RF Measurement & Technology

Laboratory Report

158E NETWORK ANALYSIS AND COMPONENTS

OF A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
SUBMISSION DATE: 09-28-2010

SUBMITTED BY:

Session-A
1- Faheem Ahmad
2- Pramod Kakkerala
3- Liang Hao

Electrical Engineering / Electronics

1-ATTENUATORS AND TERMINATORS:
Using 3dB, 6dB, 10dB & 20dB attenuators:
Type of Attenuators Attenuation Reflection Phase Responce
3dB -2.98 dB -38.06 dB Linear
6dB -6.05 dB -35.20 dB Linear
10dB -11.84 dB -20.69 dB Linear
20dB -19.18 dB -46.99 dB Linear

Observations:
We used four types of Attenuators included in the lab kit to the ports and observed that:
Phase of attenuators is linear.
Attenuators are nearly perfect.
Attenuation is almost same as attenuator levels.

1.1 Using Narda 378 N:

Attenuator Attenuation Reflection Phase Responce
10dB -20dB -46.74dB Linear

Impedence: 50.254 + 0.259j

1.2 Using Narda 367 N:

Attenuator Attenuation Reflection Phase Responce
10dB -20dB -42.74dB Linear

At 800 MHZ
Impedence: 41.4 + 43.45j

OBSERVATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:
Function of frequency: 171.89, -165.74, 166.89, -171.63
Comparing values we can see that it has higher reflection. So, it is a reflection attenuator.
Summary:
Terminations Loss Impedance(Z) Phase
Narda 378NF -40dB 48Ω Linear
Narda 378NM -25Db 52Ω Linear
Narda 367N >-30dB to 1.5GHz 51 Ω Triangular
<-30dB to 6GHz

FINAL OBSERVATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: we got measurements of all the terminations and

went through the Return –Loss, Phase, and Impedance by smith chart, we observed that as we
increase the frequency, the return loss does increase and after a specific level of frequency it
goes decrease. And then we made some further experiments with 367N terminator.
At 800MHz === Impedance=50.4Ω
At 1GHz === Impedance=48.82Ω
At 6GHz === Impedance=53.54Ω
2-(ADAPTERS) Resolution Magnitude 0.1dB/div
ADAPTERS TRANSMISSION AFTER CHANGE IN
LOSS RECONNCTING(T.L) LOSS
N-SMA -0.22Db -0.27dB -0.05dB

OBSERVATION/CONCLUSIONS: Adapter gives almost same responce after repeating the

experiment, there is a minimal variation.

3-(CABLES)
S11 S22 AMPLITUDE PHASE GROUP DELAY
-24dB -0.32dB -1.15dB LINEAR -481Ps

OBSERVATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Abusing the cable by bending we see higher reflections,

and in group delay, but a nominal change in phase responce. If we bend tightly we see greate
change in RL as well as phase responce goes shaky.

4- (COAX SWITCH) RELAY AND POWER SPLITTER

With 50 OHM Termination.

4.1-(RESISTIVE)
ATTENUATION GROUP DELAY ISOLATION (S11) FREQ LIMITATION
(S21)
-6dB 89.145 ps -12dB NO Limitation
It is transmitting 100% from S21 to S12 and vice versa.

4.1.1-(HYBRID)
ATTENUATION GROUP REFLECTION ISOLATION Frequency
DELAY Limitation
-2.73dB 12ns -24dB -28dB NO

OBSERVATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:
we concluded that for power splitters there is no limitation of frequency upon the behavior of the
splitters. And also a splitter with high attenuation is a Resistive and the other one with lower
attenuation is hybrid. And the group delay is almost constant over many of the frequency spots.
4.2- RELAY
TRANSMISSION ISOLATION GROUP DELAY FREQUENCY
LIMITATION
0.04dB -72dB 49.65 ps NO

Observation/Conclusions:
The component can measure in all bands from 300 MHZ – 3 GHz.
The splitters are hybrid.
At 10.02 db/div
S11: -7.871 dB
S21: -7.871 dB
S12: 4.79 dB
S22: -6.44 dB

5-DIRECTIONAL COUPLER:
TRANSMIS REFLECTI DIRECTIVITY Isolation path Coupling path FREQUENCY
SION ON (D) LIMITATION
(Forward S11 G- DELAY in G-DELAY in
path) ISOLATI COUPL
S21 ON ING
-40.5 dB -11.1 dB

-0.33dB -42.dB D = -40.5 - (-13.1) Nearly Constant Varies with

D = -27.4dB Constant frequencies

5.1-MEASUREMENTS WITH 4 ATTENUATORS:

GROUP DELAY == 1.59 ns
RETURN LOSS == -19.2-(-11.1)dB= -8.1dB (for 3dB attenuator)
RETURN LOSS == -25.2-(-11.1)dB =-14.1dB (for 6dB attenuator)
RETURN LOSS == -33.7-(-11.1)dB = -22.6dB (for 10 dB attenuator)
RETURN LOSS == -33.7-(-11.1) dB= -22.1dB (for 20 dB attenuator)

CONCLUSIONS/OBSERVATIONS:
We experiment that the characteristics of the directional coupler. If we leave the port open there
is total reflection. This device used to couple signals as well as isolates them. We calculated
directivity by coupling and isolation using formula. Then we observed that the group delay is
almost constant when we use a terminator with coupler. It lets some range of frequencies to pass
and some ranges not to pass.
6-FILTER & Impact to Filter Flanks:
REFLECTION TRANSMISSIO PHASE BAND AMPLITUDE
N WIDTH RESPONSE
-17.89dB -0.69dB Linear 3.0MHz Decreases
along the
flanks
CONCLUSIONS/OBSERVATIONS:
Using Band pass, RL:
We used a frequency band of 9.12MHz to 12.12MHz. than it lets the signals within this range
with a bandwidth of 3.0MHz. But near filter flanks singal slopes down.

7-CIRCULATOR Frequency and phase response study:

ISOLATION ATTENUATION TRANSMISSION FREQ- F-RANGE REFL REFL at
RANGE at S11 S22
37.89 -0.389 -0.389 S21>-3dB S12>-3dB -20dB -20dB
1.3GHz- 1.1GHz-
1.8GHz 1.5GHz
=450MHz =430MHz
OBSERVATIONS: We concluded that when the input singal fetched to port 1, Most of the
signal strength is absorbed by the load attached to port 2 and we get isolation at port-3. If we
repeat same process for all the ports, we get the same results. We see that the reflection gets bad
above or below these frequency ranges. So the best frequency ranges are 450MHz for S21 and
430MHz for S12.

8-“BLACK BOX”

Blackbox is a mix of attenuator, isolator and a notch filter. The explanation is given below.
We observe that in block box there is a notch filter in band pass frequencies of the black box the
center frequency of notch and its -3dB bandwidth is given below.
Centre Frequency=862 MHz
-3dB bandwidth = 1.19MHz
We also observed that it has a linear phase response for both S12 and S21 with a loss of 3 dB,
which is the characteristic of an attenuator and isolator.

Values of S12 and S21:

S21= -64dB
S11= -7.91dB