cuercr 2 TF RENGTH OF 1 MATERIALS (KMS 2283) Introduction To Strength of Materials & To Concepts of Stress and StrainINTRODUCTION Why Mechanics of Materials? Real world structures are mostly statically indeterminate and are typically designed for strength, stiffness, and stability considerations Strength: The ability of the structures to carry or transmit loads. Stiffness: The ability of the structures to resist changes in shape. Stability: The ability of the structure to resist buckling under compressive loads. None of these can be accomplished with what we have learned in Statics.INTRODUCTION Mechanics of materials « Abranch of mechanics It studies the relationship of — External loads applied to a deformable body, and. — The intensity of internal forces acting within the body Are used to compute deformations of a body Study body’s stability when external forces are applied to it The main objective of the study of the mechanics of materials is to provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various machines and load bearing structures.ated 7 OF WA uefa Aly EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Support reactions * for 2D problems Type of connection Reaction+ The structure is designed to support a 30-kKN load The structure consists of a boom and red joined by pins (zero moment connections) at the junctions and supports. Perform a static analysis to determine the internal force in each structural member and. the $00 mm reaction forces at the supports. Can the structure safely support the 30-KN load? If not, propose anew deign that will. * From the material properties for steel, the allowable stress is Say = 195MPaSTRESS Normal stress * Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to AA ¢ Symbol used for normal stress, is o (sigma) iin AB [2 a0 Ad Tensile stress: normal force “pulls” or “stretches the area element A4 Compressive stress: normal force “pushes” or “compresses” area element A4ated 7 OF WA uefa Aly Units for Stresses o= a => Stress has units of force per unit area. , Force Pounds In USCS units: Stresses = = =—————— = psi Area Square inch . Force Newtons In SI units: Stresses = = = ieee Pascals(Pa) rea Square meter Conversion between psi and Pa: psi x 6,890 > Pa Pa x(1.45x10")= Psi The following units are often used for convenience : 1MPa=10° Pa 1GPa=10" Pa lksi=10* psi 1 Msi=10° psiUnits for Stresses Example: A bar of circular cross section with a diameter d= 2.0 in (50.8 mm) is subjected to a pair of forces P = 6,000 Ib (26,688 N) P P “A aA p--?- __ 6,0001b ~ -x(2.0in)?/4 ____26,688N 7(50.8x 10 m) /4 =1,910 psi = 1.91 ksi = 13.16x10° Pa=13.16 MPa P =1,910 psi x6,890—~= 13.16 x 10° Pa = 13.16 MPa psi = 13.16 10° Pax 1.4510 =1910 psi -+ psi PaShear stress * Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to AA ¢ Symbol used for shear stress is t (tau) — lim AF, x a aA30 AA — lim AF, £ VY pAs0 AgSingle Shear on a Lap Double Shear on a Joint double lap joit c :+ Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points of contact or bearing surfaces of the members they connect. The resultant of the force distribution on the surface is equal and opposite to the force exerted on the pin. Corresponding average force intensity is called the bearing stress, IB eAEX 2- Sie Analysis & ae ry ae 25 mm veniam oe gc ‘TOP VIEW OF ROD BC 40mm d-20mm 4=20:mm # | som PRONT VIEW Q-50kN Qe mks END VIEW a 20 mm TOP VIEW OF BOOM AB + Would like to determine the stresses in the members and connections of the structure shown. From a statics analysis: Fyg=40 KN (compression) Fge= 50 KN (tension) Must consider maximum normal stresses in AB and BC, and the shearing stress and bearing stress at each pinned connectionPass a section through the member forming an angle @ with the normal plane. From equilibrium conditions, the distributed forces (stresses) on the plane must be equivalent to the force P. Resolve P into components normal and tangential to the oblique section, F=Pcos@ V=Psine The average normal and shear stresses on the oblique plane are F Pod Pay outa 46 Al a A F Psin? PF sinGc0s6 me Ag 9 hos6Maximum Stresses ‘i » * Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique a a) Avial loading a= cost t= sinBcosd A A + The maximum normal stress occurs when the (b) Stresses for 0= 0 reference plane is perpendicular to the member axis, < PRA, os Yer Siem + The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at i + 45° with respect to the axis, x fig = H-tind5 cosd5= 2 = a a’ PRAY 4 2A (@) Stresses for@ = =A5°+ Stress components are defined for the planes cut parallel to the x, » and z axes. For equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are exerted on the hidden planes. The combination of forces generated by the stresses must satisfy the conditions for equilibrium: DR=ER =D =0 DM, =DM, = DM, =0 Consider the moments about the z axis: DM yg = 0= [tpAd}a- (tyA4)a ty = Tr similarly, typ = Ty and ty = Ty It follows that only 6 components of stress are required to define the complete state of stress.Saati of Safety Structural members or machines must be designed such that the working stresses are less than the ultimate strength of the material. FS = Factorof safety ay = 2a __Ultimate stress Say allowable stress Factor of safety considerations: uncertainty in material properties uncertainty of loadings uncertainty of analyses number of loading cycles types of failure maintenance requirements and deterioration effects importance of member to integrity of whole structure risk to life and property influence on machine functionS alll ata OF NA ~~ Deformation Loads or forces and temperature change can cause bodies to deform, thus points in the body will undergo displacements or changes in position, which can be highly visible or practically unnoticeable.ata OF NA S alll Deformation * But, deformation is not uniform throughout a body’s volume, thus change in geometry of any line segment within body may vary along its length. * Therefore displacement (mm, in,) is not suitable for engineering purpose. Instead we use strain. * Strain is a geometrical quantity measured by experimental techniques. Stress in body is then determined from material property relationsAbranch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacernents, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment Tribolowy, Biomechanics I Design - Machine - Tool Process - Automotive Engineering | - Marine - AerospaceNormal Strain * Defined as the elongation or contraction of a line =I? segment per unit of length —1 —a a Change inLength (L+6)-L_ =< p Original Length L HL | a il Sign Convention Elongation (bar in tension) is positive Shortening (bar in compression) is negative Units Normal strain is the ratio of two lengths, hence is a dimensionless quantity, i.e., it has no units. In practice, the original length units are often attached to the strain, ¢.g., mm/mm,, in/in, etc. Sometimes it is also expressed as a percent.A Paper Clip | i | Brittle Materials Ductile Materials The mechanical behaviors (or properties) of materials are characterized by the relationship between “stress” and “strain”.ateai H OF MATERIA Mechanical Properties of Material « Strength of a material can only be determined by experiment pine + One test used by engineers crosshead is the tension or compression test * This test is used primarily to determine the relationship between the average normal stress and average normal strain in common engineering materials, such as metals, ceramics, polymers and composites tension - specimen motor and load SRBOMOY | controlstruc fracture stress —~ fracture (stress {elastic limit (yield stres: elastic plastic behavior behavior | Conventional and true stress-strain diagrams for ductile material (steel) (not to scale)Stress Ultimate | __....¢F ailure ‘Stess | stifness g y G. Toughness | (ea Strain strainHooke’s Law Most engineering materials exhibit a linear relationship between coms stress and strain with the elastic = 1200 region 1100 1000 £=constant of proportionality, = the modulus of elasticity = Young’s ™ modulus (pascals, MPa or GPa)” 10 70, Modulus of elasticity is a mechanical property that indicates the stiffress of a material “ Modulus of elasticity Z, can be 300 used only if a material has linear- 2 elastic behavior. 100 0 heat treated machine steel (0.6% carbon) structural steel 0.2% carbon) soft steel (0.1% carbon) a a ry sy 0.002 0.004 0,006 0,008 0.01SOLUTION: * Apply a free-body analysis to the bar BDE to find the forces exerted by links AB and 30 kN DC. + Evaluate the deformation of _E BS links AB and DC - — or the displacements of 0.4m 0.2m Band DP. The rigid bar BDZ is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is made of aluminum (£ = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm?. Link CD is made of steel (Z = 200 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600 mm?). For the 30-KN force shown, determine the deflection a) of B, b) of D and c) of EPoisson's Ratio * When body subjected to axial tensile force, it elongates and contracts laterally + Similarly, it will contract and its sides expand laterally when subjected to an axial compressive force Z Final Shape Final Shape Original Shape “3X6Strains of the bar are: Zlong L vis unique for homogenous and isotropic material z Alby nggauvelsign! PoissonisratO ny ee Longitudinal elongation ’ ne cause lateral contraction (-ve strain) and vice versa Lateral strain is the same in all lateral (radial) directions Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless, 0 s vs 0.5am@) ami af ated = EXAMPLE -— Poissons Ratio Bar is made of A-36 steel and behaves elastically. Determine change in its length and change in dimensions of its cross section after load is applied. P=80kN