tion (i:e f(x)=0 ) contains all positive co-efficients of any powers of x , it has no positive

roots then.
eg: x^4+3x^2+2x+6=0 has no positive roots .

(2) For an equation , if all the even powers of x have some sign coefficients and all the odd
powers of x have the opposite sign coefficients , then it has no negative roots .

(3)Summarising DESCARTES RULE OF SIGNS:

For an equation f(x)=0 , the maximum number of positive roots it can have is the number of sign
changes in f(x) ; and the maximum number of negative roots it can have is the number of sign
changes in f(-x) .
Hence the remaining are the minimum number of imaginary roots of the equation(Since we also
know that the index of the maximum power of x is the number of roots of an equation.)

(4) Complex roots occur in pairs, hence if one of the roots of an equation is 2+3i , another has to
be 2-3i and if there are three possible roots of the equation , we can conclude that the last root is
real . This real roots could be found out by finding the sum of the roots of the equation and
subtracting (2+3i)+(2-3i)=4 from that sum. (More about finding sum and products of r