et=2(dot>!)
2 log} x +1 =2 eo log? x =3 > logs x =4N3 @ x=3 va x=
wpmt= fiogyx +1 khix eS thil st.
ay, [f()=t2 4t-2=
BAG ton tro than: Tim mdb ng {FCD=E*8-2=20) 5 agit,
Ists2 @)
Ta c6: F(t) = 2t + 1, nén c6 bang bién thign sau:
‘ = 1 2
PO ¥ Z
RO
ls
Tirdé suy ra hg (3) (4) €6 nghigm khi va chi khiOS2m<4 <> Osms2.
Thi dy 8:
cede phurong trinh sau:
V (26 +15v3)* +2(7+ 45)" -2(2~ V8) =1 (ay
2/ (5+2V6)(5-2v6)=10 2
W pat (2+ V3)" =1>0, khido(1) oP +20? —Falea tt +20
(14 20" 1)=0 @ t= 1 dot> Ne (2+V3) =1ox=0
2/ Do (5+2¥6)(s~2V6)=1 nén ante = (5-+2V6)" > 0 thi
2 eo tytaier lret-oe0t=5e 6.
361 ban
(+206)? =5+246
°
(s+246)} ~s-2v6-(s+2v6)'
Thi dy 9: °
Gisi cc phuong trinh sau:
1 tog, (4**" +4),log, (4° +1)=3 w
2/ log, 3+ logs x = log 3+ logs Ve +4 ©).
Gi
WTacé (1) [tog, 4+ tog, (4* +1) Jog, (4* +1
DAL t= logs(4"+ 1). Khi dd
i
log, (4* +1
log, (4° +1)=
Ha: 00, x # 1, Ut t= logsx #0.
(oe G+2R=36 (2
2/ Digu kign dé (2) 66 ny
Khid6 (1) 62 Leta 24 betes t-2=0
eas
oy
2 2] NT es
t=2 “| logyx=2
x=9,
Logi 2: Phuong phap dua vé cing mot co sé gidi phuong trinh va hé phuomg
tinh siu viet
Bing céch sir dung cée cng thite co ban cia ham ma, ham légarit ta quy
phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh d3 cho vé phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh sig viét co
a trinh bay & phan md .
Di nhién day 1a phuong phap thong dung, co ban nhung cing Khong hé kém
higu qua,
°
362
Xét cde thi du sau day:
Thi dy I: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai pe khéi A ~ 2009)
log, (x? +y?)=1+ log, (xy) (1)
Poxysy? gy (2)
Giai hg phuong trinh:
Taco (1) (2)
I x? +y?) = log, (2x) xe
loss(s? +9") tons (29) fx? ey
sl
pew? 34
aayty a4
Ro ring (4) thoa man (3) nén 1a nghigm cia (1) (2), Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khéi B- 2005)
Ja=1+ f2-y=t (0)
Giai hg phuong tin:
bane hanes
Didu kign dé hé (1)(2) €6 nghia la: x > 1;0 3(1+ logy x?)—3log, y=3
2 1 + logsx —logiy = 1 €> logix = logiy <> x=y.
(Chi ¥ dox> 1x0 logsx’= logsx)
vay mana) @ P= ©)
¥ | eci+ Vien =1 (4)
Dé thay Vx=1 + V2=5 of:
Vay hé (1)(2).66 hai nghigm (1; 1) va (232). _
Thi du 3: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc, Cao ding khdi A ~ 2004)
1
log, (y-x)-log;=1 (1)
hg phuongtrinh:| y
vay?
Tacd hi: (1)2) €2 {logy
y
x? +y? =25 sey’
y-x>Qy>0
y-x>Oy>0 4
ejysdy-dx 93% °
- 5 116 yee
aa age? =25
Thi dy 4: Gidi phuong trinh: Slows (6 +3) + Plog, (x 1* = tog, (4x).(1)
x+350
Bidu kign dé (1) 66 nghia la fr wool) @
Jaco AI
Voi diéu kign (2) thi log 5 (x +3)=log, (x +3)? =2log, (x +3):
363 364
logy(4x) = 2 + logyx; log,(x — 1)*= loga(x - 1)*= 4logy|x — I].
Khi d6: (1) €> log, (x +3) + log, |x~ I] logy x
> log, 213) 8 a9 5 (x 43)]x—t]= 4x
x
{er few
x+3)(x+1)=4x 2x-3=0
(s+ 3)(n+ tax 89 Oo cede 3425
O 0
y> 0. x> 0, khi dd
2 2y2)=2
logy x? +logyy+logyz2=2 — {ons(x?yz)=2
(123) © flogay? +logy2+los9x=2 <2 flogs(ay22
(louig2? + fotigs-+logiey =2 Hig (x
Thi du 6:
[2 +2¥ 23 @
Didu kign dé (1) (2) c6 nghia la x> 0, y> 0. #1 vay #1. Khi dd ta 66
(1) H(log, +1) =1ox, y @),
Dit logy =t,ta vot(!s i)=teoat- =0 (suy tte@3)) 1
=Néu x>1 thi 2° >2 va 298 >0 = VT (4) >3: V6 nghiém.
Hl
~Néu O2 va 20 VT (4)>3: V6 nghiém.
Tom Iai: x= y = log> 1 nghigm duy nh eta Wg (12),
Phuong phap logarit héa giai phuong trinh sigu viét:
Thi du
log xe
Giai phuong trinh: x 3 = 1g 10°** (1),
Dieu kign dé (1) co nghia la x>0. Khi do
tnves -
ae ¥ Jatgioes BXtS
t 3
Igx =5+lgx (2)
lex. Khi d6 tir (2) ta c
The dy 2:
Giai phuromg trinh 5
oeye _ gheena
Diéu kign dé (1) c6 ngh
(ye ss » eo SHY 25? coy =100
Logi 4: Mot sé phuong phap die bigt gidi phuomg trinh siéu vigt:
Nguoi ta hay sir dung hai phurong phap de bigt sau day:
+ Phuong phip chiéu bién thign ham s6.
+ Phuong phap danh gid hai vé dé giai mét lop phuong trinh sigu viet.
Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai lige khdi D ~ 2006)
* 0. Ap dung eng thire a®8* =¢%*, ta 6
Cho he phurong trinh:
Ching minh nghigm duy nha.
365 yaxta @)
ee" +In(I+x)-In(I ++ x)=0 (4)
Niu vay hg (1)(2) 66 nghigm duy nht khi va chi khi phuong trinh
F(x)=e8—e +In(L+x)-In(Ieatx)=0*
6 nghigm duy nhat trén kho’ing (—1: +0 ),
rena o |
Taco f(x}
Tears
Do a> 0 nén M(x)>0 Vx>-1 => f(x) li ham dng bign Khi x>—1
Tacd tim #(x)= tim e*(e"=1}+ tin w= *_ = 40,
wre aot we exta
con tim, f(x) = 20
Nhu vay do tinh Tién tue eta y = f(x) suy ra phuong trinh f(x)=0 6 nghigm
duy nha trén khoding (-1; +2) = dpem.
Thi dy 2:
Giai phuromg trinh:
eas
=x 48
. G
Bigu kign dé (1) c6 nghia lax <3,
Fy 94y)-—!
23-x
YS in2<0
Dat fix) =
Vay p(x) =-x? + 8x ~ 14 f(a) la him nghjch bign khi x <3,
Mat khae £03) = 2(3) = 1. nén (1) 66 nghi x=
Non xét>
Ta sir dung két qua quen biét sau day
phuong trinh f(x) = gts). x € D.
trén mign D, fx) fa ham ding bién, edn w(x) la ham nghich,bién, Hon
nia phusmg trinh e6 nghigm trén D. Khi dd phusong trinh ¢6 nghigm duy nhét ten D,
Thi dy 3:
Gidi phusomg trinh
mduy
Shed 438 42° Tx +17 (),
Tacs
(1) eo She 4 428 xe Tx+17 Q).
VT =f (x
Dat )
|vP=u(s)
iy fx) la higu eda him ding bign y = 5°+ 44 3°42" va hm nghich bidn at
238 6
Mat khac, g'(x = ~ 6x? + 10x — 7 < OV xe R, nén g(x) la ham nghjch bién
nén né la ham déng bién tren R
trén Lai e6 f(1) = g(1) = 13. Tir d6 (1) 66 nghigm duy nhat x= 1
Thi du 4:
Giai phuong trinh: log, (1+ VX) = log, x (1).
Giai
Digu kign dé (1) c6 nghia la x>0. Dat t = logsx. Khi dé
Me s(t) -t091 (5) =21e( 2) {Bor ©.
vitw= (1) (3) Liham nghich bign trén R. Lai c6 £(2) =1. Vay (2) 66
nghigm duy nhdt t= 2, tae li
‘Nhgin xét
Ta da ding két qua quen biét sau: .
Xét phyong trinh f(x) = m, x © D. Néu trén m
9 la nghigm duy nha cia (1),
D, fix) la ham s6 hoge la
Jun luda déng bién (hode luén ludn nghich bién) va phuong trinh e6 nghigm tren
D. Khi d6 phusong trinh c6 nghigm duy nat trén D.
Thi du S:
Giai phuong trinh: 4(x ~2)[togs (x ~3) + logs (x-2)]=15(x +1) (1).
Gi
Digu kign dé (1) ¢6 nghia la x > 3.
x+l
Tacd(1 loga(x ~ 3) + logy(x = 2) = 1S.
‘acd (1) <> logs }) + logs(x - 2) x2)
DB thay f(x) = loga(x ~ 3) + loga(x ~ 2) la ham dng bign khi x>3
a(x) = *1 14 ham nghieh bidn khi x>3 (do g'(x) =", <0)
2 a(x
Lai c6 f(11) = g(11) = 5. Vay x= 1 fa nghigm duy nhit eda (1).
Thi dy 6:
Giai phuong trinh: x2? = 92,3982 — 9823 (1),
Gia
Voi digu kign x > 0, ta.c6: (1)
de> G28 2 GDS _3IOEDY Cy glen
—1 (2) (do 3 *>0).
3} ()
(2) +(4] -1@
a")
Vi f(t) ld ham nghich bién trén §& va f(1) = 1, nén (3) co
t= 1, tire lax = 2 la nghigm duy nhat eda (1).
Dit logox = t, khi d6 (2) <> le fw
ém duy nhat
367 §2. BAT PHUONG TRINH MU VA LOGARIT
Ta ludn sir dung cae két qua co ban sau day trong vige
sidu vigt
+Néua> I thi 5
£0), get) >
vf? >a ={ a(x)
it phurong trinh
xeD xeD
7 {is £(x)> logae(x) [f(x)>e(x)>0
xeD \xeD
6 day D la tp xe dinh cia bat phurong trinh.
+ Neu log, ¢ fo toss (x) -, {0< F(x) 2, cOm nghigm eita (3) La x0 x** 50
xed xed fl
wax xitx wa! @
Tad: (1) <> {logy >0e4X tk 5)
xed x4 ae
vex Sex a
logp~—*>1 |S**<6 1 ¥*
x4 xed
Hé (2) (3) dé dang giai duoc (ban doc ty nghiém lay) va ta c6:
Thi due 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai he khdi A ~ 2007)
Giai bat phurong trinh: 2log, (4x —3) + log, (2x +3)s2 (1),
xo
Tacd(Iheo {4
2log; (4x~3) logs (2x +3) <2
g
xo
4
(4x3) <18x-+27
3 xed 3
(dox>2 2x +3>0)<2 {*" 4 eo 3exs3
8x? -21x-9<0
Thi dua:
Giai bat phuomg trinh: 5°10? _ 4.55 < sR? (1),
G
Tacé:
stt0 FT 2
(1) 6 Sey 455 SMF (57) 4 55S
pe
a2 (5 4 SFY(s05 557) coe StS cst
<9 x-S<1+3VK—2 co x-6<3VR-2 > 2ExS18
(ban doc tyr nghiém Iai két qua nay).
Logi 2: Dat n phy dé dura bat phwong trinh
6 trung gian,
Phuong phap giai nhu loai 1, §1. Xét céc thi dy sau:
vigt v8 bat phurong trinh dai
369 Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B - 2006)
Giai bit phusong trinh: logs (4 +144) ~Alog, 2< 1+ logs(2* +1) (1,
PE logs s(2°? +1) o> S244 c5(
* > 0 khi dé (2) 6 dang:
20t + 64<0 eo Act < 16 o> 4<2<16 > 2 2.0).
phuong trinh sau: log;
Taco (1) ¢9 logy(2* ~1)log,(2"" ~2)<2
fog (2*-1)[1+- fogs (2"-1)J-2-<0 @)
Dit t= logs 2”-1), nén (2) ¢6 dang:
Uttl)-2<0 CHt-2<00 2<1<1
co Lea -1cleo $2 Be9-2 +g Sho}
Thi du
; ‘ au-rPal 4g 92x21 aaa?
Giai bit phurong trinh sau: 25 +92 234.15" (1).
Tacé:(1) € ass9(3)
25,
ayn?
<9 90? ~34t +2520 (Gdiyt = @) >0)
2 xsi-y3 hole 0 1+ V3.
Loai 3: Sir dung digu kign cé nghia cia bat phuong trinh dé don gidn hoa
phép gid: .
Thi dig 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi B = 2002)
Giai bat phuong trinh: log, (toss (9* n)) st (1).
370 (x -72>0
Didu kign 8 (1) 06 ngha ta {logs (9" ~72)> 099° -72>1<29* >73 (2),
[sooeet
Tir (2) suy ra ndi ridng x> 1. Vi thé
273 os > 73
Me
3 -72<0
<9 VIB <3° <9 e9 logy V73 1 vi 01. his vay phép
ii dom gid di.
Thi du 2:
Giai bat phuong trinh
sx Vox? +x3 =x" logy x >(x
Gi
64x-
xlog: x +5¥6+x
Digukign dé (1) 6 mpi { e00 8)
Do dit kign (2) nén tae6: slog, x~5¢ 3log, 3-5
og, 27-3<0
a
Vithé 3) <> Vor
exces Verne ex-leSexs3
Nohiin xér:
Nho c6 di
au mise
ign (2) v6i nhdn xét xlogox-5<0 nén phép widi 3) dom giin di
BAI TAP TY GIAI
Bai I:
Giai phuong trinh: log, 2+ 2logy, 4=log x8
Bap sé:
Bai 2: Gisi pusong tinh: log, (3° ~1)logs(3**" -3) =6.
x =log;10
Dap sé
x= logs 3
37 an
‘Bai 3:
Gia phuromg trinh: log yg V+ — log, (3~ x) ~logg (x ~1)° =
Daip sé: xe
Bais:
‘a inh: 9°72*-1 = 19.3522
Giai phuong trinh: 97! 10.3"? +10.
Dip sé: X= 0.x = + bx = 2,
Bai:
Gidi hé phurong trinh: {| ~
lox =12
Daip sé: x= ey = logs?
Bai 6:
log, (x? +y?}=5
Giai hg phuong trinh: 82(x? +y")
2log, x +log, y=4,
Dap sb: x=
Bai 7:
4ly|+3=0
lea og, =0.
Giai hé phurong trin!
Dap sd: (1;1) va
Bai 8
Giai bat phuong trinh: ,fiog, x + logy x? ~2>0.
3
Pa 1
Dip sb: —
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