Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chu bien:
H~ Md, ~G
NdRON
VAUNGDUNG •
(TUYEN T~
,,"
"
,.
...
.)
- 2001-
XlI[l!
ban:
In 1.500 eu6n khuon kh6 16x24 em, tai XLfang In NXB Van h6a Dan t(Je Giay phep xuat ban 56: 123-159-23/7/2001 In xong va nop ILfUehi~u thang 9 narn 2001.
Se la thieu sot neu khong ke'den mot d~ic thu cua cuon sach. Sou rdt nhieu chuang co phdn tai li~u ddn khd phong phu, du kien thuc dt cac ban doc 1'6 the'di sdu tiip. KhOng con nghi ngil gi niai, hati muai bai guing tren. aa. tao mot b6 hoa hlui hoan. chlnh, do, sdc, nhiiu thOng tin, alia toi cho ban. doc nhiing kiln thitc rat cd ban ao'ng thiti g¢ md cho cac ban. sinh uien. tre nhiJu huang nghien. cuu trie'n uong va. a6:y h6.p da.n. Cu6n sach se khOng the'ra mdt ban. doc ne'u khOng coSIj hap tac nhiet tinh da cac tac gid, neu khOng co slj ad ddu chu yeu cua Vi~n Toaa hI;JC dan. vi dong gop chinh to' chitc Trlldng Thu vi "H~ mil va itng dung", neu khOng co slj gitip ad va. gop y quy bau cua Ban Bien tij.p Nha Xuat bcin Khoa h9C va Ky thu¢.t. Voi tat ca cdc ca nluin. va dan. ui tren chung t6i xin chan thanh. cam dn. Do nhUu hr;zncke; d{ie biet han. che'v€ thai gian, cuon sdch. khOng trtinh. khai nhiing khie'm khuye't. Chung toi hoan nghenh. va chan thanli ldng nghe moi gop j.
Nh6m bitm
50<;10
so
1.4 1.5
1.6 2
2.1
2.2 2.3
Logic me Quan he mb Suy lu~n xap xl va suy dian mb Vi du bang s6 " SI! phat tri~n cua cong ngh. rhCI Mlilng noron nhan tao va h~ mO " Mlilng ndron nhan tao M¢t s6 rnanq noron co blm Ket hop rnanq noron v(ji h~ mO
ff
16
"
: " _
18 21
24
:
"
"
25 25
31 34 35
37
39 39
"" 40
1.1 1.2
1.3 2'
2.1
2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.2 3.3
3.4
4
4.1
4.2 5
5.1 5.2
6
Ly thuyet t~p nib la co so phudng phap lu~n cho vi~c giai cac bal toan T~~ n;b ~a ~glt n~hia khai ni~m mo " " DIiII so cac tap md , " Quan h~ rno Toan h9C me " " " Topo mb Giai tfch mo Bai toan t6i lfU h6a mO H~ chuyen gia me va h~ tro giup quyet d!nh rno " Bai toan lay quyet djnh va van de I~p lu~n Ph~d~9 ~h~p I~p lu~n xap xl dua tran t~p me DIiII so gla hl H~ tro giup quyet d!nh me Dieu khi~n ma Oua trinh dieu khi~n voi yeu t6 me, khong chac chan Phuonq phap dieu khi~n rno Tfnh toA:. ;n.J va tri thCtc Khai pha dlt li~u Bai toan ket b6 mO Danh muc cac tal li~u dan
"
41
" 45
45
47 50 54 54 55 58 63 67 67 68
"
" "
71 71
73 74
78
79 79 79 86 89
2.1
2.2 2.3
93 93
94 98 100
2.4 2.5
102
.. 165
NhQp men di6u khiin ma Nguy~n Doiin Phuoc, Phan Xuan Minh 1 2 ;:~. Nguyen 1'1 lam vi~c Ly thuy~t t~p rno trong dieu khien ~~:hpnS~~ad~~
;:~ ~~~Pmh6.P~.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ..~ 3 80 dieu khien ma 3.1 c6u true b¢ dieu khien rno '" 3.2 Thi~t k~ b¢ dieu khien rno 3.3 Cau true b¢ dieu khi~n rno thong minh Tai li~u tham khao ., 5 Di6u khiin uOc IUQngva m6 hinh tren co so dieu khiin ma Phan Xiuin. Minh, Nguy~n Doiiti Phudc 1 2 3 4 5 6 £)ieu khien Mamdani £)ieu khien ma tn/c;lt(sliding mode FC) £)ieu khien tra blmg Mo hinh TS tren co so dieu khien me M6 hinh tren co so dieu khien rno voi phLlong phap tuy~n tinh h6a cua Lyapunov Tai li~u tham khao ly thuyet kha nling va mQt D6Van Thanh
1
so van de ma
M¢t 56 khai nlem ban dau Ngon ngii PL1 Van de suy diemtrong 1'1 thuy~t kha nang Mau thuan Wng phan va suy dien trong cac CSTT rnau thuan tling phan H~ .th6ng_ hinh th_uc s~y ~len}1! d.9n9 ~a Ngon ngLlPL2 va m9t so van de rno Ngon ngii PL2
'"
D6 Van
MQteach tiep c~n nghien cuu phat hi,n tri thirc trong .cac co Thanh, Phani ThQ Hoan
so drt Ii,u
...
1 £)i:itvan de . 2 Hi'nh fhanh cac mau luat tronq 1'1 thuyet kha nan\J'U co so dCtIi~u cho tnroc 2.1 Xuat xu cua van de ,.... . , 2.2 £)~ ngh!.~inh t~an~ m~u 1~~tyon9Iy thu~_et ha nang k 2.3 Cach glal quyet va mot so ket qua ban dau 3, Ly thuy~t kha nang ma r9ng voi d!nh gia la gia tr! ngon ngCt 3.1 Nhiihg van de ma trong 1'1 thuyet kha nang 3.2 Ngon ngCtPL1 voi djnh gia la gia tr! ngon ngii Tai Ii~u tham khao 8 Tich hQp cac ky thu~t tinh toan mem va m'llng noron trong xii Iy drt Ii,u Nguy€n Thanh Thuy, Nguy€n Due, Trdn Ngoc tt«
ne«
Xli 1'1 dCtIi~u trong cac ling dl,Jngtin hoc Tiep c~n rnanq noron trong xu I¥ dCtli~u Mc.mgnoron nhleu lop truyen tMng va giai thuat hoc 8P Ki~n true Giai thuat h9CIan truyen ngLl<;lc loi Goi ~i va dLl bao Quan diem ioan hoc ve qua trinh h9Ccua m~ng noron H9Ctham 56
4.2 5 6 7
Hoc tham s6 bang giai thuat Ian truyen ngllc;lC loi. Tieh hop giai thuat di truyen vOi qua trinh hoc e~a mt;lng noron nhieu lop truyen th3ng Cai thien giai thuat di truyen bang mo phong qua trinh tol fhep Kat luan , ; ~
Tai li~u tham khao 9 Suy rQng tean til OWA cua Yager va ang dyne v60
xu Iy thang
tin trong
171 .. 171 171 174 176 178 180 :.. 181 181 183 185 185 187 189 190 192
5
Ph'n 1 2
1:. T oan t,', t r~ng bl h_,r?ng s~, co sap xep .~ _,," _, _In t 8!nh nqhia va m9t so unh chat.. 86i ngau cua toan tlr OWA Ngli nghia kat hop vOi toan tIJ OWA Cach xac d!nh tronq 56 w Cac ham dinh IlIc;lng va d9 do tfnh tuy~n orness .: 2: Toan tlttieh hc;lPng~n ngli Can m9t suy r9ng len mien gia tr! ngOn ngli M9t suy r¢ng: toan tl'r tieh hop ngOn ngG' LOWA ,
Phlln 3: M¢t 56 (tng dl:mg 1 Hal thuat toan cum 2 89 nhat tri vii d¢ tr9i d!a phl.lClng 3 Hai quy trinh ilIa chon trong bili toan lay quyat d!nh t~p th~ Tai li~u dan ,' mlnh trong ht h8 tr~ quy6't d!nh : tro vi~e ra quyat dinh
10
Nguyin
1 2
3
4
hO
192 193
196
197 198
11
DiJ,ng Quang
1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 Modau
199
199 199 199 200 205 206 206 207 208 211
(Jng dl,lng rnanq noron giai cac bai toan t61 LfU t6 hop Mo hinh rnanq ncron nhan tao Anh xa cac bal toan toi LfU t6 hop len rnanq noron Tim tr~ng thai 6n d!nh eua m~ng (Jng dunq m~ng noron glal h~ phl.lClng trinh tuy~n tinh M~ng noron v~1 co cha philn h6i Nhac qua ve m¢t 56 phl.lClng phap I~p giai h~ phllong trinh d~i 56 tuyen t1nh Cac thu~t toan noron
12
vs Nhu
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
MQt
so van
de nh~n d"ng
su dyng
m'llng noron
212
212 212 216 219 220 220 220 222 225 225 225
La.n.
3
3.1
Nh~n d~ng phi tuyen mo hinh h~ d¢ng II,fC Nh~n d~ng thong 56 h~ th6ng (off line) Nh~n d~ng thong 56 h~ thong (on line) K~tlu$n Nh$n d~ng rnO hlnh va dieu khi&n sU' dl,lng m~ng noron Mo dau .. Nh~n d~ng thong 56 5U' dyng rn~ng ncron €lieu khi~n sl'r dl,lng rnanq noron " K~t lu~n Nh$n danq rno hinh vii dieu khi'n sLt dl,lng rnanq noron dol xCtng xuyen tam co 50 Ham doi xCtng xu yen tam co sO va Ctng dl,lng trong nh~n d~ng
d~ng mO hinh nh$n d,ng h~ dQng hQC phi tuy~n d\mg m~ng RBF v~ dieu khi&n Ihich nghl sli dl,lng m(;\ng RBf naron nhieu lap va m9t s6 thu~t hQCtrong nh~n d~ng mo hinh va dieu khien
sa
k!t.
KIEN THt1e
A~
~.
co so
eUA
.,.,
lffi. Md
Bui COllg Cr.LiJng Vi~n Tarin hoc Ha nl)i
1'.
....
MOdau
TQp ma De dan gian chung ta hay trinh bay h¢
ma du6i
bien
System)
vito X la
rna.
ma va
thuan loi cho da so cac ban d9C cluing ta bilt dan tim hien nhtrng khlii ni¢Ji1 co ban nM!: djnll nghia t~p mb ella L.Zadeh (1965, xem 11 n, cac phep roan dai so, nguyen Iy suy rong, va sau d6 la cac khai ni~m bien ngon ngfr, de phep loan ella logic rna. 1.1.2 D!nh nghia 19P
De
ma
Cho X IIIkhOng gian nen. Chang han X-=' I~p sinh vien Dl:Ii h<;JCBach khoa Ha N9i khoa 41. A] = t~p sinh vien Khoa Cong nghe thong tin khoa 41. Kh i d6 Alia A2 m¢! t¢p con
ro ella K. G9i
I
vt!
t~p
lai
t~p rna
tren
--+. 10,1],
("1'1a
x vao tap
ma A.
Nhi~u tai lieu van quen goi PA la ham lien thuoc va PA(x) la dq lien thuoc. Chung ta cling se kf hieu / x): x EX}.
A
Vi dl,l:
= I(PA(x)
Ao
= mot
= I (0/0)
, (0/1) , (0.6/2)
, (0.2/6)
}.
1.1.3
rna tren
PA' PB .
rna tren
= max I PA(x),
C
PB(X)}, la tap
PAI1B(x)
= min I PA(x),
PAc (x)
va phep Ic~yphdn bu A
rna
1- PA(x),
rna cac
56
ma
rna thea
rna M tren
chuan
hoa, tuc la co diem x' sao cho PM(x') aE RI, tap mire dung cac so
= 1,
I x:
Nguoi ta thucng
rna dang
1.1.5
Nguyen
De Hun viec
Iii rat quan trong f)jnh nghia 1.4:
A = A 1 X A2
la tap
X ...
x An
rna
«x,
trong d6 x
= (Xl'
X2 , ...
,xn)·
10
y laB
I)
Nguyen ly suy rong: Gia str m6i bien van xi liiy gia tr] la Ai (i= 1,2, ... , n) voi Ai la tap mo tren khong gian
Ham f: X ~ Y chuyen cac gia tr] dilu van Ai thanh gia tr]
dau ra B. Khi do B se la t~p ma tren Yv&i ham thuoc PB(x) duoc tinh theo c6ng thtrc sau:
P8(X)
{max
o
{min(.uAJ~I)'''·
,J.lAn(Xn):XEr-I(y)}
f 2)
-I
(y) = { x =(
Xl
f\x) = y
Suy r9ng phep cong hai s6' mil: Ap dung nguyen ly suy rong cluing ta co th~ cho ngay dinh nghia suy rong phep cong
=f(x,y)
=x+y.
MtfJN la t~p rna rren RIco ham thuoc xac dinh vai moi so thuc z cho boi
PMffiN(Z) = max
I min
=Z
I.
rna hlnh
rna hlnh
thang.
TUO'ngt9' nguai ta cling dinh nghia phep trir suy rong va phep nhan suy rong,
1.2
1.2.1
Logic ma
On nhanh ve logic m~nhde cO dlin
de va
menh PEP, ta gan mot tri v(P) la gia tri chan Iy (truth value) cua rnenh
de nghi
-
de. Logic
c6 di~n
v(P)
Tren P chang ta xac dinh tnroc lien ba phep toan co ban va rat tnrc quan:
Phep tuyen:
P OR Q, ki hieu P v Q, do la rnenh
de "hoac P hoac
Q", 11
Phep hoi:
P AND Q, kf hieu P
1\
NOT P, kf hieu
1P
ca ban nay nguoi ta dl:l djnh nghia nhieu phep toan kl"\;ic,
kf hieu la P :::::> Q.
nhung doi voi chung ta quan trong nhat la phep keo theo (implication), San-day chung ta xet bang gia tri chan
Iy
keo theo va phep nrong duong (ki hieu bang <:::> ) phu thuoc vao gia tri chan M gee ban dau P , Q (bang 1).
Bang 1.
Iy cua
cac rnenh
Q
1
0
v I I I
0
1\
:::::>
<:::>
1 1
0 0
1
0 0 0
1
0 I
1
0
'() t-'--
+,~
i
1 Q. I
Sir dung nhimg dinh nghia tren, trong logic c6 dien.cac luat suy dien quan trong sau day giG' vai tro rat quyet dinh trong cac lap luan truyen thong. D6 la cac luat - modus ponens: - modus toll ens: - syllogism: - contraposition:
(P
1\
(P :::::>
Q»
:::::>
«P:::::> Q) «P:::::> Q)
1\ 1\
1Q):::::> 1P
(Q :::::> R» :::::> (P :::::> R)
lp).
1973 L.Zadeh ( xem [3,71 ) dl:ldua vao khai niern "bien ngon ngit" va buoc dau irng dung vao suy dien
rna -
rna.
cho cong viec tinh toan cac suy dien chu chot trong cac he
rna.
D~ c6 the tien.hanh mo hinh hoa cac he thong va bieu dien cac quy luat van hanh trong cac h¢ thong nay, truce tien cluing ta can toi suy rong cac phep toan logic co ban (logic connectives) voi cac menh de co gia tri chan Iy v(P) trong doan 10,1], (thay cho quy dinh v(P) chi nhan gia tri 1 hoac 0 nhir tnroc day). Chung ta se dua vao cac phep toan co ban cua logic
rna qua
v~y co Ie tu nhien va phan nao hua hen se c6 tinh cong nghe han. Cho cac menh de P, PI' Q, QI
, ..., gia
tri chan
Iy
...
se nhan trong
doan 10,11. Sau day chung ta di ngay vao cac phep toan 1.2.2 May phep t06n co ban cua logic ma
co ban nhat,
1.2.2.1 Phep phu djnh Phu dinh (negation) la mot trong nhirng phep toan logic co ban. De suy rong chting ta can tai toan tiI v(NOT P) xac dinh gia tri chan Iy cua NOT P doi voi m6i menh M P.
12
£linh nghia 1.8: Ham n: 10,1] ~ [0,11 khong tang thoa man cac dieu kien n(O)=I, n(I)=O, goi la ham phil dinh. (negation - hay la phep phu dinh). Ham n la phep phu dinh rnanh, neu n giarn chat va n(n(x»
1.2.2.2 Phep h{>i
=x
voi m6i x .
Phep hQi (van quen goi la phep AND - conjunction) co ban nhat.
neu
= T(y,x),
voi moi
sx,y
S 1,
S 1.
T khong giam theo nghia T(x ,y) S T(u, u), voi rnoi x S u ,y S u,
= T(T(x,y),z)
Til nhirng tien d~ tren chung ta suy ra ngay T(O ,x). Hon nfra tien d6 d) darn bao tfnh
thac trien duy nhat cho ham nhieu bien.
Vai vi du ve t-chuan:
I)
2) 3)
4)
T(x,y) T(x,y)
T(x,y) =xy,
I,
T(x ,y ) =
Z
5)
(x ,y
) _ {min(X,y.) -
nell
max(x,y) = 1
nell
A'
max(x,y) < 1
Giang nhtr phep hoi, phep tuytn hay toan nr logic OR (disjunction) thoa man cac tien de sau: £l!nh nghia 1.10: Ham S:
cluuin. (t-conorm)
[0,1)2 ~ [0,1] goi laphep neu thoa man cac tien M sau: ,
S(x,y)=S(y,x)
a) b) c) d)S
S(O,x)
=x
voi moi
Osx,y)s Osxsuslva
I, Osysusl 1
S(x,y)sS(u,u)v6im9i S(x,S(y,z»
= S(S(x,y),z)
13
Chon phep phu dinh n(x) = I-x cluing ta co quan he gifra T vii S nhu trong bang 2:
Bang 2.
T(x,y)
min(x
xy max{x+y-l . ) mmo(x,y
,y)
,0: neu
x+ySI x +y > 1
I)
= o
{mil1(X,Y)
neu
"
ueu max(x,y) == 1
max(x,y)
*' 1
,y) -
_ {max(x,y) 1 neu
"
nenmin(x,y)=0 mm x,y
.( )
*' 0
1.2.3
LUQtDe Morgan
Trong Iy thuyet tap hop luat De Morgan n6i tieng sau day d1i diroc str dung nhieu noi: Cho A,B Iii hai tap con euaX, khi do (AuB)C =A CnBC
va
(AnE)
=A Cu BC
Co nhieu dang suy rong hai dimg thirc nay. Sau day mot dang suy rong cho logic
E>!nh nghia 1.11: Cho T Iii t-chuan, S la t-d6i chuan,
rna.
= T(nx,ny).
1.2.4
D1ico kha nhieu nghien cuu vC phep keo thea (implications). Dieu do cling nr nhien VI day Iii cong doan chat nhat cua qua trinh suy dien trong rnoi I~p luan xap xi, bao g6m cii suy luan rna. Trong phan tiep thea nay chung ta se di tiep con duong tien de hoa va sau do dung nhanh tai vai dang pho ('~p d~ minh hoa. Chung ta se xet phep keo thea nhu mot m6i quan he, mQI toan ttt logic. Thong thuong cluing ta nho toi cac lien de sau cho ham
v(p] ~
P2).
14
£>!nh nghia
Neu x:S z thlI(x ,y) ~ I(z ,y) voi moi y Neu y s u thlI(x,y)
I(O,x) l(x,I)
10,II,
:s/(x,u)
d)
e)
10,11,
1(1,0)
De tinh toan dt1<Jc, chung ta din nhfrng dang CI;I the cua phep keo theo. Sau day la mot so dang ham keo theo, xay dung dua vao cac phep toan logic mo da suy rong phfa tren. Cho T la t-chuan, S la t-d6i chuan. n la phep phil dinh manh.
£>!rih nghia 1.13: Dang keo theo thu nluit. Ham IS1(x,y) =S(n(x),y).
lSI
(x
,y)
R6 rang an
£>!nh
y sau
= 1P v Q.
lSI
Iy
ky
la mot
phep keo thee thoa man dinh nghia 2.4.2. Nhir dii nhan xet tir dau, co rilt nhieu con duong muon xac dinh phep keo thco, Phep keo theo sau day, noi chung, khong thoa man tien d~ a), nhirng duoc nhieu tac giii Slr dung. chinh cua phep keo thee nay bat nguon ttt bieu dien phep P => Q thee
Iy thuyet
t~p hop.
Neu P , Q bi~u dien dt10i dang t~p hop trong cling mot khong gian nen, thl
P => Q
= 1P v (P
1\
Q)
SiJ dung T la t-chuan, S la t-doi chuan, n la phep phil dinh, thl co the nghi toi dang
I(x,y) =-S(T(x,y),nx).
Lap luan nrong tl! khi cho P va Q tren cac khong gian nen khac nhau ding co the dan toi cling dang ham I (x ,y) nay.
£>!nh nghia 1.14: Cho (T,S,n)
thea thu ba I sex ,y) xac dinh tren [o,d bang bieu thirc
Is(x,y) =S(T(x,y),n(x».
CI;I
the ve dang ham cua phep keo thee Is (x ,y) phu thuoc vao
= min(x,y)
thl Is(x,y)
I-x
I.
= I-x,
= maxj O, x+y-II
thi Is(x,y)
= max(1-x,
y ).
15
phu thuoc
vao viec
dung t-chuan nao. Chang han xet cac vi du sau : Vi dl;l twang
'C:
Chon
T(x,y)
= min(x,y),
thi I T(X,y)
= 1, neu
x sy
1) neu x
* 0, I T(X ,y)=l
neu x=O.
Cac ban co th~ tim thay them nhirng tinh chat khac cua cac phep toan logic rna cling nhu mot
so dang
ham keo thea khac, xin xern them cac tai lieu [2,3,4,6J.
1.3
1.3.1
Quon h~
rna
neu R
£>lnh nghia 1.15: Cho X, Y la hai khong gian nen. R goi la mot quan h~ rna tren XxY la mot t~p rna tren XxY, tire la co II1Qt ham rhuoc
J.JR(x,y)
R(x,y)
la d<) thuoc
(membership
degree) cua
vii R
2
= maxi
J.lRl (x,y),
}, V (x ,y)e }, V (x ,y)e
XxY. XxY.
InR 2
£>lnh nghia 1.17: Quan h~ mit treri nhiing t¢p mit. Cho t~p rna A voi PA(X) tren X, tap rna B voi PB(x) tren Y. Quan he rna tren cac t~p rna A vii B 13. quan h¢ rna R tren XxY thoa man dieu kien:
PR(X ,y) PI~(X ,y) ~ PA(X) , V Y eY. ~ PB(x) ,Vx
ex'
R len X R len
13.: PFOjx
projyR
R = {(x, ma~
J.lR(x,y) : x eX}
Y Iii:
£>lnh nghia 1.19: Cho quan he rna R tren XxY. Thac tri~n R len khong extxyz R
= I(x,y
.z ), Pcxt(x,y
.z )
= PR(x,y)
, Vz eZ}.
1.3.2
£>lnh nghia1.20:
R1oR2 cua
tt; R2
16
a)
(max-min
composition)
b)
cho boi
{(,LIR1
(x, y).
JI R2
(y,z)},
'It (x ,z )eXxZ.
Hqpth~max-*duqcxacdinhboitoantlr
JiRj oR2
*: 10,lf~IO,11
(x, z)
= ma~
{ JiR1 (x,y)
* JiR2
(y,z)},
G;;(thiet
).:!;.ep
(7', S, n) EI bo ba De Morgan,
phu dinh.
l'
h~ R]OTRZ trenXxXxacdjnh
e; R2,
Rj0'j'(RzoTR3) Neu
= (R TR2h,R3.
jo jo
R2°TR3
va R3oTR1
R3oTR2.
1.3.3
I s R(x,z)
c)
so' neu
so 0<8<1
> O>R(z,x)
va
> O>R(z,y)
thi R(x,z)
£>!nh Iy 1.5: (xem [7]) a) b) Ncu R lit quan h¢ ma co tfnh chat min-cluiyen. tiep thi R lit quart h¢ mer co tfnh chat chuyin
tiep tham
1.3.4
Phuong trlnh quan he mo Ian dau tien ughien cuu boi GS. Sanchez nam 1976, d6ng vai
tro quan troug trong cac Iinh vue phan tich cac h~ mo, thiet ke cac b(> di6u khien
~_ ....
"'_,h __ ._.
. _ ..
rHUVHNh~!:¥I~'" ~:.;'.,:;
_*_
"::'!1~:11
'I.'
17
Cho mot he rna bieu dien diroi dang mot quan he rna nhi nguyen R tren khong gian tfch Xx Y. Dau vao (input) cua he Iii mot t~p rna A cho tren khong gian nen input X. Tac dong cua dau vao A voi h¢ R se Iii phep hop thanh AoR se cho
a diiu ra (output)
khong gian nen Y, kf hieu Iii B. Khi fry chung ta c6AoR = B. Neu chting ta Slr dung phep hop thanh max-min thi ham thuoc cua B cho boi
ma
Y={Yl,Y2,Y3},
A=(0,2/x1
0,8/xz
1/X3)
=(0,2
0,8 1)
0.7 1 AoR = 0.5 0.9 0.6 , [ 0.2 0.6 0.3 Khi d6 cluing ta e6 B=AoR =(0,2 0,8
0.4]
1)0
0.4]
1.4
xi
va suy di~n ma
1.4..1 Chung ta se trlnh bay du dan gian van d~ suy luan xap xi diroi dang nhiing menh de voi cac bien ngon ngfr nhir dai tluroug van dung nhtr: "may lanh", "ga yeu", hay nhiing quy tae, nhfrng luat dang menh de "neu quay tay ga manh thl toe dQ xe se nhanh". hay eon goi Iii suy luan rna - d6 Iii qua trinh suy ra nhiing ket luan diroi dang cac rnenh d€ rna trong dieu kien cac quy tac, cac luat, cac dfr lieu dau vao eho tnroc cling kh6ng hoan roan xac dinh. Chung ta se han che bbi nhfrng luat dan gian nhir dang modus ponens hay modus tollens dii neu b phan dau. Tnroc tien cluing ta nho lai trong giai tich toan hoc dii dung qua trlnh lap luan sau: Dinh Iy: Sl! kien: Neu mot ham s6 Iii kha vi thl no lien tuc Hiimfkha f lien tuc vi
Suy lutin.
xap xi -
Ker luan:
day Iii dang suy lu~n dua vao luat modus ponens. Bay gia ta tim each dien dat each suy luan quen thuoc tren duoi dang sao eho co th~ suy rong eho logie mao
Ky
hieu:
= kh6ng
Vi dt!«m-gh'm'c6
U: {g:~~R}; ·18
iM hi~u .
Ii
II
I· = "s E A"
va
Q=
"g
Ket luan:
a day
1.4.2
chung
ta dll
Slr dung
« P => Q)
" P) => Q.
sang suy dien rna cung dang. Neu goc tay quay ga Ian th) xe di nhanh Goc tay ga quay kha Ion Xedi kha nhanh
Luat
rna:
dll dien dat sl! kien tren bang cac bien ngon ngfr: goc tay quay, toc d(>, nhiet d¢,
up lire, tuoi tac va cac menh de Zadeh qua vai VI du. 1.4.2.1 Bien ng6n ngu
Vi du t: Ta noi
rna
dang urong
ling. Chung
ta lam ro each
x
kh6ng
= =
gian nen
la
A=
la mot
tap
rna rren
"co the'tuo'i
cua Nam la 40" di nhien khong chac chan va kha hop ly neu dlen
dat nhu mot kha nang, trong 14,51 Zadeh de nghi Kha nang (Tu6i cua Narn
= d¢
= A(40).
Menh
de ma
= {x = A I =
{bien x nhan gia tri rna A tren khong is A] (theo dang tieng Anh).
= {x
gian nen
Ul
rna cho
a dau
19
gian nen U = [0.360 (II (cho phep quay tay ga cua xe may), A = "'g6c Ian" la mot twang hop nay tien hon dung khai niern so rna A), voi ham thuoc
[O,IJ.
gian nen
Tirong nr, bien ngon ngii y = "toe do xe", voi kh6ng V = 10 km/gio; 150 km/gio
I,
:V~ [0, I
Q = "xe di nhanh "= mot tap rna B tren khong gian nen V voi ham thuoc R(v) Khi ay P Q
J.
(x
=Al
(x is u),
= ( y = B 1,
Q"
Q vci
phep keo thea rna ban dir dinh sii dung: R(A.B)(u,v) = Rp=>Q(u,v) =I(A(u),B(v)), voi moi , Bay gia quy trinh suy dien mo da co tht xac dinh: Luat rna (tri thirc): Su kien rno (dau vao): Ket Iuan: Sau khi da chon P ::::>
(U,V)EUXV.
Q,
voi quan he cho boi I(A(u),B(v)) xac dinh boi tap rna A ' tren U
P'={x=A'),
Q'
{y=B'}
R(A.B)'
0
voi ham thuoc cua B' diroc tinh bang phep hop thanh B' = A'
B'(v) = maxuE v( mil1(A'(u), I(A(u), B(v))) 1.4.3
R(A.B)'
I, voi
moi v E V.
Tiep tuc each bieu dien va dien dat nhtr vay, ta co th~ xet dang
de
= (P 1\ Q)
(1 P
1\
Q va QJ Q
Giii thiet
va QJ diroc bitu dien bang cac tap mo B va Bl tren cling kh6ng tuong trng B ; V~ [0,1
J
va B1:
V~
[0,11. Neu
va QJ kh6ng
Iy urong
20
rna
V)E
UxV.
Tiep tuc quy trinh nay cluing ta c6 th6 xet nhirng quy tac lay quyet dinh phirc tap han. Chang han cluing ta xet mot quy
tile
trong h¢ thong
rna
VaG
va mot dau ra
If A2 and B2 then C2
so tri
rna
rna,
Cac tap A
ij
B i: voi i
= I,
rna
bien fa dang sir dung cua he thong, thl ... " (dang if ... then) NeuXllaAl.l NeuxilaA1.2 va
R1: R2:
Rn: Bai toan
va
NeuxllaAl.n
thi y laBn
Cho: Tinh:
Gia tri Y la u*
a day
el *, ... , em * la cac gia tr] dau vao hay sir kien (c6 the
rna hoac
gia tri r6 ).
Chung
ta c6 the nhan thay ding pluin cot 18i cua nhieu he mit cho btJi ca sd tri thuc
I va cdc
rna
cho nhiing
va H.J. Zimmermann.
rna
lien
quan toi lap luan ngon ngfr c6 the doc them chuang
2 cua Nguyen
1.5
De
chung
Vi dV b6ng
rninh hoa
so
ta xet vi du bang.:o tnrc tiep trfch tir
[71.
Vi du
ta nghe thay cau n6i: "Neu nhiet d9 cua he thong lanh, thi ap suat cua he thong yeu''.
rna dang
P~
Q.
21
Tnroc tien chung ta chon khong gian nen voi cac trang thai co so. Vi du: U
=Inhiet d<?cua h~ th6ng I = { thap, trung binh thap, han trung bmh, cao I
==
{UI,U2,U3,U41.
I = [thap, trung binh thap, trung binh, han trung binh, cao I == {UI,U2,U3,U4,U5 I.
Trong tnrong hop nay moi menh d~ Al tren U co ham thuoc hoan toan xac dinh bai vecto { Aj(u) :
UEU
{1
0 0
01, 01.
= !1
Detfnh d¢ thuoc cua quan he mo, ngirci ta thac trien Al len khong gian nen UxV. Khi ay ham thuoc cua Al se kf hieu extu:<v Al co dang 1 1 1 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1\ BI),
extuxv Al
Do P => Q la dong nhat voi bieu thirc lAI v (AI dinh tren UxV cua quan h¢ nay chi dn tinh rna tran
..
1\
(extuxVBI))
SUuday la cacrna tran nrong img: 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
extuxv lAI
Bieu dien va tinh toan nhu tren VI chung ta siS tinh quan he R(AI,BI) theo phep keo thea Is(u,u) nhir trong vi du a ph An 2.4.5. Ke't qua thu diroc quan he 1 R~Q == R(AI,BI) 0.8 0.1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
22
Day chfnh la quan he rna bieu thi quan he P d¢, lip suat" va cac tap rna A
I>
=>
Q, thong qua
B 1 wang
Tiep tuc, cluing ta co the tien hanh cac suy dien rna. Chang
sat diroc la "nhiet d{)cua h~ thOng hai lanh", Menh de mo P' nay dien dat qua tap mo
P' vai ham thuoc tren khong gian nen U cho boi vector A'
Nhir the cluing ta co qua trinh suy dien rna: Luat mo (tri thirc): Sl! kien rna (dau vao): Ket luan: R(A1,B1) A' B'
{0.8
0.3
OJ.
B' la mot tap rna tren V diroc tinh bang phep hop thanh B'
= R(A1,B})
oA'.
Ap dung vao tnrong hop nay chung ta thu duoc ham thuoc cua B' la vecto B' Neu
{0.8
0.8 0.4
0.4}.
vf du
he R(A1,B1) duoc tinh thea phep keo thea ls(u,u) nhu trong
6.8.b thl
1 0.8 0.1 0 0 1 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 hop nay
Rp=>Q = RtA},B1)
se
la B'
= R(A1,B1)
(ket qua dau ra) tren khong gian nen V co ham thuoc cho boi vector B' 1.5.2
{I
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4}.
de dC;lng "If P then Q else Q 1".
Tinht06n mlnh
de
= "ap
suAt cua
trung blnh".
Q1
se
diroc bieu dien qua bien ngon ngjr "ap suat" va tl)p me,
B2
voi
1 0.6
OJ.
Khi ity 0 0 0 0 0.6 1 0.6 0 0.6 1 0.6 0 0.6 1 0.6 0' 0.6 1 0.6 0
extUXVB2
23
(extuxv
1AI)
1\
(extuxv B2)
0 0 == 0 0
0 0 0' 0
1 0.8 0.1 0 0 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0 R(If ~ then Q else QI) == 0 0.6 1 0.6 0 0 0.6 1 0.6 0
1.6
thai
an
gian, ngl1ai viet ti;t.ptrung trlnh hay ve mot vai net ve tinh hlnh tai l~p ma va c6ng nghe mo t~i Nhat Ban for International Fuzzy Engineering) thf lam Giarn doc dicu hauh> Nh~t Ban. Phong phuc duoc Ian LIFE (the Laboratory
tai
1989-1995
nghiem
do G.S. T.Terano
Institute of Technology)
thea sang kien va sl,l' tai tro chinh cua B(> ngoai thirong va c6ng nghiep LIFE dl19C thiet ke boi G.S. M. Sugeno. nhieu cong ty c6ng nghiep
hang dau cua Nhat Ban cung cap tai chfnh va nhan hrc, tra thanh
thanh vien tap th~ cua dir an va chfnh ho tnrc tiep bien cac san pharn cua phong thf nghiem thanh san pharn hang hoa:
Va ket qua la, theo Datapro, nen c6ng nghiep SLr dung e6ng nghe ma cua Nh~l Ban, nam 1993 co tong doanh thu khoang 650 trieu USD, th] tai nam 1997 dii iroc Il1\1ng c5 6, I ty USD va hien nay hang narn nen c6ng nghiep Nhat Ban chi 500 trieu USD cho nghien call va phat trien Iy thuyet mo va c6ng nghe rna. Theo Giao sir T. Terano cua cong nghe mo co th0 chia thanh bon giai dean sau: 161 qua trinh phat trien
1)
Thuc chat: Nhfrng irng dung trong c6ng nghiep con nguoi. Vi dl,l di€ln hinh: Dieu khien rna. Trong
giai doan ban dau nay, chu yeu la co gang lam cho may tinh hi~u mot s6ltr
dinh
Iuong cua eon ngl1ai vi'in quen dung (nhl1 'cao, nong, am, yeu ', v.v.). Mot If do nit dan gian de: di Wi phat trien dieu khien rno' la cau hoi sau: "Tai sao cdc may m6c don gian. trang gia
dinn ai ciing dieu khiin duoc rna may tinh lai khong dieu khie'n duoc ? ''.
Co lhe: hau het cache vao ditu khien rno Iii. 0 rrurc nay. Thirc te tai miic ban dau nay
o<l dua
sir
dung
rat nhieu
trang qua trinh phat trien. cua logic mil, nhung do vi'in la cac h? thu6c giai doan I.
24
2)
Vi dy:-
gia
rna.
y hoc, nong nghicp, quan Iy, xa hoi hoc, moi
Trong
tri thirc
co
han, nhfrng tri thirc dinh tfnh trong cac h¢ chuyen tnroc day chua lam diroc .
gia mo, rno hinh hoa nhieu bai toan kho trong quan Iy cac nha may rna
..'I)
Giai
110011
tiep.
Thuc chat: Giao IlIU gii1a nguoi va may tfnh thong qua ngon ngir tir nhien. Vi du: - Cac robot thong minh.
doi thoai.
Gioi
Thuc cha't: Giao IlIU va tich hop gifra trf tue nhan tao, logic Vi du:
- Giao IlIU con ngiroi va may tinh.
rna,
se di
rna
va cac he
rna
qua bon giai doan tren. cac tai lieu 1..'1,4,5,61 va cac tai tai
Mot so thong tin khac ngiroi doc co th~ tham khaothem trich dan trong do.Ve lieu
cac irng dung cua cong nghe 1110 ban doc co th~ tharn khao them
IXI.
2
2.1
va
h~ md
2.1.1
Nao la t6 chirc vat chat cao dip, co giua cac noron nhung Trong
call tao
vo cung phirc t'.IP, day dac cac moi lien ker trong mot moi twang bat dinh.
bo nao co khoang
ro'' -
10
12
ket voi
10 noron
khac qua cac khop noi. Nhfrng kfch heat hoac trc che' nay diroc truyen qua true noron (axon)
den cac noron khac. Tren hinh 3 la hinh anh cua
Ie bao
25
Tr-ue
(Axon)
Khi ngiroi ta nhin nilo tir gocdo s,! tro giup cua may tfnh.
ta de dang phat hien each thirc tfnh trinh chung ta thirong lam voi
toan cua nao khac xa voi tfnh toan theo thuat toan va chuang
S'! khac biet co ban tnroc tien la b 2 diem rat quan trong sau:
Qua trlnh tfnh toan diroc tien hanh song song va phan tan tren nhieu dong thai. Tfnh toan thirc chat la qua trinh h9C, chir khong phai theo sa do dinh san lU mroc. noron giin nhir
2.1.2
MQngnoron
nnen teo
rna hrnh tinh toan moi:
ly -
rna
x
Hinh 4: Noren nhan tao
· · ·
Bi?
t8ng
-.
I
.:
I
=
thai ben trong cua noron duoc xac dinh qua b¢ tong cac dau vao c6 trong s6 wi (i
1,2, ... , n). Dau ra y cua noron diroc xac dinh qua ham phi tuyen nao d6 Nhir vay
f.
rna
y(t) =f(
LWiXi(t)-I1),
i=l
26
" = LWjXi(t)
j:]
= let)
la tin hieu tong hop dau vao, wi - cac trong so, i synap, B-ngucmg kfch hoat noron,
1,2, ... , n
t-thai gian,
out
= yet) = (net).
i lien
Tom lai co the xem ruirori la mot ham phi tuye'n nhi~u adu vao, mot adu ra, Cac noron e6 the lien ket voi nhau tao thanh ket voi noron j theo hai chieu thuan nghich mang noron nhan tao, Vi du noron
Hinh 5:
cnieu
giua noron
De dang nhan thay ding trong giai doan nay rnang ehya kha nang giai quyet cac bai toan kho e6 sue thuyet phuc, Trong giai doan nay din nhac toi cac si! kien sau: McCulloch
du
va Pitts, 1943 gioi thieu rno hinh toan hoc cua mang noron. mong muon khang dinh cac noron lien keto
phi tuyen tao nen rnang thich nghi e6 the g6p phan giai quyet cac bai toan nhan dang.
1960 Windrow
d6ng
gop chinh
be nhat (LMS)
1969.
2)
thang va lien ket suy rong, Da tim them nhieu cau tnic moi, irng dung rnoi, trong do d\n ke
toi:
-Mang truyen thang voi thuat toan Ian truyen nguoc (luat Delta suy r¢ng-GDR),
19X5.
sa xuyen
27
hoi guy,
19X2. 1987.
U.111 sau sac han nhieu khai niem va cac thuat toan da co.
Cong trinh v~ cac rnang thich nghi cua Grossberg va Kohonen.
3)
nhau.
Phoi hop cong nghe mang noron voi cac cong nghe cua logic rno va cac thuat toan di truyen.
2.1.3
Cai dar cac mang noron nhan tao bang cac phan cling chuyen dung. Sue mc;mh cue me; hinh mc;mg noron
rno hlnh mang noron da trinh bay co tiem nang tao nen mot cuoc each mang qua trlnh xir Iy thong tin. Nhirng mong muon
Nhirng
va hy vong
do chu yeu bat ngu6n ttr cac dac tnrng chfnh sau:
Kha nang cua cdc qua trinh xU: l.Y song song va phew tan: C6 the; dira vao mi).ng
l11(Jt hrong Ian cac noron lien ket voi nhau theo nhfrng liroc d6 voi cac kien true
khac nhau.
b) Kha nang thich nghi va tlj to' ch.uc: v~ d~e tnrng nay ngirci ta d~ cap toi kha nang xl! Iy thich nghi va dieu chinh ben vtrng c) dua vao cac thuat toan hoc thfch nghi va
d)
cac quy lac nr t6 chirc. Kha nang dung thu l6i: Co gang bilt chuoc kha nang dung th(r 16i cua nao theo nghia he thong c6 th0 tiep tuc lam viec va dieu chinh khi nhan tin hieu vao mot ph an thong tin bi sai lech hoac bi thieu, XU: lj cac qua trinh. phi tuyen: D~c tnrng nay rat quan trong, vi du trong xap xi
mang, mien nhieu (chap nhan nhieu) va c6 kha nang phan lap.
2. 1.4
Linh vue irng dung cua mang noron nhan tao rat rong, chu yeu trong cac vung sau: I)
Linli cue I: Pluin. ldp (classification), tach cum. (clustering), du dotiri (diagnoisis) va lien Mi. Co th~ day la Iinh vue tim thay nhieu ling dung nhat va cling duoc nghien ctru soi dong nhat. Nhorn mo hinh nay nhan nhimg tin hieu vao tinh hoac tin hieu theo thai
gian va can nhan dang hoac phan lap cluing. chung Mang Thuat toan phan lop can huan luyen mang tha thiet sao cho khi tin hieu VaG bj bien dang it nhieu thl mang van nhan dung dang thirc ella din co kha nang mien nhieu t6t, boi vi day la mot mong muon
28
2)
de chinh
a day
cho nhieu lap bai toan toi l1U toan cuc.Trong ngiroi ta dii quan tam toi sl! ke't hop mang and Generalization).
3)
bai roan h6i quy dii dtroc tfch cue nghien clru. Qua h6i quy tuyell vai mau. Trong cac bai loan h6i quy ngiroi ta thuong
ngl1ai ta gfmg 11m cac dirong IhAng hoac cac dirong h6i quy phi tuyen tron sao cho khop dung cac thuat hoc c6 giarn sat. Bai toan suy rong kh6 han,
VI
4)
completion).
lieu ban dau sau khi dii bi mal di mot phan (hay ta chi thu diroc mot phan). Mo hinh Markov va rnang Hopfield va cac mang co d9 td noron nhieu lap, may Bolzrnann Trang manh,
tinh.
nhirng phan eon lai cua phan tong quan nay, cluing ta
sc xet
2.1.5
xu
Cau true cua mang noron chu yeu diroc d~c tnrng boi Ioai cua cac noron va moi lien h¢
ly thong tin gifra cluing.
ve
ngtrong hoat.
cau true ella noron: Chu yeu ngl1ai ta quart tam tai each "tong" cac tfn hieu
tai moi noron va cac ham chuyen
V~IO,
Iy thuyet
fj . Sau
a)
(,. = out, =
J J
I, neu
-1 neu
.
_
b) c)
fj = out) =
exp(-(netj
OJ)2).
fj
= out) =
(1 + exp(-(net)
O))-l.
Cac loai ham kfeh hoar con co nhieu bien th~ khac nhau.
29
2.1.5.2
Lien kat m'llng noron tuy thuoc vao nguyen ly nrong tac giUa dau ra cua tung
noron rieng bier voi cac noron khac va tao ra cau true ITIl;Ing noron. V~ nguyen lae sc co rat nhieu kieu lien k€t gifra cac noron. M6i noron la ITI()tnut cua mang. Mot so cau true hay gap
trong nhfrng irng dung eo dang sau. I) Cac mang truyen. thdng (Feedforward neural networks). Do la ITI9t d6 th] dinh huang hfru han khong ehu trlnh (aeyclid). chia thea lap (layers). Moi nut la ITI¢1 noron,
so
f}k'
se minh
lin
Lop ra
2)
Mang
co nul-
eo thong
tin va
xu
ly thea
2 chieu
(hinh
7, co n6i
nguoc-con
networks).
--~-----------{)~.
Hinh 7: Manq Hopfield, dung lien ket
phan hoi
--;P- ----------- Q
Cau true cua cac mang noron co the tharn khao them trong ph <in 2 v~ cac 1{1p mang
noron
C(1
ban.
2.1.6
Bai toan huan luyen (nh~11 dang - to identify) cau true - cac dang thong.
30
Thuong
noron
hien qua phep so sanh dau ra cua rnang vci tin hieu chi dao. . Sau day Iii. thuat toan h9C co giam sat (hlnh 8). Nqi dung chinh la dieu chinh trong s6
x ...
Hinh 8: H9c co giam sat
.
luyen rnang.
Sai so e :::y-d
la co SCI
M huan
2.2
2.2.1
M{>t
lop m<;mgnoron
2.2.1.1 Perceptron
Mo hmh Perceptron trung binh (LMS-the hinh 4. Co mot so thuat h9C cho rnang Perceptron, least mean square),
nhung rna hlnh con qua dan gian nen it hieu qua.
can
nhac
Algorithm)
Thuat roan Ian truyen ngiroc cu th~ nhu sau: Tap dfr lieu dii cho co N 1,2, ... , N. Vai m6i n, x n la tin hieu dau vao, d n la dilu ra mong luyen thuc chat Iii.lam eire ti~u ham G voi
rnau
(x n» d n)' n
G = 2:Gn,
n=l
voi
Iii.
so nut
so lien
u» 0
sau w(k+l)
to
trong do
Iii.hang
so ty
I¢ h9C.
lap Ian truyen ngiroc la mot giai phap hiru hieu cho cong viec mo
hlnh hoa, dac bier voi qua trmh phirc tap hoac co che chua ro rang. N6 khong biet truce dang ham hoac cac tham
so.
31
Ciing din thiet nhac t6'i sir kien sau: Mang truyen thang nhieu lop diroc sir dung de' bieu dien chfnh xac va bieu dien xap xi cac ham phi tuyen. M(Jt cong cu CC1 ban la dinh 19 sau: Dinh Iy Kolmogorov Goi In la khoi n chieu cua doan 10,11. In
nao cua n bien
Xl. X2 •.•. 'Xn ~n+l
ro.u".
/(XI'
X2'
...
,xll)
L hjLgij(xJ,
j~l
i~l
a day
2.2.1.3
h) vagi) la ham lien tuc m<.)tbien, hen nfragij Iii ham tang dan dieu co dinh khong phu
f.
Ham co
sa xuyen
19 thuyet xap xi
va duoc str dung de" xap xi ham chua biet dua trcn
ham chua bie] do. Trang nhan dang mo hinh he thong RBF co th~ bieu dien theo cau true mang perccptron. Moi h~ phi tuyen co th~ xap xi bang RBF. Day lil dac diem I~LJncho RBF dac bier phu hop voi bai toan nhan dang 1116 hinh. Doi voi rnoi ham, viec xap xi duoc hru giG' trong cac trong so va tam ella RBF. Tuy nhien cac trong s6 nay kh6ng phai la duy nhat. REF co bi0u dien roan hoc nhu sau :
N-l
F(x) = Co +
L CiqJ(lix
n, II).
i~O
khong gian dG' lieu duu vao va diroc chon sao cho cluing la the" hien cua dG' lieu dau vao. Khi RBF tfnh toan qua trlnh x[(p Xl doi voi mot sCi di~m dO' lieu dau vao thl khoang each giCra cac diem dau vao va ml:li tem) duoc tinh thco khoang each euclidean. Nhirng khoang each nay ducc chuyen qua rp sail d6 duoc trong so hoa bang C, va dl1C1C tong hop lili de" sinh ra dau ra roan bo RBF. MN trong nhirng Iua chon thong thtrong nhat dCii voi ham co sa la ham Gauss:
32
tp(X)
= exp(-
(x- a) /20),
Mang RBF dircc Moody va Darken de xuat nam 1989 dira tren st,rwang dong giiia trien khai ham co SCIxuyen tam va mang noron mot lap an. Nho kha nang xap xi cac ham phi tuyen bat ki v6'i d¢ chfnh xac tuy 9, rnang noron va -au nay la h¢ rna noron se la cong cu quan trong, d~c biet la mang RBF, cho mo hinh hoa h¢ thong va cho dieu khien thfeh nghi cac h¢ thong phi tuyen. 2.2.1.4 Cae mo hinh d9n9 phi tuyen Cho den hie nay ta moi de c~p t6'i cac lap mang tinh, co giam sat. Song nhieu bai toan thirc tien doi hoi phai xet toi cac mo hinh dong phi tuyen. Nhom mo hinh nay co the chia lam hai lap: 16'pmang c6 noi nguoc, nrc la mang h6i quy va mang noron co thai gian tn~.
1) Mang
co noz
Mang Hopfield n6i tieng diroc bat dau nghien CU'u tir 1982. Day la lap rnang mot lap voi thong tin va qua trinh xiI 19 co noi ngiroc. Chfnh cong trlnh cua Hopfield da kich thfch lam ra cac mach noron tich hop dau tien. Mang Hopfield da tim thay rat nhieu tmg dung d~c biet trong b¢ nho lien hop va trong cac bai toan toi uu. Bang each xay dung cac thuat toan phirc tap han, cac mang h6i quy ngoai cac bai toan toi uu con tim thay nhieu trng dung trong du bao day thai gian, nhan dang cac h¢ phi tuyen va dieu khien. Kien thirc co 2) Mong
1101.
co thai
M¢t each tl! nhien khi xU 19 tin cluing ta g~p nhiing tfn hieu xuat hien theo day thai gian. Di nhicn hie ban dau nguai ta dung mang noron tinh. Song con duong tat yeu la phai xet toi mo hinh dong c6 tham so thai gian. Han nira he dong khong phai la Iinh vue xa la v6'i nhiing nguoi lam ve khoa hoc h~ thong. Do do mang co thai gian tr~ (mang TDNN) xuat hien. No da va se con diroc nghien ciru va img dung trong nhieu bai toan, vi du nhan dang
de
33
Nhu vay voi nhirng mang nay (cling nhir nhieu lop khac), chu yeu ta tim cac thuat hoc nrong irng voi cac mang. phan nay nguoi ta thirong nhac t6'i tuat hoc Hebb, thuat hoc
v«
canh tranh, .... C6 th~ phan chia so thuat hoc nay thanh hai nhorn: nhom thirc hanh phan cum (clustering) va nhom co chiet xuat, rut tia ra nhirng "dinmg - net nao do" llr dtr Iieu. Trong rnang noron khong giam sat, cac thuat hoc canh tranh, mang nr t6 chirc va
ca
Iy
thuyet suy dien thich nghi (Adaptive Resonance Theory - ART) cung thuoc nhom mQI. Cac plnrong phap chiet xuat theo thanh phan chfnh (Adative Principal Component) thuoc nh6m 2. Ban doc tim thi~u ve nhfrng lap mang nay va cac thuat hoc nrong irng hay xem cac sach 110,11,12,16J.
2.3
Theo doi sl! phat trien trong thai ky con phat trien d('>cI~p ngiroi ta de nhan thay hai 19 thuyet va do do ca hai cong nghe deu co nhtrng muc dfch gan gfii, han ni1a nhirng thanh dat cling co nhtmg diem nrong Ill. Do vay sI! ket hop voi nhau la Ie rilt nr nhien. Sau day la may di~m nrong dong gii1a he tren co sa logic -
ca.
rna va mang
Ca hai deu nham tang them tri thirc, tang dQ thong minh cho cac he thong voi sl! giup do cua cac h¢ thong ky thuat (d~c biet voi may tinh), trong moi tnrong bat dinh, co nhieu, thong tin va tri thirc thieu chtnh xac.
Ca hai deu la he dong, la cong CI:I lJ'ac hrong bang so khong dung rno hlnh so chon
tnroc,
Ca hai khi lJ'ac luong ham so kh6ng doi hoi me ta dang toan hoc y = r(x) , thuong " hoc duoc " tu mau dli lieu, tiem can voi cac so li¢u, khac nhieu val each tiep can 19 tin hieu nhu trong phan Tri tue nhan tao (AI) giai doan tnroc.
xu
Ca hai loai he thong va cong nghe deu rat thanh dat, da dira ra nhieu h¢ thong va thiet bi dang dung trong dai song hang ngay.
SI! ket hop cac h¢ rna voi mang noron .It nhat cling de xuat ngay duoc milt 9 nrong rnoi: chuyen nhiem VI:I thiet ke nhieu phan cua h¢ rna trong cac b¢ dieu khien va h¢ tro giup quyet dinh thanh cac bai toan huan luyen va hoc trong cac rnang noron. Nhu vay se g~t hai duoc Ult cit IJ'U the cua cii hai 19 thuyet va hai cong nghe Sau day la phac hoa gon may
2.3.1
Mc;mg noron
rna
niem
SI! ket hop tnrc quan dau tien la tnrc tiep suy rong rnang noron bang each dua cac khai rna d~c biet la tap rna va so rna vao rnang noron va xern xet xem nhirng bai toan nao,
thuat toan nao con dung. Tac dong cua lop thuat roan rnoi ra sao? Hoan toan tl! nhien nglJ'ai ta nghi ngay toi va nghien ciru bon loai suy rong sau:
34
I) 2)
3) 4)
Loai 1: Tin hieu vao la so thuc, trong so rna. L09-i 2: Ttin hieu vao lit t~p rna, trong sola so thuc. Loai 3: Ca tin hieu vao va trong so deu la rna. Loci mCJ rong: Khai thac cac phep toan t-chuan, t-doi chuan, H~ rna noron
2.3.2
Can ket hop nhuan nhuyen hem he tirng nghien kieu mau,
,
rna
VaG
ciru.vao
..
ke lap
........•.................... , ,
H~ Logic Mit
• XII:
•
:~~E~~n~~~~~~:~___~"-:~g)____J
iRa ~
con nghi ngo gi dieu khang dinh sau: "trong 1111h vue cac he thong rna nOTOn con nhieu khoang trong menh mong day sUe hap dan cho sue sang tao cua nhirng ai quan tam nghien cuu, rhie] ke, cai d<;itva trng dung cac h¢ tri thirc".
Khong Ban doc co th6 tim thay nhirng kien thtrc ban dau ve cac h¢ mo noron trong cac tai li¢u
19,10,171·
H~ rna va U'ng d"mg: Bien tap tap th~ : Nguyen Hoang Phuong, Bui Cong Cuang, Nguyen D08n PhUdC, Phan Xuan Minh va Chu Van HY. NXB Khoa hoc Ky thuat, 1998, Ha n(>i.
va
1994.
and Minoru
Bui cong Cl1C1ng: Co sO toan hoc cua cac h$ mo.Giao trinh, DH Bach khoa Ha n(>i, 1998-1999. Bul cong Cl1ang: M¢t so kien thirc co so cua logic rno trong cac h$ rno.tronq
35
(5] Gyorgrry Turan: [12], trang 243 + 294. [6] Wolfgang Maass: (12], 295 + 336. [7] VU NhLl Lan: M9t s6 van de nhan d:iln9 me hinh va (Mu khiAn dvng rnanq noron. TrlJang Thu H~ ma va U'ngdunq. Ha n9i , 8/2000. (8] N.K.Bose and P.Llang: Neural Network Fundamentals U'lthGraph,Algorithms,and Applications, McGrawhill, New York,1996. (9] C.H.Chen(Ed.): Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Handbook,McGraw-HiII, NewYork, 1996.
sa
36
Cach mang KHKT ve co khf ra dai dii dem den nang suat lao dong moi va SI! phat trien kinh te-xii h¢i co tfnh each rnang. Ngay nay cluing ta van tiep rue clnrng kien nhiing rhanh nru nghien CU'u phat trien cac cong cu, thiet bi vai cong nghe hien dai, d~c biet cac thiet bi va day truyen san xuat tl! dong hoa nham tang nang suat va thay the suc lao dong cua con ngiroi. Co the xem each m},mgco khf va II! dong tioa nhu la bien phap 'keo dai ban tay' cua con ngU'ai d6 tang nang su'a't lao dong. Theo logic Iy II! nhien, sl! phat trien khoa hoc va ky thuat lai dan den kha nang 'keo dai' nang hrc nr duy, suy luan cua con ngiroi. Bang nang lire tu duy cua mlnh con ngiroi dii va dang khai pha the gici thirc te rong Ian. The gici hien thirc va tri thirc khoa hoc din kham pha Ia vo han va la nhiing h~ thong cue ky phirc tap, nhirng ngon ngu rna nang lire nr duy va tri thirc cua chung ta Slr dung lam phuong tien nhan thirc va bieu dat lai chi hCfu han. Lich Slr phat trien sang tao cua loai ngiroi chi ra rang phirong tien ngon ngfr tuy hiru han nhirng d6 cho con ngiroi mo ta, nhan thirc cac sl! var, hien nrong de ton tai va phat trien. NhU' la mot
du
he qua Ult yeu cua viec Slr dung mot s6 hrong hifu han cac ttt ngfr cua met ngon ngil nr nhien , de mo tii tlnh vo han cac sl! vat hien nrong, de nhan thay rang hau het cac bai toan lien quan den hoat dong nhan tlnrc, trf tue cua con nguci deu ham chua nhiing dai hrong, thong tin rna bi:ln chat la khong chinh xac, khong chac chan, khong dl1y duo se chang bao gic. c6 cac thong tin, dfr lieu cling nhir cac mo hlnh roan - Iy day dli va chfnh xac cho cac bai toan du bao thai tiet. Va nhin chung con ngiroi luon trong b6i canh thirc te la khong the co thong tin day du va chfnh xac cho cac hoar dong lay quyet dinh cua mlnh va cling khong the hy vong c6 nhirng quyet dinh dung dim va ehfnh xac nhir cac menh de, dinh luan trong khoa
hoc to!\n-ly hay noi chung khoa I19Cnr nhien. NhU' vay co the thay co rat nhieu van de rong Ian trong thuc ti~n, lien quan den hiiu het cac llnh vue khoa hoc ky thuat, nhieu hay it deu ham chua nhiing yeu t6 co ban chat khOng dl1y du, khong chac chan, M6i Iinh vl!c khoa hoc ky thuat deu c6 mot mien irng dung cua mlnh. Khoa hoc ky thuat lay tinh "chfnh xac" lam eo sa xay dung va phat trien se co !TI¢tmien img dung va cling co nhirng giai han xac dinh khong the virot qua va no chi eo khi\. nang !TIO phong duoc m¢t phan the giai thuc teo Lieu co m¢t Iy thuyet toan hoc nao cho phep mo hlnh hoa phiin the gioi thirc rna eon ngU'ai van chi co the nhan thirc, mo ti\.bang ngon ngfr nr nhien v6n ham chua nhiing thong tin khong chfnh xac, khong chac chan hay khong? Phat hien thay nhu diu tat yeu fly, nam 1965 L.A. Zadeh dii sang tao ra Iy thuyet t~p rna (Fuzzy Sets Theory) va d~t nen m6ng cho viec xay dung !TI¢tloat cac Iy thuyet quan trong 37
19 thuyet
t~p
mo. Ke
tll day mot trao luu khoa h9C lay tfnh khong ciru sang tao oil phat trien manh nhir lamot
chac
chan,
19 M nghien
me, V11ngiroi ta
tfnh chat bung n6 va dang hira hen gii'ti quyet duoc nhieu van tien. Nhu mot nha khoa hoc h~ thong tong quat
de
My
George
clui mot chtit tinh. kh6ng cluic chiiti ciing e6 the'gidi quyet dude nhii:ng utin. dd Tat to litn,
Mot trong nhirng van M nlur vay la viec rna hinh hoa cac qua trlnh tv duy. I~p IU~1I1lla e con nguoi de nr dong quyet dinh. Nhieu irng dung. logic Nhieu hoa h6 tro cho cac hoar dong tv duy, chang han nhu hoar a(>ng lay he chuyen gia hay he tro giup quyet dinh oil duoc phat trie'n va alta vao minh duoc thiet ke xay dung dua tren cong nghe WI'
thier bi thong
rna,
rna dil
va duoc irng dung trong linh VI!C che' tao xe 0 to, cac
trong dieu khien nr dong trong cac nha may .... SI! phat trien manh me
cac irng dung dil dan d€n viec thanh I~p nghe
a nhieu
rna
trong
cong
nghiep.
for International
mot niern tin rang cong nghe nay la cong nghe cua Cuoc chi cac mroc phat
song trong urong lai. Ngay nay cit nhfrng mroc dang phat trien cling quan tam
quae,
a Nhat
chu
la phong
ciru va ph at trien cac irng dung CU!! cac "Iinh vue khoa h9C mo" nhir Trung Brazil, Ai cap, Iran .... Dieu nay cluing minh them
Singapor, "khoa
9 nghia
hoat dong tv duy cua con ngiroi, nhung v~ mat dien la CCi cac nganh
19 thuyet 19 thuyet
t~p ma la irng dung ur dong hoa cac n6 lai la mot SI! mo rong rat chinh, ta dil bier,
rat dep de CU!! khai niern t~p hop kinh dien, Nhir chung
19
thuyet
t<l-Phop kinh
So',
nen tang cho viec hlnh thuc hoa mot each nhat quan va cho SIf ph.it trien cua khoa h9C khac. Nhu la mot he qua logic, hau
nlur tilt cit cac nganh khoa h9C nay eo ngiroi ern sinh doi duoc
So' 19
thuyet
mo. Neu
ilia rong
CCI
19
topo mo,
19 thuyet
nh6m mo,
19 thuyet
dieu khien
rna, ....
toi giai thicu voi ban doc thuoc cac toi chi xin tr1nh bay nhfrng va phat tri6n
Vai vai tro va kha nang to 160 cua vice phat trien cac irng dung au dang cua 19 thuyet t~p mo, va VI day la bai tong quan dilu tien rna chung net tcing quan v~ 19 thuyet tren nen tang cua t~p mo va mot so nganh linh vue khoa h9C khac nhau va voi sl! hieu biet co han, chung
19 thuyet
tap mb voi hy vong dem lai Sl! quan tam cua ban OQCdoi voi Iinh
VI!Ckhoa h9C van nen xem la con moi me De don gian viec trinh bay cluing chlnh quan tarn nghien
a ruroc
ta,
toi se bo qua cac chi tiet qua hinh thirc hoa cua unh
xac, tfnh chat che lam ngvai doc kho narn bat cac ciru sau han, can noi dung chinh xep theo chuyen nganh.
tuong chinh,
xac day
au han
38
vi~c giai cac bal toan vdi cac dai IlI'c;:Jng khong chinh xac (inexact). khong chac ch~n (uncertain).
1.1 TQp mo
va
tir) hiru han de nhan bier, nhan thuc, phan anh the gioi vo han. ng6n ngii ve ban chat von chua nhiing hoa the gioi thuc trang nhiing ITnh VI!C L.A. Zadeh da sang l~p thong tin khong nao d6. chinh nhan tlurc khoa h9C, dieu nay khang dinh c6 kha nang thuc te
ve
triet
19,
xac, khong
v«
Slr dung
ng6n ngii
de mo'
hinh
19 ihuyet
19
thuyet
ma duoc
SI!
mo
rong true tiep cua tap hop kinh dien: Tap hop kinh dien A<;; U co mot danh gioi s&c net, r5
, " rang, va
VI
"A () U
nguoi (phan nr) chi co hai kha nang r5 rang: hoac la phan tlr cua A hoac khong.
gam nhiing
nguoi
la tre. Trang
tnrong
c6 ranh
mo. Ta
A a mot
ch?
9 voi
nhau (subjective)
mo:
t~p kinh di~1l A) nlur vay Ia tdp mil va dang nhat tap hop goi la ham thuoc cua t~p concept).
(memberhip
function),
trang d6
d€
do d¢ tu6i tfnh thea nam, goi la kh6ng Nhu vay moi phan
gian tham chieu. Tlr tre goi la khai niern rno (vague
tir deu
a mot
Young
Old
Young
Old
25
50
25
50
Ve m\it ngfr nghia, ham thuoc eho ta kha nang bieu thi mrc cam (intuition) ve
cua cluing ta
tai sao mot khai niem mo lai duoc bieu thi bang mot
ham thuoc nay rna kh6ng phai la m91 ham khac, C6 the thay khong diroc ham thuoc cho mot khai niem
mo. VI
vay nguoi
39
quan (subjective)
va Zadeh
thi bang mot tap rno (ham thuoc) la mot rang buoc (constraint). Nhin chung phan
Ian cac
khai niem ma d~lI eo th~ de dang bieu thi bang nhiing ti!-p rno
ti!-p rno cho ta tiem nang mo hinh hoa loan hoc rno: lap rong Ian cac bai
toan thirc t~, di;ie biet cac bai toan lien quan den nr duy, den qua trmh lay quyet dinh cua con
bat k~ ngon ngii cua mot dan toe nao ctlng co cac khai nicrn rno rna la cac trang
tir, co vai tro bien d6i ngii nghia cua cac tir khac
a mot
more or less, .. , (goi la cac gia nr), hay cac lien tir logie nhu and, or, if ... then, .... Chung
ta co the dinh nghia cac phep tfnh tren I~p ma (1.1. tren cac ham) de bieu thi ngii nghia cua
cac gia tlr, cac phep lien ket logic .. , nhir xuat hien Irong cac bieu thirc IF
ve
(cac ehii viet nghieng la cac khai niem mo (vague». nguyen tac viec chon cac phep tfnh M bieu thi ngii nghia cua cac phep lien ket logic t ren
cua nhom nglIai
la kha tt! do, tuy theo true cam (intuition) nhiing ngiroi
Slr
dung
(vi dl;! cam nhan cua each den dlch hay vat
chuong ngai, ve toe d¢ cua con tau, ve tinh nang cua eon tau va cac co che dieu khien nhu ky nang sir dung phanh tau), de dat diroc '1 nghia rna ho mong muon. Trong viec thiet ke' cac
he dieu khien mo viec nay eon co the dat duoc bang viec nghien ciiu thu nghiern.
lai tau hoa doi voi mot loai tau nhat dinh v{:_khoang
1.2
t>Qi
so c6c tQP me
d. cac
tap ma tren U. Co the hieu viec bieu dien ngii n ghia gian rat giau v~ cau true tinh roan va VI Day lit mot khong
cac tir ngon ngir bang tap rno nhu la mOL anh xa djnh 11I<;IIlg gii nghia tir mien ngon ngii vao n
vay thu tuc xu 1'1 thong lin ngon ngii va nr duy lap luan cua eon ngiroi - rna no e6 ve eon
phirc tap, bf hiern VI cluing ta eon chua kharn pha diroc gl nhieu ve n6 - se diroc mo phong bang cac thu tuc dua tren cau true tfnh toan cua F(U,[O,l]). trong viec rno phong nghTa cac phep unh tren tap De liuh heat va mem deo cac qua trlnh phuc tap nhtr vay se co tinh kha It! do lrong cac dinh
mo.
1.2.1
Chung
a day
mot so phep tinh tren cac li!-p rna: Djnh nghia hEm ham thu9c f.1b_u) (
:5,
A~B
d._uB
f.1!l.(u)
= ,L1b_(U)+,J.l!l.(u)
I\P!l.(u)
- Pb_(u)p!l.(P)
3)
Anll...
Pd_r"'IL(U) =Pb_(u)
J.ld_r,f1_(u) = J.lb_(u)p!l.(u) ..
40
4)
J1-fl_(u)
1 - J1~(u)
5) d_EElB 6) U 7)
0 De-cue d_x B
f.lfl_(f)!l...(u) f.!rlu)
= f.I~(u)
+ f.l11(v) -
f.1~(ll)f.lI1(V)
== 1
J1d..u) ==
X) Tfch
1.2.2
f.!fl_X!l...(u,v)
= mil1(f.!~(u)
, f.!!1(v) }
cec
Theo xu the noi & tren, de' giam bot s,! phu thuoc vao cac phep tfnh min va max va do do lam tang tinh mem deo va linh heat trong viec giiii cac bai roan thirc te nglfai ta rna rong hai phep tlnh min, max thanh hai lop ham t-norm va t-conorm ngAu nhau. Chang han bo qua dac tinh cu the' trong viec xac dinh gia tri cua ham min hai bien rna chi gilt lai mot so tinh chat cua no ta thu duoc lap ham t-norm t (x a) b) e) d) Giao hoan: Ket hop: Ton tai phan tu don
t(x,y)
,y):
t(y,x)
t(x,t(x,z»
V!:
t(l,y)
=Y
t(t(x,y),z)
- M(>t each nrong II! va doi ngAu, b6 qua tinh cu the' trong viec xac dinh gia tri cua ham Max hai bien Illa chi giiJ l<_Ii 9t so tinh chilt cua no ta thu diroc lap ham t-conorm m
s(x,y):
a) b)
e) d)
S(x,y)
= s(y,x)
=
s(s(x,y),z)
S(x,S(x,z»
tlt
khong:
s(O,y)
=y
Co th~ thay t-norm vii r-conorm ruan Ihu quy Iftc d6i ngau nhau thea nghia
t(x,y)
= 1- s(l-x,l-y)
Nhtr vay chting ta se khong co mot d<_iiso t(tp t(tp hop ta luon co the' thay min, max bang t-norm mot dai so tap 1.3
ma duy
nhat, VI trong dinh nghia dai so doi ngliu nhau va thu dlfgc
va t-conorm
rna khac.
Quon h~
rna
rna R
trong khong gian nch De-cue cua n khong gian
ma 2 ngoi
41
a) h) c)' d)
=:
flR(v,u).
E
Phdn
X(l
neu
X(l
== 1, 'Vu
u.
I. I. I·
Pluin pluin
0, 'Vu E U.
e)
f)
neu
v flR(w,v)
: WE U
Phep hop thanli RoS voi R E U X W, SEW xU dircc dinh nghia nhu sau flRoS(U,V)
V{flR(u,W)
"fls(W,V)
: WEU
R la quan h~ tuang tl/ (quan he urong dirong rna) neu n6 c6 cac tinh chat: Phan x<;t.
D6i xirng. Bac cau. R la quan h¢ kh6ng tuang W neu n6 la phan hu cua rn9t quan h¢ urong lI! hay, mot n6 thoa man cac tinh chat:
Phan phan X<;l. Phan d6i xirng.
= flR(u,v).
Khi do chung
o.
dR(v,u). v dR(w,v). each trong khong gian hinh hoc va
= dR(u,w)
duoc goi la khoang each Min-Max. R la quan h? giong nhau neu n6 thoa man:
Phan xa,
- Dai xtrng. R la quan h¢ kh6ng giong nhau neu n6 la phdn bU cua quan he giong nhau, nrc lit: - Phan ph an xa. - Dai xtrng.
Nhu vay bao d6ng bac cau tfnh thea cong thirc:
R"cua
R"
dircc
42
(ii) D!nh
tr .
U: fJR(u,u)'?
a}
Iy 2:
Neu RIA quan h~ rno luang It! tht t~p mile a, Ra = {u,u
cuaR
Ky
hi¢u H' lit phiin bu cua H, tile la R' = ('R thl R' la quan h~ khong luang nr va
each gilia hai phan UI bat ky trong cung lap tuong dirong khong
virot
Iy
thuyct tren ta oil co the co bai loan Ilng dung sau, XCI cac d6i tuong rno Ai'
n.
mao
IA hoc sinh voi diem cac man h9C la (a day diem x/IO
s/v
V=van
T=tQan
D=d!a
s=su
L= Iy
A] A2 A3 A4 A5
Nlnr vay m6i hoc sinh diroc xem nhir lit mot doi nrong mo. Muc dich cua bai roan IA phan loai cac doi urong c6 "do urong It! nhau" chuan nao do. V ~ vao cung mot lap phan hoach
Cal'
nang khicu tirong ur nhau. Tren co sa phuong phap luan tren, viec phan loai se duoc ticn hanh nhir sau:
Xay dung quan h~ kh6ng tuang tu gilia cac doi urong mo: a) Dinh nghia khoang each gilia cac d6i urong: Gia str A va B IA hai doi urong each giiia A va B lit khoang each Hamming
ma bat
43
b)
c)
Tfnh
R* *
la yuan I la
chfnh la khoang each giiia cac d6i nrong mo. Ta thay Ra = {i,j
:d
R*
(i ,j) ~ a
mire
II! ~(I-a)
Xay dung cay phan tich. Trang vi du tren ta tfnh diroc cac kei qua sau:
8R
1.8 1.8 0.0 8(d ij )nxm == 1.7 0.9 1.5 l.3 1.5 0.7 0.00 0.19 0.19 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.09 0.19 0.09 0.00 0.14 0.08
0.0
1.1 0.0 1.4 0.6 l.l 0.0 0.19 0.09 0.08 0.14 0.00
6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 8.0 7.3 6.9 7.3 8(C:R)2 =8((:R)3 = 6.5 7.3 8.0 6.9 7.4 6.5 6.9 6.9 8.0 6.9 6.5 7.3 7.4 6.9 8.0
8.0
...
{A, ,A2,A3,A4,A5} {A,}, {A2,A3,A4 ,A5} {A,}, {A2,A3,A5}, {A4} {A, },{A2 },{A3, A5 },{A4 } {A, },{A2 }, {A3}' {A5 },{A1 l
d S 0.14
44
Voi nhirng noi dung da trlnh bay trong phan nay chung ta co lh~ dua ra rnot so nhan xet sau: V6 mat toan hoc Iy thuyet t~p kinh dien. - No kh6ng phai la mOL Iy thuyet duy nhat, va VI v~y no mo ~a mot lap cac phep roan. mot lap cac dai so tap
rna
rna, ....
- N6 1'.LO kha nang rn6 la dinh hrong ngli' nghia cua ngon ngli' va VI vay no cho phep ra mo phong nhirng bai toan khong co hoac kh6 khan moi co mo hinh dinh lirong, chang han cac bai loan duoc 010 t~1bang~6n ngfr. Day chlnh la dac diem quan trong cho phep phuong phap luan tap rna tiep can mem deo cac bai loan thuc -lien phirc tap, da dang trong hau het cac Iinh vue cua cuoc song.
quat d~u
Tuy
nhat
nhu
2.1
Topo
rna
rna (XCJ1l
Mingsheng Ying: A new approach for fuzzy topology A.S. Abd-Allah and A. Kandel: On extended fuzzy
Mot trong nlnmg Iy thuyiYt ca sO quan trong d6 phat lri6n loan h9C lit Iy Ihuyel cac khong gian topo. Mot ycu du IV nhicu thco trao hru nay I~Idn xay dung va phat lriell Iy
thuyet cac khong gian topo
W. Gahler,
Gia Slr X lit mot tap hop bat ky va 1= [0,1] lit doan thang dan vi. Ta ky hieu IX lit t~p tfit cit cac I~p ma ella X.
E>jnh nghia 1: (Topo rno "kinh di~n" )
Mot ho
cac
t~p
rna T
rna neu
no
d., ~ eT lhl d_nB eT. Neu d.i eT vci Vi e ; thl U~i eT.
Neu
ie¢
46
IX .xnroc gal . I' mot toan IU ay bao d' d "1'A aA ong nc;u no'h' oa man: I
C/(@)
0,
= C/(,1) ,
b) c) d)
C/(C/(,1» C/(,1) d
d.,
C/(AuB)
= AuC/(l!).
:!l = (::t:CIU',1»}·
die'm ma: Tap mo
xi E IX voi
Tirong II! nhtr trong tnrong hop topo kinh dien, roan ttr CI se cam sinh mot topo Tef
= I!lE
mot
x EX,
flXi
(x)
=t . flxi
diroc neu
nhu 4uan
ta noi difm
ma
xi
E!l
~A,
A E IX
ma xi
U ~A.
f)!nh nghia 2: (Tapa phan bac tfnh rno) Anh X':I r : IX ~ tinh mo' (gradation a) b) c) r( 0) of openess)
I (l = [0,1])
= reX)
= 1,
r(AnB)
~ r(A)nr(B),
{yAi)~~r(Ai)
gian tope mo phan bac. gian topo
rna
phan
b~IC.
[0,1],
ho die I~p
rr(A) ~r}
v~IU~A.
rr(B)~O
rY. sao
rung dai
so cac tap mo) ella mot sa die phan nr nao do trong .<il.
46
2.2
ly
thuyet
ly
thuyet loan h9C mo. Trang phan nay chung ta trlnh bay mot vai 2.2.1 Phuongtrinh vi phdn rna
hop phuong
ly
dt
,y,
k)
= c,
(Dl )
E
trong do k la vecto n hang so, t la bien tren mot doan d6ng giai noi chua gia tri 0, c con y va
.'Jl,
I~lcac vecto,
Bay gia ta tim each mo rong (0 I) thanh phirong M. Making Vo!.106, and A. Kandel: Numerical equations, solutions NI(l999);
Tnroc het ta dua ra khai niem so mo. £l!nh nghia 3: (S6 mol Mot tap rno
.'fl
a) b)
,ux(x)
lahamthu¢ccuat~pmaA.
Haru
Vice can thiet la djnh nghia cac phcp tfnh 'so h9C' tren cac so mo va mot quan h¢ bat d~ng thirc gifra chung. mo (Ranking Nhin chung vice dinh nghia cac phep toan va cac phep so sanh cac so so mo. Chung se c6 dang hinh Fuzzy Sets) I~lmot van d~ phirc tap, Nham dan gian cac dinh nghia nay chung
ta giai han chi xet cac so mo co dang sau day va goi la L-R
hoc giong hinh thang voi hai canh ben diroc thay bang cac duong eong dan dieu. G9i L (Left) va R (Right) I)
2)
la hai ham tham chieu, nrc la ham thoa man cac tfnh chat:
L(x)=L(-x). L(O) = l.
:I)
L khong tang tren 10, +00). Khi do L - R so mo la tap mo voi ham thuoc c6 dang:
L«AL-x)/a ,ux(x)
neu nen
x:sAL,a>O x?AU,{J>O
= R«x-AU)/{J
1
va
L,
[rang Vx
E
d6 AL<A
[A L ,A u] voi A
cac girt
tr]
t~p mo
A . Mot
ky hieu
A = [A L,
AU, a ,,B]LR .
47
MQt lap quan trong cac L-R so rna la cac so rna hinh thang (voi cac canh ben tuyen
. tfnh),
dung
ky hieu
thuc
la (A L, A
v, a.B), VI tinh
don gian cua cac phep tfnh va d~ srr dung trong irng
ky thuat.
Cho hai so rna hinh thang bat ky, a ==(aL, a v, a.B), tren cac so mo duoc dinh nghia nhir sau: I) Nhan so rna vci mot so tlnrc:
6 =(bL,
:x
a ==(xaL,
(L xa
xall, ,xa
xa,
11 ,-xa,
x B).
-x {3) .
0 ,xe R :xa== -
a +6 =(aL+bL,
_a -b =(a LL -b ,a
aU+bu,a+y,{3
UU
+0).
-b ,a +y, {30+).
3)
r(
a ) ==a
L + aU
2(fJ-a)
, go.i
a.
-, ...III
...
Hinh 2: So sanh
so mo.
4)
eo bi~u
Ky
hieu
S i : i==l, II, 1II, IV luang ung la dien tfch cua cac mien I, II, III. IV va kf hieu: C(a,6) ==Sll - S] + Sill - SlY.
neu C(
Khi do ta noi
a ~ 6 neu va chi
a, 6 )~O.
Bay gia ta co lh~ chuyen phan rna nhir sau: G9i thang),
K = (K1,
va
..•
Kn)
k,
la mot
so ma
hinh
C Iii mot
(D2)
48
2.2.1.1
Chung
ta khao sat bai toan voi dieu kien sau: Gilt la ham kha vi thea t voi a la tharn so.
Slr
rang Y(t)
= [Y • (t) ,Y 2 (t)]
va
Ky
la Yj (t,a) .
D~t G(t,a)
= [y;(t,a),Y~(t,a)].
Neu G(t,a)
dY
dt
G(t,a)
= [y.(t,a)
"
,y,)(t,a)].
a) b) c) d)
Yl (t,a) , Y2(t, a) la cac ham lien tuc thea cii hai bien, Yl (t,a)
Y2(t,a)
It,
Y] (t,a):S .Yz (t,a) , dieu kien nay dam bao [ Yl (t,a) ,Yz (t,a) ] la mot doan thang. Y(t) la nghicm neu ~~ ton tai va chung thoa cac dang thirc trong (02). Tu
la nghiem
neu ~~
,
a) b) Yl(t,a)=fl(t,a),
,
Y2(t,a)=f2(t,a).
,
.Yl(O,a)=c.(a), trong do C(a) 2.2.1.2
Y2(O,a)= c2(a),
C2
=Ic.
(a),
(a)
I·
ma'
rna rong khai =
niem vi phan mo. Diroi day
ta dira ra mot so each dinh nghia dao ham me (gia tri cua ham la t~p mo). Gilt
Slr
X(t)nhQn
[x](t,a),x2(t,a)]
va xj(t,a)
la
Ky
va Z(t)
la
[x. (t, a) ,x2(t, a)], [zJ(t,a),z2(t,a)]. Iii metric gifra hai so mo dircc dinh nghia mot each xac dinh nao do.
49
Goetschel- Voxman va ky hieu la GVD X(to) , trong d6 bieu thirc hieu trong cong thirc duoi lim duoc hieu la hieu so hoc thea tirng thanh phan toa d¢ cua vccto 2) Neu ta c6 hai dieu kien sau day: a)
D( X(t) , Z(t»
X.
giiia cac tap compact cua R. b) Bieu thuc hieu trong cong thirc duoi lim la hieu Hukuhara, A va B, duoc ki hieu laA-B,
phep cong tren so mo .
3)
Neu ta co:
a)
b)
max{Gtx, (r,«) - z,
(t,aj' da
flitx,
iPda l:
vai tich phan lay tren cac ham trong L p [0,1]. Hieu trong bieu tlurc duci lim diroc hieu nhu trong truong hop 1). va kf hieu la KFMD X(to) . cling
Iy
t6n tai va ta co GVD X(t) (2) Nell dao ham PRD X(t)
= SD X(t).
ton tai va I~lmot so mo thl dao ham SD X(t) cling
2.3
Chung ta d~u biet den su phat tri6n v6 Iy thuyct va irng dung cuu cac bai roan toi uu hoa trong do co sl! dong gop dang chan trong cua cac nha loan hoc Viet nam. Tren each nhin h¢ thong hien nay bai toan toi uu luon xuat phat tir nhu cilu cua qua trinh lay quyet dinh va vi v~y no gan vai viec lay quyet dinh. Trong thuc te, qua trinh nay luon luon nam trong moi tnrong cac thong tin, dii lieu khong chfnh xac, bien dong va bao gom cit nhiing dii kien co 50
ban chal khong eh{le chan, mo. Ngoai fa viec !fly quyet dinh thirong narn trong mot h¢ thong co c,Yu Ink Lhli h~t' va VI V(IY no ding dan den bai toan [oi uu nhieu mac (Multi-levels).
!y thuyet de bai 10<111 uu linn hoat, mem loi pluit Iri61l ly thuyet roan hoc rna, d.c bai roan rui lIU rna cung ducc nghien ciru ung dung 1'&1 rnanh me. Cac bili loan 16j uu mO' co y nghia thuc liin l6'n VI trong thuc Ie die rang buoc khong doi hoi qua ch~! che. Chilllg han viec giai han cac rang buoc b.at d~ng thue theo nghia roan hoc kinh. di~n (vI dl;l16ng de hang rnuc di1u IU dOl hoi khong vuot qua 20.000 Iy dong) se co lht IOl,l1di mal nhtrng "nghiem' cho kct qua 161 hall (chang han voi no 16ng von d~lI 11.1' th~ hang 20.000 Iy dong c¢ng J xu !!). co
Nlur V(ly tlurc lien doi hoi d.n phat Iri6n
SIf
·1
C6 Ihe noi m¢l d~c tnmg quan trong cua phuoug phap IU~l1 1110 Iii tfnh linh hO~I, rnern
deo trong m<)1 rnoi Inlang plnrc tap vai thong tin, dii ki~n khong chae chflll, khang chinh xac va bien doug, han nira bai roan loi l1U mO'co lh~ duoc tffig dung ngay kinh dien Illy giai duqc nlurng bAng nhfrng Ihu~1 loan qua phuc tap.
hicn cac dang bai loan t6i iru nil khac nhau mo hinh.
tuy
Ie va quan
v« nguyen
doi
voi
cU
cac
ba, loan
Durri day chung I()i chi gioi Ihi~u doi dang bai roan (xern VoI.55,N3(1c)93)2R5-294; VoL lOY. N 1(2UOO)3-20,21-34, 141-147).
2.3.1
rna.
D!nh nghia 4: (rna hlnh toi LIUhoa tuyen tinh voi so rna) G9i F(R) Ii! t~p t~t cit cac thang, M6 hinh bai roan loi l1U hoa IlIyC'n tinh vO'i sO met co dang sau:
maxz= fCjXj,
)=1
so ma hlnh
;=1
va
fUijxj2:.h;.i=mo+I,
j=l
... ,m,j=I,2,
F(R).
...
.p,
trong d6
au. b
i ' <:J E
Dang bai loan nay co the chuyen vd bai 10l11l t6i lIU thong thuong nho rnenh de sau. M~nh de 1: Bai (Olin 16i iru hoa
max z =
111a tuyen
tinh tren 111l1l1g dirong voi bai loan toi l1U sau:
:Lr(Cj)Xj ,
j~l
i=v
va
t
-
r(iii)
». :5
s(
bi ),
i :::; 1,2....
,mo, .J =
1,2, .... p,
j~l
L. r(au)x
j 2:. s(
hi ). x j
... , m
51
trong d6 r va s la ham so rna gia tr] cua cluing diroc tinh bang mill bieu thirc tren cac thong so cua so rna. 2.3.2 Bai to6n toi lIU ho6 tuyen tinh vol bien me
Bai toan nay diroc phat bidu nhu sau. E>inhnghia 5: Bai toan tim nghiem toi thieu sau (sau day goi la bai loan A) n1in:Z =b'Y voi cac rang buoc: trong d6 OSbER,
YA ~c, Y ~ 0,
AER",xn,
goi I~l loan toi uu tuyen nnh voi bien mo. bai
E>!nhnghia 6: Bai toan hO tro (goi la bai toan B) lit bai toan max: Z =CX voi cac rang buoc: AX<b,X~O, lrong d6 Osb ERm, X ERm', A ERm "",
E (F(R»n,
(F(R»n.
Gifra hai bai toantren co moi quan h¢ chat che th~ hien trong menh E>jnh (y 6: (1) Neu
de sau.
yO yO
la nghiern mil chap nhan diroc cua bai loan A va XO la nghiern chap
B,
thl
C)(J
b'
yO .
V~l XO
(2) Neu
la nghiern toi
chap
ltU
nhan duoc ella bai toan B sao cho bai roan B con
C)(J
= b'
yO tht XU la nghiem
cua
yO
(3) Neu bai roan B c6 mot nghiern loi uu thl bai loan A cling c6 mot nghiem toi
uu mil.
2.3.3 Bal toon quy hOQch nguyen me
Bai loon quy hoach nguyen thong thtrong co rat nhieu irng dung thirc li~n nhir trong Ii).p ke hoach san xlilil chang han, Trong tnrong hop nlur vay cac tharn so la nhirng don gia chi phi, nhu cau vat III hay ban thanh pham va ngu6n cung cap (cac ban hang cung cap). Tuy nhien trong thirc te thong tin ve nhu diu va kha nang cung cap cua cac ban hang thuong khong chfnh xac, khong chac chan. Tinh khong chfnh xac cua nhirng dii' lieu nay con la he qua cua tfnh rnem deo, linh hoat trong hoach dinh sach hroc, chien hroc cua nha may. Thirc te do doi hoi phai nghien ciru img dung bai roan quy hoach nguyen ma: true cam co the thay bai
10<1.11
ma sc ral gan
v«
Chu ta se gtrn han till rno trong I" cac L - R so mo ang A-= [AL , All , a, fJ] LR d~. » (nh mr ..- 'd ung op . a duqc n6i den
a phan
tren, nhung
a day L
va R duoc thay the bang ham so F lhoil. man dieu va thirc st! giam
kien sau: F lien tuc va khong tang tren nira Quang thang 10,(0), F(O)=l tren mien rna F nhan gia tri duong.
52
£l!nh nghia 7: Bai toan guy hoach nguyen rnc diroc phat bieu nhir sau:
~ min"
n
=' Ai , i:::;
=' Bj ,j:::;
1,2, ... ,n, i:::; f;2, ... ,m va A, va B; la cac so rna. Cac ci/ la chi phi v~n chuyen diroc bieu thi bang cac gia tri so (khong rna). Dac biet min" diroc hieu Iii
rnuc tieu mo, nrc Iii mot so mo e6 dang [-co, Co, Q,j3cJLR
.
Trang moi twang mo, cluing ta can hieu cac rang buoc ma va muc tieu mo G se co mire de? thoa nao d6 (degree of satisfaction) va diroc dinh nghia nhir sau:
£l!nh nghia 8: Gill.sir x Ia mot Iai giai cua bai toano Khi d6
a)
Gia tri diroc bieu th] boi bieu thirc sau J.ic(x) =rnin] flAi[±XijJU=l'
, )=1
"",m),f1B;(.IXij](J=l,
,=1
... .n),
diroc goi
b)
= f1G[t
i>ijXij), i=1j =1
diroc goi Iii d¢ thoa cua muc tieu cua bai toan guy hoach nguyen
mao
Bili toan A: Loi gill.i toi dai cua bai toan guy hoach nguyen me diroc dinh nghia Iii gia trl x sao eho ham J.iD(x)= nay bang
I dat
Bai roan A luang duong voi bai toan du6i day. Bili toan B: A. ~ max voi ciic rang buoc sau
a) b)
,m, ,m,
c)
J.iBj(tXij].2:
,=1 .
A.
G9i At,
so mo Ai'
B, va G. Khi do bai
toan B chuyen ve bai toan sau. Bili toan C: A. ~ max v6i cac rang buoc sau
a)
C(X)E G ,
53
b)
~>ijEAf,i=I,2"
)=1 m
.. ,m,
C)
~>ij
i=l
Bj
.i =
(xern S. Chanas
va D. Kuchta:
djnh la hoat dong dien ra hang ngay cua moi ngiroi, cua mbi nhom ngiroi va no Iii hoat dong dac biet quan trong trong Iinh vue t6 chirc va quan 19 nhu vice ra nghi quyei, chinh sach chc'
nhat
CCi
sa tri thirc co the chua menh de sau, trong chiem mot phoi gia ca".
Cac chuycn gia trong Iinh vue nghien dieu khien rno lC1 dien co the' ella mlnh bang cac menh de if-then sau, trong do I la wang d<? dong dien, quay cua mo to" (xern Cao, Z. and A. Kandel, Applicability of some operators, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 31 (1989),151-186), (xin Slr dung thuat co chb co th~ d~ hieu han):
If I
= very
small
= large
= medium
= very
more small.
54
2)
Co Sft dis lieu (CSDL): C6 the thay tri thuc la nhtrng khlmg dinh da ducc t6ng ket, khai quat hoa nr kinh nghiern thuc ti~n. Kinh nghiem nay diroc "b(> oc" hru Irii lieu (bieu thi dang chir hay so). VI vay mot thanh to khac trong qua trlnh lay quyet dinh la t~p hop cac dii lieu diroc t6 chirc thanh co sa dir lieu. Trang cac bai toan Ion nhu viec xay dung cac h~ tro giup quyet dinh, CSDL la mot thanh to quan trong VI hai ly do:
a dang
dii
Thu nhat, no hru trCt cac dir lieu c~n thiet cho qua trlnh lay quyet dinh. Tlur hai, vi dii lieu HI kinh nghiern thuc ti~n nen kho dii lieu nay la va phat hien them cac luat moi cua tri thtrc.
CCf
sa d~ dieu chinh
M(>thuang quan trong dang duoc quan tam nghien ciru la viec phat hien luat tu mot t~p hop dii lieu. Vi du lu mot t~p hop dir lieu cua hon hai tram loai hoa nguoi ta co th~ xay dl!ng thu~t toan cho phep tim ra 7 hoac X lu~t mo v~ rnoi quan h~ giiia dac tfnh rnau sac cua hoa, so dai hoa, so ciinh hoa va tinh chat cua long quang dai va cueing hoa v.v .... 3) Phuong phap, thu tuc 19,pluiin: Thanh to quan trong nhat cua qua trlnh lay quyet dinh' la van l~p luan. Ban chat phirong phap nr duy, I~p luan cua can nguoi van con la mot van d6 bi hiern, phirc tap va chiing ta chua hieu biet dtroc nhieu. Nhieu phirong phap lap luan M mo ph6ng plnrong phap I~p luan cua can nguoi d1l va dang diroc nghien ciru. Nhirng plurong phap mo ph6ng dua tren logic toan da dU<;1C nghien ciru phat trien tir rat sam nhung chting chi phu hop cho cac tmg dung dua tren khoa hoc chfnh xac, dua tren
1e
thong tin day du va chac chan, VI du nhir phuong phap chting minh ur dong trong Iinh vue roan hoc. Tuy nhien suc manh tu duy va l~p luan cua can nguoi I<;Ii am trong Ilnh n vue (moi tnrong) thong tin khong day du, rna va khong chac chan, khong chfnh xac, Vi du trong mOi tnrong nhir vay cluing ta van phai quyet dinh tuyen chon can bo, chon plurong an phat tritn, xay dlfng khu vue cong ngh~ cao v.v.... Trang Illoi truang nhu vay "cong ngh~ t~p rna", va hien nay no duoc khai quat thanh khai nicm "cong ngh¢ unh toan mem", dang giii mot vai tro doc ron. 3.2 Phuong phap IQp IUQn xap xi dl,lQ tren tQP
rna
Nhir tren da trlnh bay, phuong phap l~p luan la m(>t thanh to rat d~c tnrng cua qua trlnh lay quyet dinh va vi v~y m(>t clurc nang quan trong cua mot h¢ cliuyen gia hay mot h? tro giup quyet dinh la viec lap luan cho phep rut ra nhirng ket luan . <;J giup nguoi lay quyet dinh, Nhung phuong phap l~p luan trong nhiing h¢ nhu vily co kha li[lOgmo phong qua irlnh l~p luan trong moi tnrong thong lin khong day du, khong chac chan va VI vay ban chat cua phirong phap la xap xi gan dung. L.A. Zadeh van la ngiroi dau tien dira ra y nrong va xay dung phirong phap luan nay va goi la phirong phap l~p lu~n xap xi (xem L. A. Zadeh: A theory of approximate reasoning. in: R. R. Yager, S. Ovchinnikov, R. M. Tong and H. T. Nguyen, Eds., Fuzzy Sets and Applications: The selected papers by L. A Zadeh (Wiley, New York, 19X7) 367-411; L. A. Zadeh: The concept of linguistic variable. and its application to approximate reasoning (1),(11), Inform. Sci. 8( 1975) 199-249; 8( 1975) 310 357).
55
cqa rnlnh, Zadeh dua ra khai niem hroc d6 I~p luan xap xi nhu sau: Neu mau cua qua ca chua nao d6 Iii do thl qua ca chua d6 Iii chin. Mau qua ca chua Q Iii rdt Qua eft chua la rat chin.
do.
Chung ta thay hroc d6 nay urong tl! nhu lu~t Modus ponens trong logic kinh dien: tir A~B va A cho phep ta rut ra ket luan B. Tuy nhien b luoc d6 tren trong gia thiet (tien M) ta khong co A rna lai c6 A' (:= rilt do) mot bien chirong ella A (:= do), va m6i ngiroi trong cluing ta deu c6 kha nang rut ra mot ket luan B' nao d6. Van d~ la can xay dung phircng phap luan cho phep lua chon phirong phap lap luan M "tfnh" B' sao tho ket qua phu hop voi ling dung CI,I the dii cho, Nho tinh rnern deo cua phuong phap luan tap rna cluing ta co nhieu phuong an lira chon de xay dirng phuong phap I~p luan xap xi. Trong pham vi bai nay, cluing toi chi trlnh bay phirong phap don gian nhat qua d6 de ban doc thay diroc y nrong cua phirong phap luan, Chung ta xet llJ'qcd6 I~p luan rna da dieu kien, 1.1. rno hinh rna c6 chua nhieu menh de dieu kien dang neu ... thi: Ti~n d~ I Ti~n de 2 Tien if X=Al if X=Az if X=An if X=An+1 Y=Bo B i Iii cac then Y=B1 then Y=Bz
:
de n
Tap hop n menh de dau tien trong (M) diroc goi 1ftma hinh mil, trong d6 Ai' Y. Gia tr] X=Ao
diroc goi la input con Y=Bo diroc goi 1ftoutput cua mo hlnh.
khai niem rna. M6 hinh nay rno ta m6i quan h¢ (hay sl! phu thuoc) gifra hai dai hrong X va
Phirong phap lap luan xap xi tfnh Y=Bo gom cac biroc sau:
I)
B~c
1.
Gidi nghia cac menli de di€u ki~n: Chung ta xern cac khai niern rna Ai,B
i:
la
nhiin cua cac t~p rna bieu th] ngu nghia clla Ai,B
De cho
duoc kf hieu tuong img laA i (zz)va B i (u) tren cac khong gian tham chieu U va V, Mot each tnrc cam, m6i menh de neu ... thl trong m6 hlnh rna c6 the hieu la mot phep keo theo (implication operator) trong mot h¢ logic nao d6 va duoc vie't AJu)~BJu). Khi u va u bien thien, bieu thirc nay xac dinh mot quan h¢ maRi : UxV~[O,l]. v~y m6i menh de dieu kien trong (M) xac dinh mot quan h¢ rna. 2)
B~c 2.
Nhu
diroc
56
R = @;';lRi
trong do @ Iii mot phep tinh t-norm hay t-conorm nao do.
/I.,V
va max.
Viec ket nhap nhtr vay dam bao R chua thong tin duoc cho boi cac menh M if. .. then co trong mo hinh
3)
mao
hai quan h¢ Ao va R. 4) xem VoI.55,NI(199:1)1-14; VoI.80,N2(l996)177186; Vol.S I ,N:I(l996)259-262): Ket qU~1tinh roan 0 birec :I la mot tap rna. Trong nhieu bai toan irng dung, dac biet trong dieu khien ky thuat, ngiroi ta can biet gia tr] thirc cua bien Y. Phuong phap tinh gia tr] thuc "nrong irng" voi ti!-p rna Bo diroc goi lit phuong
phap khir BlICC 4. Khi:t rna (Defuzzification;
rna. Nguai ta dira ra nhieu phuong phap khu rna. se khong co phirong phap nao goi la tot nhat. No se duoc hra chon de dar duoc "do t61" qua thir nghiern, Ta lay vi
du m9t phirong phap khir mo, goi la phirong phap khir
rna theo
eo trong
LvBo(v)
UE
L:Bo(v)
VEV
Nhling yeu
to anh hlldng den ket qua tinh toan eua phlldng phap I~p lu~n mi1:
rna bang
mo hlnh tclng quat sau:
rna.
viec ch911 cac ham thuoc dung d~ bi~~ dien ngfi' nghia cua cac khai niern me,
- viec chon roan tu keo thea d~ tinh cac quan h¢ - viec chon phirong phap ket nhap, - viec chon phep tinh hop thanh
0,
rna
R i>
rna.
. Hien nay chua co phirong phap nao h6 tro viec lira chon nay ngoai tnrc kinh nghiern va qua thu nghiern. Nhieu khi su dung cac phep roan co y nghia d6i nghich nhau uhung no van gop phan hoan thien ket qua.
cam,
57
XI
ngon ngLi':
a tren,
trong cac irng dung khac, chang han nhtr trong viec phap lap luan mo
a dang
ta lai doi hoi ket qua cua bai toan phai dU<;1C bieu dien
a dang
thanh dang ngon ngfr. Day la mot bai roan doi hoi cac thuat
toan phirc tap va thai gian tlnh toan Ian. Chung ta co th~ hlnh dung bai toan nhir sau: De d~ hilu cluing ta xet cac gia tri chan Iy ngon ngfr gom true, false, very true, very false, more-or-less
possibly
true, possibly
false, approximately
true, more-or-less false, true, approximately false, little true, little . Co the xem cac dli' lieu nay nhu la nhan
cua cac tap mo, hay noi mot each khac, cluing ta co the bieu dien ngli' nghia cua cac dli' lieu nay bang cac tap mo (cdc ham s6) rna chung ta cho la thich hop doi voi irng dung dang diroc xern xet, Nhir vay chung ngon ngfr. Khi do bai toan xap xl ngon ngli' co th~ phat hi~u nom na nhir sau: Cho mot ham bli't ky ta co mot ho cdc ham s6' :Jr; bieu dien ngli' nghia cua cac dli' lieu
B 0 (la tap mit - ehdng han. la output cua bai todri l¢p luari mil), hiiy tim mot ham F trong lio :Jr; sao eho no n&m g6.n B 0 dii eho nhiit, Nhir vay cluing ta co th~ cam nhan thay thirc sy' Iy thuyet t~p rno cung cap cho cluing ta
mot each tiep can tinh loan cho phcp mo phong qua trlnh lap luan cua con ngiroi.
3.3
D<;Ji
D<,Ii so gia tir va ung dung cua chung trong lap luan xap xi eta diroc Phong Nghien ciru cac H¢ Tr<;1giiip Quyetdinh va H~ Chuyen gia, Vien Cong nghe Thong tin, nghien cuu phat tri~n tu hon chuc nam nay(xem tai lieu liet ke trong phan Lap lu¢n tren. co sCIdq.i s6'gia tu). Trong bai tcing quan nay cluing toi chi trinh bay nhirng y wang chinh cua each tiep can nay.
de xay dung
giai
phep nhung theo thuat ngli' toan h9C) gan m6i khai niem mo mot Hl.p mo trong khong gian tat ca cac ham F( U, [0,1]). tap F( U, [0,1]) ta mU<;1l1au true tinh toan ral phong phu cua c
de
mo phong phuong phap I~p luan cua con ngiroi thirong van diroc thuc
Vay mot van ete et~t ra UI lieu ban than ngon ngir co cau true tinh loan khong? thl cac phuong phap lap luan xay dung trcn do dcm Iai nhfrng loi ich gl?
Neu c6
Tra lai cho cau hoi tlnr nhat, cluing toi chi ra rang t~p cac gia tri ngon ngli' cua mot bien ngon ngfr, nrc la bien rna gia tri ella no diroc lay trong mien ngon ngir, se la mot cau tnic dai so etu giau de tinh toan.
58
r---- - - - -
Chung ra sc lam sang Ib dieu nay qua viec xcI mien ngon ngii (linguistic
domain)
ella
bien chan Iy TRUTH gom cac tLr sau: dom(TRUTH) = Itrue, false, very true, very false, more-or-less true, more-or-less false, possibly true, possibly false, approximately true, approximately false, little true, little false, very possibly true, very possibly false, ...
1,
Irong d6 true, false la cac tir nguyen thuy, cac tir nhan (modifier hay intensifier) or-less, possibly, approximately, little goi la cac gia Iii (hedges).
very, more-
Khi do mien ngon ngii T==dom(TRUTH) e6 Ih~ bi~u Ihi nhu la mot d<_ii so AT= (T, G ,H,~), trong d6 G lit lap cac tir nguyen thuy duoc xem nhtr la cac phiin tii sinh,
H lit tap
cac gia tii diroc xem nhir la cac phep loan mot ngoi, quan he ~ tren cac Itt (cac khai
LU
duoc "cam sinh" tir ngii nghia II! nhien. Vf du dua tren ngii
fa
nghia, cac quan h~ tlur nr sau la dung: false ~ true, more true ~ very true nhung very false ~ more false, possibly true s; true nhirng false ~ possibly false, v.v .... T diroc sinh bbi cac
phep rfnh trong
U
Itt G
la
phan
bieu
dien
x =h n h n- I h , U,
H (x). Ncu G chi g6m co dung hai tir nguyen thuy mit, thl mot diroc goi la phan tv sinh duong ky hieu la t, mot goi la phfrn tir sinh am ky hieu la f va ta co f < t. Trong vf du tren True la duong con False la
am.
Hai phan nr cua dai so gia tv diroc goi la doi nghich nhau neu cluing co dang bi~u dien WJi cung mot day cac gia tv nhung phan tv sinh cua chung khac nhau, t.l. mot cai la duong, mot cai la am. Mot dai so gia IV la doi xung neu mo] phan tv chi co duy nhat mot phan tv
doi nghich.
Ket qua t6ng quat chmh cua chung toi ve dai so gia IV co the dlf(_1ephat bieu I,rong menh
de sau:
£>jnh Iy 7: Co ton Il_tim(>1 he tiell de hoa sao cho mai mien ngon ngli' A T cua bien ngon ngii
du
(complete
lattice)
co mot
mot phan tii trung hoa. Nhtr vay phcp tuycn u va h(>i (\ logic co th~ dinh nghia diroc trong cau true nay. Hen nira, ncu AT la mot dai so gia tii doi xirng th] trong diu true do ta co th~ dinh nghia phep phu dinh - va phep keo theo ec va ta co;
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)
- -hx=x,-l=O,-O=l
(-Xll-Y) yu-y
xll-x~W~yu-y; x>y khi va chi khi x~y -x==>-y. x==>(y==>z) y==>(x==>z). = x==>y~ x'~y' khi
j)
59
k)
I). m)
~W sW
w.
1.
va x~w.
1 khi
Ket qua tren chirng to rang diu true dai so gia tii du giau d~ nghien ciru cac phirong phap I~pIuan.
I) L¢p luan xap xi dua tren dai s6'gia til:
rna
(M). Vi chung ta co the xem cac mien ng6n ngu X va Y nhu la cac dai
so gia tir, m~t each tnrc cam ta eo the hlnh dung m6i menh de if." then trong (M)
se
xac
dinh mot diem va do do mo hinh (M) se xac dinh cho ta mot duong eong trong khong gian
ngon ngiJ XxV va goi la dirong cong mo C. Khi do bai toan I~p lu~n xap xi tren tap mo eo th~ chuyen ve bai toan n<)isuy doi vai duong eong mo C (hlnh 4).
giai bai toan xap xi, tnroc het chiing ta phai hrong hoa dai so gia tii bang each trang bj eho n6 mot metrie. Vi trong dieu khien. hoc, die dai hrong X va Y thtrong la cac dai ltrong \I~t Iy vai gia tr] lay tren dirong thang nen viec eho m9t metric tren X hay Y tirong dirong voi viec eho mot anh xa f tir X hay Y vao doan thang [0, I] voi sl! sai khac mot he so
vi
o Bo -------------1 ....
"
X Ao Ai
ly
I~
(vi trong thuc te ta can anh Xl;I vao mot dean thang [O,a] nao do). Do do fa dtra vao dinh nghia sau:
D!nh nghia 9: fs:
X ~ [0,1]
goi la ham ngu nghia dinh hrong cua X neu vci moi h, k e H+ f(hX)-f(X)j=ll(hY)-l(Y) f(kx) - f(x) f(ky) - f(y) .
hoaeh,keH-vamoix,yeX,taco: . _.
Voi dai so gia tii va ham ngu nghia dinh hrong cluing ta co the dinh nghla mot khai niem rat trlu tugiig:)a kho dinh nghia mot each thoa dang trong Iy thuyet t~p rna la tinh mi1 cua m<)t khai niern rna hay cua tap rna bieu dien no. 2) Tinh mil (Fuzziness) eua mqt gin tri ng6n ngit.
Xet cac gia tri: True, Very False, " .. Lam the nao dinh nghia tfnh
rna?
Tren quan diem dai so gia til ta eo mot each dinh nghia tfnh nuy kha true quan dua tren kieh co cua tap H (x) nhir sau (hlnh 5). Cho tnroc mqt ham dinh hrong ngu nghia f cua X. Xet bat ky x eX. Tinh mil eua x khi do duac do bilng dztilng kinh cua t¢p fs(H(x)
)G[O, 1].
60
1/2
LittleTrue
I
Diameter of f(H(LittleTrue»
,, , ,,,
I
Poss. True
<, I
True
I
I I
More True
I
VeryTrue
I
,
I
I.
I I
:.
,
)'
Diameter of f(H(VeryTrue»
of f(H(True»
Ham
fm:
X~[O,I]
duoc goi
la d(> do tfnh
rna neu:
va fm(c+)==I-w>O,c-
Gjasiit~pcacgiatiilllH=H+uH-,
h2'
... >hp'
va
i~l
H+=: / hp+l'
=:
hp+2'
Ivoi
hpTl <hp+2<
Khi
do,
p+q 'lJm(hic)
fm(c)
c)
= fm(hy)
fm(y)
la j.J(h) va
goi
la
d(> do tinh
rna
Chung ta co:
j.J(h)fm(x),V
=:
f"m(c),
ce [c", c -I.
c)
p+q 'lJm(hix)=fm(x).
i=l
3)
Xay dung ham dinh. luang ngl1 nghia treti co sij de) do tinh mil cua gia tit,
Ham
sgn : X ~
1-1
,0,
1)
sgn(c-)
a)
sgn(c )=-1
va sgn(hc )=
_ {+
neu neu
- sgntc")
61
b)
e) d)
c)
sgn(c
)=+1 vasgn(hc
)=
{+sgn(c+)
- sgntc ")
la negative d/v6i h va h+h xv h x . d/v6i h va h 'h x=h x .
sgn(h'hx)=-
sgn(hx)
neuh'
4)
Xay dung ham dinh luang ngii nghia: Gia st'r cho tnroc d(l do tfnh rno cua cac gia tt'r /-l(h), va cac gia tri d(> do tfnh 1110 ella cac phan nr sinh [m tc -), t"m(c+) ur trung hoa (Neutral).
H~lI11
va w la phan
dinh hrong ngl"r nghia u cua X diroc xay dung nhu sau voi X= hi u(c-)=w-at"m(c-) t"m(x)= u (h t"m(him··· ,u(c+)=w+ at"m(c+). ... /-l(hi2)/-l(hil)t"m(c). - ~(1- sgn(hix)sgn(h,
1Il· ••
h i 2h i I c:
a) b) e)
h,x)(,8 - a)/in(hiX)]
neu j<p
!=p+'
hix)(,8 - a)t"m(hiX)]
:)
Guii bai toan l¢p lu(i n mil bdng n(ii suy. Xet rno hinh mo (M). Gia sii
!;t., ~Ij la
cac dai so gia tii sinh ra tir cac gia tri ngou ngfr
urong rrng xuat hicn troug mo hinh. Kf hieu (-;dlrang eong l11a trong khong gian .{;t"x ~Ij.
Gia sii [s
h~1111nay [O,l]x[O,l].
,:1:
va t"s,. la cac ham dinh hrong ngi1 nghia urong irng cua ,c'.t" va cua dirong eong mo
~Ij. Cac
se chuyen
c'
thanh duang
cong
thuc C trang
kh6ng
gian
Nhu vay bai toan l.;tp luan mo' duoc chuyen v~ bai loan noi suy thong thuang diuh lirong dai so gia tii.
nho ham
diem sau:
tlurc gi<'li bai toan. tap
ve each
Iy
thuyet
phuong
111a co
xay dung ham thuoc; chon each giai nghia menh h¢; chon phcp hop thanh d0 tinh output; giac trong vice xay dung gia tii va chung phucng
de if-then
tv ket
nIt nhicu ycu t6 gay sai so nhu: bang quan h¢ Illa (ihuc ehftt nhap (Aggregation) Cal' quan
la chon vice giai nghia loan ur keo theo); chon toan chon phuong
phap khir 1110' a kho e6 dircc true v phap n(>i suy dua tren
dai so gia tii cluing tu ch i phai tap trung n6 lire vao vice lua chon d<) do tinh l11a ella de trO' thauh h~ tham so ella pluroug phap, VI vay 116 rat g,ln gui voi cac each giai kinh dien.
62
Khong
LUll
phuong phap khir mo. Thirc nghiem kiem chtrng dii chi ra rang n6 cho sai so nho (hlnh 6).
EX2
2500
:g 2000
Q> Co
en
J!! 1000
0 :;::; 0
c: 1500
---+-
-O--Interpolation
~ z
500 0
-,
'),
n;,
b<
<0
'\
'0
,,~
I (Current intensity)
EX7
_ 2500 2000
"t:I
*
Co
~ 1500
---+-
-O--Interpolation
500
~
o
" '), n;,
b< ~
<0
'\
'0
I (Current intensity)
3.4
Ngay sau khi may tinh dien tlr ra doi no da duoc nhanh chong irng dung vao vice xay dung cac h¢ xu ly thong tin V~l sau n}IY, cung voi sl,J'phat tricn, cluing duoc goi la cac h¢
thong tin quan Iy (MIS: Management Information System). Theo nghia rong cac h¢ MIS cung ham chua clnrc nang tro giup quyci dinh, cluing cung cap cac thong tin can thiet cho
nhan dinh unh hinh hay phat hicn van de. Tuy nhien cac h¢ uhu v~y khong co kha nang can thiep vao cac qua trinh lay quyet dinh va dira ra nhfrng phuong an tot cho nguoi lay quyet dinh.
63
3.4. 1
Muc tieu xay dung cac he tro giup quyet dinh va cac h~ chuyen kha nang san sinh ra cac phuong san sinh ra trong cac phuong thuong ngon ngii. VI vay cac he
phan anh, cung cap qua cac dfr lieu. Cac dfr lieu phan anh tinh hu6ng ham chua cac yeu t6 khong chinh xac, khong
phap va cac qua trinh lily quyet dinh cua nguoi lily quyet dinh chac chan va bi~u th] qua cac dii lieu rong Ion va co vai tro ung dung x;:t hoi thong tin-tri quan thirc. sc co mien irng dung
rna
trong, di doi voi sl! phat trien rnanh me cua xii hoi hien dai-rnot
Nhtr cluing ta co th~ earn nhan, cac qua trlnh lily quyet dinh rilt plurc tap, da dang va VI vay cilng co rilt nhieu phirong rno hinh kha thong dung phap, mo hinh-xay dung cac he tro giup quyet dinh, trong do yeu t6 quan trong nhat la cac phirong phap lily quyet dinh. Diroi day cluing toi trmh bay mot
M qua
Xlt
do ban d9C hlnh dung phuang phap tro giup quytt dinh. va If thong tin mil. phap chuyen gia, 1.1. Ic:iyY kien cac chuyen an x[IY
Giil si'r nguoi lily quyet dinh si'r dung phuong gia, d~ lira chon plurong lam viec an quyet dinh (chang
lIU,
dung nha may 19C dau nhir the nao cho t6i
a dau
trong viec sinh vien t6t nghiep nen hra chon hoc the nao (cong tac vung dau ur, .... ). Cac qua trlnh lay quyet
cho phu hop, trong viec hoc sinh nen lira chon nganh nghiep), hay lua chon dia diem,
tu van huang
dinh nhir vay co th~ duoc rno hlnh hoa nlur sau. Giii si'r cluing ta co n. kha nang lua chon (alternatives) AI' A2,
•••
nang tot nhal trong n kha nang dii cho dua tren
E2,
•••
Em
••• ,
Ck. D~ phu hop voi thuc te, cluing ta gia thiet m6i
va
co mot trong so nao do th~ hien mire dQ tin cay VaG chuyen
bieu th] bang dii lieu ngon ngii (khai niern mo nhu cao, tluip ; trung binh ... ) hay bang so. Chung va kf hieu t (01 ."
VC1l tieu
rna dang a
L =(a ,
aU, a,jJ)
gia Ej danh gia mire dQ thoa man cua kha nang hra chon Ai pi) ij
.
, . '.
Cluing
ta ciing giii si'r rang tam quan trong cua cac tieu chuan
A •
. trcn
'. VI~C
b-I
ij=
(bLI
bVI
I' y a,
ve
VaG
ta thiet lap
lien "rrung blnh cong" cua cac chuyen gia bang cac bieu thuc sau:
y kien cua
64
y kien cua cac chuyen gia v~ mire d¢ thoa man cua kha nang hra
Cuoi cung,
nang lua chon Ai thco tal d. de lieu chuan duoc cho boi corig thirc:
trong do M I~lmot hang sci xac dinh. - V(tn (Ie'sdp xep cae
tap
co gang
sttp xcp chung theo thir nr tuycn tfnh) cac ket qua Wi, i = 1,2, ... , n. Chung la nhirng t~p mao Nhir v~y cluing La can xay dung cac thuat loan sttp xep cac I~p rno (Ranking fuzzy sets). Day cfing la m(JI van de khong de co thuat toan lot va hien nay dai voi bat ky thuat toan sap xep cac tap mo nao bao gia cung c6 nhimg twang hop khong th~ quyet dinh xem l~p nay c6 "Ian han" tap kia khong va nhtrng thuat loan sap xep rnoi van tiep 3.4.2
II,lC
trcn cluing la eta thay, d~ ket qua danh gia chung ve cac kh{l nang lua chon deu co phau y kicn cua cac chuyen gia mot each hop ly nguoi ta eta slr dung phep ket nhap (tlch hop) lrung bmh cong co trong so. Vo'i nguyen lac mem deo ella cong ngh~ tinh toan mem trorig I1I()itnrong me, chung ta lai thay lrong sl! phat lri~n cua ly thuyet tap me, ngiroi la can dua ru nhiCll phuong pluip kct nhap (Aggregation) y kien chuycn gia khac nhau. N6i khac di 111<)1 plnrong phap kel nhap khong thd phu hop cho moi tlnh huang da dang, phtrc tap khac
nhau.
MOl each lien de mot ho cac loan ur ket nhap duoc gi{l thiet ph{li thoa mot so dieu kien nao do, Chang han ticn de "binh dang" doi hoi khi cac y kien cua cac chuyen gia la trung nhau thl ket qua ket nhap phai trung vai y kien chung do, Mot Ian nira c~ung la lai co the ihay sir di"Jihoi vC:linh mem deo: khong lh~ c6 mot he lien de chung duy nha; cho cac toan IL(kel nhap Tien etl';binh U[lI1gco the phu hop voi nhirng tinh huang nay nhung khong phu hop voi nhirng tlnh huang khac, chang han khong phu hop dai voi mo hinh tro giup quyet dinh co gan trong so cho cac chuyen gia (khong binh dang). true dim chung la co lh6 thay tir thirc lien cuoc song la viec kel nhap, tong hop y kicn clla moi nguoi la mot viec phirc tap. Tren quan ui~m toan hoc, nhirng nhan xet tren th~ hien khong gian cac dir lieu bieu thi cac y kien chuyen gia chi c6 cdu true khong Ih6 dua ra mot dinh nghia toan tir kel nhap duy nhat. [)lr6i day cluing toi xin trlnh bay mQI ho toan nr ket nhap goi la uni-norm in kha chat che (XCI11 Y <Iger el aI, FSS VoUW( 1996) [I)
ve
yeu
va do do
c6 cau true
III
65
E>!nh nghia
R la mot anh
b)
c) d)
T6n tai mot phan nr don vi e nghia la voi moi a E[ 0,1] ta deu co R(a, e )=a. Wang nr nhtr phep toan t-norm va t-conorrn,
tir
dan vi. Trong dinh nghia tren, phan nr dan vi co the khac cac gia tri 0
va 1.
E>!nh 19' 8: Gia si'r R la toan nr uni-norm a) b) c) d) e) f) voi dan vi la e. Khi d6 cling la toan va c e l Oi l ] . va c e I Oj l ]. , an' an+l)' neu an+l < e. an' an+l), neu an+l
Ii =
I-R(
a, b) , a =I-a
tir
uni-norm
> e.
= 1, voi Va ~ e.
Menh d~ sau day chi ra sl! 16n tai toan E>!nh 19' 9: I) Toan a) b) c)
tir
uni-norm:
tir R* duoc
xac dinh n~u sau: ~ eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = min(a.b);
V6i rnoi a ,b rna min (a ,b) ~ eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = max(a ,b); V6i moi a ,b rna max(a. b» eva min(a ,b) < eta dinh nghia R.(a.b)
= min(a ,b),
tir R* duoc
V6i 11l9i a ,b rna max(a ,b) :::;eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = min(a ,b); V6'i 11l9i a ,b rna min(a ,b)~ eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = max(a ,b); V6'i moi a ,b rna max(a .b ) eva min(a ,b) < eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = max(a ,b),
tir
uni-nonn
voi dan vi la e.
ta co menh de sau
M dac
I)
... ,
... , an)
minic},
... , an)
... , an); ,, ... , an) > e thl R.(al, ... , an)' ... , an) = maxtaj , ... , an)' trai lai rhi R.( aI' .... an)
2)
Neu maxtc
=
66
min(al'
to mo. khong
ch6c ch&n
VI!C
Ly'
thuyct dieu khien da duoc phat trien rat rnanh me va dii tim diroc nhirng Iinh
ling dung rat r(>ng riii trang cong nghiep, trong cac h¢ thong hoa hoc, cac h? khong gian, .... Cac phuong phap dieu khien truyen thong thircng doi hoi nguoi ta phai hieu bier r6 ban chat cua doi tuong can dieu khien thong qua cac rna hinh toan hoc, va trong nhieu ling dung chung thuong la cac phuong trinh toan 19 phirc tap voi bac phi tuyen cao. Ngoai ra cac doi urong dieu khien thuong nam trong moi tnrong co nhiing tac dong gay nhieu va ngiroi ta rat kho xac dinh duoc cac d~c tnmg. Nhiing doi urong phirc tap nhir vay thirong nam ngoai kha nang gi,ti quyer cua cac phuong phap dieu khien truyen thong va trong qua trinh tl! dong hoa nguai ta phai nho vao kha nang 19 tlnh huang cua con nguai va phai thiet ke thiet bi
xu
suo dung viec dieu khien bang tay. Viec con ngiroi co kha nang dieu khien cac qua trinh nhu vay clurng to rang cac qua trinh do da diroc phan anh va rna phong dung dlln bang rno hlnh nao d6 trong di.iu oc cua nguai dieu hanh. Nhir da trinh bay trong phan rna diiu, cac rnai quan h¢ trong qua trlnh dicu khien nay khong phai diroc bieu thi bang cac rno hlnh toan 19 rna bang 1110 hinh ngon ngii voi cac thong tin khong chinh xac, khong chac chan hay noi khac di , nhiing thong tin rna, co tinh iroc I? hay dinh tinh.
M~IC tieu e6i nguon cua plurong phC1Pdieu khien rno chinh la nham vao viec xay dung cac phuoug pluip eo kha nang hat chuoc each thirc con ngiroi dieu khien cac qua trinh voi mo hlnh dinh tinh nhu vay tren co sa phuong phap luan 19 thuyet t~p rna va cong nghe tinh to.in mem. Viec bat chuoc nay co th6 hieu nom na nhu sau:
VI doi nrong dieu khicn la mot h~ phirc tap, co nhirng ban chat chua r6 va khong the bieu thi bang cac mo hinh toan
quan sat thong tin vao - ra M phan doan hanh vi cua he thong va tren co sa kinh nghiern do dicu khien h¢ thong. Nhan thirc v6 hanh vi cua h~ nay diroc thau torn duai dang rno hinh me
(M), 1.1. mot t~p cac menh
d6 if. .. then (cac luat) voi cac dir lieu ngon ngii rno ta rnoi quan
h¢ giG'a cac bien vao, cac bien ra. Viec rna phong hanh vi cua h¢ trong thirc te dieu khien cua nguoi dieu hanh bang mot thuat roan tfnh dtroc bang may nnh chinh Ia phuong phap I~p luan 1110 da dieu kicn da trinh bay Nhuvay I)
cac phuong cluing eli nhirng dac di6111 sau:
a tren.
ma deu
No chi dua tren cac thong tin vao-ra quan sat diroc tren cac doi nrong dieu khien, khong doi hoi phai hieu ban chat de rna hinh hoa toan hoc doi nrong nhtr trong
19 thuyet
2)
diell truycn thong. Mo hinh dinh tinh dua tren ngon ngii (hay rno hinh diroc bieu thi nho tri tlurc co tinh chuycn gia): Thay vi phai mo hinh hoa bang cac phuong trinh toan 19, plurong phap dicu khicn ma doi hoi phai thu thap diroc tri thirc de' thiet lap mo hinh hoa dinh tinh ve doi urong dieu khien. Tri thirc nay co th6 thu thap tir cac chuyen gia hay tir cac thuat
67
die menh
dong dcr lieu quan sat diroc. Giam d9 phirc tap tfnh toan nho rno hinh dinh tfnh, tuy khong
rna rno hinh toan
diroc.
4.2
rna
o
thf ngITi~111chuyen
CUu lrng dung dieu khi~n mo hien nay duoc phat trie'n rill manh me. phat trien, nhir Dire, Nhat ... , mot so phong
nghien ciru ung dung phuong phap luan mo trong cac Iinh vue cong nghicp dil duoc thie; lap (nhu phong thf nghiern LIFE (Laboratory of International Fuzzy Engineering (j NIHIl). Tinh hieu qua trong cac irng dung ky thuat va cong nghiep dil hinh thanh ur urong, quan niern the' hien qua cac thuat ngii moi nhu cong nghe Iy thuyet tap mo (fuzzy sets technology), cong nghe logic mo (fuzzy logic technology) va giin day la cong nghe tinh toan mern (soft computing technology). Trong trao II1U nhu vay tal nhien se ra doi nlt nhieu plurong phap khac nhau de giai quyet cac bai toan tlurc te ham chua sl! thong minh, trf tue rna phan Ian cac bai toan nhu vay c6 cau true yeu hoac phuong phap gi~li truyen thong qua pink tap. Trong bai tong qmtn ve cac lurong nghien ctru ung dl;lng cua I)' thuyet t~p chi neu torn ltroc hai phuong phap dieu khien mo kha "kinh dien".
4.2.1 Phuong phap xay dl,fng bQ dieu khi~n controlers)
I11t)'
nay chung Wi
fuzzy
B(> dieu khien rno' dua tren IU~lt liin dau tien diroc Marndani qua viec thay d6i che do cung cfip nhiet va van tiet hru. t6ng quat urong II! nhu dil trinh bay
phuong
narn 1975 nham dieu khie'n ur dong ap suat hoi nl10C va toe e1<)cho Turbin phat dien thong
a tren
urong phuong
phap thie] ke ve
phap I~p luan mo va luong hoa cac khai niem mo cho phu hop.
Dac trung cua plurong phap nay la uip hap cdc Ltuit (tri thl1e) dude xdy dung dua viw tri thtic cua cae chuyen. gia, hay noi hhac di la ttip Ltuit la slj 1176 phong cac tinh huong dtip I1ng cua cac chuyeii gia trong qua trinh thao tdc dieu khie;L
nhu vay oil dtrcc ph.it trie'n V~lirng dung lrong nhieu cong vice
trong
eMu
Phuong phap xay dung kie'u be? dieu khien nay co uu diem lit dan gian va viec ling dung cling kha ph6 bien. Tuy nhien n6 cling co nhirng bat lai. Thtr nhar. vise xay dung tap luat la mot kh6 khan. Cac chuyen gia khong d~ gl phat bieu tri thiic cua ho diroi dang mac du ho co kinh nghiem. Thu hai, M9t khi b(J dicu khien dil duoc xay dung thl thuat dieu khien dua tren I~p luat d6 la co dinh, khong thay d6i, khong the' thfch nghi thco sl!
hop luat
roan thay
d6i cua qua trlnh dieu khidn. Tlur ba la thea phuong phap thiet ke, bo dieu khicn se cu xir giong nhu ngiroi chuyen gia dieu khien qua trlnh d6, mac du cu sli' nhir vay chua chac dil lit t6i I1U. 68
Nhirng thicu s6t nay dan dCIl viec phat trien cac bo dieu khien mo organising-controller). khicn cua rnlnh. 4.2.2 Dac diem ella b(> dieu khicn kieu nay la no
tv
to clurc (self-
se
Phuong phcp xcy dl,lng be?dieu khien ma dl,la tran rno hinh (Model-based fuzzy controller)
Nhir tren da trinh bay y wang chfnh cua phuong phap tren la thuat toan dieu khien rno phong hanh vi cua nguoi dieu hanh. Trai lai, y tuong cua phuong phap nay, nrong nr nhir cac phucng phap truyen thong, la rno hrnh hoa chinh dai nrong hay qua trinh dieu khien bang 1116hinh 111a tren co sa khao sat rnoi (juan h¢ gii1a dir lieu bien vao va bien ra. M6 hinh h~ dieu khicn co th~ rno.phong trong hinh 7 duoi day. Cach tiep can nhir vay co nhirng lIU diem sau: I) Ve nguyen life viec khao sat hanh vi (SIf dap ung) cua doi nrong dieu khic'n th6ng qua inputs va outputs la d~ dang han so voi viec khao sat su dap irng cua cac chuyen gia (operators); 2) Phuong phap nay cung cap kha nang thiet ke mern cleo, linh hoar hon va cung cap each thtrc bo dieu khien dat duoc muc tieu chir khong chi dan gian la viec dap img lai
c.ic input; 3) Van tan dung loi the cua phirong phap I~p luan
mao
dung rno hinh rno quan h~ (relational fuzzy model) dua tren
dieu khien hra chon thao tac dieu hanh cho ket qua tot nhat dira tren ham ton that rno (fuzzy cost function); - C6 the' sLr dung 1116 hinh (self-learning)
toan hoc,
ur
h9C
Hinh 7: £lieu khi~n e6 rna hinh rna thea doi.
4.2.3
Phuong phap dieu khien thong minh duo tran tri thuc va logic ma
Trong
khien
cac qua
trinh nguoi ta thuong g~p nhirng moi tnrong trong do ngiroi ta khong the thu duoc cac di1 lieu chfnh xac hoac kh6ng the rno ta chinh
xac trang thai, ... trong nhimg tnrong hop
nhu vay can phat trien, xay dung cac bo dieu khicn thong rninh nhieu thanh phan dua tren viec ket hop cac ky thuat dieu khien chuyen gia de chon cac giai thuat dieu khien va su dung logic rno M danh gia
69
hieu nang thuc hien cua giiii thuat. Nghia la nguoi ta se sir dung nhicu giiii thuat cti~u khien khac nhau trong cung mot b9 dieu khien, b6 mroc thong nhau. mot h¢ phtrc tap VI rhtrc nghiern M9t VI du dan giiin la viec dieu khien mot h¢ hai - single-output). Tuy nhien day la N6 Iii mot h¢ SISO (single-input
chi ra ding may bam c6 d~c tnrng J(JIlg h9C phi tuyen bac
V~IO
cao litn quan den dien ap dau vao va toc d9 dong chay. Khi dien ap thap may bam khong
tao dQ\ ap suat dua mroc vao b~ I, nhirng voi dien ap cao, toc d9 dong khong ph", thuoc
dien a~. V6"i tinh phi tuyen nhu vay ngiroi ta khong nghi dl!,t tren co' sa tri thirc. Trang khien t6~g h<;IP khac nhau: (Pole-pla~cment controlerj.ibo Oiu thong chua controler), bo tnrong dieu th~ ap dung cac bo dieu khicn thtrong de dieu khien qua trinh nay rna doi hoi phai irng dung phuong hop nay ngiroi ta Slr dung h9 dieu khien khien
thong
phap dieu khien thfch bon giiii 111U0tdieu bo di6u minimum khi6n Pf'C
II! di6u
GMV
chinh
PID,
(Generalised controler).
. variance
predictive
minh
dUQc trinh
hlnh 9. Trong
B9
dieu khi€n
rno thong
minh.
doi hoi phai san sinh tin hieu dieu khien trong thai gian tlnrc (real time), khong hien chirc nang dieu khien (he chuyen luang din doi hoi su tirong tac voi con nguoi
M thuc
din
tac voi ngiroi ra quyet dinh), bo dieu khien thong minh can ph<li tirong lac rnrc tiep
voi qua trlnh hay doi tirong dieu khien va can trang hi cac phuong vao qua trinh ay. B9 di~u khien loai nay co nhirng dac diem sau: N6 phai c6 kha nang Slr dung chien nhieu giai thuat di~u khien
de
khac
nhau,
danh
gia duoc
ltroc dieu khi6n nao co khii nang sinh ra tin hieu dieu khien thich ung nhilt va co khac nhau. Viec danh gia nay dira vao ky thuat t~p ma va logic
kha nang dieu chinh cac thong so cua moi giai thuat de thfch rrng v6"i nhirng doi hoi trong cac tinh huong rna voi dii lieu ngon ngii nhir nita, trung binh, lim. .... N6 c6 kha nang dang gia va lua chon giiii thuat d~ duy tritrang c6 the cau hinh lai giai thuat d6 hay chuyen N6 c6 mot co sa tri thtrc ve kinh nghiern thai gan toi uu va darn
bao d(> tin cay, va ngay ca khi mot vai yeu to cua thiet bi di~u khien bj hong n6 cling sang bo giai thuat khac thich irng hon. doi v6i qua trlnh dieu khien cung voi nhirng
tri thirc dang luat rna cac giai thuat se siXdung trong qua trlnh dieu khien v.v ....
70
Vi du doi voi he hai be nuoc cac luat c6 th~ Ill.: If Overshoot If Overshoot If Overshoot v.v .... is Small AND Setting time is Fast, Then Score is Large Positive; is Small AND Setting time is Slow, Then Score is Medium Positive; is Large AND Setting time is Optimal, Then Score is Small Positive
ma trong
Iy, xay dung cac he tri thirc Ill.nr nhien va nhir vay moi thirc sir di vao giai quyet van
M mot
de
mo phong,
quyet cac bai roan lien quan den cac khia canh dinh tfnh cua tri thirc. Mot trong nhtrng irng dung cua cong nghe tinh toan mo Ill.bai toan phat hien, khai pha tri thirc.
5.1
Khai ph6
Cach day vai nam cluing ta thay r¢ len van M khai thac dCi'lieu (Data Mining lieu (DM) [huang
noi dung chu yeu Ill. phat hien thong tin c6 tinh tri tue trong kho tang dCi' lieu. Khai pha dir
VI tuy rrurc d¢
c6 chung mot
"tri tue" cua ket qua khai thac dCi'lieu c6 khac nhau nhirng y luang cua chung ban chat. VI v~y trong muc nay tuy ch6 nay cho kia c6 nhung cluing ta hieu dang noi cling mot van d~ phuong
sir dung
phap luan.
Nhir cluing ta dii thay, ngay sau khi ra dai vai nam, may tinh dien ttt dii duoc irng dung vao linh vue quan Iy, mot Iinh vue hoat dong can c6 thong tin va tri thiic. Trong cang to Ion va diin den sl! bung n6 thong tin va nhting phai d6i mat v6'i tinh trang lut "thong narn phai thuc hien khoang sl! phat trien tinh trang Walmart cua xii hoi m~! yeu to khoa hoc cong nghe c6 tinh quyet dinh nhu cau nhu v~y tra nen ngay nha quan Iy drrng tnroc tin". Vi du H~ thong quan sat trai dilt cua NASA trong
1999 phai sinh tao ra 50 Gb dfr lieu anh quan sat duoc m6i gio; thi 20 trieu giao dich dfr lieu moi ngay •....
twang
Chinh VI v~y cac chuyen giau c6 v~ thong tri~n cac phuong trong "dong" chuyen tin nhung
gia cho rang hien nay cluing ta dang song trong mot X3. hoi rilt ngheo v~ thi thirc. Tinh hinh d6 doi hoi phai nghien ciru ph at Iy, cac tin, tri thirc hiru Ich bi che dau
phap khai pha, ph at hien ra nhfrng thong gia. Chang bao lau nCi'a cluing
thong
tin (dCi' lieu) de phuc vu cho cac cong viec cua cac nha quan
vien, chuyen
cac irng dung cua bai toan phat hien tri thirc tir dfr lieu. Muc tieu cua bai toan khai pha dfr lieu la tim ra thong tin, tri thirc (t.l. nhfrng moi quan he hay sl! phu thuoc giCi'a cac dai hrong (cac bienj) trong kho tang dii li~u(ve mot Iinh vl!c
71
-__,,---
nao do). Suy cho cung tri thuc pluin sinh: moi quan he giiia cdc dai luang cau true cua sz.t udt, hien. tuang, Bai toan co sa cua van
rna quaii
h~ la
M khai
pha dtr lieu rno co th~ hinh thuc hoa nhir sau: tfnh (attribute) va moi hang Iii mot bo dOhan T Iii
lOC
Cho m.(lt bang dfr lieu voi cot chi cac thuoc
kien. Bang du lieu nay se phan anh nhfrng cai gl do, hay noi each khac no ham chira nhirng moi quan he ban chat nao day (tri thirc) rna ta can phai tlm, phat hien ra. Chang bang dfr lieu v~ thai tiet voi cac thuoc tfnh v~ ap suat khf quyen, trung binh, cirong d<) birc x a mat troi, , ... nhiet do, d¢
am,
d<) gio
a day
M6i tri thirc se diroc phat hien tren mot goc nhln nao do, ta goi la khung canh (context).
se la khung canh rna hay khung canh ngon ngfr. Khung canh se duoc kf hieu la C. Vf
du phat hien tri thirc trong bang dfr lieu voi khung canh diroc xac dinh boi ap suat = small &
nhiet d¢
= medium.
Khi do Qili toan khai pha tri thuc diroe phat bieu nhu sau:
Hay tim cdu true Strang bang T udi khung cdnli C trong d6 C se duac bi~u thi bang tdp rna, vi du. dp sudt = small se duac bi~u thi bring rruit tap me! nlidt dinh trong khOng gian tham chieu chl s{/ do tip sudt khi quyin.
r.
Truong sau:
hop khung
canh duoc xac dinh boi uhieu bien, bai toan co th6 phat bi6u nhir
Hay tim cdu true S eua T udi khung cang C duoc xcc dU:Vedinh. bdi
AND nhiet d9
medium}.
Ta thay ngay la rno hinh rna (khai niern me hay ngon ngfr) rat di szt dung, ra~t tz.t nhien, co dong va true cam, Ly thuyet t~p rna thiet lap cho cluing ta nhfrng (clur khong phai la mot) co che tfnh toan d~ giai bai roan nay. Co th~ hinh dung bai roan co ban nay nlur la mot cai "19c" (filtering): la nhtrng dieu kien mao Vi du hay xcm xct dong dfr lieu dfr lieu qua cai
19C nay se eho ket qua la cac dif lieu thoa man nhfrng dieu nao do. Dieu c.in nhan manh, day
toc d(> trung binh cua gio, nhiet d(> eao nhat trong ngay. cho bci khung canh diroc xac djnh boi bien
X3
dang
ham
nhu sau: C ==
IC(u)
= exp(-(-u-7,5)*(u-7,5)/4)}.
72
100,0
87,5 -
75.0 -
62,5-
• •• •• •
So Ii~uchua
xU
Iy
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
100,0
o
87,5
•0
75,0
50,0 50,0 Hinh 10: L9C rno dLt li$u. 100,0 150,0 200,0
5.2
Bai toan ket b6 cac phan ttt trong mot t~p hop cho tnroc c6
chia cac phan nr thanh mot s6 nh6m xac dinh nhung phai dam baa cac phan ttt trong cling
mot nhorn co "d9 wang tlf nhau" t6t nhat. M9t each hinh thirc hoa no co the diroc phat bieu
nhu sau:
73
Cho mot tap cac phan nr cac phan tlr thanh m b6. Luu
Xl,
...
, XN
trong khong
ta muon ke't
ding, khac voi viec 'ke't b6 kinh dien, trong ket b6 mo, rnoi
ph an nr d~u diroc ket bo voi bat ky mot bo nao nhung dr) lien ket udi tung b6 hluic nhau. G9i z, la ph Un nr rnau ella bo thir i, i = 1, ...
s
m, G9i Pia
co
L.Pik
i=l
=1, "ilk
va
"iI
z ].
Hay k6t bo sao eho n6 lam toi tieu ham Q va ta eo bai toan toi
l1U
sau:
P.
De
dfr
lieu trong
VI
phan tlr mau diroc xac dinh qua Slr dung thuat toan ket b6 cung cac ky thuat thu diroc d6 thi nhir
100,0
a hlnh
rna khac
va ta
II:
87,5
75,0
•• •
Hinh 11: Minh hoa bai toan ket b6
62,5
mo.
200,0
de tien
toi liet ke mot so hrong kha Ian cac tai lieu va sap xep thea cac
6.1
[1]
Giai tich
M. Friedman, M. Ming, A. Kandel: On the validity of the Peano theorem for fuzzy differential equations, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 86 N. 3,(1997)
74
J.Y.Park, H.K. Han, J.U. Jeong: Asymptotic behaviour of solutions of fuzzy differential Fuzzy Sets and Systems. Vol. 91 N.3 (1997). F.M. Ali: A differential equation approach to fuzzy non-linear and Systems Vol.93 N.1 (1998). J.J. Buckley (2000). and T. Feuring: Fuzzy differential equations, programming
equations,
6.2
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Tapa
A.S. Mashhour, M. H. Ghanim, A.N. EL· Wakeil and N.N.Morsi: topologies, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vol.S3 N.2 (1993). The productivity classes of fuzzy
K.C Chattopadhyay and S.K. Samanta: Fuzzy topology: Fuzzy closure operator, fuzzy compactness and fuzzy compactness, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vol.54 N.2(1993). Mingsheng N.1(1993). Mingsheng N.2(1993). Ying: Compactness in fuzzifying topology, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoIS.S
Ying: A new approach for fuzzy topology (III), Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vol.55 axioms in a newly defined fuzzy topology, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, groups, Fuzzy
R. Srivastava:
P.Das: Fuzzy topology on fuzzy sets: Product fuzzy topology and fuzzy topological Sets and Systems, Vol. 100 N.1-3(1998). D. Adnadjevic: Mappings and covering properties Systems, Vol. 101 N.3(1999). W. Gahler, A.S. Abd- Allah and A. Kandil: Systems, Vol. 109 N.2(2000). V. Gregori and A. Vidal: Gradations Systems, Vol. 109 N.2(2000). of topological groupoids,
of openness
6.3
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
D. Wang: An inexact approach for linear programming problems with fuzzy objective and resources. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.89, N.1 (1997). Y. Nakahara: programming User oriented ranking criteria and its application topological problems, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.94, N.3(1998). fuzzy mathematical problems
M.A.E. Kassem: A study of fuzzy parametric on multiobjective nonlinear programming without differentiability, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.98, N.1 (1998). S.M. Guu, Y.K. Wu: Two-phase approach for solving the fuzzy linear programming Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.107, N,2(1999).
problems,
6.4
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Ly lu~m rna va
L. A. Zadeh:
A theory of approximate
L. A. Zadeh: The concept of linguistic variable and its application Inform. Sci. 8( 1975) 199-249. L.A. Zadeh: The concept of linguistic variable and its application Inform. Sci. 8(1975) 310 -357. E. Eslami, J.J. Buckley: N.2(1997). Inverse approximate reasoning,
75
T. Yamashita: On a support system for human decision making by the combination of fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy structural modelling, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vo1.87, N.3(1997). J.L. Castro, E. Trillas, VoJ.94, N.2(1998) J.M. Zurita: Non-monotonic fuzzy reasoning, Fuzzy Sets and Systems reasoning method
Y. Shi, M. Mizumoto: A note on reasoning conditions of Koczy's interpolative (Short Communication), Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoJ.96,N.3(1998).
6.5
[1] [2] [3] [4]
Defuzzification
S. Mabuchi: A proposal for a defuzzification Sets and Systems VoI.55,N.1 (1993). Sets and Systems VoI.55,N.3(1993). strategy by the concept of sensitivity analysis, Fuzzy
R.R. Yager: Knowledge- based defuzzification, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.80,N.2(1996). l.Rondeau, R. Ruelas, L. Levrat, M. Lamotte: A defuzzification method respecting the
fuzzification, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.86,N.3(1997).
6.6
[1]
[2]
[3]
. [4] [5]
N. Cat Ho & H. Van Nam: A theory of refinement structure of hedge algebras and its application to fuzzy logic, in: D. Niwinski & M. Zawadowski, Eds., Logic, Algebra and Computer Science, Banach Centre Publications (PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers), 1999,63-91. N. Cat Ho & W. Wechler: Hedge algebras: An algebraic approach to structure of sets of linguistic truth values, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 35 (1990), 281-293. N. Cat Ho & W. Wechler: Extended hedge algebras and their application Sets and Systems 52 (1992), 259 - 281. to fuzzy logic, Fuzzy
[6] [7]
6.7
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6) [7) [8]
Decision Making
L.-M. Jia and XX.-D. Zhang: Distributed intelligent railway traffic control Based on fuzzy decision making, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.62,N.3(1994). F. Herrera, E. Herrera- Viedma and J.L. Verdegay: A model of consensus in group decision making under linguistic assessments, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.78,N.1(1996). Ch. Carlsson and R. Fuller: Fuzzy multiple criteria for decision making: Recent development, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 78,N.2(1996). F. Herrera, E. Herrera- Viedma and J.L. Verdegay: Direct approach processes in group decision making using linguistic OWA operator Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoI.79,N.2(1996). S. Bodjanova: Approximation VoI.85,N.1 (1997). of fuzzy concepts in decision making, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Fuzzy group
K. Meier: Methods for decision making with cardinal numbers and additive aggregation, Sets and Systems, VoI.88,N.2(1997). F. Herrera, E. Herrera Viedma, J.L. Verdegay: Choice processes for non-homogeneous decision making in linguistic setting, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 94,N.3(1998).
K.K.Dompere: Cost-benefit analysis, benefit accounting and fuzzy decisions (II). A hypothetical application topological mental illness, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 100, N.1-3( 1998).
76
6.8
[1) [2) [3) [4) [5) [6) [7) [8) [9)
Dieu khh~n
V. Novak:
ma
adaptive method, Fuzzy Building a model- based fuzzy controller, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, derivative under
Fuzzy control from the logical point of view, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.66,N.2(1994).
W. Z. Qiao and M. Mizumoto: PID type fuzzy controller and parameters Sets and Systems, VoI.78,N.1(1996). B.E. Postlethwaite: VoI.l79,N.1 (1996).
Misir, H. A. Malki and G. Chen: Design and analysis of a fuzzy proportional-integralcontroller, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoI.79,N.3(1996). Tong Shaocheng, chai Tianyou, Zhang Huaguang: Notes on multivariable Goedel implication, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.88, N.2(1997). C.C. Fuh, P.C. Tung: Vo1.88, N.2(1997).
fuzzy controller
Robust stability analysis of fuzzy control systems, Fuzzy Sets and Systems,
F. Herrera, M.Lozano, J.L.Verdegay: A learning process for fuzzy control rules using genetic algorithms, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 100, N.1-3(1998). C. Li and R. Priemer: Fuzzy control of unknown multiple-input-multiple-output and Systems, Vol. 104, N.2(1999). plants, Fuzzy Sets of reasoning in
M.R. Emani, I.B. Turksen, A.A. Goldenberg: A unified parameterized formulation fuzzy modeling and control, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 108, N.1(1999).
6.9
[1) [2)
On fuzzy number lattice (R1 <;,)Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.92, N.1(1997). On a canonical representation of fuzzy numbers, Fuzzy Sets
W.Voxman: Some remarks on distances between fuzzy numbers, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.100, N.1-3(1998). D. Dubois and H. Prade: Semantics and Systems, Vo1.78, N.1(1996). of quotient operators in fuzzy relations databases, functions Fuzzy Sets
F. Tamaki, A. Kanagawa, H. Ohta: Identification of membership observation data, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 93, N.3(1998).
based on fuzzy
77
LOGICMd
vAcAc
?
UNGDl}NG
,
DAD~G
CUANO
T6m
tllt
Bai t6ng quan nay gam 2 phan. Phan I sc trlnh bay mot s6 hien. thicc co ban cua logic
rna - mot htrong hien dai, da va dang diroc khan tnrang nghicn ciru trong mroc cling nhu tren
the gioi va thuc li6n da tim duoc rflt nhieu irng dung trong nhieu linh vue khac nhau: S~lfI xuat cong nghiep, cong nghe tin hoc, nghien ciru va du ban kinh Ie, quan Iy moi tnrong, xa h(>i hoc, y hoc, to an hoc, .... Phtin 2 cua bai baa t~p trung vao gi6i thieu nhanh mot so lrng dung quan trong nhal Clla gia mo, nhan dang mo, h¢ ho
cong nghe mo trong cac Iinh vue: dicu khien me, h¢ chuycn tro quyet dinh va bai toan lay quyet dinh.
Vaoddu Bal ky mot ngiroi nao co il nhieu lri thirc deu hi0u rang ngay lrong nhirng suy lU(111 dai cling nhtr trong cac suy luan khoa h9C chat che.hay khi tlien khai irng dung, logic loan hoc c6 didn va nhicu dinh ly loan hoc quan trong thu dunc qua nhli'ng l~p IU;ln bang logic c6 di0n da dong vai Ira nil quun trong, dang rice, chiec ao logic loan h9C e6 di~n da qui: chat hcp d6i voi nhfrng ai mong muon tim kiem nhirng co sa vtrng chac cho nhfrng suy luan phu hop hen voi nhiing
Nhirng
thirong
bai toan nay sinh tir cong viec nghien ciru va thier kc nhirng h¢ thong phirc l~IP, dac bi¢l la nhiing co gang dua nhirng suy IU~lIIgiong nhir each can nguoi V[UIthuong Slr dung V~IO c.ic Iiuh vue trf lU¢ nhan l~IO(chang han, nhir lrong cal' h¢ chuyen gia, de he h() tro quyet dinh, ... ) hay V~IOtrong cong vice elicu khi0n V~lvan hanh de
thoi va hieu qua. Mot each ticp can moi
eta mung
lai nhicu ket qwi tlurc ticn V~lco nhicu In,5n VOI,g licp
tuc ph at trien manh me. Do EI each tiep can ella Ii thuyet uip 111(1 (Fuzzy SCl Theory), bal llJ65 [I [. Trong su ph at tridn da dang cua ly thuyct t~p mi'j V~lCal' h¢ mo. logic mit ( Fuzzy Logic) gin mot vai tro co ban Trong b~li long quan gon nll)' chung toi sc trinh h~IY 111(>t so kicn tlurc co ban ella logic 1110 thong qua vice gi(1i thicu c.ic . phep roan chu chot, van de I,lp IU~lIlx£IP xi (l(lp luan 1110 ) ella logic rno bnng con dirong Lltl hien dai va tnrc quan va mot Sll irng dung cua no.
dau v{ji cong trinh cua L Zadeh, Phan I bai viet
se lap
trung vao nhirng phep toan co ban va biroc Miu l1i V~1O I~p luau x[ip
xi voi phep suy dien mo. Mol viii tinh [min trong phan cuoi nham minh hoa cho dieu khtlllg
78
rna tuy
con d~ ngo nhieu bai toan, song nhfrng buoc irng dung phai Iii qua kho khan.
Kha nang ung dung r{it da dang cua logic duoc ngay trong ruroc).
rna se
tim thay trong phan II cua bai viet va (phan Ian Iii nhfrng tai lieu co th~ tim
trong cac tiii lieu tim thay trong phan tai lieu trich dan
ve logic
rno
Iii tap hop cac menh d~ vii P, PI' Q, Ql' ... Iii nhirng rnenh d~. Voi rnoi cua menh de. Logic c6 di~n ).
menh PEP,
ta gan mot tri v(P) Iii gia tri chan Iy (truth value)
1\
de"
Dua vao 3 phep toan logic co' ban nay ngirci ta da dinh nghia nhung doi voi cluing ta quan trong nhat la phep keo theo (implication), Slr dung nhirng diuh ughia trcn, trong
logic c6 dien, cac luat suy dien quan trong thong. Do Iii cac luat
day gifr vai tro rat quyet dinh trong cac lap luan truyen a) b) c) d) modus modus poncns: tollcns: (PI\(P =>
Q» => Q
1\
«P => Q)
1Q)
=>
1p
syllogism: contraposition:
rnenh d~ P Iii dung vii neu dinh Iy "P keo theo Q " dung, th] menh d~ Q cling dung".
1.2
Logic
rna
trong tai li¢u
1973 L.Zadeh
141 da
dua vao khai niem "bien ng6n ngii " vii buoc elflll ung
- phan co' ban cua logic mo. Day Iii biroc khoi dau rfit quan trong
cho cong vice unh toan cac suy di~n chu chat trong cac h¢
mo.
De co the tien hanh ruo hinh hoa cac h¢ thong vii bieu dien cac quy luut van hanh trong cac h¢ thong connectives) nay, tnroc
iien chiing ta can tai suy rong cac phcp toan logic Co' ban (logic
d~ co gia tri chan Iy v(P) trong dO,:1I1[0,1] (thay cho quy dinh
79
Chung ta sc dua VaG cac phep roan co ban cua logic me qua con dLriJ'ng tien dl' hoa. NhLI vay co Ie tLInhien V~lphiin n210 lura IWIl se co tinh cong nghc hon. Cho cac menh d6 P, Q. PI' ... , gia tri chan 19 v(P), v(Q), v(PI), ... se nhan trong
[0,1[. Sau day chung ta di ngay vao cac phep roan co ban nhat.
dO~lI1
1.2.1
ban. D~ suy rong chung ta din toi loan ur v(NOT P) X{IC dinh gi{l lr, chan 19 cua NOT P doi vci moi menh M NOT P.
Phu dinh (negation)
Ta
sc xet
toi mot so tien d0 dien dat nhfrng tinh chat quen biet nhat vlll1 dung trong logic
c6 dien:
a) b) v(NOT P) chi phu thuoc vao v(P). Neu u(P)
1, th] u(NOT P)
= O.
c) d)
1.
Bay gia chung ta cho dang roan hoc cua nhirng loan tir nay. £>inh nghia 1: Ham n:[O,I].....;[O.I] kh6ng tang thoa man cac dicu kien n(O)=l, - hay la phep phu dinh).
n(1)=O,
Neu v(PI) < v(P2), tht u(NOT PI) > v(NOT P2).
v(NOT P) phu thuoc lien tuc
V~IO
u(P).
g)
v(NOT(NOT
P»
=::
v(P).
£>inh nghia 2: I) Ham phu dinh n la cluit (strict) neu no la ham lien tuc va giam chat. 2) Ham phu dinh n la manh. (strong) neu no giam chat va thoa man:
n(n(x))
=:
x vai moi x.
Phu dinh true dun (Yage, J 9XO) n (x)= 1, neu x =O va n (x)=O Eo phu dinh (Suucno, 1977) N) (x)= ~, l+kc
• • v •.
ncu x>O.
v{yi A >-1.
trong 125[.
80
bu cue
m9t tQP
ma
0 la kh6ng gian nin, mot t¢p ma A tren 0 nrong ling voi mot ham thuc nhan gia
:
tr]
A:
n~[o, 1].
ta kf hieu
o day
A (a)=f.LA (a)
Iii
E
af! thuoc
(membership
rna A.
Kf hieu JJA(a)
hay duqc
rna.
VI
flinh nghia 3: Cho n la ham phu dinh, pluin. bit A IhUl?C dtroc xac dinh bci A C(a )=n (A (a»,
cua t~p
rna Ala
m91 I~p
rna
voi ham
voi moi a E O.
1.2.4
Phep h9i
Phep hoi (van qucn goi Iii phcp AND - conjunction) la m91 trong may phep loan logic co ban nhat.
No
cling la co
sa M dinh
rna. Chung
ta can xem
xet cac ricn de sau: a) b) c) d) e) Neu v(p, AND P2) chi phu thuoc vao V(PI), v(Pz). Neu v(PI)=l, thl V(PI AND P2)
= v(P2),
Giuo hoan: v(P, AND P2) = v(Pz AND PI)' Neu v(P,)
s v(P~)
Ket hop: v(Pl AND (P2 AND P3 dien dat phep ht;i ma (fuzzy loi cac ham sau:
» = v«PI
v(Pz AND P3), voi rnoi rnenh AND P2) AND P3). nhu m91 ham
de P
3.
conjunction)
T:[0,1]2~[0,1]
thl
cluing la
co the" can
r o. 1]2 ~[o,
1] la mot
= T(y,x),
vai moi
0 ~ x ,y ~ I ,
0 ~ x ,y ,z:S 1.
T khong giam theo nghia T(x ,y) :S Ttu , v), voi rnoi x :S u ,y :S v,
co tinh
1251.
81
t-chuan
khac cung mot so tinh chat cac ban co th~ 11m thay trong bai bao 123, trang 306-3141.
161va
E. Walker
1.2.5
f>inh nghio
mo.
rna A ,B
tren cung khong gian n~n 0 voi ham thuoc A (a) ,B (a). Cho T la
mot t-chuan.
f)inh nghia 5: Ung voi t-chuan (AnrB)
rna A,B
la mot tap
rna
(AnrB)(a)=
to
an
Viec lua chon phep giao nao, nrc I~l chon t-chuan
M lam
phu thuoc van tung bai loan cu the rna ban dang quan tarn.
197H d~ nghi dung
Vi d-..: Hamacher
(A nr B)() a
l' p ~
()
,VOl
e,»
rnoi a
-.
r. Eu.
con Yager, 19HO xet phep giao hai tap me A ,B voi ham thuoc cho boi (AnrB)(a)=I-min{1,«1-A(a»P+(1-B(a))P)1Ip Cung thai, Dubois va Prade cling d~ nghi mot ho toan l,p~1, voi moi c el Oi I l. tham so t, do la
tir
phu thuoc
1.2.6
Phep tuyen nhir phep hoi, phep tuyen hay toan tiI logic OR (disjunction) thong thuong dn
Giong
thoa man cac tien d~ sau: a) v(PIOR ?2) chi phu thuoc vao v(PI), v(P2)·
b)
c)
= v(P2),
d) e)
Khi . nhu sau:
s v(P2)
ket
s v(P2
ay chung
6:
f)inh nghia
Ham S : 10,11
10, II
hay la
t-doi
=x
voi moi x
E 10,
II ,
82
b) c) d)
co tinh
giao hoan:
vai rnoi 0
voi moi
~x,y)
~I,
S khong giam:
S
= S(S(x,y),z)
D!nh Iy 7:
T la mot t-chuan,
chuan.
a)
Iy 8: Cho S la t-doi chuan. Khi ily: S goi la lien rue neu do iiI ham lien rue tren mien xacdinh.
S I~I Archimcd nell S(x,x»
b) e) 1.2.7
'S b.. la chat neu S lu ham tanc0 tai Illoi diem uoi .
D!nh nghia tong quat phep hQp cua hai tQP ma 9: Cho
Djnh nghia
la khong
voi ham
thuoc
A(a),B(a).
S la t-d6i
n cua
En.
chuan
t-d6i
S nao
M xac
luang ung phu thuoc vao bili loan dang nghien ciru. Sau day Iii may vi du:
Hamacher,
197X , dii cho ho phep hop hai t~p (q -l)A(a)B(a) + A(a) + B(a)
rna vai
so q:
(A U" B) ( a ) = .
1+ qA(a)B(a)
1 . '" ,q ~ - , val a
r.
luang irng cua Yager eho bbi ham ihuoc voi tham SQ q:
de nghi
c6 dung:
- A(a)+ B(a)- A(a)B(a)-min\A(a),B(a), (A Us B)( a ) { • max (1- A(a»,(l- B(a», t:
(1-t)}
83
1.2.8
Nhieu ban doc trong nghien ctru hay chirng minh thirong quen dung nhieu quy UtC suy -luan (hay dan gian han la Sll' dung mot so unh chat gan nhu hien nhien), song thy"; ra nhung quy t:k do co duoc la do chung ta xay phan loan hoc truce day trcn 19 thuyct t,~p hop c6 dien va logic c6 dien. Chuyen sang 19 thuyet tap rna va suy luan voi logic ma cluing ta can than trong v6i nhfrng thoi quen cii nay.
Vi du trong 19 thuyet t~p hop, voi bat ky tap r6 Ac nIh]
0,
AuAC=
n,
va phep
rna thl
Sau day chung ta dirng lai voi may quy tac quen biet cua hai phep toan hoi
tuyen.
Cho T la mot t-chuan , S la t-d6i chuan.
Tinh luy d6ng £)inh nghia 10: Chung ta noi T la luy d:lng (idempotency) neu T(x,x) =x, voi moi x
E
[0, 1 ],
[0,1],
S 11JluydangkhivllchikhiS(x,y)=max(x,y),vai
Tinh hap thl,l ejnh nghia 12: C6 hai dang dinh nghia hap thy (absorption)
ErO.1].
a)
b)
T(S(x,y),x)= S(T(x,y),x)=
M9nh de 13:
Dang thtrc (I) ihuc hien khi va chi khi T(x,y)=min(x,y), Drlllg thirc (2) thirc hien khi va chi khi S (x,y )=max(x ,y),
\:j x ,y E [0.11.
Tinh phon phoi ejnh nghia 14: Co hai bieu Ihuc xac djnh tinh phan phoi (distributiviiy):
a)
b)
S(x,T(y,z»=T(S(x,y),S(x,z», T(x,S(y,z»=:S(T(x,y),T(x,z»,
E[0,1]. E[O,l].
\:j x,y
(3)
(4)
EtO,l].
M9nh de 15:
Dang thuc (3) thuc hi~n khi va chi khi T(x,y)=min(x,y), Dang thirc (4) tlurc hien khi va chi khi sex ,y )=max(x ,y),
\:j x ,y E [0,1].
Nhu vay nhieu tlnh chal quen biet hay dung chi luon luon dung voi hai phcp loan min va max.
84
1.2.9
lu¢t De Morgan
Trong Iy thuyet tap hop IU~l De Morgan n6i tieng sau d'fty diroc sii dung
A.B la hai tap con cua (AvB)C
n, khi
Be
do
=AcnBc =A
Cu
va
(AnB)c
Co nhieu dang suy rang hai dang tlurc nay. SaL!day mot dang suy rong cho logic
Djnh nghi"a 16:
mao
bi?
ta noi
la lien tuc neu Tva S la hai ham lien tuc. Sau day la 2
mot nr
[0,1]~[0,11
sao eho:
rp-I(max(rp(x)+rp(y)-l, rp-I(min(rp(x)+rp(y)
tp
-I
0).
, 1)).
(1- rp(x».
B9
ba
De Morgan
(T,S,n)
mot
tIf
dong cau e : [0,1]~[0,11 a) h) c) 1.2.10 T(x,y)= S(x,y)= N(x)= rp-l(rp(x)rp(y». rp-l(rp(x)+rp(y)_ rp-J(1_ rp(x».
sao cho :
rp(x)rp(y».
Cho den bay gia da co kha nhieu nghien ciru v~ phep keo theo (implication). Di~u do ding ur nhien vr day la cong dean chot nhat cua qua trlnh suy dien trong moi I~p luan xap xi .bao gam ca suy luan rna. Trong phan tiep theo nay chung ta se di tiep con dirong tien de hoa va sau do dung nhanh tai vai dang ph6 c~p d~ minh hoa,
Chung ta sc xet phep keo theo nhu mot moi quan he, mot toan tir logic. Thong thirong cluing ta nho toi cac tien de sau cho ham u(p] ~ P2).:
I) 2)
U(PI ~ P2)
u(PI),
u(P2). P2),
s u(P3)
u(P3)
thi thl
v(Pl
P2) ~ u(P3 ~
P2. Pl'
3) 4) 5) 6)
U(PI ~ P2):$
U(PI ~ P3),
= 0 thl = 1 thi = 1 va
de P.
= 0, thl
85
Tfnh hop 19 ella nhfmg tien nay chu yeu dua vao logic c6 di.;in va nhtrng 111 duy [rife quan- v~ phep suy dien. Tic tien de 10 chung ta khang djnh sl! tOn (':II ham sol (x ,y) dc dinh tren (0,1]2 vai mong muon do gia
de
rI
tri
la mot
Neux:S;z
N€uy:S:u l(O,x)
thlI(x,y} thl1(x,y)
3)
4)
=I
vcrimqixe[O,l],
5) 1(1,0)=0.
9 rfll1g
IUy
ra:l don
tren,
dn dua
lhi
suy
ra
lic 4 lien de
10,II'
,z».
sa tren
va K) x:5:y
"If
Pa)".
neuvachincul(x,y);=l.
anti
menh
Q:::
1P
de
sau
tic logic
n€u
tI
(Q)=O (neu Q
la False).
10) I (x ,.y) ;::.: vai m9i x ,y. . y, vai rnoi x. 12) l(x,y)=I(N(y),N(x».
Dieu kien nay phan anh phep suy luan ngu"Q'crrong (1Q=> lp). N6i chung dily la mol di~u kien manh,
logic
c6
13) l(x,y)
treo[0,1)2.
D~ Om hi~u them cac dieu kien nay chiing ta xet toi dinh 1'1sau,
e!nh
-}[O.lJ
1),3),4),5),6),
CI,I
the
De tinh toan duoc , chung ta can nhtrng dang cu the cua phep keo theo. Sau day la mot so dang ham keo theo, xay dung dua vao cac phcp toan logic mo da suy rong phia tren, Cho T la t,:,:chuan, S If! t-dci chuan, n la phep phu dinh manh.
£l!nh nghia 19: Dang
lSI (x ,y)
nluit.
Ham
Is l(X ,y)
= S (n
R5 rang an
y sau dinh nghia nay If! cong thirc ttr logic c6 dien P => Q = 1P v Q.
ky
t-chuan
lSI
If! mot
keo
sup{u :
T(x,u)
I.
IT
ky
t-chuan
T nao,
1.3
1.3.1
Quan h,
rna
h~ mit
£l!nh nghia 23: Cho X, Y If! hai khong gian nen. R goi la mot quan
la
mot
liR : (x
day
JIR(X,y)
= R(x,y)
la d{> thuoc
(membership
degree)
cua
,y ) vao quan he R.
1 va
b)
J.iRjn~
I. V (x ,y)e
XxY.
l. V (x,y)e Xl<Y.
t~p
Cho t~p
ma A
voi
f-LA(X) tren X.
rna B
v6i
f-LB(X) tren
ma A va B la quan
V x eX.
87
M rna R
tren XxY.
Phep chieu cua R len X la: projxR Phep chieu cua R len Y I~I:projyR
£>!nh nghia 27: Cho quan he
rna R tren
extxyz R 1.3.2
= I(x ,y ,z),
f-lext(x,y ,z)
= f-lR(x,y)
, VzeZI.
Phep hQpthanh
R2 la quan he
rna
(max-min
composition) Rl (x,y),
= maxy Imin(!I
!lR2 (y,z)},
b)
= maxy
c)
HC;p thanh. max- * diroc xac dinh boi loan Iii *: !lR,oR2(X,Z) = max.] /-IR,(x,y)
r ~ 10,II
* PR2(y,Z)},
trang
V(x,z)eXxZ.
la b(i ba De Morgan,
£>!nh nghia 29: Cho R1, R2 la quan he R]OTR2 tren XxX xac dinh bci
rna tren
rna tren
= (R1 TR2hR3.
o
n, ~ R2 thi R1"T
R3 ~ R2 T R3
0
va R3°T R, ~ R:1oTR2·
1.3.3
la:
min-chuyen
R(x,y)
I ~R(x,z)
thi
Vx ,y ,z
«x..
b)
chuye'n tiitpylu
va R(y,Z) >R(z,y)
R(x,z)
>R(z,x).
c)
sao cho: Neu R(x ,y) > 0> R(y ,x) va Vx,y,zex.
> (J>R(z,x)
88
Dinh
Iy 32: a) Neu R la quan he rna c6 tfnh chat min-chuyen. tiep thi R la quan h9 rna co unh
chat chuyen. tiep tham s6' voi moi 0< 0<. I.
b)
Neu R la quan h? rna c6 tfnh chat chuyiln tiep tham s6' thi R la quan h~ rna c6 tfnh dUll cliuysn. tiep yeu.
Xem trang [2,41
Chung minh:
1,3,4
Phuongtrinh quon h~ ma
Phuong trinh quan he rna Ian d&u lien nghien ctru boi GS. Sanchez narn 1976, d6ng vai
tro quan trong trong cac Iinh vue phan uch cac he mo, thie: ke cac bo di6u khien mo, qua
rna.
Dang dan gian nhal co lht dien dat nhu sau: Cho mot he rna bicu dien duoi dang mot quan h¢ rna nhi nguyen R tren khong gian tfch XxY. Dau vao (input) cua h? la mot t~p mo A cho tren khong gian nen input X. Tac dong cua u&u
V~IO A
a d&u ra
khong gian n6n Y, kf hieu la B. Khi ay cluing ta co AoR Neu cluing ta Slr dung phep hop thanh max-min
= B.
Vi dl;l 33: Cho input la tap rna A tren X va quan h~ rna R tren XxY nhu sau:
0.7 1 AoR = 0.5 0.9 0.6 . [ 0.2 0.6 0.3 Khi d6 chung ta co B='AoR =(0,2 0,8
0.4]
1)0
0.4]
1.4
Suy lu¢n
rna
1.4.1 Chung ta se trinh bay uu don gian van de suy luan xap xl du6i dang nhimg menh u~ voi cac bien ngon ngfr nhu doi thirong van dung nhu: "may lanh", "ga yeu", hay nhimg quy tac, nhfrng luat dang menh d6 "neu quay ray ga manh thl toe do xc se nhanh", Suy luiin. xdp xi - hay can goi la suy luan rno - do la qua trlnh suy ra nhirng ket IU(1ll duci dang cac menh de mo trong di~u kien cac quy'tac, cac luat, cac dfr lieu dau vao cho
89
truce
cling khong
Chung
dang modus ponens hay modus tollens dii neu 6 phan dau. Truce tien chiing ta nho lai trong gilli tich roan hoc da dung qua trinh I~p luan sau: Dinh ly: SI! kien: Ne'u mot ham so la khl vi thi no lien tuc Ham {kha {lien tuc vi
Ket luan:
day la dang suy luan dua vao luat modus ponens. Bay gio ta tlm each di~n dat each suy luan quen thuoc tren duoi dang sao cho co th~ suy rong cho logic
rna.
so.
Ky
hieu:
u = kh6ng
gian nen
= khong
gian tat
ca cac ham
"g
A" va Q g~B
= "g
SI! kien:
P dung (true)
Ket luan:
Q dung
(true)
« P ~ Q) 1\ P) ~ Q. rna
cung dang.
1.4.2 Bay gia da co lhe chuyen san~ suy dien Luai me:
SI! kien H? qua: Zadeh
Neu goc tay quay ga 16n tht xe eli nhanh Goc tay ga quay kha Ian Xe di kha nhanh
rna:
da dien dat sl! kien tren bang cac bien ngon ngfi': goc tay quay. toc do, nh i¢t do, d~
rna
dang wang
img. Chung
ta lam ro each
= bien
MQl each tl! nhien, ta gan cho A la mot tap mo tren U vai ham thuoc A(u) : U ~ 10, II.
90
Sir kien "e6 thi tu6'i cua Nam la 40" di nhien khong dat nhir mot kha nang, trong
Iy
neu di~n
i4,51
Zadeh d6 nghi
= 09
= A(40).
Mcnh d0 rna
= { x = A)
Vi
=: =:
l bien
1.4.2.2
ngi1
a dau
x= "g6e lay quay" tren khong gian nen U == 10.360 ", (cho phep quay tay ga cua xe may), A == "'g6e Ian" la mot tap rna tren U (trong A(u): U~ Tuong tnrong hap nay tien hon dung khai niem so rna A), voi ham thuoc
10,11.
tL1,bien ngon Ilgi1 y
=:
i,
gian nen V voi ham thuoc B(v) :V~
"xe di nhanh"=
10,11.
=:
(x is zz),
Q=
"xe di nhanh"
= { y = B ),
Q"
=> =>
Q. se diroc bieu dien thanh 1119tquan h9 mo R gian nell UxV diroc cho boi
NhL1 vay mot luat rna dang "If P then ella phep kco thea P phep keo theo rna ban dlf djnh si'r dung:
R(A.m(U,V)
==RI'=>q(u,u) == I(A(u),B(v»,
vai moi
(U,V)EUXV.
Bay gia quy trinh suy dien rna dil e6 the xac dinh: Luat rna (tri thirc): SIf kien rna (dau vao): Ket luan: Sau khi dii chon P
=> Q,
vaj quan h¢ cho boi I(A(u),B(v» xac dinh boi tap mo A ' tren U
P'=={x=A'),
Q'
== {y==B')
ma R(AB)'
=:
voi ham thuoc ella B' diroc unh bang phep hop thanh B' B'(v) == maxuEu{min(A'(u), I(A(u), B(v»»),
A'
R(A.B),
voi moi
VEV.
91
1.4.3
Tiep tuc each bieu dien va dien dat nhu vay, ta co th~ xe: dang
Q)
(lp
1\
QI)'
Gia thiet Q va Ql duoc bieu dien bang cac tap mo B va B1 tren cling khong gian nen V,
ung B : V~ 10,11 va B1: V~ 10,11. Neu Q va QI khong cung khong gian nen thl cling se XLr ly wong nr nhung voi cong thirc phirc t~IP han. voi cac ham thuoc wong
Ki hieu R(P, Q, Q') = R(A, B, BI) thirc R(u, u) la quan h¢ rno trcn UxV voi ham thuoc cho boi bi~u
= max]
min(A(u), B(u»,
mill(l-A(u),
U)E
UxV.
Tiep tuc quy trrnh nay chung ta eo th~ xet nhirng quy Chang d~ng If Al and else else 1.4.4
BI
han cluing
ma co
uk
then CI
If A2 and B2 then C2
Mot dang suy rong khac trong co so tri tlnrc cua nhieu h~ rno tlnrc tien, vi du dien
hinh la trong cac he dieu khien mo, co th~ phat bieu diroi dang sau: Cho xI' X2' ... , m ,j
, xm lit
cac bien vao cua h~ thong, Y la bien ra. Cac t~p A ij ,Bj,
vai i
1,
I,
, n la cac t~p mo trong cac khong gian ncn tuong lrng cua cac bien vao vii
,
bien ra danab. SLr dung cua he. thong thl .,. "{dang if ... then) Neux1laAJ.J NeuxllaAuva
cac R· la cac suy dien mo (cac luat mo) daneb "Neu ... J ..
R1:
R2:
va
vaxm
laAm.1 laAm.2
thi y laBI
thi y laB2
vaxm
Neu x. laAl.n
thl y laBn
Cho: Tfnh:
Gici tr] Y la u*
92
('t
l1<1y el*' ... , ern* lu d,l' gi,\ !ri d,1u 'l~IOhay str kien (co th~ rno hoac gia tri 1'5). Chung ta co lh~ nhan thay dmg phsin. cot lUi cua nhieu. h~ mit eho Mi ca sc/ tri thuc
dang R= Icae ltuit Ri} ua cdc co chi!'suy diJn cai d¢t trong mo to suy diJn,
cong trinh cua M, Mizumoto
Tinh loan quan h¢ mo eho nhiing bo IU~1 plnrc tap nhu the' cac ban c6 the xern them va H.J, Zimmermann pq. Nhtrng kien thirc 'l~ suy dien mo lien
quan loi I~p luan ngon ngti c6 Ihe doc them bai cua Nguyen Oil HIS 171 hay tai lieu 1131. Nhirng ban doc nao quan tam loi nghien ciru loan hoc hien dai true tiep lien quan toi logic mo hay xern them sach 1101,
ma
va cong nghe
ma
nhac lui lit! an Ion LIFE (the Laboratory for Internarional Fuzzy Engineering)
19X9-1995
va st! lai Irq chinh cua B(> ngoai thuong va cong nghicp Nh~1 ban, Phong thf nghiem UFE Chinh Giao su cling da thuyet phuc duoc nhidu cong Iy cong nghi¢p hang uau ella Nh~1 ban cung cap lai chinh va nhan lire, Ira thanh thanh vien I,~p Ih~ cua d~r an va chinh ho true tiep bien cac san pham cua phong thi nghiern thanh san
pham hang hoa.
Vii kel qU~1la, thco Datapro, nen cong nghiep Slr dung cong nghe mo ella Nh~1 ban, nam 1993 co l(jng doanh thu khoang 650 trieu USD, Ihl lui nam 1997 da uoe hrong co 6, J Iy USD va hicn nay hang narn nen cong nghi¢p Nh~t ban chi 500 Iri¢lI USD cho ngliien cuu V~I phat Irien Iy thuyet rno va cong nghe mo. Theo Giao str T. Terano 161 qua trlnh phat Iri0n ella cling nghe mo' co Ih0 chia thanh 4 giai doan sau: I) Giai doan 1: Loi dung Iri tlurc
a rrurc thap.
Thl,lC chat: Nhfrng irng dung lrong cong nghiep chu yeu la bieu dien Iri thrrc dinh lirong cua
con nguai.
Vi dl;l ditfn hinh: Dieu khicn mo. Trong giai doan ban driu nay, chu yeu la co gtmg lam cho may tinh hieu 11191so ILrdinh lugng cua con ngtroi viin quell dung ( nlnr 'cao, nong, am, yeu, v.v.). M91 If do ral don gii'1Il M eli loi phat Irie'n dicu khicn mo I~Icau hoi sau: "T(Ii sao cdc may moe don guin trong gia dinli ai eung ddu khiin duoc rna may tinh. lai kh6ng di€u khi~'n duoc ? ".
nay. Thirc Ie tai rrurc ban dflll nay da dua vao Slr dung ra'1 nhieu IO,!-i may moi co Slr dung logic rna. Do la slj ki¢n rtit quan trong trong qua trinh phiit trien cua logic mit, nhung do van lit cac h¢ thuoc giai doan I.
a mire
93
2)
Cia;
dU~1l1
a I11UC
cao,
rna d~
rna.
Iy,
xii hoi hoc, l110i
- Cac trng dung ngoai cong nghiep: y 119<':, nong nghiep, quan
Trang
han, nhfrng tri thirc dinh tinh trang cac he; chuyen gia tnroc day chua lam dtroc. 3) Giai
dO~lJI 3:
rna
truuc toi nay chua th~ bieu dien bang dinh luong, vi du nlur hinh hoa nhieu bai roan kho trong quan ly cac nha m{IY 111~1
rna, mo
Th,!c chat: Giao Iiru giiia ngiroi va may tfnh thong qua ngon ngii ur nhien. Vi du: - Cac robot thong minh. - Cal' he h6 tro quyet dinh dang doi thoai,
4)
Cia;
dO~1lI 4:
Thl,l'Cchat: Giao hru va uch hop giiia trf tue nhan tao .logic Vi du: - Giao luu con ngiroi va may tfnh. - Cac may dich thuat.
rna, mang
rna va
2.2
£>ieu khi~n mo (Fuzzy Control) Nhu dii trinh bay, nhirng irng dung OWl' ticn thanh cong nhat 1~1 Dieu khicn mo. Do
v~y that nr nhien cluing ta sc trmh bay kha chi tiet v~ linh vue hap dan n~IY.
2.2.1
ceo true
eo ban
logic 1110la dira cac kinh. nghiem chuyen gia
Tir tuong co ban cua di~u khien duu vao cua nhfrng nguoi v~n hanh gi6i h¢ thong trong do quan h¢ vao -ra (input-output) lu~t if. .. then).
vao trong thiet ke cac b(,l di~u khie'n cal' qua trinh diroc cho boi 1119t t~p cae luat diiSu khi0n mo' (dang
OIU true co ban cuu mot bo dicu khic'n dua V~IO logic mo (fuzzy (hinh 1): hluiu. nut hoa (a fuzzifier), engine) mot mota suydien. (all inference
94
dilu ra sau cong doan giili mo kh6ng phiii la mot tin hieu dieu khien (thuong goi la tin hieu sa logic rna.
:-
--I
: J.l(y)
1-0-' -~
,
1
Cdsd lu~t md
_
Hinh 1:
Cau true
eo ban cua b9
2.2.2
Vi muc tieu cua bo dieu khien rna la tinh toan cac gia tr] cua cac bien dieu khien ttt quan sat va do luang cac bien trang thai cua qua trlnh diroc dieu khien sao cho he thong van hanh nhu mong muon. Nhir v~y viec chon cac bien trang thai va cac bien dieu khien phai d~c tnrng cho cac phep toan (the operator) cua bo dieu khien rna va co Lac dong co ban len SI! qua trinh thirc hien bo FLC. Kinh nghiem cua cac chuyen gia va cac tri tlnrc vi:. cong nghe d6ng vai tro rat quan trong trong viec hra chon cac bien. Vi du cac bien vao thirong la trang thai (state) sai lam
trang thai (state error, state error derivaLe, state error integral,
ngir, bien ngon ngtr dilu vao x se gom cac bien ngon nglTinput xi xac dinh tren kh6ng gian nen Vi va nrong
W voi
n6n
Vj. Khi d6
Y=I(Yi,Vi,IAy).(l),
...
, Ay.(ki)l.IJ.ly )
}:i=1,2,
... ,m}
b day xi la bien ngon ngii xac dinh tren khong gian nen Vi' nhan tir - gia tr\ Ax; voi ham thuoc Jix.ck) voi k = 1,2, ... , k i : Tuong nr cho cac bien output Y i Vi du
Xl
la bien toc d¢ tren khong gian nen la mien gia tr\ V~LIy V
1=
[0, 200km/h].
95
-----_-
..
-~
2.2.3
VI nhieu luat cho duoi dang dung cac bien ngon ngli' voi cac tv thong thuong. voi nhirng gia tri (ro) quan sat diroc .do diroc eLI the, d0 khi0n Ihl dill thic] phai ma hoa,
co
C6 th~ dinh nghia, mo hoa III m91 anh x a (mapping) IV khong gian de gia tri quan sal duoc (ro) vao khong gian cua cac tir-tap mo trcn khong gian ncn cua cac bien ngon ngfr input. Vi du ung voi bien ngon ngfr Toe d9 m91 xe lai do duoc: -- Tv 2.2.4
eto co:
Co
(Pri;'t ch(Lm(75),
f.lch(im(75),
binh(75),
f.lnhanh(75),
f.lra·t nhanh(75)
).
uk ma dang IF ... THEN, va ca cac bien ra ( he qua) sli' dung cac bien ngon ngli', Viet dang 16ng quat, co sa cac luat mo trong cac h¢ Ihong nhieu bien vao (output) va m91 bien
Dang t6ng q~al cua cac IU~11 dieu khien mo la b9 cac quy ( nrc la voi cac h~ MISO)
I'
ra (output) Cho x
x:!,
... ,x
II!
Bj ,vO'i
nen Wong tmg cua cac bien vao va bien ra dang SLr dung cua h¢ thong.
RJ
la cac suy
~_1_ ~~_i\_I_:! .. ~~
._
A III * Iii cac gia Ir! ' dau vao hay sl! kien (co Ih0 mo hoac gia tri r6 ).
cac 11I~11 thirong cho duoi dang mo
i= 1 ....
, n.
cj day I/x
I'
x ~.... , x In) El
96
2.2.5
Me to suy dien
kh6 van dung logic rna va 1~lp luan xap xi.
Day la phan cot 16i nhat cua FLC trong qua trlnh rna hinh hoa cac bai roan dieu khien va chon quyet dinh cua con ngiroi trong khuon
])0
cac h¢ thong
d6ng mot vai tro rat quan trong, Nhir dil trinh bay ky trong phan tnroc. Suy luan xap xl, phep hop thanh va phep keo theo ella logic rna se quyet dinh nhirng cong viec chinh trong qua trlnh tinh toan cling nhu trong qua trinh rut ra ket luan. Bang sau day gioi thieu mot so phep keo thea mo (fuzzy implications) thirong dung trong dicn dat cac luat mo. Phep keo theo Cong thuc
duoc si'r
Toan ti1 min [Mamdani] Tolin ti1 tich [Larsen] Tich bi chan Quy tac so h9C[Zadeh] Quy dc max-rninl Zadeh]
SHY dien binh tlnrong
a => b = min(a , b)
a=>6
= a.b
_,----------------------------------------
Logic Boole
Logic Godel
nen
neu
a:S b a> b
{l
bla
-----.------------------------~--------------.------------~
2.2.6 Khau giai me Phuong phiip cU'c
Day la khau thuc hien qua trlnh xac dinh mot gfa tr] r6 co the chap nhan diroc lam dau ra tir ham thuoc ella gia trj mo dau ra. Co hai phirong dai
V~l
plllt(/n{!phcijJ
die/n trong tam. Tinh toan theo cac phirong ph.ip nay khong phirc tap.
Co th~ tham khao <1cac t~li lieu 13,121. 2.2.7 ling dl:mg
ella dieu khien
ma phai
va Assilian
nam
11)74,1141. Tir dily pham vi irng dung thuc tien ella dieu khien rna trong cac linh vue khac nhau dii. het stre rong: nr dieu khicn 10 nung xi mang ILarsen, 19XO- day la irng dung thirc st!
d.iu ticn vao san xuat cong ughiep II)X9
I. qU~lII ly
giao
dieu
khicn
van hanh
h¢ thong
Iy
nhom
I Fu jitcc,
vice hoa clo trong cac nha m{IY loc mroc, dieu
97
may hom lam sach ruroc 1Yagishita khien phan ung hat nhan 1Sugeno,
he thong
IBernard,19XX,
19XXj, may
inrc thang
1990 I, v. v ... , cho t6i tham sat ole slf co tren duong cao toe 1Hsiao et aI., 19931 cac devices, va Watanabe, 19X6, nhom cong tac
FLC dung trong quan Iy san bay 1Clymer et al, ,19921, cac he thong dieu khien dirong slit va cac he thong can diu container [Yasunobu va Miyamoto, 19X5, Yasunobu'ct al., 19X6, 19X71· M9t irng dung rat hay cua dieu khien 1110 la he lti6u khien "the camera tracking control system" cua NASA,
Chung Hitachi, ta cling khong 1992 .... th~ khong nhac toi cac may 1110Ctrong gia dinh dung tivi, camera
FLC dang
the gioi: may dieu hoa nhiet do lhang Mitsubishi], [Sanyo, Matsushita], vv .... oven) [Toshiba]
dil viet:
"T£.Ii Nhat ban da co hon 120 rrng dung cua dieu khien mo ''.
2.3
2.3.1
(Artifical
Slr
biet d~ giiii quyet bai toan 0 giai doan gia thi tiurc ch,it hieu la cac h? system technology) bao gom:
dung trong kha nhieu Iinh vue, Ngay nay noi den he chuyen thong trong do co sir dung cong ngM h¢ ch.uyerigia (expert cac ng6n ngii h? chuyen gia chuyen dung, cac chirong gia. dung ke nham phat tri~n va v~n hanh cac he chuyen
expert gia.
system).
98
Duoi day la vai C9t moe chfnh trong qua trmh chuyen gia:
1957 195X 1965 196X 1970 1973 1976 19X5
mit dau "Chuang trlnh giiii quyet bai toan t6ng quat" (GPS).
Ngon ngfr I~p trlnh LISP. DENDRAL- he chuyen gia dflu tien. Mang ngu nghia. Ngon ngfr lap trlnh PROLOG. MYCIN - h¢ chuyen gia danh cho chuan doan y h9C (Shortliffe et all.). H¢ chuyen gia PROSPECTOR trong Iinh vue diachat. Cong CI,I chuyen gia CUPS cua NASA (expert system tool). h¢
Trong so nhirng h¢ ban dau nay h¢ MYCIN co y nghia rat Ian VI may lf do sau : a) b) c) No chi ra ding Trf tu¢ nhan tao co th~ Slr dung trong cac bili loan thuc litn. Trong MYCIN dil dira vao nhieu khai niern moi rat co loi cho nhirng phat trien v6 sau. No chirng rninh tinh kha thi cua cac khung cua h¢ chuyen gia, cac cong cu tao I~p h¢ chuyen gia (expert system shell).
2.3.2 Ben canh nhirng thanh cong cua cong nghe h¢ chuyen gia, Iy thuyet t~p mo V~I logic mo co nhieu uu diem troug bieu dien tri tlurc cua cac chuyen gia. Cho nen viec dira cac luat mo va d~c bier cac bien ngon ngfr va ham thuoc dil xuat hien kha sam. Cac h¢ chuyen gia trinh bay duoi day dil Slr dung cac luat mo (fuzzy rules). Ten/ tac gii\./narn CADIAG-2,Adlassnig et al.,1985 EMERGE, Hudson, Cohell,1988 ESP, Zimmermann, 1989 Linh
V\!C
Thuc ti6n dil dii.n toi can phoi hop tot hon hai loai cong nghe nay, do la nhu cau ve nghien ciru cac h~ chuyen. gia nut (fuzzy expert systems). Nhtrng nghien ciru sau day la vi du: - FESS - mot h¢ chuyen gia mo tai sfr dung ,Hall va Kandell, 1992 - H¢ chuyen gia rno co muc dich tong quat, Schneider
V~I
Kandel, 1994.
- Nhfrng khung cho h¢ chuyen gia mo, Umano, Hatono va Tamura (Fuzzy expert system shells), 1994. - Cong trinh cua Whalen va Schott, 1992, tao ra mang suy dien ngon ngfr mo (Fuzzy linguistic inference network generator).
99