Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Femija normal
normal
Aida Bushati
• Qellimi i cdo pediatri eshte:
– Te njohe potencialin e cdo femije dhe te
jape me te miren per te.
Objektivat e pediatrit
• Te njohe dhe kuptoje:
– Rritjen, zhvillimin dhe sjelljen normale
te cdo femije ne menyre qe:
• Te monitoroje progresin
• Te vleresoje vonesat
• Te keshilloje prinderit
Celesi i suksesit te
pediatreve
• Per te patur nje rritje dhe zhvillim optimal te
femijeve duhet:
– Eksperienca klinike
– Njohurite personale
– Praktika efektive
Te cilat kerkojne:
Familjarizim me te dhenat teorike
Strategjite e bazuara ne evidence-base
CFARE DUHET TE
KUPTOJME ?
• Nderveprimin e forcave biologjike dhe
sociale me marredhenien:
– prind-femije
– Brenda familjes
– Ndermjet familjeve
– Ne shoqerine ku jetojme
• Rritja eshte nje pasqyre e mireqenies,
semundjeve kronike dhe stresit
interpersonal dhe psikologjik.
Modeli psikosocial i zhvillimit
Zhvillimi
• Zhvillimi eshte rezultat i:
– Maturimit te SNQ
– Reaksioni psikologjik
Continuum and hierarchy of natural systems in the biopsychosocial model. (From Engel GL: The clinical application of the
biopsychosocial model. Am J Psych 1980;137:535–544.)
Influencat biologjike ne
zhvillim
• Gjenetika
• Ekspozimi in utero ndaj substancave
teratogene
• Semundjet post natale
• Ekspozimi ndaj substancave te demshme
• Maturimi
• Temperamenti ka nje rendesi te
vecante klinike biologjike.
• I referohet karakteristikave sjellore
ndaj stimujve intern dhe ekstern.
• Eshte intrisik dhe shume i veshtire
per t’u modifikuar nga sjelljet
prinderore.
• Stabilizohet rreth femijerise se
mesme.
TABLE 6-1 -- Temperamental
Characteristics: Descriptions
and Examples[**]
Activity level Amount of gross motor movement “She's constantly on the move.” “He would rather
sit still than run around.”
Rhythmicity Regularity of biologic cycles “He's never hungry at the same time each day.”
“You could set a watch by her nap.”
Approach and withdrawal Initial response to new stimuli “She rejects every new food at first.” “He sleeps
well in any place.”
Adaptability Ease of adaptation to novel stimulus “Changes upset him.” “She adjusts to new people
quickly.”
Threshold of responsiveness Intensity of stimuli needed to evoke a response (e.g., “He notices all the lumps in his food and objects
touch, sound, light) to them.” “She will eat anything, wear
anything, do anything.”
Intensity of reaction Energy level of response “She shouts when she is happy and wails when
she is sad.” “He never cries much.”
Quality of mood Usual disposition (e.g., pleasant, glum) “He does not laugh much.” “It seems like she is
always happy.”
Distractibility How easily diverted from ongoing activity “She is distracted at mealtime when other children
are playing.” “He doesn't even hear me
when he is playing.”
Attention span and persistence How long a child pays attention and sticks with “He goes from toy to toy every minute.” “She will
difficult tasks keep at a puzzle until she has mastered it.”
Influenca psikologjike
• Attachement (lidhja)
• Contingency (sjellja e sigurt e
prinderve)
Faktoret sociale
• Sistemi familjar
• Modeli ekologjik
Unifikimi i koncepteve
• GJENDJA E FEMIJES NE CDO KOHE ESHTE NJE FUNKSION
BASHKEVEPRIMI I FAKTOREVE BIOLOGJIKE DHE SOCIALE.
Mekanizmat biologjike
Gjenetika, influencat in-utero te zhvillimit
Mekanizmat
Mekanizmatpsikosociale
psikosociale
Depresioni i nenes Attachenet, disiplina, modelimi, familja Probleme te pershtatjes
Attachenet, disiplina, modelimi,
familja
Te ardhurat sociale
Guret e zhvillimit
• Motorika e madhe
• Motorika fine
• Zhvilimi social
• Zhvillimi emocional
• Gjuha
• Njohja
TABLE 6-2 -- Classic Stage Theories
Psychoanalytic Theories.
INFANCY (0–
1 YR)
TODDLERHOOD
(2–3 YR)
PRESCHOOL
(3–6 YR)
SCHOOL AGE
(6–12 YR) ADOLESCEN
CE (12–20 YR)
----
Kohlberg Preconventional:avoid Conventional:confo Conventional:law Postconventional:m
:moral punishment/obtain rmity (stage 3) and order (stage oral principles
rewards(stages 1 and 4)
2)
Perdorimi i statistikes ne
vleresimin e zhvilimit
• Cfare eshte normale?
– per pediatrin femije i shendetshem
– Statistikisht shperndarja sipas kurbes
se Gaussit
• Percentilet
• Moda
• Mediana
TABLE 8-1 -- Guret themeltar te
zhvillimit gjate 2 vjeteve te para
GROSS MOTOR
Mban koken kur eshte ulur 2 Lejon kontakte me te shpeshta vizuale
Terhiqet per tu ngritur pa e leshuar koken 3 Tonus muskular
nga pas
nuk ndjek komandat e thjeshta me 10 Gjuhe verbale receptive (p.sh.,“ma jep mua”)
gjeste
Thote fjali me dy fjale (p.sh.,“mami 19 Fillimi I gramatizimit, korrespondon me nje fjalor prej +
kepuca”) 50 fjalesh.
COGNITIVE
Perdor nje shkop per te arritur 17 I afte te lidhe veprimet per te zgjidhur nje
lodren problem
Ben sikur luan me nje kukull (p.sh 17 Mendimi simbolik
I jep kukulles nje shishe)
TABLE 8-2 Linjat kryesore te
sjelljes gjate vitit te pare te
jetes[*]
Peruudha neonatale (1-4 jave)
Ndenjur : Nuk e var koken pas kur terhiqet nga duart, koka me
e qendrueshme. Preferon te qendroje ndenjur me
suport te plote mbi trung.