What is Ethernet ?

Who invented the

Ethernet ?
Ethernet was originally developed by
Xerox from an earlier specification called
Alohanet (for the Palo Alto Research
Center Aloha network) and then
developed further by DEC, and Intel .
a)* A logical way to deploy optical fiber in the local access network is using a point-to-
point(P2P) topology, with dedicated fiber runs from the local exchange to each end-
user subscriber (Fig.a).
* this is a simple architecture, in most cases it is cost prohibitive due to the fact that it
requires significant outside plant fiber deploymentas well as connector termination
space in the localexchange.
*Considering N subscribers at an average distance L km from the central office, a
P2Pdesign requires 2N transceivers and N * L total fiber length (assuming single fiber
is used for bidirectional transmission).
b)*To reduce fiber deployment, it is possible todeploy a remote switch (concentrator)
close to the neighborhood. This reduces fiber consumption to only L km (assuming
negligible distance between the switch and customers),
•but increases the number of transceivers to 2N + 2, since there is one more link added
to the network (Fig. b).
* a curb-switched architecture requires electrical power as well as backup power at the
curb unit. Currently, one of the highest costs for local exchange carriers is providing
and maintaining electrical power in the local loop.
c)*Therefore, it is logical to replace the hardened active curb-side switch with an
inexpensive passive optical component.
* PONs minimize the amount of optical transceivers, central office terminations, and
fiber deployment.
•No active elements in the signals’ path from source to destination. The only
interior elements used in a PON are passive optical components, such as optical
fiber, splices,and splitters.
•PON only require N + 1 transceivers and L km of fiber (Fig. c).
•There are several multipoint topologies suitable for the access network, including tree,
tree-and-branch, ring,and bus as shown in above fig.
• Using 1:2 optical tap couplers and 1:N optical splitters, PONs can be flexibly
deployed in any of these topologies.
• PONs can be deployed in redundant configurations such as double rings or double
trees; or redundancy may be added only to apart of the PON, say the trunk of the tree
Fig d .
*All transmissions in a PON are performed between an optical line terminal (OLT)
and optical network units (ONUs).
*The OLT resides in the local exchange (central office), connecting the optical access
network to the metro backbone.
*The ONU is located at either the curb(FTTC solution) or the end-user location
(FTTH
and FTTB), and provides broadband voice, data,and video services.
Architecture and Frame Format of EPON
*A PON is a point-to-multipoint fiber optical network with no active elements in the
signal’s path.
*It consists of a single, shared optical fiber connecting a service provider’s central
office (headend) to a passive star coupler (SC)/optical splitter/combiner,which is
located near residential customers.
*The optical splitter is intentionally positioned a substantial distance away from the
central office (CO), but close enough to the customers in order to save fiber.
* All transmissions in a PON are performed between an optical line terminal (OLT)
and ONUs (Fig. 1). Traffic from an OLT to an ONU is called “downstream” (point-
to-multipoint), and traffic from an ONU to the OLT is called “upstream”
(multipoint-to-point) .
*A single PON typically serves from 16–64 customers.
*. In this architecture, the 1490 nm wavelength carries data, video, and voice
downstream, while a 1310 nm wavelength is used to carry video-on-demand
(VOD)/channel change requests, as well as data and voice, upstream.
*Using a 1.25 Gbps bidirectional PON, the optical loss with this architecture gives
the PON a reach of 20 km over 32 splits.
Figure EPON Downstream Mechanism
*In EPONs, data is transmitted in variable-length packets of up to 1,518 bytes
according to the IEEE 802.3 protocol for Ethernet.
*The IP calls for data to be segmented into variable-length packets of up to 65,535
bytes.
*In Figure data is broadcast downstream from the OLT to multiple ONUs in
variable-length packets of up to 1,518 bytes, according to the IEEE 802.3
protocol .
*At the splitter, the traffic is divided into three separate signals, each carrying all of
the ONU-specific packets. When the data reaches the ONU, it accepts the packets
that are intended for it and discards the packets that are intended for other ONUs.
*For example, in Figure , ONU-1 receives packets 1, 2, and 3; however, it delivers
only packet 2 to end user 2.
*
Figure EPON Upstream Mechanism
Figure how upstream traffic is managed utilizing TDM technology, in which
transmission time slots are dedicated to the ONUs.
*The time slots are synchronized so that upstream packets from the ONUs do not
interfere with each other once the data is coupled onto the common fiber.
•For example, ONU-1 transmits packet 1 in the first time slot, ONU-2 transmits packet
2 in a second non-overlapping time slot, and ONU-3 transmits packet 3 in a third
nonoverlapping time slot.
•In the upstream direction, multiple ONUs share the transmission channel. Thus, the
ONUs need to employ some arbitration mechanism to avoid collisions.
• In that case, each ONU transmits within a dedicated time slot and the OLT receives a
continuous stream of collision-free frames from multiple ONUs.
 802.3 FRAME

PREAMBLE S DATA C
DESTINATION SOURCE LENGTH
F AND R
ADDRESS ADDRESS OR
D TYPE PADDING C

7bytes 1bytes 6bytes 6bytes 2bytes 4bytes

PHYSICAL
LAYER
HEADER
PREAMBLE: It contain 7bytes of alternating 0s and 1s that alert the
receiving system to the coming frame and enables it to synchronize its i/p
timing.
START FRAME DELIMITER(SFD):The SFD warns the station that this is
last chance for synchronization. The second field (1byte:10101011) signals
the beginning of frame. The last 2bits is 11 and alerts the receiver that the
next field is the destination address.
DA: The DA field is 6byte and contains the pyhsical address of destination
station or station to receive the packet.
SA: The SA field is 6byte and contains the pyhsical address of sender of the
packet.
LENGTH OR TYPE: The ethernet use this field as type field to defined the
upper layer protocol using MAC frame.
DATA:this field carries data encapsulated from upper layer protocol. It is
minimum of 46 and max of 1500bytes.
CRC:It contains error detection information.
*Figure 6 depicts an example of downstream traffic that is transmitted from the
OLT to the ONUs in variable-length packets.
*The downstream traffic is segmented into fixed-interval frames, each of which carries
multiple variable-length packets.
•Clocking information, in the form of a synchronization marker, is
included at the beginning of each frame.
• The synchronization marker is a one-byte code that is transmitted every 2 ms to
synchronize the ONUs with the OLT.
•Each variable-length packet is addressed to a specific ONU as indicated by the
numbers, 1 through N.
•The packets are formatted according to the IEEE 802.3 standard and are transmitted
downstream at 1 Gbps.
•The expanded view of one variable-length packet shows the header, the variable-
length payload, and the error-detection field.
•The packets are formatted according to the IEEE 802.3 standard.
*Figure 7 depicts an example of upstream traffic that is TDMed onto a common
optical fiber to avoid collisions between the upstream traffic from each ONU.
*Theupstream traffic is segmented into frames, and each frame is further segmented
into ONU-specific time slots.
*The upstream frames are formed by a continuous transmission interval of 2 ms. A
frame header identifies the start of each upstream frame.
*The ONU-specific time slots are transmission intervals within each upstream frame
that are dedicated to the transmission of variable-length packets from specific ONUs.
Each ONU has a dedicated time slot within each upstream frame.
*For example, in Figure 7, each upstream frame is divided into N time slots, with each
time slot corresponding to its respective ONU, 1 through N.
*The TDM controller for each ONU, in conjunction with timing information from
the OLT, controls the upstream transmission timing of the variable-length
packets within the dedicated time slots.