OSI Reference Model: © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc

OSI Reference Model
www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Agenda
• The Layered Model

• Layers 1 & 2: Physical &
Data Link Layers
• Layer 3: Network Layer
• Layers 4–7: Transport,
Session, Presentation,
and Application Layers
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-2
The Layered Model
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Layered Communication
Location A
I like
Message
rabbits
L: Dutch Information
Ik hou for the
Remote
van Translator
konijnen
Fax #:--- Information

L: Dutch for the
Ik hou Remote
van Secretary
konijnen Source: Tanenbaum, 1996
Location A Location B
I like J’aime
Message
rabbits les lapins
L: Dutch Information L: Dutch

Ik hou for the Ik hou
Remote van
van Translator
konijnen konijnen
Fax #:--- Fax #:---

Information L: Dutch
L: Dutch for the
Ik hou Ik hou
Remote
van Secretary van
konijnen konijnen
Location A Location B
Layers
I like J’aime
rabbits
Message
3 les lapins
L: Dutch Information L: Dutch

Ik hou
van
for the
remote 2 Ik hou
van
translator
konijnen konijnen
Fax #:--- Fax #:---

Information L: Dutch
L: Dutch for the
Ik hou Ik hou
remote
van secretary 1 van
konijnen
konijnen
Why a Layered Network Model?
7 Application • Reduces complexity (one big

problem to seven smaller
6 Presentation ones)
5 Session • Standardizes interfaces
4 Transport • Facilitates modular
engineering
3 Network
• Assures interoperable
2 Data Link technology
• Accelerates evolution
1 Physical
• Simplifies teaching and
learning
Devices Function at Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
NIC Card
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Hub
Host Layers
}
7 Application
6 Presentation Host layers: Provide
accurate data delivery between
5 Session
computers
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Media Layers
}
7 Application
6 Presentation Host layers: Provide
5 Session accurate data delivery between
computers
4 Transport
}
3 Network
2 Data Link
Media layers: Control
physical delivery of messages
1 Physical over the network
Layer Functions
7 Application Provides network services to application

processes (such as electronic mail, file
transfer, and terminal emulation)
Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications
6 Presentation Data representation

• Ensures data is readable by
receiving system
• Format of data
• Data structures
• Negotiates data transfer
syntax for application layer
Layer Functions
5 Session Inter-host communication

• Establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between
applications
Layer Functions
4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

• Concerned with data transport
issues between hosts
• Data transport reliability
• Establishes, maintains, and
terminates virtual circuits
• Fault detection and recovery
• Information flow control
Layer Functions

3 Network Addresses and best path
• Provides connectivity and path
selection between two end
systems
• Domain of routing
Layer Functions

2 Data Link Access to media

• Provides reliable transfer of data
across media
• Physical addressing, network
topology, error notification, flow
control
Layer Functions

2 Data Link Access to media

1 Physical Binary transmission
• Wires, connectors, voltages,
data rates
Peer-to-Peer Communications
Host A Host B
7 Application Application
6 Presentation Presentation
5 Session Session
Segments
4 Transport Transport
Packets
3 Network Network
Frames
2 Data Link Data Link
Bits
1 Physical Physical
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
} {
Application Application
Presentation Data Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
} {
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Data
Network Header Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
} {
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Data
Frame Network Data Frame
Data Link Data Link
Header Header Trailer
Physical Physical
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
} {
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Data
Frame Network Data Frame
Data Link Data Link
Header Header Trailer
Physical 0101101010110001 Physical

Layers 1 & 2:
Physical & Data Link
Layers

Physical and Logical Addressing
0000.0c12.3456
MAC Address
24 bits 24 bits
Vendor Code Serial Number

0000.0c12. 3456
ROM
RAM
• MAC address is burned into ROM on a

network interface card
Layer 3:
Network Layer

Network Layer: Path Determination
Which Path?
• Layer 3 functions to find the best

path through the internetwork
Network Layer: Communicate Path
5
2 9
6 8
4
10 11
1 3
7
• Addresses represent the path of media

connections
• Routing helps contain broadcasts
Addressing—Network and Node
Network Node
1 1 2.1
2
3 1.2
2 1 1.3 1.1 3.1
3 1
• Network address—Path part used by the router

• Node address—Specific port or device on the network
Protocol Addressing Variations
General Network Node

Example 1
1
TCP/IP Network Host

Example 10. 8.2.48 (Mask 255.0.0.0)
Novell IPX Network Node

Example 1aceb0b. 0000.0c00.6e25
Network Layer
Protocol Operations
X Y
C
C
A
A
• Each router provides its services to

support upper layer functions
Network Layer
Protocol Operations
X Y
C
C
A
A
B
B
Host X Host Y
Presentation Presentation
Session Router A Router B Router C Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical
• Each router provides its services to

support upper layer functions
www.cisco.com
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-33
Multiprotocol Routing
Routing Tables
IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab
Novell Apple
IP 15.16.50.3
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13 DEC IP Token
Ring
AppleTalk 100.110
VAX
DECnet 5.8 Token

Ring VAX
IP 15.16.42.8 DECnet 10.1
AppleTalk 200.167 IP 15.17.132.6

• Routers pass traffic from all routed protocols over the internetwork
Routed Versus Routing Protocol
• Routed protocol
used between
routers to direct
user traffic
Examples: IP, IPX,
Network Destination Exit Port
AppleTalk, DECnet Protocol Network to Use
Protocol Name 1.0 1.1
2.0 2.1
3.0 3.1
Routed Versus Routing Protocol
• Routed protocol
used between
routers to direct
user traffic
Examples: IP, IPX,
AppleTalk, DECnet
• Routing protocol
used only between
routers to maintain
routing tables
Examples: RIP, IGRP, OSPF
Static Versus Dynamic Routes
Static Route
Uses a protocol route that a network
administrator enters into the router
Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a network protocol
adjusts automatically for topology or
traffic changes
Static Route Example
Point-to-point or
A
A circuit-switched
connection
Only a single network

connection with no need B
B
for routing updates
“Stub” network
• Fixed route to address reflects
administrator’s knowledge
Adapting to Topology Change
A
A B
B
D
D C
C
• Can an alternate route substitute

for a failed route?
A
A B
B
X
D
D C
C
A
A B
B
X
D
D C
C
• Can an alternate route substitute

for a failed route?
Yes—With
Yes dynamic routing enabled
LAN-to-LAN Routing Example
Network 3 Network 2
Host 4
Host 5
Token
Network 1 E1 To0
Ring
E0
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing
Network Interface
1 E0
2 To0
3 E1
LAN-to-LAN Routing
From LAN to LAN
Network 3 Network 2
Host 4
Host 5
Token
Network 1 E1 To0
Ring
E0
802.3 Net 2, Host 5 802.5 Net 2, Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing
Network Interface
1 E0
2 To0
3 E1
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From 1.3 2.4 Data

LAN 1.3 Token
Ring Token Ring 1.3 2.4 Data
A
A
To
WAN Frame
Relay
B
B
2.4
To
LAN
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
1.3 2.4 Data

From
LAN 1.3 Token
1.3 2.4 Data

A
A
To
WAN Frame Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 Data
Relay
B
B
2.4
To
LAN
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
1.3 2.4 Data

From
LAN 1.3 Token
1.3 2.4 Data

A
A
To
WAN Frame Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 Data
Relay
1.3 2.4 Data

B
B
2.4 Ethernet 1.3 2.4 Data
To
LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
Data
Layers 4–7:
Transport, Session,
Presentation, and
Application Layers

Transport Layer
• Segments upper-layer applications
• Establishes an end-to-end connection
• Sends segments from one end host to another
• Optionally, ensures data reliability
Transport Layer—
Segments Upper-Layer Applications
Application Electronic File Terminal

Presentation Mail Transfer Session
Session
Transport Application Application

Data Data
Port Port
Segments
Transport Layer—
Establishes Connection
Sender Receiver
Synchronize
Negotiate Connection
Synchronize
Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
Transport Layer—
Sends Segments with Flow Control
Transmit
Sender Receiver
Buffer Full
Not Ready
Stop
Process
Segments
Go Ready
Buffer OK
Resume Transmission
Transport Layer—
Reliability with Windowing
• Window Size = 1
Send 1 Receive 1
Ack 2
Sender Send 2 Receive 2 Receiver
Ack 3
• Window Size = 3
Send 1 Receive 1
Send 2 Receive 2
Sender
Send 3 Receive 3 Receiver
Ack 4
Send 4
Transport Layer—
An Acknowledgement Technique
Sender Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Ack 4
Send 4
Send 5
Send 6
Ack 5
Send 5
Ack 7
Transport to Network Layer
End-to-End Segments
Routed Packets
Session Layer
• Network File System (NFS)

• Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Remote-Procedure Call (RPC)
• X Window System
• AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP)
• DEC Session Control Protocol (SCP)
Service Request
Service Reply
• Coordinates applications as
they interact on different hosts
Presentation Layer
• Text • Graphics
• Data • Visual images
ASCII PICT
login:
EBCDIC TIFF
Encrypted JPEG
• Sound GIF
MIDI
• Video
MPEG
QuickTime
• Provides code formatting and

conversion for applications
Application Layer
COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS NETWORK
Word Processor APPLICATIONS INTERNETWORK
Presentation Graphics Electronic Mail
APPLICATIONS
File Transfer Electronic Data Interchange
Spreadsheet
Remote Access World Wide Web
Database
Client-Server Process E-Mail Gateways
Design/Manufacturing
Information Location Special-Interest Bulletin Boards
Project Planning
Network Management Financial Transaction Services
Others
Others Internet Navigation Utilities
Conferencing (Voice, Video, Data)
• Internetwork applications Others
can extend beyond the
enterprise (i.e., to suppliers, etc.)
Summary
• OSI reference model describes building

blocks of functions for program-to-
program communications between
similar or dissimilar hosts
• Layers 4–7 (host layers) provide accurate
data delivery between computers
• Layers 1–3 (media layers) control
physical delivery of data over the network
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OSI Reference Model

www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

• The Layered Model

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Fax #:--- Information

L: Dutch Information L: Dutch

Fax #:--- Fax #:---

L: Dutch Information L: Dutch

Fax #:--- Fax #:---

7 Application • Reduces complexity (one big

7 Application Provides network services to application

7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

2 Data Link Access to media

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

2 Data Link Access to media

Presentation Data Presentation

Data Link Data Link

Presentation Data Presentation

Data Link Data Link

Presentation Data Presentation

Presentation Data Presentation

Physical 0101101010110001 Physical

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Vendor Code Serial Number

• MAC address is burned into ROM on a

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

• Layer 3 functions to find the best

• Addresses represent the path of media

• Network address—Path part used by the router

General Network Node

TCP/IP Network Host

Novell IPX Network Node

• Each router provides its services to

• Each router provides its services to

DECnet 5.8 Token

IP 15.16.42.8 DECnet 10.1

AppleTalk 200.167 IP 15.17.132.6

Only a single network

• Can an alternate route substitute

• Can an alternate route substitute

802.3 Net 2, Host 5

802.3 Net 2, Host 5 802.5 Net 2, Host 5

From 1.3 2.4 Data

1.3 2.4 Data

1.3 2.4 Data

1.3 2.4 Data